Life Science Journal 2014;11(11s) http://www.lifesciencesite.com

Contentious aspects of the term "" in the works of the North Caucasian historians

Nina Nurmagomedovna Garunova

FGBOU VPO “ State University”, Korkmasova str., 8, Makhachkala, 367029, Republic of Dagestan, Russia

Abstract. The article is devoted the most debating point of the domestic Caucasiology, which was and still is the problem of "Caucasian War" in the XIX century. Today this topic arouses the biggest scientific and public interest in the Russian historical science. An extended, multifaceted view of historians about the complex process of entering the mountain peoples into the was also reflected in the rethinking of the term "Caucasian war." Following a brief historic consideration of the term's origin, the author analyzes various theories and views of the authors, focuses on the fact, and focuses on the fact that in the past of our national and spiritual history we should find the answers to the burning questions of life, which now are the real topic of the day. [Garunova N.N. Contentious aspects of the term "Caucasian war" in the works of the North Caucasian historians. Life Sci J 2014;11(11s):171-177] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 38

Keywords: term, crisis, Caucasian War, discussion, integration, confrontation, Caucasiology, history, frontier, highlanders, Russia

Introduction publicist, participant of military action in the Perhaps, the political history of the Caucasus Caucasus, introduced the term "Caucasian war" as a is the most difficult and the most problematic integral scientific term [5], took the beginning of war to 1801, part of the Russian Empire. From the standpoint of to the time when joining joined Russia. Later Factography this history is considered as a well- this title came into use. Over time the term appears in studied, but that fact didn’t prevent it to become the the works of representatives of the nobility subject of the most acute scientific discussions [1], historiography, such as V.A. Potto [6], N.F. Dubrovin ideological battles, nationalist and chauvinist [7]. The Soviet historiography is characterized by speculations, and clumsy mythmaking nowadays. having a plurality of estimates, sometimes opposite to Among the most debatable questions of the domestic each other [8]. Caucasiology was and still is the problem of Caucasian War represents an extremely "Caucasian War" in the XIX century, which is one of complicated, multifaceted and contradictory the topics, which arouses the biggest scientific and phenomenon. As early as 2006 at one of seminars in public interest in the Russian historical science. In the Caucasiology School of prof. V.B. Vinogradov, our time it's accepted to speak about the new the fundamental thought of the term "Caucasus War" Caucasian war, which is a continuation of the Great was formulated and the positions of individual Caucasian War of the XIX century. However, you authors were discussed. Today the state of the so- should understand and comprehend its historical called Caucasian-national and liberal pro-Western context to make comparisons and to note the direction in the modern science, "determining the similarities with the present day [2]. An extended, Russian policy in the region as an exceptionally multifaceted view of historians on the complex invasive-colonial, bloody-enslave and the like, forms process of entering of the mountain peoples into our a kind of dead end", said the Historian D.I. Oleynik country was also reflected in the rethinking of the [9]. In the works of the researcher T.N. Khlynin an term "Caucasian War" [3]. overview of the domestic historians' views is given in In the XXI century the traces of the rigid the mainstream of awareness of "contact zones and mutual antagonism and the survivability of the dialogue of cultures", "moving boundaries" in the ethnocentric myths in the national education regions, which were not at once included "completely programs that develop a sense of patriotism in the and finally into the jurisdiction of the Russian younger citizens, create the feeling of a serious threat government [10]. to the process of European integration in the In the work of the Rostov historian A.V. historians and teachers [4]. Scherbyna the signs of Caucasian frontier, i.e. the Russian borderlands, "where the different logic of History of the term "Caucasian War" formation relations between the imperial authority and the local The prerevolutionary historical school has community acted, rather than on what was then the made a quite coherent concept of the event. In the border of our state" are submitted using and XIX century R.A Fadeev, a military historian and abstracting the English-language publications, issued

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in Europe and America. Their overall finding is "... in almost unchanged – the recognition of "colonial the studies of Western researchers the North- policy of conquest" of czarism and the "fair Caucasian frontier acts not only as a moving liberation" nature of the Highlanders resistance. boundary, but above all, as a complicated way of The professor Yu.Yu. Klychnikov military, economic and cultural cooperation between underlines that the term "Caucasian war" at present Russia and the indigenous peoples ... " [11]. remains the generally accepted historical term, which Giving coverage to the essence of has, like many others, a considerable degree of international events relating to the Caucasus, its conditionality. The attempt to deviate from the above history and the "Eastern Question" from their terminological conventionality has been undertaken positions the majority of foreign researchers, such as during the formation of a new look at the problem of Spenser Ed [12], Lyall R. [13], Mackie J.M. [14], history of the Russian-North-Caucasian relations, by Lross A. (ed.) [15], Johnson J. [16], didn't see or V.B. Vinogradov and Professor S.L. Dudarev, who didn't want to see the growth of the Russian noted the essence of the historical phenomenon orientation among the North Caucasian peoples. They "Caucasian War" as "the actual uptake of the are trying to prove that the Russian Empire initially "patronized territories and their population, armed pursued the aggressive plans in relation to the North assertion on them of the tsarist military Caucasus. administration and the imperial orders, ч which In the UK, the classical works on the resulted in the activation of internal social and Caucasian War are the work of J. Budleigh [17]. political processes in the medium of highlanders’ Among the individual works it is possible to societies ... and the deployment of .. long, gradually distinguish the works of D. Freshfield [18] and M. increasing, complicated on the composition of Florinsky [19]. participants and aims liberation and anti-feudal You cannot lose sight of the fact that the struggle of highlanders ... " [24]. The stated point of one-dimensional fair Caucasian war has become a view on the content of a historical phenomenon symbol of separatism ideologists throughout the "Caucasus War" characterizes its complicated and North Caucasus. And that, in its turn, didn't add the complex structure. In this regard, it should be objectivity in covering the causes, nature and essence emphasized that this phenomenon is, definitely, of the Caucasian War [20], and actually deep essence includes a number of historical events and processes, of the process of centuries-old Russian-Caucasian which have a single vector and the general historical relations, and government integration [21]. Why was result – the North Caucasian peoples were merged in carried out the movement, Who was right and who the Russian Empire. In the opinion of Yu.Yu. was guilty, Whether was won the victory? And till Klychnikov, the military component of the today there is no direct and accurate answer to these highlanders’ integration into Russia is not the main, questions. consequently this term both doesn't reveal the essence of a historical phenomenon, which it means, and The theoretical understanding and the Necessity more than that, it "compromises" the very idea about to change the term "Caucasus War" the complexity and ambiguity of the joining process The professor V.B. Vinogradov believes that of the North Caucasus peoples in the Russian State the theoretical understanding and the vital application [25]. of acquisition and construction models of the The professor N.N. Velikaya repeatedly southern Russian state seems quite useful [22]. noted in her publications that for a number of Hence, in his opinion, the necessity to abandon the researchers the term "Caucasian war" means the conditional and washed out semantic content of continuation of confrontation that for a number of "Caucasus War" follows [23]. The term is used in researchers the term "Caucasian war" means the historical science in different ways. The supporters of continuation of confrontation that is transferred to the the professor V.B. Vinogradov agree that the unity of ideological sphere and kindles the anti-Russian views on this issue will not be achieved, so you sentiment [26]. should at least try to recognize an effective The reason for that, probably, is only one: conditionality of this term. "in the Caucasus the history is always more than just During the Soviet period the term a story”, - said the political analyst A. Epifantsev. For "Caucasian war" got seemingly a more definite Caucasian peoples the events of the past were the content - they began to call this way the fight of means to justify their requirements of today and the people in the region against the "tsarist policy of ethnoses consolidation tool. As you know the conquest." Despite the evolution of the Soviet cooperation on the basis of a wonderful or, historical science views on the nature of the North conversely, tragic past is an excellent and, perhaps, Caucasus-Russian relations, one thing remained the easiest and fastest way to not only unite but also

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to create peoples. The perfect proof of it is the history colonization, could not feed the population. Hence of Caucasian War and the coming of Russia in the the logical conclusion: highlanders could not live Caucasus [27]. There is, if not many, but definitely, a without raids. And Russia had no choice but to considerable number of interpretations of the events conquer them with the cruel methods... ".. But arising of that time. And if one of them considers an event in from this concept question remained the most a positive manner, then the other calls it as a terrible paradoxical logically and which M.A. Ammaev asks: tragedy and a never seen before genocide. At that, how and at what expense did live and fight the North quite often our contemporaries relate to the events of Caucasus people in full blockade for more than fifty those days much more implacable and tragically than years? Are a few breakthroughs to the plain provided people who lived at those time. At first, the them with all the necessary for decades? As for the awareness of that surprises and misleads you a lot, localization of the Caucasian War mainly with the but gradually after you get into the topic, you mountain Dagestan and , besides many understand that the point here is not the history but other explanations, there was the most elementary the present time [28]. explanation: here, in the mountains and forests, The concept, which a number of Dagestan where there is little scope for using artillery and the historians adhere, is tested in all textbooks on the mass regular army, you could organize the effective . More often they use the term resistance by small forces [31]. "national liberation struggle" of Highlanders of the From the expressed theory of the North North Caucasus. In recent years the term got a second Ossetian scientist M. Bliev follows also his position life and is widely used. Thus, it indicates that the on the terminology that is associated with the fact movement of the Highlanders did not go against that the term "Caucasian war" does not reflect the Russia and the Russian people, but against the historical reality at all. It seems to combine, but methods by means of which czarism was trying to although simplify, the multifaceted facts and gain a foothold here. processes. There is the transitional economy, braided In our opinion the finding of Dagestan with the formation of feudal belongings and the scientific, Professor V. Gadzhiev that the term statehood establishment, and the formation of a new "Caucasian war" is not the evaluative term, but just ideology that serves the above processes, and only a geographical area definition, deserves the bringing into contact the interests of Russia and attention. highlanders of the great Caucasus, as well the foreign policy interests of the United Kingdom, Turkey, Place of the Highlanders' raiding system in the Persia here. And all this always passes through the “concept of the Caucasian War” violence and military actions rather than through the A new impulse to the scientific analysis in democracy and demonstrations. the Dagestan studies of the longest war in the history Understanding the complexity of defining of Russia and the Caucasian nations in its time was the term, today some of the authors offer to introduce the article written by the Professor M.M. Bliev the term "Caucasian wars in the XVIII - XIX published in 1983 the academic journal of CAS centuries." But then, in our opinion, this term will Institute of History [29]. The author of the article include: the suppression by czarism a number of anti- covered the essence of Caucasian from the War "new feudal movements of the Caucasian nations, the positions" с The author of the article from the "new Russian military intervention in the feudal strives in positions" covered the essence of the Caucasian War, the Caucasus, wars of Russia with Iran and Turkey, reducing it to a desire of Russia to curb the "raids of who laid claim to the Caucasus, and, finally, the wild highlanders", who were at the level of tribal Caucasian War itself in 1817 - 1864 years – "a system, or more precisely, at the stage of military colonial war" of czarism against the highlanders of democracy. The mountain people of the Caucasus, the North Caucasus, completed the final merger of according to the article, could not exist otherwise, the region in Russia. and namely a war and spoil could only feed them. It A part of Dagestanian scientists, represented should be noted that that article provoked a quite by Prof. Kh.Kh. Ramazanov, believe that more than mixed assessment of the North Caucasian historians. anything the term "Caucasian war" is comparable to "The concept of "raiding system" is not a the term: "national liberation movement." Views discovery of M.M. Bliev" – the researcher M.A. were expressed that this event can be designated as Ammaev notes [30]. It "justified" the colonial the “Revolution for the free societies of the North- conquests of czarism previously as well. The new, in East Caucasus and for so-called "democratic" tribes our opinion, was the author's opinion that without of the Northwest Caucasus"; there was even a raids the economy of the mountain part of North proposal to call these events as "the Caucasian Caucasus, which was the main base of resistance to Reformation." [32]

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The researcher at the Caucasus Research session of the International Roundtable "For the Center at the Moscow State Institute of International reconstruction of Chechnya, the Caucasus peace and Relations V. Mukhanov notes that another democracy in Russia" (Warsaw, December 11-13th, exclusively ideological term was introduced into use 1996), solemn meetings, international scientific - "Russian-Caucasian War" (for example, we can find conferences and events in Moscow, Makhachkala, it on the website NGO Caucasian Forum). "This term and other cities of Russia and the CIS in connection is used by the political forces who are trying to whet with the 200th anniversary of (1997). even more the restless situation in the region. As it All this says that the subject of the Caucasian War of was noted by V.Muhanov, some myth-makers write the XIX century from the restricted and unsolicited that in the XIX century there was only war and blood became "harmless" and even popular for research. between Russia and the Caucasus, ignoring the fact The danger lies in another - in an effort to that precisely in this period the cities arose, which are use it in the political life today, in stirring up the now the capitals and administrative centers, roads national enmity and hatred and in the promotion of were built, the cultural centers and hospitals were methods and experiences of the Caucasian War, in opened [33]. And the fact that there was a mutual search of parallels between the events of today and influence of Russia and the Caucasus is forgotten, the two hundred years old. The denial of a sense of proof of which is the theme of Caucasus in the works proportion, taste, professional liability, appearance on of Russian writers and artists [34]. In our opinion it's the muddy wave in mass media, on the Internet and unacceptable, when a positive factor of the the use in the ideological confrontation of numerous relationship between Russia and the Caucasus is publications pseudoscientific of nationalist and ignored or reduced to nothing by individual authors. chauvinistic feeling - that is, in our opinion, one of The Dagestanian researcher M.A. Ammaev the biggest dangers of a tendentious unilateral return notes that " the Caucasian War" will be the subject of to the historical past. heated discussions and scientific debates for a long Most American and European studies is still time, although its overall concept was developed to persistently and consistently emphasizes the justify the legitimacy of colonial conquest of the aggressive, conquest, brutal nature of Russian policy North Caucasus in order to curb the raids of "wild" in the Caucasus and the resolute, uncompromising, highlanders in the works of prerevolutionary "national liberation" in its nature response of the domestic historians and documents of the Czarist Caucasian nations. This highly confrontational model Russia Government, as well in the works of such of relations, with varying degrees of scientific or Western European authors as Charles King[35], pseudo-scientific grace, is being touted as a systemic, Freshfields D [36],Groves F.S. [37], Mummery A.F. historical and enduring phenomenon. [38],Googh G. P. [39] ,Bourn Kenneth[40], Baddeley In the Internet the negative feedback on the J.F. [41]. work of School for Caucasus Studies named after V.B. Vinogradov are frequent, and even attacks Treatments of the term of "Caucasian War" in happen, because it allegedly represents the "openly the light of contemporary research provocative direction", a subjective opinion of It should be noted that the last decades of the Baudinov called "Sahib Klychnikov ..." has appeared XX and early the XXI century have become the most on the pages of the electronic journal "Amateur" productive in the sense of deep, serious research of where he denotes the accents in the works of School the Caucasian War, including in the international and for Caucasus Studies named after V.B. Vinogradov, regional scientific conferences, doctoral and master's caused the most powerful disagreement in his view: theses on historical and historical and legal aspects of "highland nations are not the subject of the historical the war and the Imamate of Shamil, issue of process, and its object, "elements" in the process of monographic research works, encyclopedias, "integrating role of the Russian government and numerous scientific publications in the form of civilization and cultural component"; all the facts of articles, theses of reports and materials in the the repressive policy of the Russian authorities Internet. concerning the "non-peaceful societies" almost don't At the International level, a serious incentive beyond the scope of fragmentary monitored events"; to attract the attention to studying the above problem there was no any Caucasian War, nor the national both in Russia and abroad have served the liberation movement with enormous victims, and International Congress "Shamil" with the there was a fair struggle of the integrating "center" participation of scientists from the U.S., the USSR, against the "raiding expansion" of the highlanders England, France, Turkey, Israel and other countries from Dagestan, Chechnya and Circassia to bringing held in March 1991 at Oxford College Of St. them to the imperial order; there was no " Anthony under the London University, the 3rd Circassians’ genocide" as well and so on." Such

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authors consider that event sidedly [42]. We will In our opinion, with a large conventionality leave the subjective and one-sided views on the those events can be called as "Collision of conscience of their authors. civilizations fronts", cultural and civilizational barriers. Or “Caucasus reprisal of the XIX centuries” Findings (i.e. a reprisal – is an armed conflict with a small However, there are some promising state). directions of studying the problem of the Caucasian In our view, the opinion of Prof. N.N. War, which lack of one-sided view on this issue. A Velykaya is very significant, who notes the number of researchers, following the concept of following: "we consider it expedient and timely to "Russian" developed by it, considers the given write works not only on the history of wars and phenomenon as a very complex, multifaceted and collisions, and on the ethnic and cultural history of contradictory process, where the military actions is nations of the region” [25]. Today, according to the just one of its sides, combined with the trade and the figurative expression of V.V. Degoev, both, the voluntary migration of highlanders under the Russians and Caucasians, need to understand that the patronage of Russia [43]. "Some of them, for North Caucasus is our common concern and common example, V. Skiba [44] and A.A. Tsybulnikova [45] fate, and all that is created here will belong to us and even consider it necessary to abandon the use of this our descendants. [46] term due to the fact that it, in their opinion, destroys The contemporaries, who think about issues the unity prevailing between the Caucasian nations of polarity of the Caucasiologists’ opinions, should and Russia, while not having a clear theoretical know that the tradition of cohabitation and the definition and justification. Although, the alternative experience of mutual communication sometimes options were not proposed” - pointed the researcher were born and matured in the violent collisions of A. Savelev [46]. various group, estates, class and other interests. The In our opinion, the hypothesis proposed by Caucasian problematics will continue to be felt in one the Professor YU.YU. Klychnikova is not way or another, but most likely with the growing indisputable, where he suggests identifying a word power. Unfortunately, it's easier to sow the seeds of "war" with the definition of "modernization process." enmity than to work for peace and harmony [47]. We believe that the main means to achieving the aims Namely in the past of our national and of war is an organized armed struggle as the main spiritual history we should find the answers to the and decisive means, as well the economic, burning questions of life, which now are the real diplomatic, ideological, informational and other topic of the day. After all without all that it is means of struggle. In this sense, the war is an impossible to imagine the full history of the centuries organized armed violence, the aim of which is to of social and economic, political and cultural achieve the political objectives. And it’s hard and not "cohabitation", cooperation and Commonwealth of equal to call this event instead of "national liberation Nations. movement of highlanders" or "Caucasian war" as the (This work was financially supported by the process ("course", "motion", "promotion"), even the government task No.2014/33 of the Ministry of future developed. Education and Science of the Russian Federation in The proposed today at many online forums the field of scientific activities). option of replacing the term "Caucasian war" to "Russian-Caucasian" war is not very successful. Corresponding Author: "Russian-" reflects the belonging to the nation. Dr. Garunova Nina Nurmagomedovna "Caucasian" - reflects the geography. If we use the FGBOU VPO «Dagestan State University» term "Russian-Caucasian" war, it means that “the Korkmasova str., 8, Makhachkala, 367029, Republic Russians fought against the Caucasian ridge”. Of of Dagestan, Russia course, it's unacceptable. The term Caucasian “KRISIS” is much References closer, assuming the "decision, decisive outcome, 1. Garunova, N.N., 2013. Discussion about the designating, most of all, turning point, severe term the Caucasian War. Proceedings of the transition state" arose in the Russian - North International Forum of Caucasiologists Caucasian relations. But this word is also not entirely historians. Rostov-on-Don. pp: 39. successful. It requires some explanation. The term 2. Sladkova, N.S., 2010. Evolution of shall have the forceful emphasis; otherwise, this term sociopolitical and scientific views of the second will not be able to replace the term “Caucasian War” half of the XIX century to the problems of the well-established for many Caucasiologists. Caucasian War in Russia as a historical and

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