DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mineral Industry of Greece in 2002

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Mineral Industry of Greece in 2002 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF GREECE By Harold R. Newman The mineral industry, which consists of the sectors that mine as an independent currency at that time, although the drachma and process metallic and nonmetallic minerals, was a small but and the euro were both circulated until February 28, 2002. important part of the national economy. Mineral concentrates Greece was among the smallest of the economies in the EU of lead and zinc were produced from processing base-metal but has enjoyed fairly strong growth with relatively low inflation massive sulfides ores from northern Greece; alumina and during the past few years. For 2002, Greece’s gross domestic aluminum from karstic bauxite resources; and ferronickel alloy product grew by 2.9%; the unemployment rate has been trending from laterite-derived sedimentary nickeliferous iron ores. These downward to an estimated 9.9% in 2002 from 11.9% in 1999. were the main products of metal mining and processing. Steel Interest rates have declined sharply, and the general Government production was from imported scrap. budget experienced a surplus in 2001 for the first time in more In terms of value of production in the national economy, the than three decades. The economic growth was being driven in industrial minerals sector was more important than was the part by infrastructure construction (and foreign investment) for metals sector. Production of mineral commodities in Greece the 2004 Olympic games, which will be held in Athens. Greece was closely tied to the export market. Exports of minerals, has embarked on a series of macroeconomic and structural such as bauxite, bentonite, nickel, and perlite, made up a major reforms that included measures to slash bureaucracy and to share of total revenues. About 50% of the country’s mineral attract foreign investment. The Government was also near production was being exported. A relatively small industrial completion of its privatization program that aimed to privatize base, the lack of adequate investment in the past, and the or sell minority stakes in some 20 Government enterprises distance from the European Union (EU) market have restricted and organizations (U.S. Energy Information Administration, the export potential of the country. The emerging Balkan 2002§1). markets, however, could offer opportunities for export growth. The only producer of primary aluminum in Greece was Greece is the only Balkan country that is a member of the EU Aluminium de Grèce S.A. (a subsidiary of Pechiney of (U.S. Department of State, 2002, p. 9). In terms of value of France). The company established its plant in 1960 at Agios production, bauxite was the most important of Greece’s mineral Nikolaos on the northern coast of the Gulf of Corinth. This commodities. Greece was the largest producer of bauxite, was to take advantage of the important bauxite deposits for magnesium, nickel, and perlite in the EU (table 1). the production of alumina and aluminum. The site combines Because northern Greece was thought to contain a significant proximity to the large bauxite deposits of Boeotia and Phocis amount of exploitable mineral resources, it received the most and sea transportation facilities. The production capacity of attention in exploration activities. In 2002, most activities the industrial complex is 750,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of were directed toward gold. Only a few foreign companies alumina and 160,000 t/yr of aluminum. Aluminium de Grèce had invested in Greek mines. Of these, TVX Hellas S.A. (an has been a significant force behind the development of the affiliate of TVX Gold Inc. of Canada) bought the Kassandra aluminum-processing sector in Greece (Aluminium de Grèce Mines assets; United Kingdom-based Microfine S.A. operated S.A., 2002§). mines that extracted hundite/hydromagnesite, which is unique Bauxite mining and processing continued into 2002. Delphi- for its flame-retardant properties; and Germany-based Otavi Distomon S.A. (the bauxite mining subsidiary of Aluminium de Minen Hellas S.A. operated perlite mines. Selected companies Grèce) produced about 1 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr), with major equity owners are listed in table 2. which was sold to Aluminium de Grèce’s operation at Boeotia. Environmental concerns are the responsibility of the Ministry Although the bauxite ore has an average alumina content of of Environment, Town Planning, and Public Works. The 53%, it also has a high silica content that makes it hard to Government takes an active role in environmental protection. process. The company maintained its refinery’s production of The general laws enacted by the Government include Law 750,000 t/yr by mixing the local ore with other bauxite. 1360/76 (Site Arrangement and Environment), Presidential Gold exploration in Greece has seen a further slowdown. Executive Order 1180/81, and Law 1650/86 (Environmental Since the mid-1980s, the exploration for gold has resulted in Protection); these formed the basis of the active legislative the discovery of significant resources in the northern part of framework. To comply with EU Order 88/609 concerning the country. There was much uncertainty, however, if gold- emission limitations, the Government executed Ministry processing plants that use cyanidation would get permits to Decision 58751/2370/15.4.93, which included the limits of the operate. Two projects for gold production from epithermal main pollutants from electricity-generating plants. deposits were still in the permitting stage, but the permit for the Greece officially joined the EU Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on January 1, 2001, and became a part of the 1References that include a section mark (§) are found in the Internet EMU single currency (euro) club. The drachma ceased to exist References Cited section. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF GREECE—2002 11.1 development of TVX Hellas’s Olympias gold project was denied and accounted for almost all bentonite production. Mykobar’s (Skarpelis, 2002§). facility has the capacity to produce more than 200,000 t/yr, and Kassandra Mines S.A.’s assets included the Stratoni mines S&B’s capacity was 600,000 t/yr. The major applications for and mill, the Olympias Mine and mill, and the Skouries deposit, bentonite were cat litter, civil engineering applications, drilling were owned by Hellenic Chemical Products and Fertilizer mud, foundry applications, and iron ore pelletizing. Co. Kassandra Mines has produced arsenopyrite-gold, lead, Lava Mining & Quarrying Co. S.A. specialized in extracting silver, and zinc concentrates for more than 30 years. The assets industrial minerals—gypsum from the island of Crete, pozzolan were bought by TVX Hellas in 1996 to exploit the refractory from Milos, and pumice from the island of Yali. gold ores in the arsenopyrite stockpiles and the surface tailings Grecian Magnesite S.A. was one of the leading magnesite by incorporating pressure oxidation technology into the ore- producers in the Western World. Its open pit mine was at processing stage. Yerakini in northern Greece. After mining, the material was Greenwich Resources plc of the United Kingdom increased processed, beneficiated, and fed into rotary or shaft kilns for its interest in the Sappes gold project to 100%. Development conversion to caustic or dead-burned magnesia. of an underground mine in the high-grade Viper high- In 2002, the Greek marble industry continued to play a sulfurization epithermal ore deposit and of an open pit mine leading role in the international dimension stone market as a on the St. Demetrious ore body was the main focus. Estimated result of continued marble production in almost all areas of the mineral reserves were 1.3 million metric tons (Mt) of ore at a country, the variety of uses of the marble, and the marble’s many grade of 16.3 grams per metric ton gold. Because cyanidation colors (ash, black, brown, green, pink, red, and multicolored). has been excluded from the project, gold will be recovered by The marble industry was active in the quarrying, processing, and gravity and flotation techniques only. Gravity techniques will sale of blocks and finished products. recover 15% of the gold that occurs as free gold, and 66% of S&B continued production of natural zeolite in northern the gold associated mainly with enargite will be recovered to a Greece. The operation produces five grain sizes of clinoptilolite, gold-copper concentrate by using flotation techniques and will which has a high cation exchange capacity owing to its be exported (Skarpelis, 2002§). honeycomb crystalline structure. General Mining & Metallurgical Co. S.A. (Larco) was the In an effort to become the energy hub of the Balkans, Greece only producer of nickel in Europe that uses only domestic will spend $14.5 billion to modernize its energy network. The nickel ores. Larco has three main mining areas, Agios Ioannis 8-year program included plans for Greece to link up with (underground), Evvia (open pit), and Kastoria (open pit). The European energy grids and to boost imports of natural gas via ore is from a lateritic type of deposit and is part of a belt of Turkey; Greece and Turkey plan to connect their respective mineralization that extends from Turkey to Albania. The ore power grids by 2006. The two countries signed a $300 million grade ranges from 1.0% to 1.5% nickel. Around 80% to 85% contract to extend an Iranian natural gas pipeline from Turkey to of the ore is mined from open pit operations. Reserves have Greece (Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections, 2002b§). been estimated to last 40 more years at the current (2002) rated Greece has limited natural gas and petroleum resources, but production (General Mining & Metallurgical Co. S.A., 2002§). its Mediterranean location makes it conveniently close to several Corinth Pipeworks S.A. (CPW) was initially established to important producing regions, such as the Caspian area, the produce spiral-welded pipe for water transport.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sad Box 31/3 – Imports/Exports
    March 2021 APPENDIX 15 SAD BOX 31/3 – IMPORTS/EXPORTS PORT OF LOADING CODES The information in this document is provided as a guide only and is not professional advice, including legal advice. It should not be assumed that the guidance is comprehensive or that it provides a definitive answer in every case. Appendix 15 - SAD Box 31/3 Port of Loading Codes March 2021 PORT OF LOADING CODES Code Port Name DEAAH1 Aachen NLAAM1 Aalsmeer FRABB1 Abbeville GBABA1 Aberaeron GBABD1 Aberdeen CIABJ1 Abidjan FITKU2 Abo (Turku) AEABU1 Abu al Bukhoosh AEAUH1 Abu Dhabi EGAKI1 Abu Kir EGAUE1 Abu Rudeis EGAZA1 Abu Zenima SVAQJ1 Acajutia GRACL1 Achladi ILACR1 Acre EGADA1 Adabiya TRADA1 Adana AUADL1 Adelaide YEADE1 Aden ESADR1 Adra MAAGA1 Agadir ESAGA1 Agaete GRAEF1 Agia Efimia GRAGM1 Agia Marina GRAPE1 Agia Pelagia GRAKI1 Agios Kirikos GRAKO1 Agios Konstantinos GRANI1 Agios Nikolaos Creta GRAGT1 Agio Theodoroi ESAGU1 Aguilas EGAIS1 Ain Sukhna FRAJA1 Ajaccio AEAJM1 Ajman TRAKB1 Akcaabat NLAKL1 Akersloot BGAKH1 Akhotopol CYAKT1 Akrotiri INALA1 Alang SBY USALB1 ALBANY NLABL1 Alblasserdam ESALD1 Alcudia IEALQ1 Alexandra Quay IEARO1 Alexandra Road Oil Page 2 of 35 Appendix 15 - SAD Box 31/3 Port of Loading Codes March 2021 Code Port Name ESALG1 Algeciras DZALG1 Alger ESALC1 Alicante NUALO1 ALOFI GRALO1 Alonissos EGAQU1 Al Qusayr NLAML1 Ameland GRAMF1 Amfiloxia GRAMI1 Amoliani NLAMS1 Amsterdam USANC1 Anchorage GRAND1 Andros DZAAE1 Annaba (Ex Bone) USANP1 Annapolis USARB1 Ann Arbor TWAPG1 An Ping TRAYT1 Antalya GRATK1 Antikyra GRANP1 Antiparos GRANT1 Antirio CLANF1
    [Show full text]
  • À L'interface De La Sémantique Lexicale Et De La
    Mots. Les langages du politique 108 | 2015 Thèmes et thématiques dans le discours politique Évaluation de la présidentiabilité (à l’interface de la sémantique lexicale et de la linguistique de corpus) Assessing présidentiabilité (at the interface point of lexical semantics to corpus linguistics) Evaluación de la présidentiabilité (el interfaz entre la semántica lexical y la linguística de corpus) Fabienne H. Baider Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/mots/22036 DOI : 10.4000/mots.22036 ISSN : 1960-6001 Éditeur ENS Éditions Édition imprimée Date de publication : 6 octobre 2015 Pagination : 103-128 ISBN : 978-2-84788-727-3 ISSN : 0243-6450 Référence électronique Fabienne H. Baider, « Évaluation de la présidentiabilité (à l’interface de la sémantique lexicale et de la linguistique de corpus) », Mots. Les langages du politique [En ligne], 108 | 2015, mis en ligne le 06 octobre 2017, consulté le 01 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/mots/22036 ; DOI : 10.4000/mots.22036 © ENS Éditions Fabienne H. Baider Évaluation de la présidentiabilité (à l’interface de la sémantique lexicale et de la linguistique de corpus) Nouvellement venus dans la langue française, le nom présidentiabilité et l’ad- jectif présidentiable ont été attestés selon le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (TLFi) en 1965 et en 1980 respectivement, les deux attestations provenant de discours journalistiques. Les définitions restent floues1 (prési- dentiable : qui est en mesure de se présenter comme candidat à la présidence selon le TLFi), cependant, le thème de présidentiabilité est devenu fondamen- tal lors de l’évaluation des candidats présidentiels (Moureaud, 2008 ; Le Bart, 2009). Ce travail propose de cerner la construction dans la presse de cette thé- matique, essentielle pour le choix des électeurs, et par là même d’attester de l’importance de la linguistique de corpus dans l’étude d’une telle labellisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bauxite and Alumina in 1999
    BAUXITE AND ALUMINA By Patricia A. Plunkert Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Micheal George, statistical assistant, and the world production tables were prepared by Regina R. Coleman, international data coordinator. Bauxite is a naturally occurring, heterogeneous material accessible supply for the future (Plunkert, 2000). comprised primarily of one or more aluminum hydroxide U.S. production of alumina (calcined equivalent), derived minerals plus various mixtures of silica (SiO2), iron oxide almost exclusively from imported metallurgical-grade bauxite, (Fe2O3), titania (TiO2), aluminosilicates (clay, etc.), and other decreased by 12% in 1999 compared with that of 1998. An impurities in trace amounts. The principal aluminum estimated 94% of the alumina shipped by U.S. refineries went hydroxide minerals found in varying proportions within bauxite to domestic primary smelters for aluminum metal production. are gibbsite [Al(OH)3] and the polymorphs, boehmite and Consumption by the abrasives, chemicals, refractories, and diaspore [both AlO(OH)]. specialties industries accounted for the remainder of U.S. Bauxite is typically classified according to its intended alumina shipments. commercial application, such as abrasive, cement, chemical, World output of alumina increased slightly in 1999. The metallurgical, and refractory. Of all bauxite mined, principal producing countries, in descending order of alumina approximately 85% is converted to alumina (Al2O3) for the output, were Australia, the United States, China, and Jamaica. production of aluminum metal, an additional 10% goes to These countries accounted for more than 55% of the world’s nonmetal uses as various forms of specialty alumina, and the production; Australia alone accounted for almost one-third of remaining 5% is used for nonmetallurgical bauxite total world production.
    [Show full text]
  • & Special Prizes
    Αthena International Olive Oil Competition 26 ΧΑΛΚΙΝΑ- 28 March ΜΕΤΑΛΛΙΑ* 2018 OLIVE OIL PRODUCER DELPHIVARIETAL MAKE-UP• PHOCIS REGION COUNTRY WEBSITE ΜEDALS & SPECIAL PRIZES Final Participation and Awards Results For its third edition the Athena International Olive Oil Competition (ATHIOOC) showed a 22% increase in the num- ber of participating samples; 359 extra virgin olive oils from 12 countries were judged by a panel of 20 interna- tional experts from 11 countries. This is the first year that the number of samples from abroad overpassed those from Greece: of the 359 samples tasted, 171 were Greek (48%) and 188 (52%) from other countries. In conjunction with the high number of inter- national judges (2/3 of the tasting panel), this establishes Athena as one of the few truly international extra virgin olive oil competitions in the world ―and one of the fastest growing ones. ATHIOOC 2018 awarded 242 medals in the following categories: 13 Double Gold (scoring 95-100%), 100 Gold (scoring 85-95%), 89 Silver (scoring 75-85%) and 40 Bronze (scoring 65-75%). There were also several special prizes including «Best of Show» which this year goes to Palacio de los Olivos from Andalusia, Spain. There is also a notable increase in the number of cultivars present: 124 this year compared to 92 last year, testify- ing to the amazing diversity of the olive oil world. The awards ceremony will take place in Athens on Saturday, April 28 2018, 18:00, at the Zappeion Megaron Con- ference & Exhibitions Hall in the city center. This event will be preceded by a day-long, stand-up and self-pour tasting of all award-winning olive oils.
    [Show full text]
  • Campaign Book
    REALMS REALMS AWAKEN REALMS AWAKEN REALMS AWAKEN REALMS AWAKEN REALMS Ca mpaignAWAKEN booK AWAKEN REALMS GENERAL RULES OVERVIEWThe 1-player adventure mode of Lords of Hellas immerses you in the story of the legendary Persian Invasion. In the first of two acts, you will attempt to gather as many allies and soldiers as possible, while stopping Xerxes’ vanguard. SETUP In the second act, the Persian emperor himself arrives in Greece, leading the largest army the ancient world has ever 1. Place 3 fully upgraded Monuments (Zeus, Athena, Hermes) seen. You will need all of your cunning and tactical skill, as well as careful preparations from Act I, to prevail. on their indicated spaces on the Map. Place the 3 God’s Ar- tifacts (Owl of Athena, Boots of Hermes, Thunder of Zeus) This solo variant of the game uses a special map, found on the back of the regular game board with monster move- next to the Map. ment arrows and special population attitude tracks located next to all lands. 2. Place the Oracle of Delphi in Phocis. All games are semi-randomized with different quests, monsters and a set of triggered Scripts. 3. Set 6 Temples on their indicated spot on the Map. 4. Select the cards with the single player symbol from the fol- lowing decks: Combat Cards, Blessings, and Artifacts. 1. REALMS2. 3. Set aside the rest of the cards from those decks, as they will not be used in the single player game. 5. Separate the Quest Cards from the Events Deck (exclude the Capture Cretan Bull card, as it won’t be used in this mode) and set them next to the Map together with their 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Constellium Business and Sustainability Report 2020
    BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE REPORT 2020 REVEALING OUR RESILIENCE Revealing Sustainability Per formance our Resilience Report Report 04 CEO Interview 40 Sustainability Highlights 70 Financial Statements 07 A Global Sector Leader 42 Assessing Material 74 Sustainability Performance 08 Creating Value Throughout Sustainability Risks 82 GRI the Lifecycle of Aluminium 44 Staying One Step Ahead of Market 88 Memberships 10 CFO Interview Regulatory Changes 89 Report of the Independent Third Party 11 Business Units 45 Adjusting Our Targets and Defning 12 Pursuing a Comprehensive Strategy Future Perspectives 13 Our Values 46 Our Sustainability Targets for 2021 16 Governance 47 Analyzing Environmental Impacts 22 Focusing on Environment, Health, with Life Cycle Assessments and Safety (EHS) 48 Developing Products 24 Manufacturing Excellence with Envrionmental Benefts 50 Championing Recycling 52 Prioritizing Customer Satisfaction Business 54 Attracting, Engaging, and Retaining Report the Best People 56 Gender Diversity 28 PacKaging 58 Supporting Our Local Communities 30 Automotive 59 Respecting Human Rights 34 Aerospace 61 Limiting Landflled Waste 36 Transportation, Industry, and Defense 62 Curtailing Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 65 Minimizing Air Emissions and Managing Water 66 Insisting Upon Sustainable Procurement 68 Actively Supporting the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative Constellium’s non-financial performance statement (“déclaration de performance extra-financière”), in- cluded in this report (as specified on page 74), was verified by an independent third party, Pricewaterhouse- Coopers Audit. PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit verifed compliance of our statement with the provisions of the French Commercial Code (article R. 225-105), along with the fairness of the information provided in our state- ment, such as Key performance indicators and measures taken to address risks (article R.
    [Show full text]
  • A Secondary Source of Microcrystalline Magnesite GRECIAN MAGNESITE Case Study
    3rd Greek Raw Materials Community Dialogue Old Tailings – A secondary source of Microcrystalline Magnesite GRECIAN MAGNESITE case study. ATHANASIOS VALATSOS 4-12-2018 Company’s Profile Established in 1959 by Mr G. Portolos Privately owned company Head quarters in Athens - Mines and production facilities in Yerakini, Chalkidiki R&D center in Vassilika, Thessaloniki Primary business activity is the mining, beneficiation and calcination of magnesium carbonate for the production of CCM, DBM, and unshaped basic refractories as well as raw magnesite Annual production capacity of 150.000mt of calcined products - More than 60 different MgO grades Export activity with sales to more than 60 countries in all continents ISO 9001:2015 and GMP+ certificates 370 employees in Greece Yerakini Deposit Microcrystalline magnesite (MgCO3) White color (“lefkolithos”= white stone) “Stockwork type” of orebody Waste rock is mainly serpentine and dunite Main characteristics of Yerakini magnesite: - Low iron content - Very low levels of heavy metals, P, F, Cl Recovery from the ROM material is critical parameter since it affects •The sustainability of the operation •The economic benefit •The lifespan of the mine GM Site – Mining Activity • Total rehabilitated area (1995-2016):165 .000 m2 • Planted trees(1988-2016):122.866 GM Site – Calcination Plant Calcination MgCO3 MgO + CO2 3 rotary kilns - 1 shaft kiln – 1 double inclined shaft kiln CCM is calcined at 800-1.200oC depending on the quality grade DBM is calcined at 1600-1.900oC depending on the quality grade Final processing of CCM and DBM Production of refractory mixes. Mining Activity at Yerakini Mine Within the framework of the Raw Materials Initiative GM aims to : 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Justice Will Require a Divestiture If Alcan Inc. Completes Its Pending Tender Offer for Pechiney S.A
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE AT MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 2003 (202) 514-2007 WWW.USDOJ.GOV TDD (202) 514-1888 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE WILL REQUIRE A DIVESTITURE IF ALCAN INC. COMPLETES ITS PENDING TENDER OFFER FOR PECHINEY S.A. Sale of Pechiney’s Ravenswood, West Virginia, Aluminum Rolling Mill and Related Assets Will Preserve Competition in the North American Market for Brazing Sheet WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Department of Justice reached a settlement today with Alcan Inc. that requires Alcan to divest Pechiney S.A.’s aluminum rolling mill in Ravenswood, West Virginia, if Alcan’s pending $4.6 billion tender offer for Pechiney is successful. The tender offer, publicly announced in early July and recently endorsed by Pechiney’s board of directors, is expected to be completed in late November 2003. The Department said that the acquisition, as originally proposed, would substantially lessen competition in the development, production, and sale of brazing sheet, an aluminum alloy used in fabricating radiators, oil coolers, heaters, and air conditioning units for motor vehicles, and would likely result in higher prices. The Department’s Antitrust Division filed a lawsuit today in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. to block the original transaction. At the same time, the Department filed a proposed consent decree that, if approved by the court, would resolve the Department's competitive concerns and the lawsuit. “The divestiture of Pechiney’s Ravenswood mill will preserve competition for brazing sheet sold in North America, and will allow motor vehicle parts manufacturers to benefit from Alcan’s aggressive competition,” said R. Hewitt Pate, Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Department’s Antitrust Division.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF File Generated From
    OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] 201./-qq • INTER-AFRICAN MANUFACTURING AND TRADING IN THE ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY TECHNICAL REPORT SPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) AND THE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA (UNECA) Prepared By ENG.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 201303.Pdf
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division 1401 H Street, NW Suite 3000 Case No. 1:03CV02012 Washington, DC 20530, Plaintiff, v. JUDGE: Gladys Kessler ALCAN INC., 1188 Sherbrooke Street West DECK TYPE: ANTITRUST Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 3G2; DATE: September 29, 2003 ALCAN ALUMINUM CORP., 6060 Parkland Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44124-4185; PECHINEY, S.A., 7, Place Du Chancelier Adenauer CEDEX 16 – 75218 – Paris France; and PECHINEY ROLLED PRODUCTS, LLC, Rural Route 2 Ravenswood, WV 26164-9802, Defendants. COMPLAINT The United States of America, acting under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States, brings this civil antitrust action to obtain equitable relief against defendants, and alleges as follows: 1. In early July 2003, Alcan Inc. (“Alcan”) launched a $4.6 billion tender offer for Pechiney, S.A. (“Pechiney”), which was later endorsed by Pechiney’s board of directors. The United States seeks to enjoin this proposed acquisition, which, if consummated, would result in consumers paying higher prices for brazing sheet, an aluminum alloy used in making heat exchangers for motor vehicles. 2. Alcan, through its United States subsidiary (Alcan Aluminum Corp.), and Pechiney, through its United States subsidiary (Pechiney Rolled Products, LLC), are, respectively, the second and fourth largest producers of brazing sheet in North America. Brazing sheet consists of a class of layered aluminum alloys, each of which has a unique ability to form a uniform, durable, leak-proof bond with other aluminum surfaces. Brazing sheet is widely used in fabricating the major components of heat exchangers for motor vehicles, including engine cooling (e.g., radiators and oil coolers) and climate control (e.g., heaters and air conditioners) systems.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office 2,432,071 Method of Activation of Red Mud " from The
    Patented Dec. 2, 1947 2,432,071 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,432,071 METHOD OF ACTIVATION OF RED MUD " FROM THE. BAYER PROCESS Honoré Jean Thibon, Gardanne, France, assignor tolCompagnie de Produits Chimiques et Elec trometallurgiques Alais, Froges et Camargue, Paris, France, a corporation of France No Drawing. Application April 10, 1945, Serial > No. 587,623. In France June 12, 1943 Section 1, Public Law 690, August 8, 1946 Patent expires June 12, 1963 3 Claims. (Cl. 252-191) 1 2 It is a well known fact that the residuary muds However the red mud, activated as has been formed in the manufacture of alumina through disclosed, appears generally in a pulverulent state the Deville-Pechiney process absorb HzS when which lends itself only with difficulty to its use cold and may be used therefor for the puri?ca for instance as a thick layer in modern very high tion of gases. It should be remembered that said small bulk purifying apparatuses. I have found Deville-Pechiney process is based on the baking that it is possible to agglomerate it into small of an intimate mixture of bauxite and sodium car solid particles of any desired shape, showing on bonate followed by the lixiviation of the fritted one hand a great porosity which may be for in masses obtained. But in contradistinction to said stance above 70% and on the other hand a co process, the red muds formed in the manufac 10 hesion which allows it to resist various handling ture of alumina in the Bayer process, which con and to remain uncrushed when piled in towers sists in attacking the bauxite with a soda lye in under thicknesses of several meters.
    [Show full text]
  • GREECE by Staff1
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF GREECE By Staff1 The metals sector of Greek industry is a small but Trade important part of the national economy. Bauxite is the most important of Greek metal deposits, but there are also some The U.S. Bureau of Mines has not received any detailed deposits of chromium, gold, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc. trade data for Greece in the recent past, but general Aluminum is the only refined metal produced, other than information indicates that the other members of the European steel, and therefore is of greatest importance in the Union (EU) have continued to strengthen their positions as domestically integrated metals sector since the steel is the principal destinations and sources of Greek mineral produced from mostly imported scrap. Most of the exports and imports. Typically, Greece exports slightly more companies in Greece that deal in metals production, than one-half of its steel production, about one-half of that fabrication, or processing are fairly well established and going to other EU countries and the remainder going to the weathered the recent global recession that affected so many rest of the world. With regard to the semimanufacture sector companies in other nations. of the steel industry, typically about 90% of crude steel The Greek industrial minerals sector is far more prominent imports by Greece originate in other members of the EU. in the national economy than is the metals sector. Products Exports of semimanufactures to nonmembers of the EU are which are, or can be competitive internationally again, typically to the United States (about 45% of the non-EU include asbestos, bentonite, common clays, magnesite, total), other Europe (about 3%), and other countries (about marble, perlite, and pumice, while bentonite, magnesite, 52%).
    [Show full text]