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NORDICOM Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 (op.) | Fax +46 31 786 46 55 www.nordicom.gu.se | E-mail: [email protected] NORDICOM’s activities are based on broad and extensive network of contacts and collaboration with members of the research community, media companies, politicians, regulators, teachers, librarians, and so forth, around the world. The activities at Nordicom are characterized by three main working areas. • Media and Communication Research Findings in the Nordic Countries Nordicom publishes a Nordic journal, Nordicom Information, and an English language journal, Nordicom Review (refereed), as well as anthologies and other reports in both Nordic and English languages. Different research databases concerning, among other things, scientific literature and ongoing research are updated continuously and are available on the Internet. Nordicom has the character of a hub of Nordic cooperation in media research. Making Nordic research in the field of mass communication and media studies known to colleagues and others outside the region, and weaving and supporting networks of collaboration between the Nordic research communities and colleagues abroad are two prime facets of the Nordicom work. The documentation services are based on work performed in national documentation centres attached to the universities in Aarhus, Denmark; Tampere, Finland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bergen, Norway; and Göteborg, Sweden. • Trends and Developments in the Media Sectors in the Nordic Countries Nordicom compiles and collates media statistics for the whole of the Nordic region. The statistics, together with qualified analyses, are published in the series, Nordic Media Trends, and on the homepage. Besides statistics on output and consumption, the statistics provide data on media ownership and the structure of the industries as well as national regulatory legislation. Today, the Nordic region constitutes a common market in the media sector, and there is a widespread need for impartial, comparable basic data. These services are based on a Nordic network of contributing institutions. Nordicom gives the Nordic countries a common voice in European and international networks and institutions that inform media and cultural policy. At the same time, Nordicom keeps Nordic users abreast of developments in the sector outside the region, particularly developments in the European Union and the Council of Europe. • Research on Children, Youth and the Media Worldwide At the request of UNESCO, Nordicom started the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media in 1997. The work of the Clearinghouse aims at increasing our knowledge of children, youth and media and, thereby, at providing the basis for relevant decision-making, at contributing to constructive public debate and at promoting children’s and young people’s media literacy. It is also hoped that the work of the Clearinghouse will stimulate additional research on children, youth and media. The Clearinghouse’s activities have as their basis a global network of 1000 or so participants in more than 125 countries, representing not only the academia, but also, e.g., the media industries, politics and a broad spectrum of voluntary organizations. In yearbooks, newsletters and survey articles the Clearinghouse has an ambition to broaden and contextualize knowledge about children, young people and media literacy. The Clearinghouse seeks to bring together and make available insights concerning children’s and young people’s relations with mass media from a variety of perspectives. www.nordicom.gu.se NORDICOM We Love to Hate Each Other Mediated Football Fan Culture Roy Krøvel and Thore Roksvold (eds) © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom 2012 ISBN 978-91-86523-35-0 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 Göteborg Sweden Cover by: Daniel Zachrisson Printed by: Responstryck AB, Borås, 2012 Contents Acknowledgements 7 Thore Roksvold & Roy Krøvel Introduction 9 Chapter 1 Hans K. Hognestad What is a Football Fan? 25 Chapter 2 Raymond Boyle Social Media Sport? Journalism, Public Relations and Sport 45 I. Mediated Fan Culture in Newspapers Chapter 3 Peter Dahlén An Exemplary Model. The Religious Significance of the Brann 2007 Norwegian Football Championship as Told by the Media 63 Chapter 4 Thore Roksvold A Hundred Years of Football Reporting in Norwegian Newspapers 83 Chapter 5 Rune Ottosen, Nathalie Hyde-Clarke & Toby Miller Framing the Football Fan as Consumer. A Content Analysis of the Coverage of Supporters in The Star During the 2010 World Cup 111 Chapter 6 Hugh O’Donnell Scottish Football Fans. Hame and Away 129 II. Social Media and Mediated Fan Culture Chapter 7 Harald Hornmoen Battling for Belonging. How Club and Supporter Identities are Created in the Mediation of an Oslo Derby 149 Chapter 8 Aage Radmann The New Media and Hooliganism. Constructing Media Identities 171 Chapter 9 Deirdre Hynes “Jaysus! Is Janno a Bird?” A Study of Femininity and Football Fans in Online Forums 189 Chapter 10 Steen Steensen Conversing the Fans. “Coveritlive” and the Social Function of Journalism 207 Chapter 11 Andreas Ytterstad Football Nationalism in the Blogosphere. Carew, Riise and the Frames of Common Sense 229 Chapter 12 Roy Krøvel Communicating in Search of Understanding. A Case Study of Fans, Supporters and Islam 249 III. Documentary Film and Television Chapter 13 Alina Bernstein, Lea Mandelzis & Inbar Shenhar Documenting the Narrative of Arab Identity in a Jewish State Through Football. Between National ‘Multi-Existence’ and its Impossibility 265 Chapter 14 Britt-Marie Ringfjord Learning to Become a Football Star. Representations of Football Fan Culture in Swedish Public Service Television for Youth 285 Chapter 15 David Rowe & Stephanie Alice Baker “Truly a Fan Experience”? The Cultural Politics of the Live Site 301 The Authors 319 Acknowledgements This anthology is the outcome of a process that started in late 2008 when six colleagues at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, all with an interest in football, decided to explore the mediation of football fandom. Football fans are often portrayed as enthusiastic, loyal, critical and sometimes as violent. But what is it about football that appeals to them? How do the media such as newspapers, radio, TV, blogs and web forums accommodate the needs of the fans, and what connection – if any – is there between the imagined community of football fans and the broader society? As we pondered possible answers to such questions, we realized that it was necessary to develop a wider network. In the process of establishing an international research network, we were supported by Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences. We therefore want to express our gratitude to this institution for providing financial support. A part of the funding was spent on a network seminar in Sweden in 2009 where we outlined plans for individual contributions to the research project and the final publication. Dr. Alina Bernstein, chair of The Media and Sport Section of The International Association for Media and Communication Research, followed up by organizing a project session at the 2010 IAMCR conference in Portugal. We are also grateful to the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences for funding the language editing and printing of the book. Finally, we thank Nordicom for publishing We Love To Hate Each Other, which we hope and believe will be useful for scholars and students who are engaged in sports journalism and popular culture in old as well as new media. Oslo, January 2012 Roy Krøvel and Thore Roksvold 7 Introduction Thore Roksvold & Roy Krøvel Life as a football fan and as a media and journalism researcher can be full of paradoxes. Most of us are educated and trained to employ critical perspectives in our field of studies. Still, as fans, many of us regularly partake in commer- cialism and consumerism as we enjoy sporting mega-events such as the World Cup and Champions League. Some of us also maintain critical perspectives on patriotism of all types, including nationalism, while simultaneously supporting local or national teams. Many of us also understand and interpret football and football fandom in the light of historically grounded narratives on working class struggles and the production of working class identities and communities. At the same time we support or follow teams that have, over time, become national or global brands owned by some of the wealthiest capitalists in the world. There are good reasons to reflect on the meanings, from various critical perspectives, of being a football fan. A large and growing body of literature is exploring the interconnection between sport and media, as demonstrated by, for instance, Bryant in A historical overview of sports and media in the United States, Dahlén in Sport och medier and many others (Bryant & Holt 2006; Dahlén 2008; Hugenberg, Haridakis & Earnheardt 2008; Maloni, Greenman & Miller 1995; Perrin 2000; Raney & Bry- ant 2006; Rowe 1999; Wenner 1989). Such research on sport and fandom is informing debates on culture, sub-cultures and identity. Nevertheless, relatively little academic attention has been paid to the relationship between football journalism, cultural identities, ideologies and football fan culture. Such links lie at the core

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