Introduction 1 Books for Christmas, 1822–1860
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Notes Introduction 1. “Flood of Christmas Books,” Punch 11 (1846): 210. 2. Krishna Kumar, The Making of English National Identity (New York: Cambridge UP, 2003), 7. 3. “Christmas at Hereford,” Mirror 20:583 (December 1833): 438. 4. R. Chambers, The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, 1873), 747. 5. “Christmas at the Crystal Palace,” Punch 40 (January 1861): 8. 6. Peter J. Manning, “Wordsworth and the Keepsake,” in Literature in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century British Publishing and Reading Practices, ed. John O. Jordan and Robert L. Patten (New York: Cambridge UP, 1995), 65. 7. “Christmas Presents,” Advertisement, Illustrated London News (16 December 1843): 399. 8. Kim Newman, “You Better Watch Out: Christmas in Horror Film,” in Christmas at the Movies, ed. Mark Connelly (New York: Tauris, 2000), 136. 9. Peter Haining, Introduction to Charles Dickens’ Christmas Ghost Stories by Charles Dickens (New York: St. Martin, 1993), 10. 10. Mark Connelly, Christmas: A Social History (New York: Tauris, 1999), 2. 1 Books for Christmas, 1822–1860 1. Joseph Shaylor, The Fascination of Books, with Other Papers on Books & Bookselling (New York: Putnam, 1912), 39–40. 2. Harry E. Hootman “British Literary Annuals and Giftbooks: 1823– 1861,” Diss. University of South Carolina, 2004, 1; Peter J. Manning, “Wordsworth in the Keepsake,” in Literature in the Marketplace, ed. Jordan and Patten, 45. 3. Kathryn Ledbetter, “Lucrative Requests: British Authors and Gift Book Editors,” Bibliographical Society of America, Papers 88 (1994): 214. 4. Alexis Weedon, Victorian Publishing (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 19. 156 Notes 5. Caroline Anne Bowles Southey to Robert Southey, 3 April 1828, The Correspondence of Robert Southey with Caroline Bowles, ed. Edward Dowden (Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1881), 388, http://solomon.bwld. alexanderstreet.com. 6. Richard Altick, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800–1900 (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1957), 362. 7. Shaylor, The Fascination of Books, 48. 8. Valerie Sanders, ed., Record of Girlhood: An Anthology of Nineteenth- Century Women’s Childhoods (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), 97. 9. Thomas K. Hervey, The Book of Christmas (Ware: Wordsworth, 2000), 24. 10. Richard M. Dorson, The British Folklorists (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1968), 17. 11. “New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day,” Leigh Hunt’s London Journal 40 (31 December 1834): 314. 12. David Parker, Christmas and Charles Dickens (New York: AMS P, 2005), x, 78–90, 108. 13. “Ancient Christmas,” Mirror 22:639 (December 1833): 420. 14. Hervey, The Book of Christmas, 21. 15. Julian Wolfreys, Being English (Albany: State U of New York P, 1994), 5–6. 16. Hervey, The Book of Christmas, 66; Julia Thomas, Pictorial Victorians (Athens: Ohio UP, 2004), 13. 17. David Bland, The Illustration of Books (London: Faber and Faber, 1951), 16. 18. Robert Burden, Introduction to Landscape and Englishness (New York: Rodopi, 2006), 17. 19. Peter Mandler, The English National Character (New Haven: Yale UP, 2006), 41. 20. Ibid., 3. 21. Ibid., 2. 22. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1968), 265. 23. Hervey, The Book of Christmas, 43. 24. Ibid., 169–71. 25. B.E. Maidment, Reading Popular Prints 1790–1870 (New York: Manchester UP, 1996), 80. 26. John Buchanan-Brown, The Book Illustrations of George Cruikshank (London: David & Charles, 1980), 47. 27. Hervey, The Book of Christmas, 148. 28. Ibid., 72. 29. Ibid., 120. 30. Henry G. Bohn, “Biographical Notice” in Seymour’s Humorous Sketches (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1872), vi. Wordsworth Editions in association with the Folklore Society published a 2000 edition of The Book of Christmas. Unfortunately, Notes 157 Steve Roud’s introduction to this edition, as well as the frontispiece, misdate the first publication of Hervey’s text at 1888. My research has dated the first edition to 26 December 1835, a period that makes a huge difference given the sources Hervey accesses (which are all eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century) and the stage of develop- ment of the “new” Christmas. Publication dating practices often saw late-year volumes postdated. 31. Hervey, The Book of Christmas, 30, 139. 32. Ibid., 38. 33. John Sutherland, Victorian Fiction: Writers, Publishers, Readers (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 159. 34. Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, “Poetry in the Victorian Marketplace: The Illustrated Princess as a Christmas Gift Book,” Victorian Poetry 45 (Spring 2007), http://proquest.umi.com. 35. Simon Eliot, “Some Trends in British Book Production, 1800–1919,” in Literature in the Marketplace, ed. Jordan and Patten, 34. 36. There is, of course, an entirely different category of print material that is also termed “Christmas books.” Privately printed, artistic salu- tation booklets were traded like valuable Christmas cards. Collectors like Walter Klinefelter and Jock Elliot have amassed collections and published catalogues of these small-run titles. The salutation book- lets seem to have had a heyday in the early decades of the twentieth century. I do not include salutation “Christmas books” in the cate- gory of Victorian Christmas books I examine. 37. William M. Thackeray, “A Grumble about the Christmas-Books,” Fraser’s Magazine 35 (January 1847): 111. 38. Annie Russell Marble, “Christmas Books of the Past,” Critic (December 1899): 1127. 39. Thackeray, “A Grumble about the Christmas Books,” 117. 40. “Decorated Christmas-Books for 1848,” Times (25 December 1847): 3. 41. “Christmas Books,” Dublin University Magazine (January 1847): 134. 42. Cutting inside the Emory University Library first edition of this title. 43. “A Gossip about the Christmas Books,” 40. 44. Kathleen Tillotson, Novels of the Eighteen-Forties (Oxford: Clarendon, 1954), 24. 45. Robert Tracy, “ ‘A Whimsical Kind of Masque’: The Christmas Books and Victorian Spectacle,” Dickens Studies Annual 27 (1988): 113. 46. Charles Dickens, The Christmas Books, vol. 1, ed. Michael Slater (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), xxix. 47. Charles Dickens to Miss Burdett Coutts, 1 December 1845, The Letters of Charles Dickens, vol. 4, ed. Kathleen Tillotson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977), 443. 48. Charles Dickens to John Forster, 26–29 October, 1846, The Letters of Charles Dickens, vol. 4, ed. Tillotson, 648. 158 Notes 49. Tracy, “ ‘A Whimsical Kind of Masque,’ ” 113; H.M. Daleski, “Seasonal Offerings: Some Recurrent Features of the Christmas Books,” Dickens Studies Annual 27 (1998): 107. 50. Philip Collins, Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage (London: Taylor & Francis, 2003), 145. 51. Sarah A. Solberg, “ ‘Text Dropped into the Woodcuts’: Dickens’s Christmas Books” Dickens Studies Annual 8 (1980): 115, 110. 52. Golby and Purdue, The Making of the Modern Christmas, 45. 53. Robert L. Patten, Charles Dickens and His Publishers (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978), 146–49, 153, 167. 54. Ruth F. Glancy, Introduction to Christmas Books by Charles Dickens (New York: Oxford UP, 1988), xv. 55. Patten, Charles Dickens and His Publishers, 187. Thackeray’s Christmas book sales would eventually improve. His 1850 The Kickleburys on the Rhine quickly sold out of its original run of 3,000 and went into a second edition almost immediately. Margaret Smith, ed. The Letters of Charlotte Bronte, vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2000), 471, http://www.nlx.com. 56. Review of The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain, Macphail’s Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal (January 1849), 423–432 in Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage, ed. Collins, 179. 57. Wilkie Collins, Sharpe’s London Magazine 8 (January 1849): 188 in Charles Dickens: The Critical Heritage, ed. Collins, 145. 58. Charles Dickens to Rev. David Macrae, 1861, The Letters of Charles Dickens, vol. 9, ed. Graham Storey (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), 556. 59. Charles Dickens to the Earl of Carlisle, 2 January 1849, The Letters of Charles Dickens, vol. 5, ed. Graham Storey and K.J. Fielding (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), 466. 60. William Dean Howells, Criticism and Fiction (New York: Harper, 1891), http://lion.chadwyck.com. 61. Andrew H. Miller, Novels behind Glass: Commodity Culture and Victorian Narrative (New York: Cambridge, 1995), 6. 62. Ibid., 7. 63. “The Kickleburys on the Rhine,” Times (3 January 1851): 3. 64. William M. Thackeray, “An Essay on Thunder and Small Beer,” in The Christmas Books of Mr. M. A. Titmarsh (New York: Harper, 1899), 166–67. 65. Marble, “Christmas Books of the Past,” 1127. 66. Richard Kelly, Introduction to A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens (Peterborough: Broadview, 2003), 16. 67. “The Winds and the Waves: A Legend for Christmas,” Advertisement, Times (24 November 1848): 2. 68. Mary Poovey, Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830–1864 (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995), 133. 69. J.A.R. Pimlott, The Englishman’s Christmas: A Social History (Hassocks: Harvester, 1978), 85. Notes 159 70. J.M. Golby and A.W. Purdue, The Making of the Modern Christmas (London: Batsford, 1986), 49–51. 71. S.A. Muresianu, The History of the Victorian Christmas Book, Diss., Harvard University, 1981 (New York: Garland, 1987), 12. 72. Elizabeth Gaskell, “The Moorland Cottage,” in The Moorland Cottage and Other Stories, ed. Suzanne Lewis (New York: Oxford UP, 1995), 61. 73. Jeffrey Cass, “ ‘The Scraps, Patches, and Rags of Daily Life’: Gaskell’s Oriental Other and the Conversation of Cranford,” Papers on Language and Literature 35:2 (Fall 1999): 429–30. 74. Carol Lesjak, “Authenticity and the Geography of Empire: Reading Gaskell with Emecheta,” Studies in the Literary Imagination 35:2 (Fall 2002): 135. 75. See Ramona Lumpkin’s “(Re)Visions of Virtue: Elizabeth Gaskell’s Moorland Cottage and George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss,” Studies in the Novel 23:4 (Winter 1991): 432–442. Lumpkin traces Eliot’s obligation to Gaskell’s narrative, themes, and characters. 76. Letitia Elizabeth Landon, “Christmas in the Olden Time, 1650,” in Fisher’s Drawing-Room Scrap Book (London: Fisher, Son and Jackson, 1836), 48.