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Learning from the Lessons Behind the Numbers Hendi Yogi Prabowo University of Wollongong

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Learning from the Lessons Behind the Numbers Hendi Yogi Prabowo University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2010 Learning from the lessons behind the numbers Hendi Yogi Prabowo University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Prabowo, Hendi Yogi, Learning from the lessons behind the numbers, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, University of Wollongong, 2010. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3296 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. LEARNING FROM THE LESSONS BEHIND THE NUMBERS Trends in Credit Card Fraud Prevention in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Indonesia A thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Hendi Yogi Prabowo, SE (UII); MForAcc (UOW) Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention 2010 0 CERTIFICATION I, Hendi Yogi Prabowo, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention, Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Hendi Yogi Prabowo 20 May 2010 1 CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................. 1 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 15 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ................................................................................................................... 15 SCOPE OF STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 21 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................ 29 PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................................................... 29 CONTRIBUTION ...................................................................................................................................... 30 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 31 THESIS STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 2: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CREDIT CARD NETWORK .......................................................................................................... 36 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 36 PUBLIC INTEREST: AN OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 36 CREDIT CARD HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW .................................................. 41 History ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Development ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 CREDIT CARD NETWORK: BASIC STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM ............................................ 45 Network Participants ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 The Major ‘Rules of the Game’ .................................................................................................................................... 53 ESSENTIALS OF PAYMENTS SYSTEM REGULATION AND SUPERVISION ................................. 58 The Principles of Payments System Regulation and Supervision................................................................................ 58 Regulator’s Intervention: An Australian Case.............................................................................................................. 65 Payments Industry Self-Regulation .............................................................................................................................. 70 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 3: THEORIES AND CONCEPTS OF CREDIT CARD FRAUD AND PREVENTION ............................................................................ 78 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 78 CREDIT CARD FRAUD AND PREVENTION: A STRATEGIC VIEW ................................................. 78 Overview of Nature and Dynamics of Crime ............................................................................................................... 78 Types of Credit Card Fraud .......................................................................................................................................... 87 Threats of Credit Card Fraud ........................................................................................................................................ 93 Situational Crime Prevention ...................................................................................................................................... 100 Managing Fraud .......................................................................................................................................................... 106 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 127 CHAPTER 4: LEARNING FROM THE BETTER PERFORMERS: A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 128 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 128 BENCHMARKING: AN OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 129 THE BENCHMARKING QUESTIONS .................................................................................................. 144 Planning Phase ............................................................................................................................................................ 144 Analysis Phase (Based on the Xerox Benchmarking Model) .................................................................................... 146 PRINCIPLES OF CRIME ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 147 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 152 CHAPTER 5: GOING CASHLESS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PAYMENTS SYSTEMS OF THE US, THE UK, AUSTRALIA AND INDONESIA ....................................................................................................... 153 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 153 2 ESSENTIALS OF CASHLESS SOCIETY .............................................................................................. 153 THE US PAYMENTS SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................... 158 THE UK PAYMENTS SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 164 THE AUSTRALIAN PAYMENTS SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW ........................................................... 172 THE INDONESIAN PAYMENTS SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW ............................................................ 178 NEW CRIME OPPORTUNITIES ........................................................................................................... 195 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 198 CHAPTER 6: THE BIG PICTURE: A STRATEGIC VIEW OF THE TRENDS OF CREDIT CARD FRAUD IN THE US, THE UK AND AUSTRALIA ...................................................................................................... 200 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 200 TRENDS OF CREDIT CARD FRAUD IN THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND AUSTRALIA ................................................................................................................................. 201 Prevalence and Costs of Credit Card Fraud in the US ............................................................................................... 206 Prevalence
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