Aerospace : the New Frontier

The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 2, No. 10, October 2005, ISSN 1729-8709

Aerospace : the new frontier

• ISO 22000 for safe food supply chains • The ISO Survey Contents

1 Comment Alan Bryden, ISO Secretary-General Aeronautics and space : high on ISO’s agenda 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View Robert S. Dickman, Executive Director of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) ISO Focus is published 11 times 7 Main Focus a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. © ISO Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Aerospace : Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs the new frontier Publisher Central Secretariat of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org • Space technologies in accident detection and warning of Manager : Anke Varcin natural disasters Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis • Meeting the needs of the space technology industry Artwork : Pascal Krieger and • Reducing orbiting space debris Pierre Granier • Space systems – Safety requirements ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • The launch business: Standard formats for launch vehicle Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas – spacecraft interface documents ISO Central Secretariat • International collaboration makes a deep impact in space Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 • ISO standards as a launch pad E-mail [email protected] • Standards for the evolving market of air cargo and aircraft ground equipment © ISO, 2005. All rights reserved. • Aircraft hydraulic systems • More electrical power please The contents of ISO Focus are copyright and may not, whether in whole or in • Airbus : flying high with ISO standards part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or 38 Developments and Initiatives by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without • Workshop advances ISO 9001:2000 guidelines for local government written permission of the Editor. • Vamas contributing to international standards in the materials sector

ISSN 1729-8709 42 New this month Printed in Switzerland • ISO 22000 / The ISO Survey 2004 / New ISO members

Cover photo : ISO. 45 Coming up

ISO Focus October 2005 Comment Aeronautics and space : high on ISO’s agenda

he very success and prodigious produced and integrated in a reliable the United Nations to the leaders of achievements of the internation- and cost-effective manner. Vital, too, in the Group of Eight (G8) – learnt from Tal aerospace industry have made a market-driven commercial environ- the tsunami event, space technologies high expectations the norm. The avia- ment of airline alliances, and working have also a central role to play in pro- tion industry doubles in size every 10 with an imperative of passenger safety, viding early warning to communities years in terms of air travel and aero- is the interchangeability and interoper- that are at risk. space IT provides a whole new gen- ability of equipment, the smooth inter- Indeed, ISO/TC 20 has a pivotal eration of products every three or four face of systems and the facilitation of role to play in this development and, to years. Aeroplanes may have more than maintenance. this end, must continue its good dialogue one million parts and may be priced ISO technical committee ISO/ and cooperation with Global Earth Obser- in excess of USD 150 million and can TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, pro- vation System of Systems (GEOSS) and have a design life of 30-plus years. In vides a resource-effective way of mon- UN organizations in the effective use of the realm of space, a deep-solar system itoring standards activities across the space technology. orbiter or lander provides crystal-sharp aerospace industry through stakehold- Our world continues to hold high images on cue from distances of up to a ers’ participation in its activities. From expectations of aerospace and demands staggering 1 500 million kilometres. the International Civil Aviation Organi- ever more. The aviation and space indus- zation, International Air Transport Asso- tries, as well as their relevant stakehold- ciation, Airports Council International, ers and users, continue to set their own “ By encouraging all to the World Meteorological Organiza- high standards. This issue of ISO Focus possible users of ISO tion, TC 20 maintains close ties with 19 shows how innovation through standard- standards to participate organizations representing users/cus- ization is actually working, and how it tomers, service providers, researchers helps to cross new technological fron- in our work, we will be able and regulators, in addition to the air and tiers in safety and quality. An exciting to obtain optimal efficiency space vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, programme, which will remain high on in the development of and other stakeholders. ISO’s agenda ! By encouraging all possible users better telecommunications, of ISO standards to participate in our weather prediction or work, we will be able to obtain optimal satellite-based air efficiency in the development of better

telecommunications, weather prediction ISO Krieger, © P. navigation.” or satellite-based air navigation. We will be able to ensure the reliable integration It is a source of pride for ISO that of international space programmes in International Standards are at the heart a cost-effective manner, and to obtain of this activity. Globalization drives increased all-round quality from the the demand for standards, and the aer- optimization of the supply chain as a ospace industry was in the vanguard result of international harmonization of of globalization. The scope of stand- technical and process standards, where ards involved ranges from the technical the best expertise in the world has been relating to interoperability, quality and taken into account. safety of components and equipment The December 2004 tsunami Alan Bryden to management systems and environ- disaster, for example, demonstrated the mental impact. Beyond the function of extent that space technologies can con- ISO Secretary-General International Standards to facilitate fair tribute to emergency response and dis- and equitable trade and to remove tech- aster reduction. The use of such technical barriers, in the specialized atmos- nologies has been proven useful in the phere of the aerospace industry, harmo- risk assessment, mitigation and pre- nized standards are quite as necessary paredness phases of disaster manage- to ensure that products and parts can be ment. As the global community – from

ISO Focus October 2005 1 World Scene

World Space Week a 35-page reform document Around 50 nations are participa- establishing a new Peacebuilding ting in World Space Week Commission. (WSW), the largest public space Several ISO technical committees event, from 4-10 October 2005. and subcommittees develop social responsibility, e-commerce standards that can contribute to Since WSW was inaugurated and complaints handling. in 1999 by the United Nations, implementing the millennium the annual event has celebrated © ISO ISO’s Committee on Consumer development goals, including ISO/ science and technology and Policy (COPOLCO) is dedicat- TC 224, Service activities relating their contribution to the better- ed to improving and increasing to drinking water supply systems ment of the human condition. consumer participation in the and wastewater systems, ISO/TC national and international stand- 207, Environmental management This year’s theme, “ Discovery It also highlighted the need ardization process. To ensure as well as the ISO working group and Imagination ”, chosen by for effective mechanisms to that the voice of the consumer responsible for developing guide- the Spaceweek International promote and monitor imple- is heard in the development of lines on social responsibility. Association in coordination mentation on an international ISO standards, COPOLCO For information : with the UN Office of Outer level that meets the needs of channels consolidated views www.un.org/summit2005 Space Affairs, is dedicated to all countries. from consumers both on current science and astronomy and projects and on proposals for © ISO ISO submitted a report on its Tackling the imagination. work relating to persons with new work in areas of interest to disabilities, including Interna- them. ‘ digital divide ’ tional Standards work such as A free copy can be downloaded at From 16-18 ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, Guide- www. consumersinternational. November 2005, lines for standards developers to org Tunis will host address the needs of older phase 2 of the persons and persons with Millennium Summit + 5 World Summit on disabilities. the Information

© ISO World leaders concluded the For more information : Society (WSIS). largest summit in United The importance of science and www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/ This next phase of Nations history on 16 September space technology and ISO’s WSIS will focus 2005, resolving to take action role in this area is emphasized on bridging the Trade, standards and on a wide range of global in this month’s Main Focus so-called “ digital the consumer issues, from boosting develop- (see page 7). divide ” and through the use of ment in poor countries through For more information : Consumers International (CI) information and communication debt relief and lowering of trade www.spaceweek.org recently published the report technologies (ICTs), help barriers, to peace and security. “ Decision Making in the Global achieve social and economic Strategies for people Market: Trade, Standards and Some 150 Heads of State attend- goals in developing nations, in the Consumer ”, the result of a ing the three-day gathering in line with the UN millennium with disabilities two-year research project to New York pledged to give a new development goal of building ISO was represented at the sixth better understand the decision- momentum to achieving the milan IT society accessible to all. session of the United Nations making processes in trade and lennium development goals set More than 100 national delegations Ad Hoc Committee on the standard setting. by the UN five years ago, of and numerous other stakeholders, international convention to pro- halving extreme poverty, halting It states that the focus behind including international organiza- mote and protect the rights and the spread of HIV/AIDS and this process has shifted towards tions, non-governmental organiza- dignity of persons with disabili- providing universal primary edu- increasing trade or avoiding tions (NGOs) and business entities, ties in August 2005. cation by 2015. trade disputes, rather than pro- are expected to attend the summit, The Ad Hoc Committee reached tecting the consumer’s interests. Though an additional USD 50 which will additionally allow its goal of discussing issues CI believes that international billion a year to fight poverty was Tunisia the chance to show what it related to children with disabili- standards are essential for the pledged for Africa’s special needs has to offer as a location for IT ties, education, accessibility and global market to benefit all and and for integrating its countries in outsourcing. personal mobility and developed the international trading system, aims to improve the understand- The role of International Standards a draft convention spelling out a there was no commitment that ing of the roles played by the in contributing to the development detailed code of implementation. rich countries should meet the World Trade Organization of a global Information Society 0.7% of GDP aid target. Other issues covered included (WTO), the Codex Alimentarius was acknowledged at the first the right to health, rehabilita- Commission, the Electrotechnical Acknowledging that peace, phase of WSIS, held in Geneva, tion and work, social security Commission (IEC), and ISO. security, development and Switzerland, in December 2003. and adequate standards of liv- The research examines CI’s human rights were central pillars It is expected that the importance ing, and participation in politi- participation in ISO and IEC, of the UN, the summit adopted of International Standards will cal, public and cultural life, as analyzing their roles within the also emerge at the second phase well as leisure and sport. context of other international in Tunis. The committee called for bodies such as WTO, and For more information : stronger inter-agency cooperation assesses the possible impact of www.itu.int/wsis/ from the UN system and the ISO’s expanding scope, that

organizations in attendance. remit to include the environment, © ISO

2 ISO Focus October 2005 ISO Scene

Service standards Conformity assessment research project for sustainable DIN Deutsches Institut für development and trade Normung, ISO member for ISO and its member for Japan, Germany, has taken on the role © ISO the Japanese Industrial of lead manager in the joint Security, mechanical Standards Committee (JISC), project “ Standard : IS Service seals and 45-foot sponsored a workshop on standards in successful interna- containers conformity assessment for sus- tionalization strategies ”. This tainable development and trade © ISO research project is funded by ISO technical committee ISO/ in Manila, Philippines, on 1-2 Nanotechnologies – the German Federal Ministry TC 104, Freight containers, August 2005. for Education and Research inaugural meeting held its annual plenary meeting The workshop provided infor- (BMBF), and has a total budget earlier this year in London, The inaugural meeting of ISO mation on the updated Interna- of EUR 1730 000, including United Kingdom. The main technical committee ISO/TC tional Standards and guides research funding worth EUR topics for discussion included 229, Nanotechnologies, the that set out the internationally 1 010 000, and will run for security of container transpor- engineering of tiny machines agreed practices for conformity three years. tation, the publication of a new on the nanometer scale (usually assessment activities, and It is the goal of the BMBF version of ISO/PAS 17712 on 0.1-100nm), will be held targeted among others, senior research programme “ Export mechanical seals for freight 9-11 November 2005 in London, trade policy specialists, econo- potential and internationaliza- containers, and the introduction United Kingdom. mists, standardization officials tion of services ” to help the of 45-foot containers – used and certification bodies from The meeting is being organized German services sector become for intermodal transport – into members of the Association by the British Standards Insti- as successful as the German the existing standards. of South East Asian Nations tution (BSI), which holds the manufacturing industry in the In a subsequent interview, (ASEAN). Chair and Secretariat of ISO/TC export market. To date, inter- Chair of ISO/TC 104 Michael The workshop was attended by 229, with support from the national trade in services has Bohlman said of the successful key figures from industry and United Kingdom Government’s grown by only 9,2 %, while meeting that “ the most signifi- organizations involved in the Department of Trade and exports of goods grew by cant of decisions were those conformity assessment process, Industry (DTI). Key note 44,3 %. Services account for that will lead to the inclusion including the Secretary and speeches at the opening cere- 13,3 % of all exports from of the 45-foot containers in Assistant Secretary of the mony will be made by Lord Germany, whereas they make the ISO Series 1 series of Department of Trade and Sainsbury, the Minister for up 25 % of all exports from containers.” Industry for the Philippines, Science and Innovation, Mike the USA. Low, Director of BSI British ISO freight container standards one of the workshop host bodies. Standardization plays an essen- Standards, and Professor Mark are recognized worldwide by Following the workshop, ISO tial role in internationalization Welland, of the Royal Society. a number of organizations President Prof. Masami Tanaka strategies, and should similarly including the International According to the committee’s made a speech at a meeting help service providers compete Cargo Handling Co-ordination scope, ISO/TC 229 will produce of the ASEAN Consultative for a share of the global market. Association (ICHCA). Michael standards for classification, Committee on Standards and Bohlman, who is also Vice terminology and nomenclature, Quality (ACCSQ) in Manila, Chair of ICHCA International’s basic metrology, calibration where he emphasized the fact International Safety Panel, will and certification, and environ- that “ ISO’s role in facilitating attend the Association’s 28 th mental issues. Test methods world trade is increasingly Cargo Handling Conference in will focus on physical, chemical, expanding ”. He also praised March 2006 in Singapore. The structural, and biological prop- the “great efforts made by theme of the Conference, erties of materials or devices ASEAN members to harmo- “ Cargo Handling in the nize national and International whose performance is critically Globalized Marketplace”, will Standards, in order to reach a dependent on one or more focus on the growth in contain- conformity assessment with dimension less than 100 nm. erized trade in Asia and the end goal of ‘ one standard, one “ The work of TC 229 will have implications for change in test, accepted everywhere’ ”. such a significant impact on cargo handling methods, For more information : contact the way we all live and a major procedures and equipment this Joyce Bleeker, Project Manager, influence on commerce, helping growth engenders. ISO Committee on Conformity business to act responsibly,” For more information : Assessment (CASCO) : says Mike Low, in the intro- www.ichcainternational.co.uk/ [email protected] duction to the meeting brochure. © ISO This is the first time that “ Standard:IS ” encourages © ISO international delegates of ISO/ businesses or standards organi- TC 229 will come together zations to use standardization since the committee was estab- work to support the interna- lished by the ISO Technical tionalization of service Management Board (TMB) at industries and to increase their its June 2005 meeting. export potential. For more information : For more information : www.bsi-global.com www2.din.de

ISO Focus October 2005 3 Guest View Robert S. Dickman © AIAA

obert S. Dickman As the is the Executive industry shifts RDirector of the from a focus on American Institute “ higher, faster, of Aeronautics and farther ” to creat- Astronautics (AIAA), ing greater value a professional in a wide vari- membership technical ety of sectors, society with more than AIAA is relat- 35 000 members in 79 ing to a more countries. He is the diverse commu- third Executive Director nity of profes- since AIAA’s formation sionals. Howev- in 1963. er, our core role, Mr. Dickman was born as codified in in Brooklyn, New York, our new mission grew up in New Jersey and entered statement, is still to advance the state the Air Force in 1966 from the of aerospace science, engineering, and Reserve Officer Training Corps “ ISO provides the technological leadership. We are by no (ROTC) programme at Union College, most widely recognized means abandoning our core technical Schenectady, New York. His career mechanism for strengths. Rather, we are broadening spans the space business from basic our scope to include today’s profes- research in particle physics to promulgating standards sionals in emerging fields. command of the 45 Space Wing and Director of the Eastern Range at among nations.” Our 20-plus conferences per year Cape Canaveral, Florida. He served range from fundamental aerospace sci- as the Department of Defense Space ence to systems of systems applications Architect and the senior military ISO Focus : How has the mission of and public policy forums. Our publica- officer at the National Reconnaissance the American Institute of Aeronautics tions are changing. We’ve launched our Office. He retired from active duty in and Astronautics (AIAA), with nearly first all-electronic journal, called Jour- 2000 as a major general. From 2002 75 years of history, evolved to meet nal of Aerospace Computing, Informa- to 2005, he was Deputy for Military the needs of today’s global aerospace tion and Communication. We want to Space in the Office of the industry ? What set of goals would create awareness of the value of aero- Undersecretary of the Air Force. you like to accomplish in your term as space technology in new applications Mr. Dickman has graduate degrees in Executive Director of AIAA? and markets. Space Physics and Management and is My goals are pretty straight- a distinguished graduate of the Air Robert S. Dickman : AIAA has a well deserved reputation for being the focal forward, although it will take the best Command and Staff College and the efforts of our volunteer members and Naval War College. He has received point for aerospace technology topics, issues and practices. Our 35 000-plus our staff to achieve them. And, obvi- the Defense and Air Force ously, they are aligned to achieve the Distinguished Service Medals, the Air members in 65 regional sections and 79 countries are drawn from all levels broader goals established by our Board Force Exceptional Civilian Service of Directors. award, the National Reconnaissance of industry, academia, private research Office Gold Medal, was the National organizations, and government. It is a First, we must remain the vehi- Space Club’s Astronautics Engineer of compelling fact : every major achieve- cle of choice for aerospace and related the Year and selected as one of Space ment in aerospace history can be linked professionals to exchange information, News “100 Who Made a Difference.” to an AIAA member. largely through our conferences, sympo-

4 ISO Focus October 2005 Finally, I believe we need to grow lished group deals with standardization – in members, in international scope, aimed at reducing space debris gener- in diversity and in skill sets. We can’t ation and mitigating its impacts on the continue to lead unless our member- orbital environment. ship mirrors the changes we’re seeing AIAA recognizes that the aero- in this evolving profession. space industry in all of its sectors is becoming more international in scope. ISO Focus : Besides operating exten- Technology is being exchanged in many sive standard setting activities for

© ISO ways as this process moves along. Stan- space applications in its own right, dardization is one of the leading meth- sia, standards committees, books, jour- why does AIAA participate in the ISO ods for recognizing shared technology nals, our magazine and our public pol- standards-making process ? Can you among business partners. It is also one icy initiatives. please comment on the benefits of par- of the safest means for accomplishing a ticipation in ISO ? Second, we must provide the goal that industrial partners and govern- resources for aerospace professionals and the profession to grow – those in the profession now, and those youngsters that © ISO we help attract to the profession. Third, we must be an articulate, credible, accessible voice of the profession, speaking out on issues that matter to our members and society. © ISO

Robert S. Dickman : In 1992, follow- ment agencies, both those who support ing a great deal of outreach and planning, the technology and those who regulate ten space-faring nations around the world it, wish to reach. ISO provides the most agreed to form an ISO committee dedi- widely recognized mechanism for pro- cated to space systems and operations, mulgating standards among nations. ISO/TC 20/SC 14. These nations further There is a fine balance between recommended that AIAA manage the competition and cooperation, especially committee by serving as the Secretari- in an industry that does not have large at on behalf of the American National production or a broad customer base. Standards Institute (ANSI). Nevertheless, standardization has a vital For more than thirteen years AIAA role in the fields of safety, communica- has successfully led the effort to set the tions, test methods, material compatibil- international space standards agenda. SC ity, system interfaces, and risk manage- 14 currently has a work programme of ment. The ISO process offers an effec- over 100 projects, with more than sev- tive means for participating nations to enty space standards already published. exchange their respective needs on these An eleventh nation has joined the com- topics and come to a result that is mutu- mittee as a participating member. Seven ally beneficial and in which the public working groups have been established can have confidence. focusing on topics such as design engi- AIAA has found that the com- neering, operations, and programme bination of an international standards management. The most recently estab- programme blended with a national

ISO Focus October 2005 5 Guest View programme provides an ideal mecha- ISO Focus : What trends, challenges nism for advancing technology in an and issues do you see on the horizon appropriate manner. The result of this for aerospace standards ? What stand- approach has been a clearer path to the ards would you like to see coming out development and promulgation of shared of ISO to help the industry in its next methods and requirements. frontier ? Robert S. Dickman : All effective inter- ISO Focus : In an Institute whose national standardization must be led by membership focuses on emerging tech- the parties affected by it. They must be nologies in aviation, space and defense, © ISO willing to identify the priorities as well what do you see as being the right as contribute to the technology for such moment for the development of stand- documents to be written and reviewed. ards for new technologies ? Can stand- “ ISO can serve to bridge I believe that future commercial space ards act as a vehicle for the dissemina- the gap between technology will include more internationally coop- tion of innovation ? Are there areas for sectors that contribute erative programmes. The standards used which standards can help the industry in these programmes will not necessari- move forward ? to successful aerospace ly be developed specifically for the aer- initiatives and the ospace industry, but their role will be Robert S. Dickman : Identifying the crucial. ISO can serve to bridge the gap most appropriate moment to standardize aerospace industry itself.” between technology sectors that con- around a given topic is highly depend- tribute to successful aerospace initia- ant on the underlying technology. For In contrast, standards being devel- tives and the aerospace industry itself. instance, in the area of space data trans- oped for space systems hardware and For instance, current IT standards, such fer (ISO/TC 20/SC 13) – which is root- operations (SC 14) tend to harmonize that as IP and plug and play interface mod- ed in fast-moving information technol- which is already known about technolo- els will play an increasingly important ogy – it is important to be constantly gies that are slower to evolve. Such tech- role in future aerospace endeavours. The evolving to meet ever-growing com- nologies are usually subjected to exten- most beneficial standards will be those munication demands on our spacecraft. sive periods of flight qualification and that contribute to cost control and sys- Standardization based on current state- are used to the very limit of their ability tem safety and robustness. of-the-art information technology could to support mission requirements. SC 14 result in obsolescence of the standard standards then, for the most part, focus Wherever common practices can even before it can be deployed. With on improving these existing technolo- be used in place of new technology, the this in mind, SC 13 is in fact develop- gies and methodologies by document- cost of very expensive undertakings can ing new space information technolo- ing lessons learned at the international be contained. We have already seen in gy in anticipation of both future inter- level in their development and imple- recent entrepreneur-initiated space pro- national mission requirements and the mentation. This type of standardization grammes the benefit of the use of estab- future state of terrestrial information is equally as important to ensure future lished technology. Both re-examination technology. In such a case, the stand- systems are built on a solid foundation of and sharing of proven safety practices ard and the mission requirements must heritage knowledge that results in higher will assure the public that aerospace pro- evolve in parallel so that they are able quality and reliability of the end product. grammes can be conducted safely. to converge at the right time to match Case in point, NASA’s recently unveiled While it is difficult and dangerous their terrestrial counterparts. A good exploration architecture will draw heav- to attempt to predict the future course example of this approach is the devel- ily on heritage hardware and techniques of aerospace, it is clear that parts of the opment of “ Space Internet ” capabili- to achieve its goal. Current international industry are moving toward a more net- ties. Standards development began in standards can benefit this development work-centric baseline. Such an approach the mid-1990s and is expected to con- cycle in that they have captured much requires standardization in order to ensure verge with missions that are launched of the knowledge gained from the earli- interoperability among disparate users. in 2010 and beyond. Obviously, this er programmes while evolving to reflect Robust standardization at the network approach requires a carefully con- the current state-of-the-art. layer provides a level playing field and ceived and planned long-term technol- Clearly, the nature of standardiza- allows industry to compete at the appli- ogy and standards development strat- tion itself has changed. Some standards cation layer. Whether the necessary egy to ensure adequate time for new, follow the traditional model of codifying standards are developed at the interna- standardized approaches to be demon- existing, well proven techniques while tional level within ISO or other special- strated and for appropriate infrastruc- others stretch the limit of new technol- ty standards development organizations ture development. ogy so as to be current and relevant at (SDOs) will ultimately be determined by the time of their deployment. the requirements of the end user.

6 ISO Focus October 2005 Main Focus © ISO

Aerospace : the new frontier

covered – or rediscovered – just how national and regional capacity and Space vulnerable the inhabitants of our plan- access to technology and knowledge in et are to natural disasters. The period building and managing a regional ear- technologies since this date has been one of intense ly warning system and in disaster man- in accident international diplomatic activity. agement, through national and regional On 19 January 2005, the UN efforts as well as through international detection and General Assembly approved what might cooperation and partnership...” be described as an historic resolution, warning of namely resolution 59/279 calling for the natural disasters strengthening of emergency relief, reha- “ An international study bilitation, reconstruction and prevention revealed that half the in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean world’s population lives in a tsunami disaster. In this resolution, the zone with a high probability by François Abram, Assembly recognized not only the need to implement all possible actions to deal of one or more major Technical Programme Manager, with this one specific catastrophe, but also disasters.” ISO Central Secretariat the need to introduce programmes to predict and prepare for all catastrophes. In he 26 th of December 2004 is a During the period 18-22 January particular, the resolution refers to : date that will remain engraved 2005, an important international confer- Tin every memory –the date of the “... the importance of the pro- ence on disaster reduction was organized terrible tsunami that swept through the motion of public education, awareness at Kobe in Japan by the Inter-agency sec- whole of South-East Asia. The interna- and community participation in disas- retariat of the UN/ISDR. This meeting tional community was deeply moved ter prevention and preparedness, par- was attended by delegations from 160 and efforts were widely mobilized to ticularly at local level, as well as the countries and 184 organizations with a organize aid. At the same, people dis- pressing need to develop and promote total of 2 900 delegates.

ISO Focus October 2005 7 Main Focus

ics such as climate change, clean ener- fire protection and fire fighting (ISO/ gy and sustainable development, and TC 21), fire safety (ISO/TC 92), pro- development aid for Africa. tective clothing and equipment (ISO/ The G8 took note of the rele- TC 94), civil defence (ISO/TC 223) to vant activities of various intergovern- mention but a few examples. Numerous mental organizations, gave its advice standards are already available. on a number of issues and, in particular, affirmed the role of GEOSS (see box on “ ISO and the Consultative page 9) as follows : Committee for Space Data • Early warning systems should cover as many hazards as possible, not just tsu- Systems contribute by © Geneva, December 2004, P. Krieger December 2004, P. © Geneva, namis, and they should build on exist- facilitating the capture, An international study commis- ing systems at national and regional transmission and archiving sioned in March by the World Bank levels, and seek to fill any gaps. of space data.” revealed that half the world’s popu- • We affirm the role of the Global lation lives in a zone where there is a Earth Observation System of Systems ISO also has a technical commit- high probability of one or more major (GEOSS), where key national and tee (ISO/TC 20) concerned with aero- disasters, the most serious of these intergovernmental operators of earth space standards. Its work, for example being floods and drought and, to a less- observation systems as well as UN relating to data gathering and transmis- er degree, hurricanes, earthquakes and agencies, such as the Intergovern- sion, appears to be very useful and it tsunamis, followed by volcanic erup- mental Oceanographic Commission could be further promoted and devel- tions, landslides and the like. participate to ensure a coordinated oped. The object of this article is pri- On 30 June 2005, the Intergov- and compatible monitoring capacity, marily to draw together information, ernmental Oceanographic Commission that balances the need to gather data thoughts and guidance relating to the of UNESCO decided to set up an inter- on a global scale with the need for use of aerospace technologies with- governmental coordination group for rapid and effective dissemination. in the framework of actions connected the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and with natural disasters. Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS). The A number of intergovernmen- first meeting of the group was sched- tal and other organizations are also uled to be held in Perth, Australia, dur- involved, including particularly the World International Charter – ing the period 3-5 August 2005. Meteorological Organization (WMO), Space and Major Disasters which is well known for its activities in At its meeting held at Glenea- Following the UNISPACE III confer- connection with weather, climate and gles on 7 July 2005, the G8 also made a ence held in Vienna, Austria in July declaration on the question of the reduc- water. In a short article such as this, it 1999, the European and French space tion of the risk of natural disasters, as is impossible to do justice to the work agencies (ESA and CNES) initiated the well as expressing views on related top- of all these organizations. International Charter “ Space and Major ISO itself has set up a study Disasters”, with the Canadian Space “ Space technologies group and reviewed its activities in this Agency (CSA) signing the Charter on regard. Contributions are possible in October 20, 2000. In September of 2001, can contribute much various fields, such as personal identi- the National Oceanic and Atmospheric useful information for the fication (JTC1/SC 17), equipment for Administration (NOAA) and the Indi- an Space Research Organization (ISRO) monitoring, detection, also became members of the Charter. observation and the The Argentine Space Agency (CONAE) joined in July 2003. The Japan Aerospace organization of aid.” Exploration Agency (JAXA) became a member in February 2005. The International Charter aims at providing a unified system of space data acqui- sition and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters through authorized users. Each member agency has committed resources to support the provisions of the Charter and thus is helping to mitigate the effects of disasters on human life and property.

Group on Earth Observation

On 31 July 2003, 33 nations plus the European Commission adopted a Declaration that signifies political commitment to move toward development of a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained Earth observation system(s). The Earth Observation Summit attracted a distinguished group of government dignitaries from around the world who are committed to significantly advancing our collective ability to gather Earth observation data. This summit, joined by 21 international organizations, recalled the © ISO commitments of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg 2002 (WSSD), as well as a meeting of the Heads of State of the Group of 8 Industrialized Countries Summit in June 2003 in Evian, France, both of which affirmed the importance of Earth Observation as a priority activity. The Earth Observation Summit established the ad hoc intergovernmental Group on Earth Observations (ad hoc GEO), co-chaired by the European Commis- sion, Japan, South Africa, and the USA, and tasked

© National Geographic it with the development of an initial 10-Year Imple- mentation Plan by February 2005. The ad hoc GEO Detecting and giving established five technical subgroups and a small sec- warning of disasters retariat. A series of subgroup meetings and a plenary meeting led to a Framework Document, negotiated in It is most certainly necessary Cape Town and adopted at the Second Earth Obser- to uphold the G8 view that it is desira- vation Summit in Tokyo in April 2004 by 43 coun- ble to take into consideration all major tries and the European Commission, joined by 25 disasters, i.e. not just so-called natural international organizations. The Framework defines disasters but also those connected with the scope and intent of a Global Earth Observation human activities. This is a view that System of Systems (GEOSS). A small task team was charged by the ad hoc corresponds to the wishes of the inter- GEO with the drafting of the 10-Year Plan, building on inputs from the sub- national community. It is also support- groups and other sources. ed by the activities of another organization called International Charter The GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan establishes the intent, operating prin- “ Space and Major Disasters ”. (see ciples, and institutions relating to GEOSS. It is supported by a longer Reference box on page 8) Thus, the catastrophes Document, which is consistent with the Plan and provides substantive detail to be taken into account may concern necessary for implementation. The Plan was negotiated by the ad hoc GEO in not only natural disasters such as : Ottawa in November 2004, and adopted at the third Earth Observation Summit in Brussels, in February 2005. The Reference Document was extensively reviewed • floods by technical experts, countries, and international organizations. • droughts The Third Earth Observation Summit established the Group on Earth Observa- • hurricanes tions (GEO). Membership in GEO is open to all member States of the United Nations and to the European Commission. GEO welcomes as Participating • volcanic eruptions Organizations intergovernmental, international, and regional organizations with • earthquakes a mandate in Earth observation or related activities, subject to approval by Members. GEO may invite other relevant entities to participate in its activities • landslides as observers. • tsunamis José Achache, Director of the GEO Secretariat For more information, contact : • torrential rains Secretariat Telephone + 41 22 730 8505 • heat waves and cold spells Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Fax + 41 22 730 85 20 Case postale 2300 • swarms of locusts CH-1211 Geneva 2 E-mail [email protected] Switzerland http://earthobservations.org • meteorites

ISO Focus October 2005 9 Main Focus

but also risks such as : The Charter has been activated • forest fires © ISO at least once for some fifty countries and it is sometimes activated for inter- • discharge of hazardous products or national zones. In the case of marine pollutants into the sea pollution, it was used in the Galapa- • explosions of dangerous materials gos Islands (26 January 2001), in Leb- anon (30 March 2001), in Denmark Such disasters may be detected, (30 March 2001), in the Gulf of Aden depending on their nature : (6 October 2002) and in Spain on the • by a national civil protection service coasts of Galicia (14 November 2002). It has been used for forest fires, floods, • by UNESCO/IOC (Intergovernmen- volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, as tal Oceanographic Commission) for “ The need to pool well as for the train explosion at Ryon- tsunami early warning systems satellite resources for chon in North Korea (23 April 2004). • by the International Atomic Energy catastrophic events Finally, the Charter was able to supply Agency (IAEA) and the Comprehen- has led to the creation around 400 images for the tsunami in sive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organ- South-East Asia. isation (CNTBTO) of the International • by weather forecasting services Charter ‘ Space and Major Mutual cooperation for • by space agencies, etc. Disasters ’.” improved disaster relief It is comforting to see that the Warnings can be transmitted Pinatubo, radar observations made it pos- quickly by Internet, mobile phone net- international community broadly approves sible to divert air traffic in good time and the aim of coming to the aid of people works and the like. However, various to warn the countries concerned of the questions arise. Who should be con- in distress in the wake of disasters. It is arrival of clouds of ash. However, virtu- desirable to sustain this spirit of mutual tacted (e.g. civil protection services, the ally no country has enough satellites of cooperation and to respond by contrib- public concerned or affected) ? What its own that are both suitable and suffi- uting logistical resources. information should be communicated ciently powerful. Depending on the case, ISO and the Consultative Com- to avoid creating panic ? it is necessary to rely on sightings, to use mittee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) A meeting of the United Nations radar images for observations at night or make their contribution by facilitating International Strategy for Disaster through cloud, to measure ocean heights the capture, transmission and archiv- Reduction (UN/ISDR) will be held on (tsunamis) or ground movements (vol- ing of space data. The use of these this subject in Bonn (Germany) during canoes, earthquakes) or to obtain high- technologies depends on appropriate the period 27-29 March 2006. ly detailed images, or information with means of data reception (ftp sites, etc) low polar orbit satellites in order to focus and special preparation and training. Space technologies : relief efforts in the case of floods, land- The archive services can also assist by preparing for disasters slides and forest fires. To ensure contin- providing older data for purposes of uous coverage of events, it is necessary Space technologies can contribute comparison. The outcome of all this to keep several satellites in orbit over the a great deal of useful information for the can be a better knowledge and evalu- scene of the disaster. ation of the impact and a greater con- monitoring, detection, observation and The perception of the need to trol of human activities. the organization of aid. For example, in pool satellite resources for catastroph- The world has a vast fund of the case of eruptive volcanoes such as ic events has led to the creation of the experience that can be pooled to allevi- International Charter “ Space and Major ate human suffering and limit the dam- About the author Disasters”. age caused by disasters. We can improve This Charter concerns the use of our methods by exchanging information François space technologies in the event of natural and sharing experiences. The coopera- Abram, or man-made disasters and it presently tion that already exists in Europe (for Technical combines the resources of seven space example, between various branches such Programme agencies and space operators (see box). as the emergency services, fire depart- Manager, Cooperation is available for the civil pro- ments, coastguards and so on) is use- ISO Central tection services of all countries through ful not only for the country which is the Secretariat authorized users, which may be nation- victim of the disaster but also for the al or international organizations (United country providing aid, by offering its Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs own emergency services an occasion

10 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier ISO

Scope and breadth The names of the working groups are a good summary of the large scope and breadth of the topics currently being pursued. The specific subcommittee working groups are : SC 13, Space Data and Information Transfer Systems : 1. Systems Engineering 2. Mission Operations & Information Management Services 3. Cross Support Services 4. Spacecraft Onboard Interfaces Services 5. Space Link Services 6. Space Internetworking Services Meeting the industries that are part of the interna- SC 14, Space Systems and tional space community. That commu- Operations : needs of the nity embraces a dynamic and exciting industry which experiences growth and 1. Design Engineering & Production space technology changes each and every year. 2. Interfaces, Integration, and Test industry Immunity with rapid 3. Operations and Ground Support response 4. Space Environment The principal challenge is to be able 5. Programme Management by Gael F. Squibb, Chair, to develop standards that are relatively 6. Materials and Processes ISO/TC 20/SC 14, Space Systems immune to the rapidly changing tech- and Operations nology and mission mix of the space 7. Orbital Debris industry. The standardization man- hen compared to other more agement structure must enable rapid “ ISO is serving mature and established indus- response to the needs of the space com- the industries that are part Wtries, such as the aircraft sec- munity. For instance, new standards tor, space business is still in the very were rapidly put in place to support of the international space beginning of its development. A look at recent Mars missions so that orbiting community.” current industry projects on space-tech- spacecraft and landed rovers operated nology.com reveals news of nine differ- by different organizations could inter- The current programme of work ent civil satellites, five ground stations, operate over “proximity link” commu- for these groups can be referenced under eight launch systems and locations, five nications paths. TC 20/SC 13 and TC 20/SC 14 on the military satellites and 17 highly special- ISO/TC 20/SC 13 and SC 14 are the ISO Web site. Together they have gen- ized and very different spacecraft. This principal bodies for ISO space standards erated and published well over 100 ISO is the sort of heterogeneity combined development. SC 13 develops standards standards. with small scale which characterized related to space data and information The subcommittees have started civil aviation in its infancy. transfer systems, while SC 14 devel- having joint meetings at the working Space related systems and compo- ops standards related to space systems group level during the last few years in nents are still not commonplace, nor and operations. Between the two sub- order to more closely align their work. do we mass produce spacecraft. Each committees, virtually all of the stand- To further integrate and enhance their spacecraft still has unique components, ards relative to space systems design, effectiveness, SC 13 and SC 14 have but by finding common functions that operations and communications are jointly generated a draft ISO Busi- can be standardized, ISO is serving the produced. ness Plan.

ISO Focus October 2005 11 Main Focus

cessive spacecraft have common fea- tures that are inefficient to redesign from scratch each time one is needed, plus each has a relatively high cost when compared with a more traditional industrial production. In the area of space-to-ground communications, the use of Interna- tional Standards brings the additional benefit of interoperability between spacecraft and ground systems operated by different organizations. This has important safety and reliability implications and has even led to one organization recovering a faulty spacecraft on behalf of another.

A strong suite of standards ISO is actively involved in supporting the space community with a strong suite of space related standards. The two ISO “ space ” subcommittees are established, healthy and growing. They have generated an impressive number of useful standards. For more information on the draft busi- “Space missions benefit ness plan or information regarding either Global market, global subcommittee contact Mr. Craig Day, savings greatly by standardizing systems that are required [email protected]. The scope of the market covered by the two subcommittees includes the entire by multiple spacecraft and spectrum of the space systems industry ground systems.” About the author and covers the complete life cycle of a space project or programme (i.e. from sion – so reducing development and Gael F. Squibb concept development, through imple- operations cost by the application of is Chair of ISO/ TC 20/SC 14, mentation, testing, launch, operation standards produces a direct and quan- Space Systems and asset disposal). The global mar- titative benefit. and Operations. ket, includes satellite systems, launch Mr. Squibb is an systems, ground systems, manufactur- Standardization has wider internationally ing and the service sector which sup- effect recognized ports these commodities. From 2001 to expert in the 2003, it was estimated that the annual However, space standardization has field of space market grew by 15.3 percent per year an effect that is much wider than simple operations and – a remarkable achievement during an cost reduction, such as the involvement space operations standards. He managed economic period which is acknowl- of many more countries in space enter- the NASA Deep Space Network and all edged as being “ sluggish ”. prises and the establishment of educa- NASA deep space missions in their flight A 2004 analysis by the Satellite tional space projects. phase while at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL – the leading US center Industry Association suggests that the It has long been realized that as for robotic exploration of the solar world market for space systems is now international enterprises, space mis- system). Mr. Squibb also worked at the between USD 91 billion and USD 196 sions benefit greatly by standardizing European Space Research and Technology billion per annum. Each one percent systems that are required by multiple Centre (ESTEC) on the ISO project for saving on those figures is thus equiva- spacecraft and ground systems. This is two years and managed the Chandra lent to at least around USD 1 billion – not because there is a market for mil- Science Centre at the Smithsonian Centre the cost of a medium-sized space mis- lions of identical items. Instead, suc- for Astrophysics from 1991 to 1993.

12 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

Reducing orbiting space debris by Dr. Emma Taylor, United ance manoeuvres against large debris tions have been agreed. In particular, Kingdom lead, ISO/TC 20/SC 14, objects. However, each satellite that is through the efforts of the Inter-Agency Orbital Debris Coordination left in orbit once it has finished oper- Space Debris Co-ordination Committee ations becomes a potentially signifi- (IADC) – which represents ten nation- Working Group cant source of many new orbiting space al space agencies and the European rbital space debris is created when debris objects. Debris mitigation meas- Space Agency – consensus was reached an orbiting space object or part of ures need to be implemented before the in 2002 on guidelines containing meas- Oa space object is no longer func- number of objects reaches a level such ures to be taken to reduce the growth tioning. Examples include fragments that satellite operations are threatened, of orbiting space debris. These meas- produced by a satellite launcher upper because, once objects have been gener- ures are based on the four general stage (“ rocket body”) explosion, typi- ated in orbit, they have long orbital life- mitigation principles : times and cannot be easily removed. cally caused by residual on-board ener- Limit debris during normal opera- getic propellants. In most Earth orbital tions ; regions, orbiting space debris created as Debris mitigation Minimize the potential for on-orbit a by-product of space activities remains measures in orbit for a long period of time (typi- break-ups ; cally more than 25-50 years). The need for preventative action Disposal of post-mission satellites It is generally perceived that orbiting towards mitigation of orbital space and satellite launchers ; and, space debris does not pose a substan- debris has been recognized at national Prevention of on-orbit collisions. tial hazard to satellite operations, and and international level by a number of therefore, does not need to be consid- organizations, including the United The United Nations discussions on ered as a major risk. At this time, very Nations (UN). Whilst binding agree- this topic now include these IADC guide- few operational satellites have failed as ments on measures to be implemented lines. At this time, as member states look a proven result of debris impact, and have not yet been signed, a number of to ensure that their industries will not most do not carry out collision avoid- voluntary guidelines and recommenda- be disadvantaged by any new binding

ISO Focus October 2005 13 Main Focus

“ An internationally-agreed ISO technical committee ISO/ set of ISO documents… 14 TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, subcommittee SC 14, Space systems is needed to provide a and operations, has been engaged in common global framework the development of standards since for interpretation and 1992, covering all aspects of space system manufacture and operation. implementation of debris Since the publication of the first SC mitigation measures.”

ISO/TC 20/SC 14 standard in 1994, nearly 75 new space standards have been developed. There are currently more than 30 new standards under development. This level of productivity is maintained by the strong participation of technical that must be followed. ISO members represent internationally agreed practic- experts from 11 of the world’s lead- can therefore choose to interpret and es for a particular aspect of debris mit- ing space-faring nations. Since 2003, implement these guidelines at a nation- igation (e.g. disposal from the geosta- ISO/TC 20/SC 14 has been engaged al level. It is also difficult to judge the tionary orbit). The ISO/TC 20/SC 14 with the development of standards to likely outcome of the current round of ODCWG has also been developing liai- address mitigation of orbiting space discussions at the United Nations. This sons with external agencies involved in debris. The first debris mitigation can lead to uncertainty when establish- debris mitigation, as part of the proc- standards are expected in 2008, with ing costs and risks for those in the com- ess of building consensus between all more International Standards, techni- mercial space sector. parties, including potential users of the cal specifications or technical reports An internationally-agreed set of ISO standards. This also helps the standards expected to be published through to documents (International Standards, 2011-2012. technical specifications and technical reports) is needed to provide a com- “ We will be able to deliver mon global framework for interpreta- a series of practical and tion and implementation of these debris mitigation measures. These documents pragmatic standards to agreements, and that they will be able need to provide a clear and concise address the space sector to continue space operations of national framework of design and operational user needs on debris importance, a number of issues remain requirements, management and report- to be resolved. ing processes, and supporting techni- mitigation.” At a national level, measures have cal databases of tools, models and ref- already been implemented on a case- erence information. by-case basis by ISO space-faring member states in line with the measures stat- About the author ed in the IADC guidelines. This push Building a common global Dr. Emma A. has partly been motivated by the fact framework Taylor is a that member states are liable (unlimit- member of the ed liability, as defined by a UN treaty) Since 2003, ISO technical commit- United Kingdom for the damage caused by objects (gen- tee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehi- delegation to erally satellites and rockets) launched cles, subcommittee SC 14, Space sys- ISO/TC 20, by them, and registered by them with tems and operations, has been leading Aircraft and the UN (again required by UN trea- the development of standards to inter- space vehicles, ty). Some member states licence space pret and implement these debris miti- SC 14, Space activities, others rely on the implemen- gation measures. Activities within SC systems and tation of appropriate measures by rele- 14 have been planned and coordinat- operations. She is a consultant to the British National vant agencies, who are often guided by ed by a new working group, the orbit- Space Centre on debris standards al debris coordination working group agency or government policies. development, and the Project Lead for one These non-binding guidelines have (ODCWG). By defining the scope of of the current projects on debris raised awareness worldwide of the issue, these standards to be consistent with mitigation. Dr. Taylor is also a faculty and actions linked to them have reduced existing agreed measures, it is antici- member at the UK’s Open University’s the number of new orbiting space debris pated that both ISO members and space Centre for Earth Planetary Space and objects created. However, they do not sector industry members will use these Astronomical Research. Her research field define mandatory rules (requirements) standards. Each of these standards will is in hypervelocity impact physics.

14 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

developers to identify the current level of understanding on the debris environment and effects, and available information on current industry best practice. As of August 2005, two projects have been agreed (scope covering implementation of debris mitigation satellite disposal requirements through the project, including preparation of debris mitigation plans, and also satellite propellant measurement and management in orbit to achieve debris mitigation), and four more new work item proposals (on the topics of satellite disposal from orbit to a graveyard orbit or by re-entry to the Earth’s surface, collision avoidance and information exchange between operators) are currently out for vote. Based on the current schedule, the first International Standard on this topic will be published in 2008, and followed by up to fifteen more Internation- al Standards, technical specifications Basic principles or technical reports, through to 2011- Space systems – 2012. As a number of topics are not yet Safety All three International Standards in mature enough (e.g. supported by current the series are the result of good team industry best practice) to be developed requirements work. All three provide the basic prin- as standards, it is difficult to estimate at ciples to enable any operator to imple- this early stage what the final number ment its own safety methods, tools, and procedures, to ensure the safety of peo- of successful projects will be. by Henri Baccini, Safety senior Building on the excellent working ple and personnel, public and private relationships, developed over more than expert, CNES, Centre National property, and the earth environment, in ten years of preparing standards in ISO/ d’Etudes Spatiales a consistent and uniform manner. TC 20/SC 14, Space systems and oper- The standards are intended to be ations, our team members are confi- pace activities, carried out with- applied by any country, by any interna- dent that we will be able to deliver to in the framework of outer space tional organization, whether intergovern- the ISO community a series of practi- Streaties adopted by the United mental or not, and by any agency or oper- cal and pragmatic standards to address Nations, may cause harm to people and ator, undertaking space activities with- the space sector user needs on debris damage to public and private property in the framework of outer space treaties mitigation. and the earth’s environment. Interna- adopted by the United Nations. tional treaties define the liabilities for damage related to space activities. Compliance with ISO The variety of professional disci- safety policy plines linked to space activities and the legal liabilities facing “space” coun- Part 1, System safety, deals with tries require international regulations the overall safety of any space sys- to protect the earth’s population against tem. It defines the safety programme the consequences of possible mishaps and the technical safety requirements caused by these activities. Thus, par- to be implemented, in order to comply ticipating countries need to harmonize with the safety policy as defined in ISO safety rules, processes, methods and 14300-2. When applied to space pro- procedures, and to use a common lan- grammes and projects, it is intended to guage for safety, to ensure a coherent protect flight and ground personnel, the approach between nations. That is the general public, public and private prop- objective of the series of ISO 14620 erty, the launch vehicle, associated pay- standards, under the general title Space loads, ground support equipment and the systems – Safety requirements. earth environment, from hazard.

ISO Focus October 2005 15 Main Focus

Compliance with the safety policy Safety compliance is assessed by A re-entry standard ? requires a system safety programme, the space project, and safety approv- supported by risk assessment, which al obtained from the relevant author- At this time, the series of ISO stand- can be summarized as follows : ities. ards related to safety requirements for space systems is limited to the launch • System and environmental haz- phase of a space vehicle. Because some ards in nominal and non-nominal The launch site of those vehicles are designed to perform modes (including failure mode) re-entry, it will be useful to draw on a are identified and progressively Part 2, Launch site operations, specific International Standard related evaluated by iteratively performing establishes the overall safety require- to the safety requirements for re-entry. systematic safety analyses ments to be observed on a launch site Such a standard should be very close to for pre-launch (integration, test, check- • Part 2 of ISO 14620 due to the analo- Associated potential hazards are ing, preparation), and launch operations subjected to a hazard elimination gous nature of the international liabil- of a space object. Re-entry operations ity of each country. and reduction sequence whereby : are excluded. • Hazards are eliminated from the It is intended to be applied by agen- system design and operations, cy, enterprise, manufacturer, custom- “… it will be useful to draw as far as possible ; er, designer, operator, facility author- on a specific International • Residual hazards are ity, launch service provider, etc., par- Standard related to minimized ; ticipating in the activities carried out on or from a launch site, unless more the safety requirements for • Residual hazard controls are restrictive requirements are imposed re-entry.” defined, applied and verified. by the national regulations in effect on the launch site. With this fourth safety standard, “ The adequacy of the the series of ISO standards related to hazard and risk control The actual launch the safety requirements for space systems will be complete. The interna- measures applied is Part 3, Flight safety system, relates tional space community should per- formally verified in order to to the measures to be defined in order form space activities with even higher support safety validation to obtain an acceptable safety level dur- levels of safety. ing the launch phase of a space vehi- and risk acceptance.” cle. It sets out the minimum requirements for flight safety systems, includ- Remaining risks after the elimina- ing flight termination systems (exter- About the author tion and reduction process are progres- nally controlled systems or on-board sively assessed and subjected to risk automatic systems), tracking systems, Henri Baccini assessment, in order to : and telemetry data transmitting sys- is a mathematics tems for commercial or non commer- graduate of – Show compliance with safety Toulouse cial launch activities of orbital or sub- targets University in orbital, unmanned space vehicles. The – Support design trades France and a intent is to minimize the risk of injury safety expert. – Identify and rank risk or damage to persons, property or the Since 1974 he contributors earth environment. has worked at – Support apportionment of One of the benefits of using such CNES, the project resources for risk standards is that the safety level should French Space Agency, during successive Ariane rocket reduction be at a comparable value whatever the country, the launch site and the launch- launches. He is in charge of the new – Assess risk reduction progress er. So, it should become possible to central safety department in CNES, a – Support the safety and project compare the objectives and the results function that he set up in 2003. It includes ground, flight, and earth decision-making process (e.g. obtained by each country in space environment safety, but also space debris residual risk acceptance, waiver safety. Another benefit of using such and planetary protection. approval). standards is saving money, essentially by using Part 3. For example, a space The adequacy of the hazard and project compliant with ISO 14620-3 risk control measures applied is formally can use the ground equipment of a for- verified in order to support safety vali- eign country during the launch phase dation and risk acceptance. of its space vehicle.

16 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier © ISO

launch vehicle provides the The launch velocity needed by a spacecraft Glossary business: A to escape Earth’s gravity and set it on its course. The present major com- Launch : the process of putting a Standard mercial launch service providers belong satellite in orbit. formats for to Europe, Russia and the USA. How- Launch vehicle : a rocket used to ever, China (very active in the business launch a satellite or spacecraft. launch vehicle – in the past), Japan and more recently, India, have acquired the technical and Launch vehicle authority : spacecraft organizational capability of performing representative(s) of a launch vehicle commercial launches. service provider entitled to take interface Agencies operating telecom- technical or programmatic initia- documents munications spacecraft needing a new tives concerning the launch vehicle bird in orbit generally contact several to spacecraft interfaces. launch vehicle service providers, with Launch system capabilities : the intention of selecting an offer that performances of the launch vehicle by Philippe Boland, meets their criteria. and associated ground facilities in Head of French Delegation and Spacecraft manufacturers are terms of launch campaign efficiency Project Leader, TC 20/SC 14, subsequently bound by launch con- and delivered orbit (payload mass tracts to the various agencies according and orbital characteristics). Space Systems and Operations, to the choice of their respective custom- WG 2, Interfaces, Integration and ers. They are accustomed to exchanging Launch vehicle contractor : Tests technical information, writing relevant representative(s) of a launch vehicle service provider bound by contract with a customer for the launch of a spacecraft. (Continued overleaf) Glossary (continued) Spacecraft contractor : representative(s) vis-à-vis the launch vehicle contractor of the Main Focus spacecraft customer (or of the spacecraft manufacturer acting for the customer). documents, and conducting ground and The need for flight operations, together with interna- Spacecraft interfaces : all standardization tional launch teams, whose profession- technical aspects related to the al background, training and experience interaction between spacecraft and The need for standardization may be considerably different. launch systems for the following of interfaces between launch vehicles Additionally, the technology asso- phases addressed in a launch and spacecraft is convincingly demon- ciated with the various vehicles, infrastruc- contract : spacecraft preparation strated by the above description of the tures and facilities may vary according with resulting verification analy- overall context associated with space- to the launch site. For example, ground ses and tests, ground operations, craft launches. In order to keep up with based launch pads near the equator, or launch and flight until separation the increasing number of launch vehi- at 45° latitude, or floating platforms in of the spacecraft from the launch cle agencies working from quite inde- the middle of the ocean, require quite vehicle. pendent technical backgrounds, the first different procedures. Spacecraft teams step is to facilitate the exchange of tech- may have to adapt ground support hard- nical information between spacecraft and ware, change integration procedures launch vehicle teams. and update the associated documentation in order to accommodate the actu- “ With only one standard al situation. document, spacecraft operators can address Interfacing a spacecraft launch requests to several with a launch vehicle launch agencies at At first, the launch vehicle – the same time.” spacecraft combination only exists on paper. The spacecraft manufacturer starts This objective can be achieved by writing a launch request on the basis by harmonizing the format of presenta- of the technical information provided in tion of the various technical documents the launch vehicle user’s manual. used in common by launch vehicle and The launch service provider spacecraft people. In practice, a stand- then comes up with the interface con- ard table of content is adopted for major trol document, a key document that documents with an exhaustive list of nec- defines and controls all technical inter- essary subjects to be treated and a clear faces between the spacecraft and the definition of related terms. The objec- launch vehicle. tive is to specify the type of informa- The interfacing activity materi- tion required in relation to a given sub- alizes when a series of spacecraft tests ject and the way it is presented. dedicated to interfaces with the launch In a subsequent step, it is pos- vehicle starts. Usually the testing phase sible to standardize appropriate tech- takes place in the few months prior to the nical specifications and procedures in transport of the spacecraft to the launch such areas as testing or integration. As range. This activity includes the qualifi- an example, ISO 15864:2004, General cation tests of the spacecraft to the launch test standard for spacecraft, subsystems vehicle environment and, possibly, the and units, defines baseline requirements verification of mechanical and electri- for testing unmanned spacecraft at sys- cal interfaces. Most cases require the tem, subsystem or unit level. participation of launch vehicle experts. Finally, it is feasible to define some The interfacing process happens All pictures included in this box (pages 17 standards for pieces of hardware or physi- a few weeks before launch when the and 18), © Courtesy of Arianespace cal interfaces. This last step has not mate- spacecraft is being integrated in dedi- rialized yet in terms of an ISO standard. cated facilities located in the vicinity Specific examples of standards of the launch site and peaks when the “ A launch vehicle provides already published or still in progress spacecraft is finally mated with the the velocity needed by are provided in the standard formatting launch vehicle. In general, spacecraft a spacecraft to escape process to illustrate how practices of the operations conducted on the launch launch business that were established base involve both spacecraft and launch Earth’s gravity and set it independently on several continents can vehicle teams. on its course.” merge into a single approach.

18 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

Standard format acteristics, a detailed presentation of the for interface documents launch vehicle to spacecraft interfaces and launch facilities to spacecraft interfaces, Standard format A series of three documents pro- and an inventory of the launch services. for test reports poses a standard presentation format of It clearly defines the launch system capa- the overall procedure necessary to define bilities and limitations and explains the ISO/CD 19933, Format for space- the respective technical requirements of resulting potential constraints imposed craft launch environment test report, is spacecraft and launch vehicle contractors by the launch system on the spacecraft at the committee draft stage. It is devot- when launching commercial or scientific design or integration procedure. ed to launch vehicle agencies for assess- spacecraft by means of any of the exist- ISO 17401:2004, Spacecraft inter- ment of SC qualification to the launch ing commercial launch systems. face requirements document for launch environmental conditions. The specified These standards, though dealing vehicle services, includes the overall format of presentation has been applied with similar topics, are very comple- requirements of the spacecraft customer satisfactorily for many years by most of mentary because they are each treated for a specific mission, in relation to the the commercial launch vehicle systems from a different perspective. A detailed launch facilities and services offered by in agreement with the worldwide com- description of this series was published the launch agency as described in the cor- munity of spacecraft manufacturers. in the ISO Focus March 2004, and is responding user’s manual. This document is focused on the summarized below. It is presented in the form of a ques- definition of the format of test result presen- The main subjects incorporate tionnaire that the space contractor must tation in order to provide a comprehensive mechanical, electrical, radio frequency fill in. The latter will provide a general test report within the scope of the launch and electromagnetic interfaces, launch description of the spacecraft and related environment qualification process. In this vehicle and spacecraft mission charac- mission, detailed information about the respect, the definition of test specifications teristics, verification analyses and tests, spacecraft to launch vehicle and space- and test requirements is left to launch vehi- and launch range operations. The infor- craft to ground facilities interfaces, and cle user’s manuals. Only those test results mation should be provided in drawings the list of requested launch services. that have the major objective of demon- and in tabular or narrative format with ISO 15863:2003, Spacecraft-to- strating the compliance of a given space- figures. launch-vehicle interface control docu- craft design with its launch vehicle envi- ISO 14303:2002, Launch vehi- ment, is the contractual document that ronment are taken into consideration. cle to spacecraft interfaces, includes a verifies and controls the compatibility comprehensive presentation of the major between the spacecraft and the launch “ ISO meetings remind topics that are usually incorporated in a vehicle for a specific mission. us permanently that the launch vehicle user’s manual. It is written by the launch vehi- Written by the launch vehicle cle contractor in response to the interface scientific language is authority and intended for use by custom- requirement document submitted by the universal.” ers, it contains: a general description of spacecraft contractor, revised periodically The major subjects included in the launch vehicle and launch base char- by both parties and amended on the basis this standard are the following: descrip- of a common agreement. This document tion of test article physical and functional specifies the customer dedicated launch configurations including deviations from About the author vehicle mission, establishes the space- flight configuration; description of test craft to launch vehicle and spacecraft to Philippe Boland, a member of TC 20/SC facility configuration including possible launch facilities interfaces, and defines 14, Space systems and operations, WG 2, constraints and limitations; description the launch services required in relation to Interfaces, integration and tests is Head of of test sequence and methodology, test the preparation of the spacecraft and its the French Delegation and Project Leader, flow, supporting analyses, input param- integration on the launch vehicle. and studied as a Physicist Engineer and eters, tolerances, limits, instrumentation Doctor in Applied Mathematics at the and success criteria. University of Louvain, Belgium. The format of presentation of test He has worked as a visiting scientist at the results is, in general, very specific to the University of California San Diego (1974), type of test in question. In this context, the a research affiliate at the Jet Propulsion format of the test results section is divid- Laboratory, Pasadena (1975), Attitude ed in several subsections, correspond- control & mission analysis specialist for ing to the common tests that are gener- European Space Agency (1976-1981) and a System studies specialist : Arianespace ally required to qualify spacecraft to the (1982-mid 2004). Philippe Boland, now launch vehicle flight environment. Each retired from Arianespace, is an Expert for section contains the format of appropri- the BNAE (Bureau de Normalisation de ate tables with a thorough description of l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace). the associated parameters.

ISO Focus October 2005 19 Main Focus

The following series of typical tests are considered : static load, modal survey, sine vibration, acoustic noise, random vibration, shock and electromagnetic compatibility. Note that the architecture of the format of ISO/CD 19933 is in line with the overall guidelines of ISO/CD 17566, General test documentation, with the objective of generating a self-contained document. This latter document specifies the format of presentation of spacecraft test plan, test specification, procedure and report. These topics are combined in ISO/CD 19933 to form the comprehensive and compact launch environmental test report requested by launch vehicle service providers.

The benefits of standard formats International ISO meetings remind us perma- collaboration nently that the scientific language is universal. Despite their various technical cul- makes a deep tures and backgrounds, launch vehicle impact in space and spacecraft experts from Brazil, Chi- na, Europe, Japan, Russia and the USA have always come to a consensus on the by Dr. John D. Kelley, NASA (Top) ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft. (Insert) Deep many technical subjects that are discussed impact from Rosetta. © Courtesy of NASA at length during the working group meet- Headquarters Program Executive ings. The group first raises the issues of for Communications and Data common concepts and similar methods Standards in the Office of Space Impact spacecraft, space telescopes and then examines specificities from indi- Operations Hubble, Chandra, Spitzer, and SWAS, vidual entities, in order to decide to what NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN), n July 4th of this year, space extent they can be integrated in future and even the European Space Agency’s enthusiasts around the world standards. This technique enables stand- own comet chaser Rosetta. The use of scanned televisions, computer ard formats to be adopted on a worldwide O CCSDS-developed standards on these monitors and the sky hoping to catch a basis as they are published. missions, and on others recording the glimpse of NASA’s Deep Impact, the kind As a result, spacecraft operators event, also made Deep Impact the most of action-packed event in space that most and manufacturers have a very efficient standardized, CCSDS-intensive event of us here on Earth have only seen in a way of exchanging technical informa- in space to date. movie theatre. But as onlookers await- tion with launch vehicle service provid- CCSDS was established in ed a sign that the mission’s Volkswagen ers. With only one standard document, 1982 by ten of the world’s most influ- Beetle-sized impactor had indeed met its spacecraft operators can address launch ential space agencies as a multi-nation- target comet, they, along with ISO and requests to several launch agencies at the al forum focused on the discussion of the Consultative Committee for Space same time, whereas with a unique stand- common space communications issues. Data Systems (CCSDS), were making ard format, spacecraft manufacturers are A pathfinder in international collabora- a bit of history themselves. in a position to control technical inter- tion in space since its inception, CCSDS Individuals on the ground, a faces with the various launch service quickly grew into a global organization fleet of space telescopes, and dozens providers they are working with. dedicated to the development of space of ground observatories located world- Obviously this process results in data communications solutions. wide made Deep Impact one of the a substantial reduction of workload and As international cooperation in world’s largest astronomical observa- associated cost for everyone, and also space has grown over the years, so has tion campaigns ever. Observers with minimizes the risk of errors, omissions the need for international standardiza- communications enhanced by ISO- and misunderstandings. tion. To meet this need, subcommittee SC CCSDS standards included the Deep 13, Space data and information transfer

20 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

systems, of ISO’s technical committee associated with the exploration of Mars. ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, CCSDS has produced more than thirty was formed to address the standardiza- ISO standards, with another sixteen cur- screens of the control room at NASA’s tion of data/information systems asso- rently under review. Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, ciated with space instruments, vehicles This ongoing cooperative rela- California at 5:52:24 Universal Time. and supporting ground facilities. tionship between ISO and CCSDS pro- The European Space Agency’s comet CCSDS has maintained a close vides a valuable mechanism that ensures chaser Rosetta was one of those with a working relationship with ISO through information sharing on space communi- front row seat in space. TC 20 / SC 13. The value of this relation- cations technologies continues to occur To help alleviate the concern ship is measured in part by the success on a global scale. This month, ISO/TC that flying debris from the collision of multi-mission, multi-agency space 20/SC 13 and the CCSDS Management might put at risk valuable data collected events like the one focused on NASA’s Council will convene their bi-annual by the Deep Impact spacecraft, many of Deep Impact mission, and the influence meetings in Washington, D.C. on the the world’s space agencies collaborated of the relationship evidenced by the heels of a historic summer in space for on a network of both space and ground- increasing number of CCSDS-compat- both NASA and the world. based observatories to record the Deep ible products developed by the commer- While countless onlookers Impact event. Enabled by some of the cial space industry. But perhaps the most hoped to witness Deep Impact, the his- same ISO-CCSDS standards, key observer important indicator of the success of this tory-making event with the Hollywood Rosetta and the Deep Impact spacecraft relationship thus far is the steady rise in name, only a privileged few saw the bright were able to send data back to Earth in acceptance of ISO-CCSDS standards by flash of light that also appeared on the near-real time during the event. But it mission planners worldwide. was Rosetta with its powerful remote- To date mission planners on sensing instruments that was best able more than 300 national and multi- “CCSDS has produced more to monitor the target comet continu- national missions to space have chosen than thirty ISO standards, ously over an extended period of time, to fly using these standards, including providing researchers with some of the NASA’s Deep Impact mission, ESA’s with another sixteen pre-impact and follow-up observations Rosetta mission, and every spacecraft currently under review.” essential to a successful scientific out-

Artist Pat Rawlings gives us a look at the moment of impact and the forming of the crater.

forth by NASA’s Deep Impact team, come for the Deep Impact mission. but much of the scientific story may Currently on its own 7.1 bil- still lie in the gigabytes of data sent lion kilometre journey to Comet 67P/ back by Rosetta and other observers. Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Rosetta is In particular, an analysis of data sent one of ESA’s most demanding missions back from the Deep Impact spacecraft in terms of ground station requirements. may reveal what lies beneath the sur- During critical mission phases, Rosetta © NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD face of the comet and perhaps even uses the data communications services This image shows the initial ejecta that shed light on the origins of the Solar of NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN), resulted when NASA’s Deep Impact probe System. To minimize the risk of losing the largest and most sensitive scientific collided with comet Tempel 1 at 10:52 p.m. this valuable data and to ensure a relia- telecommunications system in the world. Pacific time, July 3 (1:52 a.m. Eastern time, ble bidirectional flow of data occurred, DSN stations use ISO-accepted CCSDS July 4) . the Deep Impact mission chose to use Space Link Extension (SLE) services to and costly. SLE services extend exist- one of CCSDS’ newest internationally facilitate interoperability for both NASA ing CCSDS-developed ISO standards accepted standards, the CCSDS File user facilities and international custom- for space links to include the exchange Delivery Protocol (CFDP). ers alike. They also require that space- of spacecraft data between ground ele- craft they support, like Rosetta, use the ments, and offer cost savings potential same standards for both forward and through the use of common equipment return data traffic. at ground stations as well as a standard In the past, tracking, telemetry user interface. and command cross-support between International partners collabo- ESA and NASA meant installing and rating through CCSDS first looked at the operating user equipment on the pro- development of SLE services in the ear- vider side, which was time consuming ly 1990s. As development of the recom- mendation matured in the mid-1990s, a groundbreaking decision was made by About the author the ESA INTEGRAL mission to adopt SLE for cross-support from NASA’s Dr. John D. DSN stations, which accelerated SLE- The Deep Impact icon shows the partnership Kelley is the among the University of Maryland, Jet NASA Head- related activities within CCSDS to com- Propulsion Laboratory and Ball Aerospace & quarters Program pletion. Technologies Corp. © NASA Executive for Eventually, NASA’s CONTOUR Communications mission, developed by the Johns Hop- The world’s leading space com- and Data Stand- kins University Applied Physics Labora- munications experts working within ards in the tory, would be the first mission to launch CCSDS collaborated at bi-annual work- Office of Space using SLE services in July 2002. But ing group sessions, similar to those that Operations. since that first pioneering step towards took place last month in Atlanta, Geor- With decades of the use of CCSDS SLE by the INTE- gia (USA), to first standardize CFDP. leadership experience in the development GRAL mission, SLE has become the They defined the protocol according to of information systems and operations predominant international standard sup- space file transfer requirements artic- programmes for scientific data, communications and engineering, Dr. Kelley serves porting interoperability between mission ulated by CCSDS participating space in dual roles within the CCSDS as both user facilities and ground station facil- agencies, including those of NASA, the Chair of its Management Council and ities owned and managed by different the European Space Agency (ESA), the as its Secretariat. In addition, Dr. Kelley is organizations. British National Space Centre (BNSC), the Secretariat of ISO TC 20 / SC 13. By facilitating cross-support the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales As the NASA and United States represent- between missions and agencies, SLE (CNES) and the Japan Aerospace Explo- ative for Data and Information Standards, is a truly international standard in both ration Agency (JAXA). he heads a delegation focused on space development and use. It has allowed The first US mission to com- communications standards that enhance NASA’s DSN to play an important role mit to this technology was the NASA / interoperability, reduce costs and promote in the success of ESA’s Rosetta mission, Johns Hopkins University Applied Phys- the use of shared space applications. and in turn, has allowed ESA’s Rosetta ics Laboratory MESSENGER mission Dr. Kelley holds a PhD in Public Adminis- tration, a Masters of Public Administration mission to play an important role in the to the planet Mercury, but Deep Impact and a Masters of Science from the Univer- success of NASA’s Deep Impact. was the first NASA JPL mission to use sity of Southern California, as well as a The July 4 th impact certain- CFDP for data transfer from ground to Bachelors of Science from the U.S. Naval ly marked a high point in a seven-year spacecraft (uplink) and from spacecraft Academy. engineering and navigation effort put to ground (downlink).

22 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

The decision to use CFDP paid With space programmes around off. During Deep Impact’s cruise phase, the world facing budget cuts and resource CFDP uplinked thousands of files to the allocation, CFDP, like SLE discussed makes it critical to successful commu- spacecraft, including new flight software previously, also benefits missions by nications on deep space missions like loads, commands and tables. CFDP also providing cost savings potential. CFDP Deep Impact, and will make it highly successfully downlinked well over a hun- allows an instrument to record an obser- applicable to future lunar exploration dred thousand files during this time. vation in a file and transmit the file to missions and missions to Mars. During the encounter phase, earth without having to consider wheth- The CCSDS became a pioneer CFDP downlinked approximately 10 206 er or not physical transmission is possi- in international cooperation in space by files from the Deep Impact spacecraft, ble at that time. Sequestering outbound providing an environment that fosters or about 2.4 Gigabytes of data and data management and transmission plan- collaboration and information-sharing images. Files were uplinked in “ relia- ning functions within CFDP can simplify between the world’s space agencies. ble ” mode, which ensured a complete flight and ground software, which reduc- Now a model of international collabo- and accurate file transfer. Files were es mission costs – an important benefit ration, CCSDS participation includes downlinked from both spacecraft in to today’s lower cost missions. space communications experts from “unreliable” mode to save bandwidth Nevertheless, the most striking 32 space agencies and 28 countries, all due to the large volume. benefit remains CFDP’s ability to main- committed to developing the best engi- CFDP enabled the bidirection- tain high data transfer reliability even neered space communications recom- al flow of this important data between across interplanetary distances which mendations in the world. Deep Impact spacecraft and Earth using powerful forward error correction cod- ing that minimizes data loss in communication across deep space. CFDP also supports optional “ acknowledged ” modes of operation during which data loss is automatically detected and a retransmission of the lost data is automatically requested. This design allows CFDP to function reliably despite the long data propagation delays and fre- quent, lengthy interruptions in connec- tivity experienced in deep space by missions like Deep Impact.

This artist’s animation depicts one of the most “ Through its partnership widely accepted theories pertaining to the with ISO, CCSDS will move origin of comets. The Deep Impact poster. © NASA forward in supporting the © NASA/JPL-Caltech Through its partnership with efforts of NASA, ESA, and ISO, CCSDS will move forward in sup- other space agencies.” porting the efforts of NASA, ESA, and other space agencies in using joint com- While NASA JPL’s CFDP team munications assets for future missions worked closely with the flight software through the continued development of team to ensure that CFDP performed new protocols that advance both commer- correctly, CFDP was also integrated into cial and governmental interoperability in NASA JPL’s multi-mission ground system space. New possibilities for cooperation for use by future missions. Incorporating will continue to emerge as delegates to an internationally-accepted standard file both TC 20/SC 13 and the CCSDS Man- transfer protocol, like CFDP, into NASA agement Council remain committed to JPL’s multi-mission ground system pro- growing strong relations between their vides missions with a way to get data, like respective national space agencies and large image files for example, faster and those of other delegates. more reliably than by having to devel- Comet Tempel’s silhouette – This false-colour image shows comet Tempel 1 about 50 op their own software in order to create minutes after Deep Impact’s probe smashed products from the telemetry stream, as into its surface. required in the past. © NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD

ISO Focus October 2005 23 Main Focus © ISO

Data quality is critical requirements applicable to the origina- ISO standards tion and publication of airport mapping, as a launch pad However, the performance of such terrain, and obstacle (AMTO) data from applications is highly dependent upon creation through the entire life cycle of the quality of the terrain, obstacle and the data. They also provide guidance to data aerodrome . The standardization of assess compliance and determination by Stéphane Dubet, civil aviation the provision and exchange of supporting of the levels of confidence that need data, and the definition of appropriate to be reached to support the types of engineer in the French General quality data specifications are of para- user application. Directorate for Civil Aviation mount importance in order to guarantee (DGAC) the expected benefits of these applications. This standardization process was ital efforts to enhance air safe- Data interchange carried out within a joint EUROCAE standards ty and efficiency result from (WG 44) and RTCA (SC-193) Work- V efforts to improve pilots’ situa- ing Group, involving the International But these standards were not in tional awareness. To this end, on-board Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), themselves sufficient. The operational applications relying on terrain, obstacle EUROCONTROL, the US Federal Avi- use of accurate, reliable and up-to-date and airport databases are increasing- ation Administration (FAA), the French data also implies an interchange proc- ly being developed : terrain awareness General Directorate for Civil Aviation ess between data originators, integra- warning systems, runway incursion pre- (DGAC), aircraft manufacturers (Air- tors, and users based on common agreed vention systems, and more generally bus and Boeing), and airlines, avion- information interchange standards. synthetic vision systems. The under- ics manufacturers, data originators and These standards would then be a foun- lying philosophy is to make additional integrators. dation upon which the tailored end-user but relevant information available to This international effort led to the applications may be built. So EURO- pilots to assist them in their decision- publication in 2001 of two documents: CAE WG-44 / RTCA SC-193 was asked making process. user requirements for terrain and obsta- to develop interchange standards for cle data (ED-98 / DO-276) and user AMTO data. It decided to use the ISO requirements for aerodrome mapping 19100 framework, because this stand- information (ED-99 / DO-272). These ard specifies methods, tools and serv- standards define the minimum user ices for data management, processing,

24 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

accessing, presenting and transferring This approach provides the required digital geo-spatial information between levels of data interchange and sharing different users, systems and loca- as defined by EUROCAE and RTCA, The standards developed by EURO- tions. since interoperability among different CAE (see box on page 27) and RTCA The interchange standard for AMTO physical formats will be assured by (see box on page 26) provide the basis data, also known as EUROCAE ED-119 complying with this standard. for AMTO data bases to be directly load- / RCTA DO-291, was written as a Data ed in airborne systems. An example of Product Specification and followed the this process is currently occurring for structure provided by ISO 19131, Geo- airport navigation systems ; today, tax- graphic Information, Data Product Spec- iing within airports is one of the most ification. Application schemas were critical phases of flight. developed, including the definition of Flight crews receive taxi guidance geometrical representations, metadata instructions and traffic advisories via and a feature catalogue according to radio communications with air traffic the relevant ISO 19100 standards. The control. In order to find their way on standards were used as guidelines to the airport surface, they try to match the create an ISO 19100 profile for AMTO Depiction of ATLANTA airport database on a received information with what is plotted databases. Geographic Information System. on the airport charts and airport taxi sig- nage. This method of guidance generally Work facilitated by is adequate during clear weather. How- ever, as weather conditions deteriorate, ISO 19100 standards at night, or under high workload condi- The use of the ISO 19100 standards tions, maintaining positional awareness greatly facilitated the progress of the with regard to obstacles, active runways Working Group, since there were not and other traffic on the surface becomes enough aviation-specific requirements increasingly difficult. In these situations, for geo-spatial metadata and geometry uncertainties can arise that, in the best definitions to create them as stand-alone case, reduce flow rates, and in the worst standards. Moreover, at the implemen- case, increase the likelihood of a surface tation level, the standards can be direct- accident and/or a runway incursion. ly used to create applications based on common industry implementation Perspective map display with traffic and route Runway incursions have specifications such as the Geography information. been deadly Mark-up Language (GML), enabling the re-usage of non-specific software Runway incursions, defined as an components for AMTO information. authorized entry by an aircraft or vehicle into protected areas surrounding active runways, have caused several severe acci- dents, including the largest accident ever About the author in civil aviation : the collision of two B- 747s at Tenerife airport in 1977 with 583 Stéphane Dubet is a civil aviation casualties. Recently, ground collisions engineer in the at Taipei in October 2000 and at Milan French General in 2001, with a large number of casual- Directorate for ties, have reminded the public of the haz- Civil Aviation ard potential of runway incursions. The (DGAC). Cur- Plan view map display. United States’ National Transportation rently Head of Safety Board records that the number of Research and runway incursions increased by 71 per- Development in cent from 1993 to 1999. the Aeronautical Systems using aerodrome databases Information Service (SIA) of France’s Air should help greatly to ease taxi opera- Navigation Services Directorate, he has been involved in several international standardi- tions on aircraft by providing an air- zation activities (ICAO, EUROCONTROL, craft’s position overlaid on the airport etc.). Since 2001, he has chaired Working map. Starting from 2006, the On-board Group 44 of EUROCAE, covering terrain, Map display with runway incursion alerting on Airport Navigation System will be ful- obstacle and airport mapping databases. final approach. ly integrated in the cockpit of the new

ISO Focus October 2005 25 RTCA

Main Focus RTCA, Inc. is a private, not-for-profit corporation that develops consensus-based recommendations regarding communications, navigation, sur- veillance, and air traffic management (CNS/ATM) system issues. RTCA functions as a Federal Advisory Com- mittee. Its recommendations are used by the Federal Aviation Administra- tion (FAA) as the basis for policy, programme, and regulatory decisions and by the private sector as the basis for development, investment and other business decisions. Instrument approach procedure surfaces The same digital terrain model as on the overlaid with a digital terrain mode. Organized in 1935 as the Radio Tech- left picture, embedded in a digital aerial nical Commission for Aeronautics, photography. RTCA today includes roughly 250 The on-board airport government, industry and academic navigation system will be organizations from the United States integrated in the Airbus and around the world. Member orga- A 380. nizations represent all facets of the aviation community, including government organizations, airlines, air- space user and airport associations, labour unions, plus aviation service and equipment suppliers. A sampling of its domestic membership includes the Federal Aviation Administration, Air Line Pilots Association, Air Trans- port Association of America, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, ARINC Incorporated, Avwrite, The Boeing Company, Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, GARMIN Airport navigation function, arc view of Airbus A380 using aerodrome databases International, Honeywell Internation- Toulouse airport, range 0,5 NM. according to an airborne airport database al, Inc., The Johns Hopkins Univer- format (ARINC 816) derived from ED- sity, Lockheed Martin, MIT Lincoln 119 / DO-291. This airborne standard tion was the obvious answer. The inter- Laboratory, MITRE/CAASD, NASA, will define a single open encoding for- change standards for AMTO data, based National Business Aviation Associa- mat for airport data bases to be directly on ISO documents, have thus become tion, and Raytheon. loaded in airborne systems. the applicable documents for this avi- Because RTCA interests are interna- onics standard. tional in scope, many non-US gov- When ARINC 816 is achieved, Airport data bases inside the complete airport database process every aircraft ernment and business organizations also belong to RTCA. They current- will be guaranteed through standard- When designed and implement- ly are supported by approximately ized documents. This will allow com- ed, it should enable a quick, economic 60 International Associates such as petition between several data base ven- and efficient use of airport data bases Airservices Australia, Airways Cor- dors, without adverse impact on the air- inside every aircraft. Because of the poration of New Zealand, the Chi- borne system. Indeed, the application of tight schedule to define this standard, nese Aeronautical Radio Electron- the ISO 19000 series of standards has a “re-use” policy regarding specifica- ics Research Institute (CARERI), led to a data base processing chain ful- EUROCONTROL, NAV Canada, Pil- ly free from any proprietary techniques. atus Aircraft Limited, Smiths Indus- The global standardization framework “ The use of accurate for geographic information provided by data also implies an tries, Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Thales Avionics Limited, ISO has thus become a key enabler for interchange between data the United Kingdom Civil Aviation a major situational awareness applica- Authority and many more. tion to be implemented shortly aboard originators and users new generation aircraft such as the Air- based on common agreed RTCA has proven to be an excellent bus A380. information standards.” means for developing government/ industry consensus on contemporary 26 ISO Focus October 2005 CNS/ATM issues. EUROCAE Aerospace : the new frontier The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment was formed at LUCERNE on the 24th April, 1963. At that time, there was no regular forum in Europe where administrations, airlines and industry could meet to discuss technical problems. EUROCAE was created to fill this gap. EUROCAE started the preparation of minimum performance specifications for airborne electronic equipment. This work was noted and supported from 1967 by the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC). ECAC later proposed to European National Airworthiness Authori- ties to take EUROCAE specifications as the basis of their national regulations. Today, EUROCAE documents are considered by Joint Aviation Authori- ties as means of compliance to Joint Technical Standard Orders and other regulatory documents. EUROCAE has extended its activity from airborne equipment to com- plex CNS/ATM systems including their ground segment. The related documentation is also considered by Eurocontrol and by the Europe- an Commission. The main European administrations, aircraft manufacturers, equipment manufacturers and service providers are members of EUROCAE, and they actively participate in the working groups which prepare these documents. EUROCAE’s member countries are : Austria Italy n the late 1960s the rapid growth Belgium Romania Standards for the in air transport ushered in by the Canada Singapore evolving market Ijet age was given further impetus Czech Republic Spain through the introduction of the first Denmark Sweden of air cargo and wide-body aircraft. Finland Switzerland It is no coincidence that ISO/TC 20/ France The Netherlands aircraft ground SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment, Germany United Kingdom equipment also started in the late 1960s when the Ireland USA essential task was defining the standards for all sorts of then totally new equipment needed to service the new breed of aeroplanes. by Jean-Jacques Machon, Such a task, by its nature, is never Head, French delegation totally completed. New aircraft are intro- of ISO/TC 20/SC 9 duced, requiring new methods of handling.

ISO Focus October 2005 27 Main Focus

Existing aircraft have long lives, requiring “ While technology ards must be primarily applied by validating existing methods and acquired equipment manufacturers. experience. After dealing with technolo- changed, the nature and gy changes in, for example, containers or organization of the industry Market evolution aircraft towing, SC 9 has studied the intro- were also changing, duction of regional aircraft – more region- Such changes led SC 9 to adapt its al jets are put into service each year than affecting the market standards to market evolution. Among the total of larger aircraft. Its July 2004 for which standards are the highlights : meeting was in Dresden, at a company in developed.” the growing business of converting passenger aeroplanes to freighters ; it is now About the author preparing standards to support entry into the ground – ground support equipment service of the A380, the first aircraft with (GSE). Manufacturers of CLS, ULD Jean-Jacques three full length decks. and GSE are more numerous than air- Machon, a grad- framers, but are still concentrated in a uate engineer of Aircraft on the ground few countries. The users of equipment the French Ecole – mainly airlines and airport handling Nationale While technology changed, the services providers – can be in the thou- Supérieure de nature and organization of the indus- sands. And significant market changes l’Aéronautique, try were also changing, affecting the have recently taken place : was responsible, market for which standards are devel- for over 20 years, Airport handling is, increasingly, sub- oped. SC 9 standardizes the interface for worldwide contracted from airlines themselves technical cargo between aircraft and their servicing to numerous service providers. Those and ramp affairs in Air France, as aircraft equipment. The market includes sev- providers do not necessarily share the handling manager then VP for aircraft and eral tiers, from the airframers – very same aeronautical culture. airports. He is a consultant in airline ground few in number – to makers of airborne operations and cargo systems. He contrib- equipment such as cargo loading sys- Service providers and most airlines utes to several European and USA standards tems (CLS) and unit load devices (ULD) now purchase most of their equip- organizations, and heads the French delega- to servicing equipment that remains on ment off-the-shelf. Thus, ISO stand- tion to ISO/TC 20/SC 9.

28 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

Safety imperatives have always Panel and, for GSE, Ramp Services come first, particularly for airborne Group), SAE 2) (AGE-2 committee equipment such as ULD – contain- with a scope equivalent to SC 9’s, ers, pallets and nets. But it became and G-12 for de-icing), AEA3), and A mature industry which obvious over time that, in addition CEN 4)/TC 274 (airport equipment) still changes to properly designed equipment, the in relation to all staff safety issues The future work programme remains way it was used was essential for on GSE. It wishes to record its grati- solid, with new areas such as : safety. So SC 9 started develop- tude for the cooperation provided by ing standards for operational use of these organizations. Standards for new GSE (passengers, equipment, increasingly referred to catering, loaders) to safely reach the as technical guidance by civil avia- upper deck of A380s, more than 8 m. “ Air cargo and ground above ground level. tion authorities and, sometimes, the equipment have become International Civil Aviation Organi- The implications of new technology zation (ICAO). They aim to provide, mature industries. research – which will become nec- through local services providers, the They progress by essary with increased ground pow- same standards at all airports. incremental steps with er and changed engine start requirements on aircraft such as the future each new generation “ all electric ” B787. of aircraft.” Air cargo and ground equipment have become mature industries. They Technological progress by incremental steps with each development new generation of aircraft. TC 20/SC Recent or current SC 9 projects 9, together with its cooperating indus- include all the latest technological devel- try groups, will cope with the technol- opments affecting ground handling of ogy challenges. But some tougher chal- aircraft and cargo: lenges will go beyond the technical. Few countries have top level exper- WG 1, aircraft de-icing, constantly tise in the areas concerned. And so, it updates standards concerning this is hoped that recent or new members essential function: one of its char- such as Brazil or China, in the proc- acteristics is that it is both a high- ess of developing an active aviation ly scientific area, with permanent industry, will take an increasing part. laboratory testing going on, and a But the toughest challenge may be to constantly changing one : details of enrol a new generation of experts to methods and fluid specifications are maintain the necessary work of SC 9. revised every year based on operat- In this, the active involvement of all ing experience for the past winter P-members will be required. season as well as changing aerody- Among the abiding technical ques- namic knowledge. tions, this will be a topic at the next Source : Airbus (computer generated images). Airbus : Source WG 2, airworthiness, undertook a TC 20/SC 9 November 2005 meet- For GSE there is no universal regu- large project, to replace the 40 year- ing in Colombo (Sri Lanka) where latory requirement. In order to meet old criteria used for certification of Amsafe is conducting, on its behalf, the standardization objective without air cargo ULD by a modernized doc- a long-term research programme on hampering technical creativity, SC 9 ument, intended as a reference for environmental testing of air cargo tex- standards are expressed in function- civil aviation authorities’ approval tile materials. al and performance requirements, procedures. It will be accompanied leaving open the variety of techni- by a series of ancillary standards on 1) International Air Transport Association cal designs that can be used. Special test methods. 2) Society of Automotive Engineers attention is paid to aeroplane safe- In the GSE area, standards were ty but also, increasingly, to airport 3) Association of European Airlines developed to address the new tech- staff safety requirements. 4) Comité Européen de Normalisation nology of towing aircraft without Considerable work takes place with the use of tow bars and traditional other organizations, before anything tractors, while protecting aeroplane is proposed as an ISO standard. Thus landing gear against any risk of dam- SC 9 cooperates with IATA1) (ULD age.

ISO Focus October 2005 29 Main Focus Aircraft hydraulic systems by Martin Hübner, Chair, ISO/TC 20/SC 10, Aerospace fluid systems and components

lmost all modern aircraft use hydraulic systems – general- Aly, applied to flight controls and landing gear. Such applications, one assumes, were not imagined by the inventor of hydraulics, Ctesibius of Alexandria (285-222 BC) nor by their re-inventor Benedetto Castelli (1578-1643 AD), a student of Gali- leo Galilei.

“ A harmonized and reduced diversity of parts, achieved through International Standards, Integrity under extreme Standardization and greatly improves the cost conditions maintenance effectiveness of such Aircraft and spacecraft both have International standardization is par- customer support.” the highest requirements for the integ- ticularly important in relation to main- rity and reliability of hydraulic sys- tenance. Modern aircraft have a work- Aircraft engines produce the neces- tems, under extreme conditions of use. ing life of several decades. That entails sary pressure and flow which are trans- ISO/TC 20/SC 10, Aerospace fluid sys- close attention to testing and replace- mitted, via thousands of metres of pipes, tems and components, has determined ment of components according to spec- hoses and fittings, to actuators work- to fulfil those requirements by creating ified schedules and avoidance of any ing on brake flaps or landing gear. For international rules, specifications and unnecessary ground time. An aircraft safety reasons two, three or four inde- test methods. Its work programme rec- earns money only when it is flying. pendent hydraulic circuits are installed ognizes the importance of including all Worldwide customer support systems on every aircraft. The architecture of involved parties such as airframe manu- these circuits ensures that a hydrau- facturers, airlines, equipment suppliers lic failure in one of them leads only to and airworthiness authorities. Anoth- About the author the loss of some so-called “ redundan- er vital aspect of aerospace standardization is to consider the whole prod- Martin Hübner cies ”. All the functions necessary for has worked in uct life cycle – from concept, through safe flight and landing remain availa- the standardiza- ble. Even in the event of total engine design, manufacture, maintenance and tion department failure, vital hydraulic functions con- recycling. of Airbus tinue to work, taking their energy from The development of standards requires Germany, since a special propeller (Ram air turbine), in close teamwork among specialists in a graduating from order to control the aircraft. variety of specialist fields. Membership the Technical of SC 10 includes expert representatives University of from them all ; and SC 10 is in close con- Darmstadt, tact with European and American stand- Germany, in 1) ASD is the Aerospace and Defence 1) 2001. He is responsible for mechanical Industries Association of Europe ardization organizations such as ASD (formally AECMA) and SAE 2). standard parts. Mr. Hübner has chaired 2) SAE is the Society of Automotive ISO/TC 20/SC 10 since 2003 and can be Engineers reached at [email protected]

30 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

to provide spare parts within hours are is an amazing, deplorable – and costly necessary to satisfy demands, whether – anachronism. they be in Tokyo, Sydney, New York or Member countries of SC 10 are : Düsseldorf – at very short notice, and Who’s who … France, Germany, USA, UK, Japan, for all parts of every aircraft currently China, Republic of Korea, Russia and in service. This implies a tremendous The structure of TC 20/SC 10 Ukraine. logistical effort. A harmonized and is as follows : Chair, Martin Hübner reduced diversity of parts, achieved (Germany), Secretary, Jürgen Schwindt …and what’s what through International Standards, great- (Germany) Since its formation back in 1971, ly improves the cost effectiveness of Convenors : such customer support. Many airlines the main work of SC 10 has been the fly a diversity of aircraft types. But WG 01, Seals and seal retainers – development of specifications, defini- close teamwork between competitors Keith Allen (UK) tions and test methods for aerospace within the aircraft industry is still evi- WG 03, Tubing – Hans van der Velden fluid systems. The text of its very first dent – and enhanced by the standardi- (USA) resolution was : “ The cord section pre- zation process. Such harmonization is viously stated in ISO/TC 20 Resolu- one goal of SC 10. WG 04, Retaining devices for rigid tion 194 is amended to change the 7,1 and flexible tubes – Antony Olszak mm size to 7 mm.” As a result of more “ International (UK) than 30 years of work, today there are WG 05, Miscellaneous fluid pow- 68 ISO standards for aerospace fluid standardization is er and fuel systems – Terence Chin systems. Currently, 56 work items are particularly important in (USA) in progress in SC 10. Its 2005 plenary was held in Forth Worth, Texas in con- relation to maintenance.” WG 06, Couplings for rigid pipes – junction with the SAE 2005 AeroTech Oliver Harten (Germany) Congress & Exhibition. Higher pressures will WG 08, Hydraulic fluids and clean- Some of the standards developed by bring higher revenues liness – Francois Cros (France) SC 10 : Increased hydraulic pressure WG 09, Hydraulic power and actu- ISO 6771:1987, Aerospace – Fluid at 5 000 psi in the latest civil aircraft ation equipment – Peter Keenan systems and components – Pressure projects, versus 3 000 psi on today’s (UK) and temperature classifications aircraft allows a significant weight sav- WG 14, Hose assemblies – Al Baer ISO 11217:1993, Aerospace – ing, improves system reliability due to (USA). Hydraulic system fluid contamina- the smaller fittings and pipes, and eas- tion – Location of sampling points es equipment handling thanks to more and criteria for sampling compact components. It also saves volume on the aircraft, since less fluid is ISO 11218:1993, Aerospace – Clean- necessary. All this adds up to extra rev- liness classification for hydraulic enue payload. fluid The interests of the airframe ISO 12333:2000, Aerospace – Con- builder and those of the manufacturer stant displacement hydraulic motors of fittings, pipes and other equipment – General specification for 35 000 are merged within SC 10, in order to kPa systems establish common, worldwide, accepted standards for this new higher-pres- ISO 12334:2000, Aerospace – Hydrau- sure technology. lic, pressure-compensated, variable delivery pumps – General require- Military metrics ment for 35 000 kPa systems ISO 7169:1998, Aerospace – Sepa- Hydraulic systems are a main rable tube fittings for fluid systems, topic for SC 10, but not the only one. 24 degrees cone – General specifi- It also handles fuel and water systems cation and standards for military applications. One big difference between military and civil aviation is that military aircraft are designed using the metric system whereas civil aircraft use the inch system. This

ISO Focus October 2005 31 Main Focus

During More electrical the past dec- ade the world’s power please regulators, led by the FAA and JAA, have been in the process of by David T. Harrison, harmonizing the Chair, ISO/TC 20/SC 1, FARs and JARs. Aerospace electrical requirements This task is near- addition, the larger the aircraft and the ing completion and will result in interna- ith every new aircraft intro- longer its range, the more services each tional regulations that benefit the whole duced, the need for electrical passenger will require at his/her seat or aviation community. It should also be W power capacity increases. The bed for working or relaxing. understood that the authorities did this in age of the New Large Aircraft (NLA) The aircraft industry is also the a way so as to make the highest require- and More Electric Aircraft (MEA) has most regulated of the public transport ment become the revised regulation. arrived and research into the All Electric methods emanating from the Internation- Aircraft (AEA) continues apace. al Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Long-lasting airframes The More Electric Aircraft (MEA) at the international level and national for modern aircraft promises to be more efficient, more reli- regulatory authorities at the local levels. able, and more environmentally-friend- In the USA, the authority is the Feder- Purchasing modern aircraft is a ly. It could even be relatively cheaper al Aviation Administration (FAA), who major commitment, and for operators to manufacture than a conventional air- issues the Federal Aviation Regulations to make a profit and afford to buy new craft or engine. (FARs). In Europe, the Joint Aviation aircraft, the airframe, engines and sys- We also know that, even for those Authorities (JAA) consisting of nation- tems must have a long life cycle. Life MEA at the threshold of the new technol- al regulatory authorities agreed the Joint extension programmes for the airframe ogy, they will require to generate at least Aviation Regulations (JARs). The JAA have existed for many years, but for oth- 500 KVA (kilovolt amperes) to operate has recently been replaced by its suc- er components permanently fixed to the successfully. There are now no systems cessor organization, the European Air airframe, such as the Electrical Wiring on an aircraft that do not rely on elec- Safety Agency (EASA). Interconnection System (EWIS), simi- trical power for control or operation. In lar programmes have not.

32 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

In the USA, the Aging Transport Standards to reflect Systems Rulemaking Advisory Com- technology changes TC 20/SC 1 does not produce mittee (ATSRAC) investigated wheth- standards where other international bod- er this omission required addressing. Against this background TC 20/ ies, such as IEC, have existing standards The Transport Aircraft Intrusive Inspec- SC 1, Aerospace Electrical Require- that satisfy or can be modified to meet tion Project, which analyzed the wire ments, has been producing standards aerospace requirements. Two such stand- installations of six decommissioned which are relevant to international trade ards exist within IEC, one covering bat- aircraft, issued its report in December and enhance safety, reliability and inter- teries and the other insulating sleeves. 2000, concluding that further action operability, while recognizing changes In the first case, the standard was modi- was required. to the regulations governing the design, fied to include aircraft requirements, and Further international coopera- construction and tests imposed by the in the second TC 20/SC 1 produced a tion was followed by several commit- regulatory authorities. To date, TC 20/ technical report to specify those sleeves tees being formed to implement the rec- SC 1 has produced and maintains 54 in the IEC standard which met aircraft ommendations of the ATSRAC report, standards. requirements. with its final version on revised regula- In a similar exercise, a proposal tions due to be published at the end of “ With every new aircraft that SC 1 produce a test methods docu- 2005 or the beginning of 2006. introduced the need for ment for electrical connectors was held Most of the airframes and engines while a matrix was produced, compar- manufactured today are internation- electrical power capacity ing existing aerospace test methods with al projects, as are the systems fitted to increases.” a similar IEC standard. the aircraft, and the airlines that operate them cross many international borders each day.

About the author

David T. Harrison recently retired from British Airways where he was employed as an Avionic Standards Design Engineer. For most of his 46 years service, he was directly involved in component and materials standards, with particular responsibility for the electrical interconnection system on every aircraft and engine operated by BA. Mr. Harrison worked with many standards organizations including ISO, British Standards Institution, Society of British Aerospace Companies, Society of Auto- The secretariat is held by Chi- The impact of changes motive Engineers and ARINC, a company na (CARIS) and has seven participat- on existing specifications specializing in transportation communica- ing members: China, France, Germa- tions and systems engineering, and was a ny, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia As stated earlier, the changes member of the Aging Transport Systems and the United Kingdom. It is also in being introduced to the electrical sys- Rulemaking Advisory Committee task liaison with eight subcommittees of tems as a result of the development of group 6 dealing with the updating of the International Electrotechnical Com- the More Electrical Aircraft (MEA) are Federal Aviation Regulations and the related acceptable means of compliance. mission (IEC), European Association also changing the requirements in many He is currently Chair of the avionic of Aerospace Industries – Standardiza- existing specifications, which need to be committees of ISO/TC 20/SC 1, and BSI, tion (AECMA-STAN) and the European updated in a timely manner. ACE/6 and a member of the SBAC Organisation for Civil Aviation Equip- The airframe and engine manu- Engineering Standards Committee. ment (EUROCAE). facturers are the design authorities for

ISO Focus October 2005 33 Main Focus the platforms they produce and there are “ Best practice is not from Aging Transport Systems Rule- no rules which require them to provide making Advisory Committee. This is similar solutions to the problems they the prerogative of one a major task that has already stalled on encounter. They produce their own stand- manufacturer, organization one occasion but has recently restarted. ards and processes, which maintainers and or nation, but should be It will however require approximately modifiers are required to follow. Only if two years to produce a draft document the maintainers and modifiers are them- available to all.” and, once published, will need a stand- selves an approved design organization, ing working group to maintain it. can they differ from the airframe/engine Facing the challenges The More Electrical Aircraft manufacturer’s standard practices and, of aircraft electrical (MEA) have also highlighted an exist- in this case, they are required to prove systems ing problem that airframe manufactur- the suitability of the method they wish ers have been trying to control for a long to use to the regulatory authorities or get Best practice is not the preroga- time, that of the weight of the intercon- the approval of the original equipment tive of one manufacturer, organization nection system that is required to dis- manufacturer. or nation. It can result in enhanced safe- tribute such large amounts of power. The ty and should be available to all. Sever- airframe manufacturers when designing al national documents exist on the sub- an aircraft require a radical rethink of ject and SC 1 has a project to harmo- how this power is to be distributed and nize these, taking into account the pub- the way in which the weight of the Elec- lished regulatory documents as well as trical Wiring Interconnection System the recommendations and conclusions (EWIS) is to be limited. Higher operating voltages have already been men- tioned, closer tolerance conductors are Glossary already common use and aluminium conductors – once limited to use only in the larger size power cables – are being NLA A new large aircraft is one that developed for the smallest conductors can hold between 500 and 1 000 pas- used on present day aircraft. © Courtesy of Arianespace sengers and weighs in excess of 450 © Courtesy of Arianespace ISO 1540, Characteristics of air- tonnes. craft electrical systems, is an important MEA A more electrical aircraft is document to all those who specify or one moving towards replacing heavy intend to produce electrical systems or equipment with lighter electrical sys- components for aircraft. It was recent- tems, thereby allowing more passen- ly updated to include 230 VAC (volts gers and fuel. alternating current) systems. This is the voltage selected for a new platform AEA An all electrical aircraft envisages intended for the civil aircraft market. electrical power to move aircraft flight At the same time, the working group services, by replacing heavy, vulnera- proposed that the requirements for 270 ble systems such as hydraulic systems VDC (volts direct current) systems be that use flammable liquids. included. The committee turned that pro- KVA Kilovolt amperes. One ampere posal down, as it was considered likely is a unit of electric current equal to a All these set new challenges for only to be required in specialized mil- flow of one coulomb per second. standards writers in the future of the aer- itary applications and insufficient data ospace electrical fields, but one thing VAC would be available to produce an inter- volts alternating current is a cur- is quite clear : International business national standard. In addition the civil rent which reverses direction at regu- needs International Standards. aircraft operators had objected to its use lar intervals. on health and safety grounds. It would VDC volts direct current is a current appear that this decision was incorrect which does not change direction. and that a civil platform is being devel- EWIS electrical wiring interconnec- oped which uses 270 VDC. The need for tion system is the electrical connection this system must be revisited. between two or more points, including the associated termination devices and necessary means for its instal- lation and identification.

34 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

and services in civil and military sec- based consisting of Aerospatiale, Daim- Airbus : tors (including spares, training, sim- ler Chrysler Aerospace, BAeSystems flying high with ulators, tests software and associated and CASA, to the current single com- products). pany Airbus SAS. ISO standards We are proud of this achievement that compliments our mandato- Continual improvement ry approvals granted by the various Aviation Authorities around the world The practicality of the ISO by the Quality external affairs including the European Aviation Safe- 9001:2000 model fits very well with our high customer focus and policy staff of Airbus ty Agency (EASA), the Federal Avia- tion Administration (FAA) in the USA of continuous improvement. Airbus’ irbus is always striving for the and the China Administration of Civil highest standards. Delivering Aviation (CAAC). However, this cer- 1) During the Plenary Meeting of ISO/TC 20, A aircraft on time, on cost and on tification is only one major milestone held in Tokyo in 1997, aerospace industry quality – getting it right the first time – in our continual desire for sustained representatives from Europe and the Americas drives Airbus policy. Therefore it was improvement. It has been an extreme- proposed that a standard be drafted that would ly useful tool in respect of our organi- apply specifically to aerospace quality systems. natural that we should turn to ISO and This proposal involved simply adding specific look to meeting its International Stand- zational evolution, from a consortium- industry requirements to ISO 9001:1994 ards where applicable. without changing its original content. Currently we have ISO 9001:2000 “ The practicality of the Working Group WG 11 was set up for this and IAQS 9100 1) certification for our purpose and a final draft was agreed in 1999. global operations with a scope of : mar- ISO 9001:2000 model This draft was referred to the International keting and sales, design and engineer- fits very well with our Aerospace Quality Group (IAQG), which had ing, manufacturing, support functions, been established in 1998 with participation from high customer focus most of the world’s manufacturers of aircrafts management of industrial partnership, and policy of continuous and engines for aircrafts, in order to facilitate procurement, after sales and in-serv- the development of a standard to meet the needs ice support of all aerospace products improvement.” of the industry.

ISO Focus October 2005 35 Main Focus customers expect quality in the air- About Airbus craft they buy. It began 35 Safety, reliability, comfort and years ago with the maintenance costs are key areas where world’s first widebody quality is crucial in an airline’s judg- twin-engine passenger ment of an aircraft.

jet, the A300. Today S.A.S 2005 – H. Goussé Airbus © To achieve the very highest Airbus, headquartered standards in these and other aspects of in Toulouse, France, an aircraft’s facets and performance, produces a compre- the question of quality is addressed by hensive range of 12 Airbus at every stage – from design to aircraft – renowned final assembly and beyond. Repeat- for their fly-by-wire ed checks are made. Tests are applied. technology, common- Airbus ensures every supplier of parts ality and extensive use meets the strictest standards on qual- of composites – and ity. Defective work, parts and materi- employs 52 000 peo- als are rejected. ple worldwide. Airbus, since “ Safety, reliability, comfort 2001 a fully integrated and maintenance costs are single company, start- Masclet S.A.S 2005 – P. Airbus © ed life as a French-Ger- key areas where quality man consortium in 1970. Later it was joined by CASA of Spain and British Aer- is crucial in an airline’s ospace. Success grew with the widebody A300/A310 Family, the medium-range judgment of an aircraft." single aisle A320 Family and the long-range widebody A330/A340 Family. Today the product line includes the new 555-seat A380, the world’s big- gest and most advanced passenger aircraft. Airbus also plans to build the A350, When we review this process in a longer-range twin-engine aircraft. The company’s 16 manufacturing sites in terms of ISO 9001:2000, we can see France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom are formed into a range of how it reflects the standard from the Centres of Excellence covering all aspects of the aircraft design and produc- deployment of a management policy tion process and are complemented by subsidiaries in North America, China (section 5 of ISO 9001:2000) taking due and Japan, as well as a joint engineering centre in Russia. account of the customer requirements and through the various stages of product realization (section 7) to deliver the product that meets with customers’ sat- isfaction. To achieve consistency in our approach, we document our processes Environmental tion against ISO 14001:2004 by inte- (section 4) and ensure that we have the excellence grating both site and product aspects correct resources required to deliver the and embedding all Airbus activities by product through a highly skilled work- Airbus is also committed to the end of 2006. This innovative envi- force (section 6). Then through meas- designing, building and supporting main- ronmental integrated approach, support- urement analysis and improvement tenance of aircraft in a way, which min- ed by the European Commission, aims (section 8), coupled with management imizes environmental effects through- to conciliate current product life cycle review (section 5), we can see that we out its life cycle. To benchmark our assessment according to ISO 14040, have adopted a cycle of continuous approach, we have chosen to go for ISO Environmental management – Life cycle improvement. 14001:2004 certification. Airbus aims to assessment – Principles and framework, Within the aerospace world, we achieve ISO 14001:2004 certification for as well as the general guidelines pub- have built on ISO 9001:2000 through all its European sites by mid-2006. Fil- the International Aerospace Quality ton was the first to be certified in 2002 and five more at Broughton, Norden- Group (IAQG) to take into account 2) IAQG agreed that, rather than publishing some of the particularities of our indus- ham, Puerto Real, Toulouse Saint Eloi IAQS 9100 as the only standard common to all try coming from the statutory Avia- and Saint Nazaire were certified by the in the world, each area should be permitted to tion regulations. The Aviation version end of 2004. have its own version of the standard, but with the same content and standard identification EN/AS/SJAC 9100:2003 2) completely An additional step towards environmental excellence will be the number. This resulted in the publication in integrates ISO 9001:2000, our founda- the Americas of SAE AS 9100, in Europe of tion standard. achievement of a corporate certifica- AECMA EN 9100 and in Japan of SJAC 9100.

36 ISO Focus October 2005 Aerospace : the new frontier

lished by the Society of Environmen- tal Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) with the “ classical approach ” based on ISO 14001:2004. Through this approach, we will also build upon the synergies between both Quality and Environmental Systems. An obvious one is of course the audit process where we follow the ISO 19011 guidelines for our audit systems. In building a single audit system following the integration, the ISO 19011:2002, Guidelines for quality and/ or environmental management systems auditing, provided an extremely useful foundation, which was used to fed- erate the various procedures from the old partners in the consortium. With- out the common denominator of ISO 19011 against which we could benchmark our process, I am sure integration would have been longer. Today our procedures, training and required skills and competencies fully reflect the standards. In conclusion, we have used ISO standards as strong tools to help us inte- S.A.S 2005 Airbus © grate our quality system requirements as we have built the single Airbus Com- pany. This has provided an international benchmark to help rationalize the Continual improvement of of the the various methods and systems coming management systemsystem from the legacy companies. From this benchmark, we are striving for continuous improvement. management responsibilities Customer (and otherother Act interested Customer Plan Check parties) (and otherother interested resource measurement, parties) resource management analysis and satis-satis- improvement faction

Do input output Require-Require- product product ments realization

ISO Focus October 2005 37 Developments and Initiatives Workshop advances ISO 9001:2000 guidelines for local government by Carlos Gadsden, ‘World-class’ IWA 4 Secretary governments n international workshop to The draft was A develop IWA 4, the outcome of a pro- Quality management posal made jointly by systems – Guidelines for DGN and COTENNSIS- the application of ISO CAL, and accepted by 9001:2000 in local gov- ISO in February 2005, ernment, held on 22-23 stating : “ By securing May 2005 in Veracruz, a high quality perform- Mexico, was attended by ance of the municipal 83 delegates, represent- government, public pol- ing local governments, icies coming from oth- universities, standardi- er government levels zation bodies, quality can be corrected and management system improved, allowing the specialists and users whole system to from 18 countries. strengthen itself. This Its objective was Some of the 83 participants from 18 countries who worked together to advance ISO 9001:2000 is a new approach to guidelines for local government. to prepare the second help building world- draft of a guideline class governments, both document aimed at making it easier for at local and global levels ”. “ This is a new approach local government authorities to imple- In almost every human activity, ment quality management systems based to help building local governments have a direct or indi- on the ISO 9001:2000 standard. world-class governments.” rect, but always important role. Local gov- “ IWA” denotes an “ Internation- ernments are the main service providers al Workshop Agreement ” which is one The workshop was hosted by the to citizens all over the world and their of several types of deliverable offered ISO member for Mexico, DGN (Direc- efficient and reliable performance is vital by ISO for cases where swift develop- ción General de Normas), supported to the lives of millions of people. ment and publication of an internation- by the National Standardization Tech- Such services can include trans- al agreement take priority. nical Committee on Quality Manage- portation, water supply, waste collec- Armando Espinosa, President of ment Systems (COTENNSISCAL), the tion, sewage and drainage, public light- the Latin American Institute for Quality Mexican Institute of Standardization and ing and civil protection. Schools ; clin- (INLAC), chaired the workshop. Open- Certification (IMNC), INLAC and the ics; roads; town and country planning: ing the event, he underlined the need Organization of Interdisciplinary Serv- security; cultural, historic and recrea- to improve quality management levels ices (OSI). tional affairs ; environmental care ; public in local government, while at the same Prior to the meeting, a first draft gardens ; road and river maintenance and time developing the human resource, developed by COTENNSISCAL and traffic; housing services ; the alleviation infrastructure and working environment circulated to more than 120 countries of poverty ; economic development and aspects of these organizations. for comment had generated some 230 promotion, and many more issues may In welcoming the IWA 4 initia- observations for review by representa- depend on local governments. tive, Senator Carlos Madrazo conveyed tives of the participating countries at Ver- For this reason, there is a need to the Mexican Government’s determination acruz – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colom- standardize effective implementation of to improve the quality of the key public bia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Gua- ISO 9001:2000 in local governments in services offered by local government, temala, Holland, Italy, Mexico, Salva- such a way that acceptable conditions and thanked the national and interna- dor, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Trini- of quality management on upright local tional experts for their contributions to dad and Tobago, the United Kingdom governance are assured for all people the development of the guidelines. and the USA. present on their territory.

38 ISO Focus October 2005 Task groups Smith (Singapore), was responsible ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden, and for progressing Chapter 8, Measure- ISO Deputy Secretary-General Kevin Participants were divided into four ment, analysis and improvement, and McKinley at the ISO Central Secretar- task groups (TG) convened by officers Annex B: Check-up for reliable local iat in Geneva, Switzerland, by IWA 4 or experts of ISO technical committee governments. Vice-Chair, Senator Carlos Madrazo, ISO/TC 176 to advance the clauses of the DGN representative to ISO, Juan the working draft, as follows: The workshop succeeded in pro- Antonio Dorantes, and me, as IWA 4 • TG 1, convened by Nigel Croft (Bra- ducing a revised IWA 4 draft. At the end Secretary. zil-United Kingdom) and co-convened of the Veracruz workshop, many partici- by Osama El-Meligy (Egypt), worked pants and organizations signed a volun-

on upgrading Chapters 0-4 Introduc- tary declaration announcing their intention “There is a need to tion to quality management systems, to develop a worldwide communication standardize effective and Annex A: Mapping processes. network focused on the promotion, dif- implementation of ISO 9001:2000 in local governments.”

We are proud that this Mexican initiative, which represents an important achievement in standardization, will provide an incentive for local governments worldwide to raise their standards of excellence, quality and reliability.

About the author

Carlos Gadsden, of Mexico, is Secretary of the team that developed IWA 4. He is currently General Direc- tor of the Organization of Interdisciplinary Services (OSI). He has over 20 years of experience in On 11 July 2005, a hard copy of the IWA 4 final draft was handed over to ISO at the organization’s local government issues and intergovern- Central Secretariat in Geneva : from left – ISO Deputy Secretary-General Kevin McKinley ; IWA 4 mental relations issues. As a quality man- Secretary, Carlos Gadsden ; IWA 4 Vice-Chair, Senator Carlos Madrazo ; ISO Secretary-General, Alan Bryden, and the DGN representative to ISO, Juan Antonio Dorantes. agement and organizational development consultant since 1981, he has worked with more than 100 enterprises and • TG 2, convened by Charles Corrie fusion and evaluation of IWA 4, as well institutions. (United Kingdom) and co-convened as training on its implementation. He is a former General Director of the by Tommie Johannson (Sweden), The purpose of this quality net- National Institute for Federalism and dealt with Chapters 5-6, Management work for reliable government is to com- Municipal Development, a Mexican responsibility and resource. pile concrete experiences and results for Government institution which is in charge of the intergovernmental relations with the next IWA 4 meeting, to be held in • TG 3, convened by Richard de Grood the 2 434 municipal governments in the three years’ time, when the document (Holland) and co-convened by Marco country. will be reviewed. Pardave (Mexico), was involved with After further editing and review, E-mail [email protected] Chapter 7, Product realization. DGN submitted the document to ISO for Web www.osimx.com • TG 4, convened by Rafael Arrasca- final review and publication. eta (Argentina) and Hervé Mignot On 11 July 2005, a hard copy of (France) and co-convened by Alan the IWA 4 final draft was presented to

ISO Focus October 2005 39 Developments and Initiatives VAMAS contributing to international standards in the materials sector by Martin Rides, Convenor of ISO/ and establishing agreement on nomencla- TC 61/SC 5/WG 9, and Graham Sims, ture: items that are often required as a pre- Convenor of ISO/TC 61/SC 2/WG 5 cursor to the drafting of standards. VAMAS activity emphasizes aterials are literally the build- collaboration on pre-standards meas- ing blocks for technology. The urement research, inter-comparison of M efficient and effective design, test results, and consolidation of existing manufacture and performance of prod- views on priorities for standardization. ucts can best be achieved through having As a result of these activities, VAMAS appropriate and reliable materials prop- provides an internationally harmonized erties data. This itself, depends upon the methodology that may be taken as rec- availability of reliable, appropriate and ommendations to the standards devel- validated standardized methods and pro- opment organizations, thereby fostering cedures for materials testing. the development of agreed and workable standards for advanced materials. “ Materials are literally the building blocks for The first VAMAS distinguished service award Contributing to ISO technology.” being made to Dr. Martin Seah (left), Vice- Through a memorandum of Chair of TWA 2, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to VAMAS. understanding, VAMAS has liaison sta- VAMAS, the Versailles Project on tus with both ISO and IEC and conse- Advanced Materials and Standards, has (TTA) reports published and four stand- quently can have a (Category A) liaison addressed the need for reliable materi- ard reference materials developed as a with any technical committee (TC). This als properties data through pre-stand- direct result of VAMAS activity. allows VAMAS to directly submit a new ardization research into materials for work item to a TC and thus initiate a new International Standard. It can par- many years. Such work has fed into the Origins and objectives development of many standards on test- ticipate in any TC working group thus ing of materials predominantly in ISO VAMAS’s origins date back to allowing its members to directly partic- but also in the International Electrotech- 1982 following an economic summit ipate in the development of an Interna- nical Commission (IEC), the European meeting held in Versailles, by the then G7 tional Standard. Currently VAMAS has Committee for Standardization (CEN) Heads of State and representatives from a liaison with the following technical and the American Society for Testing and the European Community (EC). Subse- committees (TC) : Materials (ASTM). Significant contribu- quently, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, ISO/TC 184/SC 4, Industrial data tions to ISO standardization have been Japan, United Kingdom, USA and the EC (TWA10) ; made, for example, in the areas of sur- signed a memorandum of understanding face chemical analysis, ceramics and low to participate in VAMAS. Organizations ISO/TC 201, Surface chemical cycle fatigue testing. VAMAS has con- from other countries are now encouraged analysis (TWA 2) ; tributed to the development of standards to take part in the research activities. ISO/TC 206, Fine Ceramics for calibration of Auger-electron spectros- The main objective of VAMAS is (TWA 3) ; copy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, to support trade through international col- hardness and fracture toughness testing laborative projects aimed at providing the IEC/TC 90, Superconductivity of ceramics, and fatigue testing of metals technical basis for harmonized measure- (TWA 16). and polymer composites, just to name a ments, testing, specifications, and stand- Strong relations with ISO also few. VAMAS has contributed to at least ards for advanced materials. The scope of exist through active participation of mem- 77 standards, including: 36 ISO standards, such collaboration embraces many aspects bers of other VAMAS technical working 9 IEC standards, 13 CEN standards, 12 of measurement, including the develop- areas (TWAs) in other standards com- ASTM standards, and 7 national stand- ment of test methods, participation in mittees. Recently, the valuable and sus- ards. In addition, there have been four inter-comparisons, production of refer- tained contribution to standardization of ISO/IEC technology trends assessment ence materials and materials databases, Dr. Wada and members of his technical

40 ISO Focus October 2005 working area on superconducting materials was acknowledged by the presentation of the IEC 1906 Award. VAMAS has made and continues to make a significant contribution to standardization for materials in a number of key areas. Its strength is in the many international collaborations established in its various (TWAs) resulting in greater international consensus prior to standardization. Currently, VAMAS is in dis- VAMAS Steering Committee delegates, 23-24 May 2005 outside Bushy House at NPL, United Kingdom. cussion with Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM) About the authors regarding increasing and formalizing the metrology content of the materials Martin Rides is Graham Sims is measurement research undertaken. the past-secretary the past-Chair of For further information on VAMAS of VAMAS, Con- VAMAS, Chair and participation in its pre-normative col- venor of ISO/TC of VAMAS laborations, visit www.vamas.org. 61 / SC 5/WG 9 TWA 5 on pol- on polymer melt ymer compos- Current technical working rheology and ites, Convenor research scientist of ISO/TC 61/ areas in VAMAS : at NPL (National SC 2/WG 5 on Wear test methods ; Physical Laboratory, UK) specializing in temperature dependent mechanical prop- Surface chemical analysis ; the measurement of materials properties erties of plastics and CEN/TC 249/SC relevant to polymer processing. 2/WG 5 & 6 on structural properties of Ceramics for structural applica- composites and pultruded profiles respec- tions ; tively, and research scientist and Knowl- Polymer composites ; edge Leader of the Division of Engineer- VAMAS Steering Computerised materials data ; ing and Process Control at the National Committee members : Low cycle fatigue ; Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom. The secretariat of VAMAS transferred Superconducting materials ; BSI Standards, United Kingdom to NIST in May 2005. Cryogenic structural materials ; Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – Prüfung (BAM), Germany Measurement of residual stress ; Conservatoire National des Arts et Mechanical measurements for hard Métiers, France metals ; National Institute for Materials Sci- Department of Foreign Affairs & ence (NIMS), Japan Mechanical property ; International Trade, Canada National Institute of Advanced Indus- Measurement of thin films and coat- Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne, trial Science and Technology (AIST), ings ; France Japan Performance-related properties for ENEA, Italy National Institute of Standards and electro-ceramics ; Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazi- Technology (NIST), USA Creep/fatigue crack growth in com- one (UNI), ITALY National Physical Laboratory (NPL), ponents ; Institute for Reference Materials and United Kingdom Characterization methods for ceram- Measurements (IRMM), Joint Research National Research Council Canada ic powders and green bodies ; Centre of the European Commission, (NRC), Canada Quantitative mass spectroscopy of Belgium Università di Brescia, Italy synthetic polymers ; and, International Organization for Stand- Materials properties at the nanoscale. ardization (ISO) New TWAs are currently being Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, established in tissue engineering and Science and Technology (MEXT), modulus measurement. Japan

ISO Focus October 2005 41 New this month

age operators and subcontractors to retail ISO 22000 for and food service outlets – together with related organizations such as producers of safe food supply equipment, packaging material, cleaning agents, additives and ingredients. chains The standard has become necessary because of the significant increase of by Roger Frost, Press and illnesses caused by infected food in both Communication Manager, ISO Central developed and developing countries. For Secretariat example, the annual economic cost of food- borne illnesses in the USA alone is esti- SO 22000 is a new International Stan- mated at several billion dollars (medical dard designed to ensure safe food treatment, absence from work, etc.). I supply chains worldwide. ISO 22000, backed by international the following documents: ISO 22000:2005, Food safety man- consensus, harmonizes the requirements • ISO/TS 22004, Food safety manage- agement systems – Requirements for any for systematically managing safety in food ment systems – Guidance on the appli- organization in the food chain, provides a supply chains and offers a unique solution cation of ISO 22000:2005, which will be framework of internationally harmonized for good practice on a worldwide basis. published by November 2005, provides requirements for the global approach that In addition, food safety management sys- important guidance that can assist orga- is needed. The standard has been devel- tems that conform to ISO 22000 can be nizations including small and medium- oped within ISO by experts from the food certified – which answers the growing sized enterprises around the world. industry, along with representatives of spe- demand in the food sector for the certifi- cialized international organizations and cation of suppliers – although the stand- • ISO/TS 22003, Food safety manage- in close cooperation with the Codex Ali- ard can be implemented without certifi- ment systems – Requirements for bod- mentarius Commission, the body jointly cation of conformity, solely for the ben- ies providing audit and certification established by the United Nations’ Food efits it provides. of food safety management systems, and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Developed with the participation will give harmonized guidance for World Health Organization (WHO) to of food sector experts, ISO 22000 incor- the accreditation (approval) of ISO develop food standards. porates the principles of HACCP, and 22000 certification bodies and define A major resulting benefit is that covers the requirements of key standards the rules for auditing a food safety ISO 22000 will make it easier for orga- developed by various global food retailer management system as conforming nizations worldwide to implement the syndicates, in a single document. to the standard. It will be published Codex HACCP (Hazard Analysis and “Public sector participation in the in the first quarter of 2006. Critical Control Point) system for food development of the ISO 22000 family is • ISO 22005, Traceability in the feed hygiene in a harmonized way, which also significant,” ISO Secretary-General and food chain – General principles does not vary with the country or food Alan Bryden commented, “notably that and guidance for system design and product concerned. of the FAO/WHO’s Codex Alimentarius developmen Food reaches consumers via sup- Commission, which is responsible for t, will shortly be circulat- ply chains that may link many different the well-known HACCP (Hazard Anal- ed as a Draft International Standard. types of organization and that may stretch ysis and Critical Control Point) system In partnership with the Interna- across multiple borders. One weak link for food hygiene. Thanks to the strong tional Trade Centre (ITC) – the technical can result in unsafe food that is danger- partnership between ISO and Codex, cooperation agency of the United Nations ous to health – and when this happens, ISO 22000 will facilitate the implemen- Conference on Trade and Development the hazards to consumers can be seri- tation of HACCP and the food hygiene (UNCTAD) and the World Trade Orga- ous and the cost to food chain suppli- principles developed by this pre-emi- nization (WTO) – ISO is also preparing ers considerable. As food safety hazards nent body in this field.” an easy-to-use check-list for small busi- can enter the food chain at any stage, While ISO 22000 can be imple- nesses and developing countries, entitled adequate control throughout is essen- mented on its own, it is designed to be ISO 22000: Are you ready? tial. Food safety is a joint responsibili- fully compatible with ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 22000:2005, Food safety ty of all the actors in the food chain and companies already certified to ISO 9001 management systems – Requirements requires their combined efforts. will find it easy to extend this to certifi- for any organization in the food chain ISO 22000 is therefore designed cation to ISO 22000. To help users to do is available from ISO national member to allow all types of organization with- so, ISO 22000 includes a table showing institutes and from ISO Central Secre- in the food chain to implement a food the correspondence of its requirements tariat ([email protected]). safety management system. These range with those of ISO 9001:2000. from feed producers, primary producers, ISO 22000:2005 is the first in food manufacturers, transport and stor- a family of standards that will include

42 ISO Focus October 2005 For the first time, the survey pro- ple is the telecommunication sector’s TL Latest ISO vides certification data on two ISO stan- 9000, which accounts for well over 1 000 dards that include the requirements of ISO certificates. ISO has also worked with the Survey confirms 9001:2000, plus sector-specific require- oil and gas industry to develop the ISO ments. It shows that at least 10 056 cer- 900:2000 based ISO/TS 29001 and this integration of tificates had been issued in 62 economies will no doubt generate many more cer- ISO 9001 and to ISO/TS 16949:2002, which gives qual- tifications. The conclusion is that ISO ity management systems requirements 9001:2000 is providing a common, harmo- ISO 14001 with for suppliers to the international automo- nized base of quality system requirements tive industry. for global supply chains in one major sec- world economy In addition, at least 3 068 certifi- tor after another. cates had been issued in 56 countries and “ In fact, the survey results con- economies to ISO 13485:2003, the sector- firm that both ISO 9001:2000 and ISO by Roger Frost, Press and Communication specific quality management standard for 14001 are thoroughly integrated with the Manager, ISO Central Secretariat the medical device sector. world economy. They show too that the “ Even this figure does not ful- transition to the improved, more rigorous he newly published latest edition ly reflect the market penetration of ISO ISO 9001:2000 version has been a suc- of The ISO Survey of Certifications 9001:2000,” ISO Secretary General Alan cess as the world total of certifications is T confirms the “thorough integra- Bryden commented. “ ISO 9001:2000 is now far in excess of the total before the tion” of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 with the the core too for specific quality standards transition began. This augurs well for the world economy. The survey also shows developed by major sectors. An exam- current transition to the improved ISO the success of the ISO 9001:2000 14001:2004. transition and reveals that the ser- Worldwide total of Annual growth of “ One of the development vice sectors are now by far the big- ISO 9001:2000 certificates ISO 9001:2000 certificates December 2000 to December 2004 December 2000 to December 2004 objectives for ISO 9001:2000 was gest users of the standards. to make it easier for service pro- The annual survey, now viders to achieve benefits from the th 350 000 in its 12 year, provides a world- 700 000 ISO 9000 approach. Therefore, wide panorama of certification to it is both encouraging and high- 600 000 300 000 ISO’s quality and environmental ly significant that not only ISO management system standards, 500 000 250 000 9001:2000 but also ISO 14001 The latest edition reveals the situ- certification is now highest in the ation at the end of 2004, the first 400 000 200 000 service sectors, each accounting full year after the three-year period for 31 % of all certificates, This allowed for transition to the ISO 300 000 150 000 validates ISO’s decision to make 9001:2000 version. standards for services one of its 200 000 100 000 The worldwide total of cer- major growth areas.” tificates to the ISO 9001:2000 qual- ISO 9001/2/3:1994 100 000 50 000 ISO out-sourced the col- ity management systems standard lection and compilation of data ISO 9001/2/3:1994 at the end of 2004 was 670 399, an 0 0 for the 2004 survey to the market increase of 35 % over the previ- research firm ACNielsen, of Vien- Dec. 00 Dec. 01 Dec. 02 Dec. 03 Dec. 04 ous year and 64 % over 2000, the Dec. 00 Dec. 01 Dec. 02 Dec. 03 Dec. 04 na, Austria. year before the transition to ISO Worldwide total of Annual growth of The principal survey findings 9001:2000 began. Certificates had ISO 14001 certificates ISO 14001 certificates are provided free of charge on ISO’s been issued in 154 countries com- December 1999 to December 2004 December 1999 to December 2004 Web site, including world, regional pared to 149 a year earlier. 24 000 and country breakdowns. 90 000 With 90 569 ISO 14001 22 000 The ISO Survey of Certifi- certificates at the end of 2004, an 80 000 20 000 cations - 2004 (ISBN 92-67-1040- increase of 37 % over the previous 70 000 18 000 1) is also available as a combined year, ISO’s environmental man- 16 000 report and CD-ROM from ISO’s 60 000 agement system standard confirms 14 000 national member institutes and ISO 50 000 its global progression. Certificates 12 000 Central Secretariat (sales@iso. had been issued in 127 countries, 40 000 10 000 org). In addition to the catego- up from 113 the year before. The 30 000 8 000 ries of data listed above, the report increase in the number of certifi- 6 000 includes world totals by industri- 20 000 cates in 2004 is the largest so far 4 000 al sector, while the CD-ROM also 10 000 recorded in the ten surveys in which 2 000 provides country-by-country break-

ISO 14001 has been included. 0 0 downs by industrial sector. Dec. 99 Dec. 00 Dec. 01 Dec. 02 Dec. 03 Dec. 04 Dec. Dec. 99 Dec. 00 Dec. 01 Dec. 02 Dec. 03 Dec. 04 Dec. ISO Focus October 2005 43 New this month

Afghanistan has an arid to semiarid ISO welcomes climate with cold winters and hot sum- mers. The landscape consists of mostly new members Its exports amount to USD 38 rugged mountains, plains in north and million in bananas, eddoes and dasheen southwest. About 12 % of the country (taro), arrowroot starch; tennis racquets, aint Vincent and the Grenadines consists of arable land. and go to, among others, France (31 %), Bureau of Standards (SVGBS) The country is heavily dependent Spain (20 %), Italy (18 %), Greece (12 %), S has been admitted to ISO as a sub- on agriculture, which provides employ- and United Kingdom (8 %). scriber member, with retroactive effect ment for 80 % of the labour force. Afghan- Its imports USD 174 million of as of 1 January 2005. istan’s natural resources are natural gas, goods, in the form of foodstuffs, machin- Details of the national standards petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, ery and equipment, chemicals and fer- body are as follows : barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, tilizers, minerals and fuels ; they come precious and semiprecious stones. Its essentially from France (21 %), Italy Saint Vincent and the Grenadines industry centres around small-scale pro- (12 %), Singapore (11 %), United States Bureau of Standards duction of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, (12 %), Trinidad and Tobago (10 %), fertilizer, cement ; handwoven carpets ; Campden Park Industrial Site Japan (7 %), and Spain 5 % . KINGSTOWN natural gas, coal, copper. Postal address : Saint Vincent and the Grenadines P.O. Box 1506 Identikit KINGSTOWN Name: Director : Mr. Ezra D. Ledger conventional long form : none Tel. + 1 784 457 80 92 conventional short form : Fax + 1 784 457 81 75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines E-mail [email protected] country code : VC Saint Vincent and the Grena- currency code : dines are located between the Caribbean East Caribbean dollar (XCD) The country’s export commod- Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of ities consist of opium, fruits and nuts, Trinidad and Tobago and cover a total handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides of 389 km2. The Grenadines are some 32 and pelts, precious and semi-precious islands and cays stretching south from gems, which bring in USD 446 million and go to, among others, India (23 %), St. Vincent. he Afghanistan National Stan- Pakistan (21%), USA (13 %) and Ger- The climate is generally tropi- dardization Authority (ANSA) many (6 %). cal with the little seasonal temperature T has been admitted to ISO as a Afghanistan imports USD 3.8 bil- variation ; with the rainy season running correspondent member, with retroac- lion of goods in the form of capital goods, from May to November. The landscape tive effect as of 1 July 2005. food, textiles, petroleum products ; they is generally mountainous and volcanic, Details of the national standards come essentially from Pakistan (25%), with the highest peak, Soufriere, rising body are as follows : to 1 234 metres (4 000 ft.). About 18 % of USA (9 %), Republic of South Korea (8 %), India (8 %), Germany (7 %), Turk- the country consists of arable land. Afghanistan National menistan (5 %) and Turkey (4 %). Kingstown is the capital city Standardization Authority of this country of just under 120 000 Ministry of Commerce Building inhabitants. While English is the pre- Darulaman Road Afghanistan dominant language, a French patois is KABUL Identikit also spoken. Acting Head : Mr. Ziauddin Zia Saint Vincent and the Grena- Name: dines’s natural resources are hydropower Tel. + 93 70 15 16 96 conventional long form : and cropland. Its industry centres around E-mail [email protected] Islamic Republic of Afghanistan food processing, cement, furniture, cloth- conventional short form : ing and starch. Economic growth in this Afghanistan, a land-locked coun- Afghanistan lower-middle-income country hinges try of 647 500 km2, lies in Southern Asia, country code : AF upon seasonal variations in the agricul- north and west of Pakistan, east of the tural and tourism sectors. Services occu- Islamic Republic of Iran. Kabul is the currency code : pies 57 % of the workforce, agriculture capital city of this country of almost 30 Afghani (AFA) 26 %, industry 17 %. million inhabitants.

44 ISO Focus October 2005 Coming up

Developments and Initiatives ISO General Assembly – At the invi- tation of the ISO member for Singa- pore, the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING SG), ISO held its 28 th General Assembly from 21 to 23 September 2005 at the Raffles City Convention Centre located in the heart of Singapore.

Main Focus

The oil and gas business with standards from a number of perspec- tives, including those of manufacturers, The oil and gas industry needs standards purchasers and regulators. Contributors now more than ever as new markets and from ISO/TC 67, as well as those from oth- new countries enter the business. In the er committees and organizations, explain field of exploration and production, for In a special feature, ISO Focus provides the reasons that lead each economic actor example, the industry is spending an annual highlights of the event’s key themes and to develop, support and use ISO’s Inter- rate of perhaps USD 250 billion across the conclusions, including of the two half- national Standards, and the importance world. The supply chain has a mixture of day open sessions on security and ser- of including all ISO’s stakeholder in the global and local companies, with signifi- vices, respectively. process. National viewpoints from Chi- cant cross-border trade. Processing plants na, Norway, Kazakhstan, and the USA for the refining and manufacture of fuels Long life for PDF documents – A are covered. and petrochemicals are also being installed new ISO standard will ensure long life for PDF documents. worldwide. Global standards are needed, The issue will also highlight the trends both to facilitate efficient procurement in and outlooks explored at the recently con- The newly published ISO 19005, Docu- the world market, and to ensure that mate- cluded 18 th World Petroleum Congress in ment management – Electronic document rials and equipment are consistently safe Johannesburg, South Africa. ISO partic- file format for long-term preservation – and reliable to operate. ipated for the first time in the Congress, Part 1, Use of PDF 1.4 (PDF/A-1), ena- Those participating in standards writing and addressed the theme of current trends bles organizations to archive documents represent all sectors of the petroleum for management and reporting standards electronically in a way that will ensure the industry. Operators from state-owned and – from quality to social responsibility – preservation of content and visual appear- global companies, drilling contractors, and underlined the importance of the ance over an extended period of time. It service and supply organizations, manu- technical specification ISO/TS 29001 also allows documents to be retrieved facturers, regulators, and academia con- for implementing ISO 9001-based qual- and rendered with a consistent and pre- tribute technology and people to the pro- ity management systems in the oil and dictable result in the future, independent cess. At present, ISO technical commit- natural gas industry. of the tools tee ISO/TC 67 has participants from 24 and sys- In addition to addressing issues raised tems used countries and observers from 27, totaling at the Congress, the November issue more than 1 000 experts and delegates. The for creat- will feature an exclusive interview with standards that evolve represent the glob- ing, stor- President of PETROBRAS, José Sérgio al consensus of knowledgeable experts ing and Gabrielli de Azevedo. “…Adherence to and the best available technology at the render- technical standards,” he says, “is part of time. Currently, TC 67 has a programme ing the the company’s corporate strategy. It is of about 155 standards with over 105 that files. fundamental for technological develop- have been revised at least once. ment and competitive success in all our The November 2005 issue of ISO Focus markets, meeting quality, safety, environ- examines the industry and its relationship mental and health requirements.”

ISO Focus October 2005 IMS5-2005E.indd 46 2005-09-15 13:40:32