DOCSLIB.ORG

The Qing and Russia in Central Asia: a Comparative Study of Motives For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Qing and Russia in Central Asia: a Comparative Study of Motives For The Qing and Russia in Central Asia A Comparative Study of Motives for Political Expansion Thomas O. Løvold Masteroppgave i Asiatiske og afrikanske studier (East Asian Studies, 60 sp) ved Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk/Det humanistiske fakultet UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 01.12.2009 The Qing and Russia in Central Asia II © Thomas O. Løvold 2009 The Qing and Russia in Central Asia Thomas O. Løvold http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo III Abstract The Peoples Republic of China’s Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, or eastern Central Asia, is an area that has recently seen large scale ethnic unrest, as the native Uygurs have protested violently against Chinese domination in the region. This thesis is a discussion of the background for why Xinjiang today is under Chinese rule. To and a half centuries ago, in 1755-59, the Manchu Qing dynasty (1636-1911) conquered Xinjiang and incorporated it into their state, and this conquest contributed significantly to Xinjiang’s present status as Chinese- ruled territory. In this thesis I discuss what motives might have driven this Central Asian expansion by the Qing. By employing a theoretical framework that focuses on five types of motives for state expansion, namely resources, commerce, overpopulation, security, and ideology, I examine the Qing annexation of Xinjiang comparatively with the Russian Empire’s policies toward western Central Asia (the Central Asian segment that the Russians ended up expanding into, and which today is known as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), and conclude that the Qing expansion was primarily the result of ideological motives. The reason was that the state which ruled Xinjiang at the time, the Junghar Khanate, had close relations with the Tibetan Buddhist establishment, which was an establishment that the Manchus depended on in order to keep their state intact. The Qing was therefore determined to conquer Xinjiang and eradicate its ideological adversary. IV V Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... VIII Note on Transliteration .............................................................................................................. X Maps ........................................................................................................................................ XII 1 Introduction: Framework, Definitions, and Sources .......................................................... 1 1.1 Motives for Political Expansion .................................................................................. 3 1.2 Defining Central Asia .................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Sources ....................................................................................................................... 13 2 Approaching Central Asia: The Qing, Russia, the Ming, and Siberia (1581-1689) ........ 15 2.1 The Founding of the Qing Empire ............................................................................. 16 2.2 China and Taiwan is Taken (1644-83) ...................................................................... 17 2.3 Motives for Expansion into China and Taiwan ......................................................... 18 2.4 The Founding of the Russian Empire ........................................................................ 23 2.5 Russia Conquers Siberia (1581-1689) ....................................................................... 24 2.6 Siberia and Russian Goals ......................................................................................... 26 2.7 The Clash in Northern Manchuria (1643-1689) ........................................................ 28 3 Drama in Central Asia: The Qing, Russia, the Junghars, and the Qazaqs (1690-1820) .. 31 3.1 The Founding of the Junghar Khanate ...................................................................... 31 3.2 The Junghars and the Qing Conquest of Eastern Turkestan (1690-1759) ................. 33 3.3 The Junghars as a Military Threat ............................................................................. 37 3.4 The Junghars as Targets of a “Civilizing Mission” ................................................... 40 3.5 The Junghars as an Ideological Threat ...................................................................... 45 3.6 Other Motives ............................................................................................................ 51 3.7 The Founding of the Qazaq Khanate in Western Turkestan ..................................... 54 3.8 The Qazaqs Submits to Russia (1690-1740) ............................................................. 56 3.9 Russia and the Qazaq Hordes in the Eighteenth Century (1740-1820) ..................... 59 3.10 Similarities and Differences between Russia and the Qing ................................... 60 3.11 Russia and its Ideological Heritage ........................................................................ 62 3.12 Russian Goals in Western Turkestan ..................................................................... 66 4 Conclusion: The Qing, the Junghars, and Tibetan Buddhism .......................................... 69 Appendix: Rulers and Reigns ................................................................................................... 73 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 76 VI VII Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance, encouragement, and support that I have received from my supervisor, my family, and my friends. First, I wish to thank Rune Svarverud, my supervisor, who was invaluable in putting my project on the right track in the beginning, and who since then has always been available to help me with everything from finding sources and giving feedback on my chapters, to finally reading through the entire thesis just before it was to be handed in. Second, I wish to thank my family, and especially my mother Oddrun Ohren and father Stian Løvold, whom both have examined and given me important feedback on parts of the thesis. Third, I wish to thank my fellow students at the third floor in P.A. Munchs hus, who have made writing this thesis a much more positive and less lonely experience than it otherwise might have been. And finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Lisa Yuen, my girlfriend, who has been a patient and at the same time encouraging companion throughout, and who also took her time to read through all of the chapters and discuss her impressions with me. I am very grateful for all your support. VIII IX Note on Transliteration Because this thesis contains maps from Yuri Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, vol. 9, Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section Eight: Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 2003), I have tried to make all names and terms, from no matter what language, as consistent as possible with these maps. This means, for example, that I write “Junghar” instead of “Zunghar” or “Dzunghar” (and therefore “Jungharia” instead of “Zungharia or “Dzungharia”), “Qazaq” instead of “Kazakh,” “Qalmïq” instead of “Kalmyk,” “Tien-shan” instead of “Tianshan,” “Sïr-Darya” instead of “Syr-Darya” or “Syr Darya,” “Altïshar” instead of “Altishahr,” and “Altay” instead of “Altai” (though I still write “Dalai Lama” instead of “Dalai-Lama”). As for names and terms that do not show on his maps, I have mostly followed Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs, Studies of Nationalities in the USSR (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1987), or Walter G. Moss, A History of Russia, vol. 1: To 1917 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997). For Chinese names and terms I employ the Pinyin system of transliteration. I ought to inform that I have taken the somewhat unorthodox approach of altering names and terms in quotes so as to achieve consistency with the rest of the thesis. The changed name or term is then written with [brackets] around it. This is done because it makes the text more readable, and also because it does not force people to read several different transliterations of the same name or term. X XI Maps Map 1. Central Asia Today ................................................................................................ XIII (Source: "47. Central Asia to the Year 2000" in Yuri Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, vol. 9, Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section Eight: Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 96.) Map 2. The Geography of Central Asia ............................................................................ XIV (Source: "1. The principal geographical features and provinces" in Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 2.) Map 3. Central Asia in the Seventeenth Century .............................................................. XV (Source: "28. 17th century: the Ashtarkhanids, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars" in Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 56.) Map 4. Central Asia in the Early Eighteenth Century .................................................... XVI (Source: "29. The first half of the 18th century: Nadir Shah, Bukhara, Khorezm, the Qazaqs, and the Junghars" in Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 58.) Map 5. Central Asia in the Late Eighteenth
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
    History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
    Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jesuit Role As “Experts” in High Qing Cartography and Technology∗
    臺大歷史學報第31期 BIBLID1012-8514(2003)31p.223-250 2003年6月，頁223~250 2003.1.7收稿，2003.5.29通過刊登 The Jesuit Role as “Experts” in High Qing Cartography and Technology∗ Benjamin A. Elman∗∗ Abstract Earlier accounts have generally overvalued or undervalued the role of the Jesu- its in Ming-Qing intellectual life. In many cases the Jesuits were less relevant in the ongoing changes occurring in literati learning. In the medical field, for example, before the nineteenth century few Qing physicians (ruyi 儒醫) took early modern European “Galenic” medicine seriously as a threat to native remedies. On the other hand, the Kangxi revival of interest in mathematics was closely tied to the introduc- tion of Jesuit algebra (jiegen fang 借根方), trigonometry (sanjiao xue 三角學), and logarithyms (duishu 對數). In the midst of the relatively “closed door” policies of the Yongzheng emperor and his successors, a large-scale effort to recover and col- late the treasures of ancient Chinese mathematics were prioritized in the late eight- eenth and early nineteenth century. Despite setbacks during the early eighteenth century Rites Controversy, the Jesuits in China remained important “experts” (專家) in the Astro-Calendric Bureau (欽天監) and supervisors in the Qing dynasty’s imperial workshops. Earlier Adam Schall (1592-1666) and Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) had not only championed the role of mathematics in Christianizing literati elites, but they also produced in- struments and weapons at the behest of both the Ming and Qing dynasties. The tech- nical expertise of the Jesuits in the China mission during the eighteenth century also ranged from translating Western texts and maps, introducing surveying methods to producing cannon, pulley systems, sundials, telescopes, water-pumps, musical in- struments, clocks, and other mechanical devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov
    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
    [Show full text]
  • CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological Evidence Places Early Stone Age Human Habitation in the Southern
    CORE STRENGTH WITHIN MONGOL DIASPORA COMMUNITIES Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago 1. While they were nomadic hunter-gatherers it is believed that they migrated to southern Asia, Australia, and America through Beringia 50,000 BP. This prehistoric migration played a major role in fundamental dispersion of world population. As human migration was an essential part of human evolution in prehistoric era the historical mass dispersions in Middle Age and Modern times brought a significant influence on political and socioeconomic progress throughout the world and the latter has been studied under the Theory of Diaspora. This article attempts to analyze Mongol Diaspora and its characteristics. The Middle Age-Mongol Diaspora started by the time of the Great Mongol Empire was expanding from present-day Poland in the west to Korea in the east and from Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Oman and Vietnam in the south. Mongols were scattered throughout the territory of the Great Empire, but the disproportionately small number of Mongol conquerors compared with the masses of subject peoples and the change in Mongol cultural patterns along with influence of foreign religions caused them to fell prey to alien cultures after the decline of the Empire. As a result, modern days Hazara communities in northeastern Afghanistan and a small group of Mohol/Mohgul in India, Daur, Dongxiang (Santa), Monguor or Chagaan Monggol, Yunnan Mongols, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Yugur and Bonan people in China are considered as descendants of Mongol soldiers, who obeyed their Khaan’s order to safeguard the conquered area and waited in exceptional loyalty.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX B TREATIES TREATY of NERCHINSK Signed Between Russia and China, 21Th August 1689
    APPENDIX B TREATIES TREATY OF NERCHINSK Signed between Russia and China, 21th August 1689 1. 'fhe boundary between Russia and China is to be formed by the river Kerbechi, near the Shorna, which enters the Amur, and the long chain of mountains extending from its sources to the Eastern Ocean. The rivers or rivulets which flow from the southern slope of these mountains, as well as all territories to the south of them, will thus belong to China. The territories and rivers to the north of the said mountain chain remain with the Empire o£ Muscovy. The boundary is further to be found by the river Argun, which enters the Amur; the tenitories south of the said river belong to the Emperor of China, those to the north of it to the Empire of Muscovy. The towns or dwelling-houses at present situated to the south of the Argun shall be moved to the northern bank of the river. 2. The fortress built by the Russians at a place called Atbazeir shall be demolished, and the subjects of the Tsar residing there shall remove with their property to Muscovite territory. Hunters of either empire shall on no pretence cross the frontiers. If one or two persons cross the frontier to hunt, steal, or pilfer, they shall be arrested and given up to the nearest Imperial officers to be punished according to their deserts. In case, however, armed parties of ten or fifteen people cross the frontiers to hunt or plunder, or in case of any person being killed, a report shall be sent in to both emperors, and the parties found guilty shall be punished with death.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Features of the Sedentary Constructions of Zunghars and Defensive Sistem
    JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 08, 2020 ON THE FEATURES OF THE SEDENTARY CONSTRUCTIONS OF ZUNGHARS AND DEFENSIVE SISTEM Dordzhi G. Kukeev1, Nina V. Shorvaeva2 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. 2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. E-mail:1 [email protected] Received: 11.03.2020 Revised: 12.04.2020 Accepted: 28.05.2020 ABSTRACT: Because of the importance of studying the history of relations of the Qing dynasty with the peoples of Central Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the existence of the phenomenon referred to as the “Zunghar heritage”, it is appropriate to study its background in the defensive systems of Zunghar and Qing Empires in Central Asia. There is a recent tendency to mention the so-called “Zunghar legacy” in the works of modern historiography on the history of Central Eurasia. It means like as a combination of political traditions, administrative and economic activities and methods of contacts, which were adopted by the Qing authorities from the Oirats. The researchers, actively using Manchu sources, explain the nature of the using of this “legacy” by the Qing through the model of “North Asian policy”, the “Qing world order” or the “Central Eurasian tradition”. In this regard and according to the logic, a comparative method and an attempt to make clear the genesis of a phenomenon, which had related to the Qing-Oirat relations before the contact of the Qing with Central Asia, west of Xinjiang, should also cause some interest in Qing and Central Asian studies, especially in the area of sedentary constructions of Zunghars and defensive system, named “Karul” or “Karun”.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded340090 from Brill.Com09/30/2021 10:01:22PM Via Free Access Milk, Game Or Grain for a Manchurian Outpost 241
    INNER ASIA �9 (�0�7) �40–�73 Inner ASIA brill.com/inas Milk, Game or Grain for a Manchurian Outpost Providing for Hulun Buir’s Multi-Environmental Garrison in an Eighteenth-Century Borderland David Bello History Department, Washington & Lee University, USA [email protected] Abstract The long record of imperial China’s Inner Asian borderland relations is not simply multi-ethnic, but ‘multi-environmental’. Human dependencies on livestock, wild ani- mals and cereal cultivars were the prerequisite environmental relations for borderland incorporation. This paper examines such dependencies during the Qing Dynasty’s (1644–1912) establishment of the Manchurian garrison of Hulun Buir near the Qing border with Russia. Garrison logistics proved challenging because provisioning in- volved several indigenous groups—Solon-Ewenki, Bargut and Dagur (Daur)—who did not uniformly subsist on livestock, game or grain, but instead exhibited several, sometimes overlapping, practices not always confined within a single ethnicity. Ensuing deliberations reveal official convictions, some of which can be traced back to the preceding Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), regarding the variable effects of these prac- tices on the formation of Inner Asian military identities. Such issues were distinctive of Qing borderland dynamics that constructed ‘Chinese’ empire not only in more diverse human society, but also in more diverse ecological spheres. Keywords Hulun Buir – Solon – Dagur – Bargut – agro-pastoral – hunting – Qing dynasty – Manchuria – borderland – environmental relations … © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi �0.��63/���050�8-��Downloaded340090 from Brill.com09/30/2021 10:01:22PM via free access Milk, Game or Grain for a Manchurian Outpost 241 Han farm and fight, so they are worn out and cowardly; the northern bar- barians just herd and hunt, so they are energetic and brave.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
    [Show full text]
  • Information on China. Memorandum No. 12, Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction in China
    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository East Collection Library Digital Collections 1926 Information on China. Memorandum no. 12, Extra-territorial jurisdiction in China China Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/eastbooks Recommended Citation China, "Information on China. Memorandum no. 12, Extra-territorial jurisdiction in China" (1926). East Collection. 42. https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/eastbooks/42 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Digital Collections at Trinity College Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Collection by an authorized administrator of Trinity College Digital Repository. / 11111111111111111 ii1ilii~11l ji11111111111111111 J 80007652 Eastern Academic Scholars' Trust AC 901 .M6 no.I14 lRINirf COILEG UBRt\R.Y MOORE COLLECTION RELATING TOTHE FA~ EAST . CLASS N 0.----­ B00 K NO.-­ VOLUME--­ ACCESSION NO. b<.~L_,,)!_ > < w. 1 !;~~..... .lr ; UAe.>i~ , 341.90 1 I 118 9 I I I •·· INFORMATION ON CHINA. Distributed by the American Chamber of Cornrnerce of Tientein. MEMORANDUM No. 12. EXTRA-TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION IN CHINA. October 21st, 1926. Readers of Memorandum No. 11 on the subject of the Tariff Conference will recall that certain provisions of the treaty between Great Britain and China of J902. generally known as the Mackay Treaty. and of the treaties on similar lines between Japan and China and the United States and China in the follow­ ing year. aimed to achieve fiscar reform. By the same treaties the foreign powers concerned expressed their willingne~s to assist lnina in the path of judicial reform and "to relinquish extra-territorial rights when satisfied that the state of the Chinese law, the arrangements for their administration, and other considerations warrant'' them in so doing.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    ISABEL SUN CHAO AND CLAIRE CHAO REMEMBERING SHANGHAI A Memoir of Socialites, Scholars and Scoundrels PRAISE FOR REMEMBERING SHANGHAI “Highly enjoyable . an engaging and entertaining saga.” —Fionnuala McHugh, writer, South China Morning Post “Absolutely gorgeous—so beautifully done.” —Martin Alexander, editor in chief, the Asia Literary Review “Mesmerizing stories . magnificent language.” —Betty Peh-T’i Wei, PhD, author, Old Shanghai “The authors’ writing is masterful.” —Nicholas von Sternberg, cinematographer “Unforgettable . a unique point of view.” —Hugues Martin, writer, shanghailander.net “Absorbing—an amazing family history.” —Nelly Fung, author, Beneath the Banyan Tree “Engaging characters, richly detailed descriptions and exquisite illustrations.” —Debra Lee Baldwin, photojournalist and author “The facts are so dramatic they read like fiction.” —Heather Diamond, author, American Aloha 1968 2016 Isabel Sun Chao and Claire Chao, Hong Kong To those who preceded us . and those who will follow — Claire Chao (daughter) — Isabel Sun Chao (mother) ISABEL SUN CHAO AND CLAIRE CHAO REMEMBERING SHANGHAI A Memoir of Socialites, Scholars and Scoundrels A magnificent illustration of Nanjing Road in the 1930s, with Wing On and Sincere department stores at the left and the right of the street. Road Road ld ld SU SU d fie fie d ZH ZH a a O O ss ss U U o 1 Je Je o C C R 2 R R R r Je Je r E E u s s u E E o s s ISABEL’SISABEL’S o fie fie K K d d d d m JESSFIELD JESSFIELDPARK PARK m a a l l a a y d d y o o o o d d e R R e R R R R a a S S d d SHANGHAISHANGHAI
    [Show full text]