Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington

United States Department of Agriculture

— A Land Manager’s Guide —

Forest National Service Headquarters FS-1039a August 2014 Introduction I Food Hummingbirds play an important role in the food web, pollinating a variety Hummingbirds feed by day on nectar from of flowering plants, some of which are specifically adapted to pollination by flowers, including annuals, perennials, trees, hummingbirds. Hummingbird numbers are declining, like those of other pol- shrubs, and vines. Native nectar plants are linators, due to habitat loss, changes in the distribution and abundance of nec- listed in the table near the end of this guide. tar plants (which are affected by climate change), the spread of invasive plants, They feed while hovering or, if possible, and pesticide use. This guide is intended to help you provide and improve while perched. They also eat insects, such as Western columbine—Aquilegia formosa habitat for hummingbirds, as well as other mosquitoes and gnats, and will consume tree Courtesy of Gary A. Monroe USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database pollinators, in Oregon and Washington. sap when it is available. They obtain tree sap While hummingbirds, like all birds, have the from sap wells drilled in trees by sapsuckers and other hole-drilling birds. basic habitat needs of food, water, shelter, and space, this guide is focused on provid- Water ing food—the plants that provide nectar for Hummingbirds get adequate water from the hummingbirds. Because climate, geology, nectar and insects they consume. However, and vegetation vary widely in different areas, they are attracted to running water, such as a specific recommendations are presented for Rufous Hummingbird nest fountain, sprinkler, birdbath with a mister, each ecoregion in Washington and Oregon. Courtesy of Martin Hutten or waterfall. In addition, insect populations (See the Ecoregions in Oregon and Washington section below.) are typically higher near ponds, streams, and This guide also provides brief descriptions of the species that visit the Pacific wetland areas, so those areas are important Northwest, as well as some basic information about hummingbird habitat food sources for hummingbirds. needs. I Whether you’re involved in managing public or private lands, large acreages or small areas, you can make them attractive to our native hummingbirds. Even long, narrow pieces of habitat, like utility corridors, field edges, and roadsides, can provide important connections among larger habitat areas. Columbia River Gorge Hummingbird Basics Courtesy of Erik Ackerson In general, the hummingbird species of Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Oregon and Washington are migratory, Portland, OR generally wintering in the Southwestern Courtesy of Erik Ackerson United States and Mexico. Anna’s Hum- mingbirds regularly winter in western Hummingbird Species in Oregon and Washington Oregon and Washington, where winters Following are brief descriptions of the hummingbird are temperate and several plant species Open area under utility corridor species most commonly found in Oregon and bloom during the colder months. For Courtesy of Erik Ackerson Washington, as well as a list of other species that hummingbird species to thrive, they need to find suitable habitat all along their are uncommon or rare visitors. migration routes, as well as in their breeding, nesting, and wintering areas. Even small habitat patches along their migratory path can be critical to the birds by providing places for rest and food to fuel their journey. Courtesy of Jim Cruce

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) I Anna’s Hummingbird I (Calypte anna) RANGE—Black-chinned Hummingbirds occur in all three Bird Conserva- tion Regions (BCRs) in Oregon and Washington, which are BCR’s 5, 9, and RANGE—The Anna’s Hummingbird is the 10. (See the Bird Conservation Regions section largest hummingbird common to Oregon below.) They are typically found east of the and Washington. It is a year-round resident Cascade Mountains. They occur in areas of the Pacific coast, from southern British from below sea level to elevations above Columbia to northern Baja California. Since 7,800 feet and inhabit a wide variety of the mid-1930s, its range has expanded greatly, habitats, including canyons and gulches, likely due to its effective use of nonnative riparian corridors, open woodlands, oak plants and feeders in urban and suburban Anna’s Hummingbird—male and scrub areas, and urban settings. areas. The Anna’s Hummingbird is the only Courtesy of Jim Cruce hummingbird regularly found in Oregon and Washington in the winter. NESTING—Habitat includes canyons or Anna’s Hummingbirds occur in BCRs 5 and 9 in Oregon and Washington. floodplain riparian communities. In urban Black-chinned—male They occur primarily west of the Cascades. They are locally uncommon in areas, they prefer settings with tall trees and Courtesy of Scott Carpenter spring and summer along the eastern flank of the Cascades and into central many flowering shrubs and vines. After Oregon and eastern Washington. breeding, they may move to more elevated mountain habitats to feed on nectar-producing flowers. Many will move or stay in urban areas, where NESTING—Habitat includes urban areas and parks, from sea level to 5,700 flowering plants and feeders are attractive. Typically arriving in April, they feet. In summer, they inhabit shrubland communities such as chaparral-oak migrate south in August. areas and brushy riparian areas, as well as urban and suburban areas. After breeding, they may move to higher elevations (up to 11,000 feet) in search of APPEARANCE—Unlike other North American hummingbirds, the wingtips nectar plants. Migration is not well understood. They do not migrate in the of the Black-chinned Hummingbird look relatively broad and curved when traditional sense. Instead, they migrate more altitudinally. Winter habitat is the bird is at rest. While hovering, they pump their tail almost constantly. The almost always near people’s homes with hummingbird feeders and dense cover adult male (above) is dull green to emerald green above, pale gray to whitish for nighttime roosting. below, becoming dull green on the sides. It has a velvety black gorget with an iridescent purple band below; the purple band can look black in poor light. APPEARANCE—Males (above) are more vocal than any other North Ameri- White on the breast extends around the sides of the neck, contrasting strongly can hummingbird. The male has a dry, scratchy, buzzy “song” that it sings with the all-dark head. The central two tail feathers are green; the others are throughout the year. Adult males (and some young males) have an iridescent black, often with a purplish sheen. rose/red crown and gorget with elongated feathers projecting to the sides. Males turn their head from side to side The adult female (right) is dull green to as they sing, flashing their iridescent head golden green above and pale gray below. as a signal to other hummingbirds. They The sides are gray-green and often have a have a green back and are grayish below. tawny or cinnamon-colored patch on the Outer tail feathers are gray, darker at the lower flank. The throat of the female can edges. The tail extends well beyond the be unmarked or have dusky streaking or Black-chinned—female wingtips. spotting in the center of the gorget. The Courtesy of Scott Carpenter tail is greenish or blackish, with the three Adult females (left) also have a green outer pairs of tail feathers broadly tipped with white. Immature birds look back and grayish underparts. Gorget similar to adult females; refer to a field guide for more information. Anna’s Hummingbird—female markings vary from bronzy gray mottling Courtesy of Scott Carpenter to a central splotch of rose/red

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington feathers. Very rarely, rose feathers may occur on the crown. The tail extends breast. The gorget is evenly spotted to or beyond the wingtips. Tail feathers are broad, rounded, banded in dull with dusky to brownish bronze. The gray-green, blackish, and white. Immature birds look somewhat similar to the tail usually falls short of the wingtips. adult females, although immature males have heavier mottling in the gorget. The adult female looks much like The Anna’s Hummingbird typically holds its tail still while hovering. female Rufous or Allen’s Humming- birds, but it is smaller with a shorter Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope) I bill, shorter tail, and less rust at the The Calliope Hummingbird is the smallest breeding bird in North America base of the tail. Immature birds look and is the smallest long-distance avian migrant in the world. Calliope similar to adult females. Calliope Calliope Hummingbird—female Hummingbirds occur in all three BCRs in Oregon and Washington. Hummingbirds often cock their tails Courtesy of Scott Carpenter upward, perpendicular to the body, RANGE—They are common summer while hovering. residents in mountain habitats east of the Cascades crest. They migrate through both Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) I montane and lowland habitats. Spring migration is mainly through higher elevations along RANGE—Rufous Hummingbirds travel farther north than any other hum- the Pacific Flyway. They arrive in Oregon and mingbird, wintering in Mexico and migrating to breeding sites as distant Washington in early to mid-April. Fall migra- as Alaska. Although a relatively tion is through both the Pacific and Rocky small hummingbird, the Rufous Mountain Flyways, at a wider range of Hummingbird has an aggres- elevations, from mountains to desert riparian sive nature and frequently chases Calliope Hummingbird—male corridors. West of the Cascades crest, the larger hummingbirds from nectar Courtesy of Scott Carpenter species is generally rare or uncommon. sources. Rufous Hummingbirds are important pollinators in the cool, NESTING—Preferred nesting habitat is montane conifer forests, primarily in cloudy Pacific Northwest, where shrub-sapling seral stage into second-growth following fires or logging. They cold-blooded insect pollinators breed mostly in mountain areas from British Columbia to California, Nevada, are at a disadvantage. They usually and Utah, and winter in Mexico. They breed mainly at middle elevations (4,000 Rufous Hummingbird—male begin arriving in western Oregon to 7,000 feet), but sometimes as high as timberline (above 9,000 feet) and Courtesy of Jim Cruce in mid-February and in western down to lower forest margins (500 feet). Washington in March. East of the Cascades, they arrive a month or more later, APPEARANCE—The male Calliope Hummingbird (above) weighs about depending on the weather. Fall migration begins in June and is split between the same as a penny—about half as much as a male Anna’s Hummingbird. the Pacific and Rocky Mountain Flyways. As with other hummingbirds, The adult male is bright green above and creamy white below with a green Rufous Hummingbirds typically move to higher elevations for the fall migra- wash on the sides and flanks. The adult male’s gorget is iridescent, wine-red tion, following nectar flowers. to magenta-red, and, unlike other North American hummingbirds, separated The Rufous Hummingbird is the most common and widespread humming- into distinct rays that fan across its throat. The male can elevate the rays into a bird species Oregon and Washington, and it occurs in all three BCRs in those starburst display against the white background of its throat. Wingtips extend States. Rufous Hummingbirds are found in a wide variety of habitats. to or slightly beyond the short tail. Tail feathers are dull gray, variably edged with cinnamon at the base. NESTING—For breeding, they prefer second-growth forest communities and openings, but they will also use mature forests, parks, and residential The adult female (next page) is bright green to golden green above and creamy areas—from sea level to 6,000 feet. Spring migration is mostly along the white below, with a rusty wash on the sides, flanks, and across the lower Pacific Flyway.

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington APPEARANCE—The back of the adult male Rufous Hummingbird (previ- in open areas of coastal scrub or riparian shrubs, preferring willows as well ous page) is cinnamon-colored (rufous), sometimes spangled with green and as blackberry, dogwood, and poison oak. Females select nest sites in more rarely more than half green. The underparts are creamy white with a rufous densely vegetated areas with at least some cover. “vest.” The crown is bright green, and the gorget is iridescent scarlet to APPEARANCE—It is very difficult to distinguish Allen’s Hummingbirds orange, appearing golden or yellow-green from some angles. The tail extends from Rufous Hummingbirds. Both species even sound alike. The adult male past the wingtips. The rufous tail feathers are Allen’s Hummingbird is brilliant green above with a green crown and a rufous black-tipped and pointed. rump and undertail coverts. Unlike nearly all adult male Rufous Humming- The adult female (right) is bright green above birds, the back is more than half green. The tails of the two species differ and white below, strongly washed with rufous slightly in appearance, but the bird must be held in the hand to make the on the sides, flanks, and undertail coverts. The distinction. face and sides of the gorget are also washed The adult female and immature Allen’s Hummingbirds appear almost identical rufous. The gorget is off-white, spangled with to those of the Rufous Hummingbird. Distinguishing the two species requires green to bronze (concentrated on the sides). having the bird in hand. The throat is marked with red-orange, from Rufous Hummingbird—female just a few spangles to a large patch. The Courtesy of Jim Cruce Major Hummingbirds—Altitude Ranges Major Hummingbirds—Residence Period rounded tail extends past the wingtips; it During Residence in Oregon/Washington in Oregon and/or Washington is rufous at the base and banded with black. The outer three pairs of tail feathers have white tips. Immature birds look similar to the adult female, 10,000 feet although the immature males typically show more rufous on the rump and lower back as well as heavier markings on the throat. Allen’s Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin) I The Allen’s Hummingbird is closely related to the Rufous Hummingbird, and 5,000 feet the two species look very similar, making identification a challenge where the species’ ranges overlap. Allen’s Hummingbirds breed in coastal areas from July May

California into southern Oregon and winter mostly in central Mexico and also March January

along the Gulf Coast to Alabama. November Sea level September RANGE—Allen’s Hummingbirds occur in only one BCR in Oregon: the Northern Pacific Rainforest. They are fairly common residents in spring and I Black-chinned Hummingbird I Anna’s Hummingbird summer along the southern Oregon coast and are regularly seen at feeders I Calliope Hummingbird I Rufous Hummingbird in Curry County. However, they rarely occur elsewhere in Oregon, and there I Allen’s Hummingbird is only one recorded sighting in Washington—in 1894. In spring, Allen’s OthersI Hummingbirds migrate along the coast in coastal scrub, chaparral, riparian A few other hummingbird species are sometimes, though rarely, seen in woodland, and eucalyptus groves. They begin arriving in Oregon in late Oregon and/or Washington. They include: February. Fall migration begins early and peaks in July; most birds have left Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) by early August. Fall migration is along the coast, in previously described Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) habitat, as well as inland at higher elevations in mixed woodland, open Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae) coniferous forest, and montane chaparral habitats. (Records indicate that the Costa’s Hummingbird’s breeding range is expand- NESTING—They breed only in the narrow, moist, coastal zone affected by ing northward.) You may refer to a field guide for information about these summer fogs, from sea level to 1,000 feet. Males typically select territories species. Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Bird Conservation Regions in Oregon The Pollinator Partnership Web site Ecoregions in Oregon and Washington (http://www.pollinator.org) will and Washington show you which ecoregion you are in just by entering your postal ZIP The United States North American Bird Conservation Initiative Committee is Code (under “Planting Guides” a coalition of government agencies, private organizations, and bird initiatives on the Web site). If you wish to in the United States. The committee is work- supplement the information pre- ing to ensure the long-term health of North sented in this guide, for example, America’s native bird populations. Bird conser- to attract other pollinators or to vation initiatives have produced national and learn about other ecoregions, the international conservation plans for birds as well Pollinator Partnership offers plant- as regional plans for numerous BCRs, which are ing guides for ecoregions through- ecologically distinct regions in North America PL GPP ISD out the United States. The Web with similar bird communities, habitats, and CMF MRMS SSM NRM site provides additional tools and resource management issues. The regional plans connections to useful resources for provide more detailed information on population pollinator and plant information. objectives and habitat needs for birds in specific landscapes. Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions The three BCRs in Oregon and Washington, in Oregon and Washington the Northern Pacific Rainforest (BCR 5), the Great Basin (BCR 9), and the Northern Rockies (BCR 10), are shown on the map (above left). The following table (Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in Oregon and Washington) lists some plants that are nectar sources for hummingbirds. Ecoregions in Oregon and Washington These plants are native to Oregon, Washington, or both, and are adapted to Land within Oregon and Washington lies within seven ecoregions (see conditions in the ecoregions indicated in the table. The table also provides below—codes in parentheses), which are shown on the map: Ecoregions in basic information on habitat and light, soil, and water needs. Finally, the tables Oregon and Washington. The ecoregion boundaries differ from those of the provide seed sources for each plant valid as of June 2009. Please check with BCRs and their relationship is as below. the seed suppliers for current availability. A directory of the seed sources follows the tables. Use locally adapted genetically appropriate plants in all Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest (PL)—lies within BCR 5. your restoration and pollinator enhancement work. Seed zones—areas with Cascade Mixed Forest (CMF)—lies within BCR 5 and BCR 10. genetically similar plants—help determine the right plant materials to use; Sierran Steppe Mixed Northern (SSM)—lies within BCR 5 and BCR 9. poorly chosen plants usually fail to thrive. See http://fs.bioe.orst.edu/web_maps/S_ Great Plains/Palouse (GPP)—lies within BCR 9. Zones_1Oct2013.html for provisional seed Middle Rocky Mountains Steppe (MRMS)—lies within BCR 10. zones of the Pacific Northwest, and select Northern Rocky Mountains Forest-Steppe (NRM)—lies within BCR 10. plant materials from your zone. Planting nonnatives to attract hummingbirds is against Intermountain Semi-Desert (ISD)—lies within BCR 9 and BCR 10. policy and destructive: these plants become Note: Ecoregion map adapted from http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ecoregions/ invasive and disrupt ecosystems. For example, images/maps/ecoregions-united-states-sample.jpg. yellow toadflax Linaria( vulgaris, also called Yellow Toadflax Courtesy of Colorado State “butter and eggs”) is attractive to humming- University Extension–Adams County birds but is a noxious weed.

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Hummingbird Nectar Plants for Ecoregions in Oregon and Washington

Ecoregion1 Bloom Sunlight Soils/ General Habitat/ Seed Botanical Common Season Water Elevation Sources2 Name Name PL CMF MRMS SSM NRM GPP ISD Trees and Shrubs >> Trees and Shrubs Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone X Apr–May Sun to part Dry to moist, Exposed or wooded slopes and IP, JNS sun well drained canyons below 5,000 ft Arctostaphylos spp. manzanita X X X X Dec–May Sun Dry Rocky areas and steep slopes IP, JNS

Ceanothus spp. ceanothus X X X X Apr–Aug Sun, Dry, rocky, Dry, open flats and slopes, often at IP, JNS, part shade, well drained higher elevation (3,000 to 9,500 ft) SMN shade Berberis spp. Oregon grape X X X X X X X Mar–May Part shade to Moist, well Relatively dry to moist rocky sites in IP, AWS, shade drained, acid open coniferous forests and JNS, loams forested slopes (1,300 to 6,900 ft) SMN Menziesia ferruginea rusty menziesia X X May–Jul Sun, Moist Coniferous woods JNS part shade, shade Ribes spp. currants and X X Mar–Jun Sun to shade Moist to dry, Varies AWS, gooseberries well drained JNS, SMN Ribes roezlii Sierra X May–Jun Sun to Dry to moist Dry open slopes, mostly 3,500 to gooseberry part sun 8,500 ft, yellow pine and red fir forests *Ribes sanguineum redflower X X X Mar–Apr Sun, Moist to drier, Open or partly shady places below AWS, currant part shade, well drained 2,000 ft JNS, shade SMN Rubus spectabilis salmonberry X X X Mar–Jun Sun, Moist to drier Low, moist woods; stream banks; AWS, part shade, mountain slopes JNS, IP, shade SMN Salvia dorrii purple sage X X X X May–Jun Sun Dry, perfectly Dry, open scabland and sagebrush SMN drained areas Symphoricarpos western X Jun–Aug Part shade Moist, well Dry, rocky hillsides; sand plains; occidentalis snowberry drained prairies; open woods Vaccinium ovatum evergreen X X X Mar–May Sun, Poor, acid, Dry, shaded slopes; moister, JNS huckleberry part shade, well drained woodland edges shade *Hummingbird adapted or preferred nectar sources

Ecoregion1 Bloom Sunlight Soils/ General Habitat/ Seed Botanical Common Season Water Elevation Sources2 Name Name PL CMF MRMS SSM NRM GPP ISD Vines >> Vines Clematis ligusticifolia western virgin’s X May–Aug Sun to part Moist Woods along streams; moist, S&S, bower sun brushy coulees AWS, SMN *Lonicera ciliosa orange X X X X May–Jul Sun to part Moist to dry Open woods and thicket JNS, honeysuckle shade SMN Lonicera hispidula pink honey- X X X Apr–Jul Part sun to Dry to moist Dry sites in open mixed woods, JNS, IP suckle part shade sometimes lying on ground in clearings, at low to mid elevations *Lonicera involucrata nettleleaf giant X X X Mar–Aug Sun to shade Generally Moist or wet, open woods from 0 to AWS, hyssop moist 10,000 ft SMN Perennial Herbs >> Perennial Herbs Aconitum monkshood X X X X X Jun–Aug Part shade Moist, rich Moist woods and meadows; columbianum moderate to subalpine elevations *Agastache urticifolia nettleleaf giant X X X X X Jun–Aug Full sun to Varies, usu- Dry open slopes and draws, hyssop part shade ally drier meadows; 700 to 8,500 ft *Aquilegia formosa western X X X X Apr–Aug Full sun to Moist, rich Moist, open woods, banks and IP, OWS, columbine part shade seeps; 0 to 8,000 ft HSI, JNS, OWS, SMN, SSS, ST *Castilleja spp. paintbrush X X X X X X X Varies Varies Varies Varies IP, SMN, ST Castilleja affinis ssp. coast Indian X X Mar–Jun Full sun to Well drained Dry places along bluffs, chaparral litoralis paintbrush part shade near coast Castilleja angustifolia northwestern X X X X X Apr–Aug Shade Dry Dry open soil, often with sagebrush SSC Indian paintbrush Castilleja applegatei wavyleaf Indian X Apr–Jun Sun to Rocky, dry, Sagebrush, open conifer woods paintbrush part shade well drained Castilleja cobwebby Indian X X Jun Dry, rocky Open dry rocks or summits of arachnoidea paintbrush mountains at mid and high elevations Castilleja elmeri Wenatchee X X X X Jun–Aug Sun to Moist Mesic meadows in mountains of Indian part shade central Washington paintbrush *Hummingbird adapted or preferred nectar sources

Ecoregion1 Bloom Sunlight Soils/ General Habitat/ Seed Botanical Common Season Water Elevation Sources2 Name Name PL CMF MRMS SSM NRM GPP ISD Perennial Herbs—continued >> Perennial Herbs—continued Castilleja fraterna fraternal Indian X Jul–Aug Limestone or Alpine meadows, slopes, and (Federal Species of paintbrush limey exposed talus and rock above Concern) 7,900 ft Castilleja brevilobata short-lobe Indian X Apr–May Full sun to Well drained Mesic to dry serpentine areas in paintbrush part shade open Jeffrey pine savannas Castilleja hispida harsh Indian X X X X X X Apr–Aug Full sun to Well drained Dry openings in forests, meadows, IP, JNS paintbrush part shade from coast to high elevations Castilleja linariifolia Wyoming Indian X X May–Oct Part shade Moist, well Moist to dry, open woods and brush ST paintbrush drained, rocky areas from 2,500 to 12,000 ft Castilleja miniata scarlet X May-Sep Sun Moist Wet mountain meadows and IP, SSS, paintbrush stream banks below 11,000 ft ST Castilleja parviflora mountain Indian X X Jun–Sep Sun Well drained Subalpine meadows paintbrush Castilleja pruinosa frosted Indian X X X Jun–Jul Serpentine, Dry, open, rocky serpentine areas paintbrush rocky or edges of forest at mid to high elevations Castilleja rhexiifolia rosy paintbrush X X X Jun–Aug Part shade Well drained Subalpine meadows, bogs, alpine talus slopes Castilleja rupicola cliff Indian X X Jun–Aug Sun Gravelly or Rock ledges and crevices in per- paintbrush stony pendicular cliffs and on other rocky slopes; generally 3,400 to 7,000 ft in elevation but as low as 600 ft in Columbia River Gorge of Oregon Castilleja suksdorfii Suksdorf’s X X Jun–Sep Moist to wet Meadows and thickets, subalpine Indian paint- meadows and along streams brush Chamerion fireweed X X X X X Jun–Sep Full sun to Varies Scattered to common in forest IP, SMN angustifolium part sun habitats, especially in upland pine and spruce stands; often abundant in cleared or burned areas Cirsium occidentale cobwebby thistle X Jun–Aug Sun Dry Rocky serpentine, but not exclusively, below 6,000 ft Cleome serrulata Rocky Mountain X X X X Jul–Sep Sun, Well drained, Prairies, open woods, wash areas, RSI, SMN bee plant part shade sandy disturbed sites Delphinium spp. larkspur X X X X X X X Mar–Aug Sun, part Varies Varies IP, JNS, shade, SMN shade

Ecoregion1 Bloom Sunlight Soils/ General Habitat/ Seed Botanical Common Season Water Elevation Sources2 Name Name PL CMF MRMS SSM NRM GPP ISD Perennial Herbs—continued >> Perennial Herbs—continued *Delphinium canyon larkspur X Mar–Aug Part shade Moist Rocky, talus slopes and outcrops SSS nudicaule within coniferous forests Dicentra formosa western bleeding X Mar–Jul Part sun Dry to moist Gravelly hillsides to loam soils, SSS, heart to shade open woods, occasionally along IP,JNS, stream banks; 2,000 to 4,000 ft, SMN serpentine substrates Dichelostemma firecracker flower X X X May–Jul Full to part Clay to sandy Grassy slopes in woodland open- ONP ida-maia sun ings at low or moderate elevations *Epilobium canum hummingbird X Jul–Oct Sun Dry Dry slopes and ridges from sea S&S ssp. latifolium trumpet level to high in the mountains Erythronium yellow X X X X May–Jul Part shade Moist Open woods; meadow edges; JNS, IP, grandiflorum avalanche-lily various altitudes SMN *Fritillaria recurva scarlet fritillary X Mar–Jul Part shade Dry, rocky Rocky, brush-covered slopes SSS *Ipomopsis aggregata scarlet gilia X X X X Jun Full to part Average Hillsides, slopes AWS, sun moisture JNS, SMN, SSS *Lilium bolanderi Bolander’s lily X Jun–Aug Sun to Well drained; Dry hillsides on serpentine soils in part shade dry in mixed conifer forests summer Lilium columbianum Columbia lily X X X Jun–Sep Sun to part Well drained; Ferny or brushy, redwood forest JNS, IP, sun dry in slopes; prairies; thickets AWS, summer SMN Lilium pardalinum leopard lily X Jun–Aug Sun to part Moist to wet Conifer stream banks and springy SSS, JNS sun places, up to 6,000 ft Lilium Washington X X Jul–Aug Sun to Well drained; Dry hillsides and chaparral in mixed washingtonianum Lily part shade dry in conifer forests summer *Mimulus aurantiacus bush X May–Jul Sun to Dry to moist Dry hills and canyon slopes, below SSC, monkeyflower part sun 1,500 ft SSS *Mimulus cardinalis scarlet X X X Apr–Oct Sun to Moist to wet Stream banks and seeps below S&S, monkeyflower part sun 8,000 ft SSC, SMN *Pedicularis Indian warrior X Apr–May Sun to Dry, well Dry chaparral, oak/pine or yellow SSS densiflora part shade drained pine forests below 7,000 ft *Hummingbird adapted or preferred nectar sources

Ecoregion1 Bloom Sunlight Soils/ General Habitat/ Seed Botanical Common Season Water Elevation Sources2 Name Name PL CMF MRMS SSM NRM GPP ISD Perennial Herbs—continued >> Perennial Herbs—continued *Penstemon spp. beardtongue X X X X X X X Jun–Aug Sun Dry, well Varies IP, AWS, drained JNS, SMN, SSS, ST Penstemon fruticosus shrubby X May–Aug Full sun to Well drained Open, rocky, or wooded foothill and JNS, penstemon part shade higher elevation sites SMN, ST Penstemon mountain pride X Jun–Aug Sun to Well drained, Rocky places from moderate to SSS newberryi part shade rocky high elevations Penstemon Payette X X Jun–Aug Sun Talus and Talus slopes and rocky meadows at payettensis beardtongue rocky low to moderately high elevations Penstemon procerus small-flowered X Jun–Jul Sun Dry to moist Rocky slopes, subalpine, alpine, ST, SMN penstemon and mid to high elevations Penstemon rupicola cliff beardtongue X X X X May–Aug Sun Rocky Cliffs, ledges and rocky slopes, usually at higher elevations Penstemon rydbergii Rydberg’s X May–Jul Sun Dry, well Open mountain slopes RSI, SSS, penstemon drained ST Phlox speciosa showy phlox X Apr–Jun Sun to Dry to moist Open rocky soils, shrub-steppe, SMN part sun grasslands, lightly wooded areas; low to mid elevations Sidalcea oregana Oregon X Jun–Oct Sun Moist to wet Freshwater marshes at about checkerbloom 500 ft elevation *Silene californica Indian-pink X Apr–Jul Sun to Dry to moist Open, brushy areas or woods SSS part sun below 5,000 ft Stachys chamissonis coastal X X X Jun–Aug Sun to Moist, Swamps and moist low ground from AWS var. cooleyae hedgenettle part shade wetlands sea level to moderate elevations

*Hummingbird adapted or preferred nectar sources 2 Seed Sources: AWS = Alpine WildSeed RSI = Rainier Seeds, Inc. 1 Ecoregions: HSI = Heritage Seedlings Inc. S&S = S&S Seeds CMF = Cascade Mixed Forest NRM = Northern Rocky Mountains IP = Inside Passage SMN = Sun Mountain Natives GPP = Great Plains/Palouse PL = Pacific Lowland JNS = Jonny Native Seeds SSC = Stover Seed Company ISD = Intermountain Semi-Desert SSM = Sierran Steppe Mixed ONP = Oregon Native Plant Nursery SSS = Sierra Seed Supply MRMS = Middle Rocky Mountain Steppe OWS = Oregon Wholesale Seed Co ST = Seeds Trust

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Directory of Seed and Plant Sources Additional Resources Alpine WildSeed Rainier Seeds, Inc. The Western Hummingbird Partnership (WHP) is a developing network of 1308 N. Alder, #1 1404 4th Street partners collaborating to build an effective and sustainable hummingbird Ellensburg, WA 98926 (509) 725-1235 conservation program: http://www.westernhummingbird.org (509) 933-3063 Davenport, WA 99122 Native Seed Network: http://www.nativeseednetwork.org Heritage Seedlings, Inc. S&S Seeds North American Bird Conservation 4194 71st Ave. SE 6155 Carpinteria Avenue Initiative: http://www.nabci-us.org Salem, OR 97317 Carpinteria, CA 93013 (503) 585-9835 (805) 684-0436 e-bird is a real-time, online checklist program and a way for the birding Inside Passage Sun Mountain Natives community to report and access P.O. Box 639 1406 East F Street information about birds: Port Townsend, WA 98368 Moscow, ID 83843 Courtesy of Scott Carpenter http://www.ebird.org (800) 361-9657 (208) 883-7611 Partners in Flight is a coalition of partners working to combine, coordinate, (360) 385-6114 and increase resources of public and private entities in order to conserve bird Stover Seed Company populations: http://www.partnersinflight.org Jonny Native Seeds P.O. Box 86175 29632 Harvest Dr. SW Los Angeles, CA 90086 Pollinator Partnership: http://www.pollinator.org Albany, OR 97321 (213) 626-9668 References (541) 754-7938 (800) 621-0315 (541) 990-0480 Dunn, J.L.; Alderfer, J. Eds. 2006. National Geographic field guide to the birds Sierra Seed Supply of North America. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 503 p. Oregon Native Plant Nursery 358 Williams Valley Rd. Marshall, D.B.; Hunter, M.G.; Contreras, A.L. Eds. 2003. Birds of Oregon: A P.O. Box 886 Greenville, CA 95947 general reference. Corvallis, OR. Oregon State University Press. 752 p. Woodburn, OR 97071 (530) 284-7926 (503) 981-2353 Seattle Audubon Society. 2013. BirdWeb: Allen’s Hummingbird. http://bird- Seeds Trust web.org/birdweb/bird/allens_hummingbird. (5 June 2013). Oregon Wholesale Seed Co. 5870 S. Long Ln. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 5648 Evans Valley Loop Rd NE Littleton, CO 80121 Station. 2013. Ecoregions of the United States. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/ Silverton, OR 97381 (720) 335-3436 ecoregions/images/maps/ecoregions-united-states-sample.jpg. (5 June (503) 874-8221 2013).

In addition, the Native Seed Network (http://www.nativeseednetwork.org) is Williamson, S.L. 2001. Peterson field guide to hummingbirds of North an online resource that provides search tools and information on all aspects America. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. 263 p. of native seed. You can search the network to find additional sources for native seeds.

Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Maintaining and Improving Habitat for Hummingbirds in Oregon and Washington Front cover images: Back cover images: Top—Tom Kogut Top—Collage, Erik Ackerson Bottom—Erik Ackerson Bottom—Hummingbird, Jim Cruce Graphic Design: Erik Ackerson—[email protected]

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