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Land of Enki in the Islamic Era

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Land of Enki in the Islamic Era THE LAND OF ENKI IN THE ISLAMIC ERA Pearls, Palms, and Religious Identity in Bahrain This book presents the results of an archaeological research project completed in Bahrain which had as its primary aims the investigation of the, as yet little understood, period between approximately the sixth and thirteenth centuries AD. The results, including sections by specialist contributors, are presented in detail and lavishly illustrated. Technologies such as pearl diving and pottery manufacture, as well as animal keeping and butchery, are all considered. However this volume provides much more than merely a presentation of archaeological evidence from Bahrain; the role of trade and commerce in creating the complex history manifest in the Persian Gulf region is considered in detail, and this is in tum set within the context of the wider-world beyond: the Indian Ocean, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Red Sea for example. Religious and other identities, such as ethnicity and gender, are also considered in detail with relation to the archaeological and other available sources of data - historical, anthropological, and ethnographic. The growth and impact of the Carmathians, the evolution of Shi'ah identity, the significance of Indian and African populations are all evaluated. The Land ofEnki will be invaluable for anyone interested in the Medieval Islamic World, in Bahrain and the Persian Gulf and its archaeology and history. It will also be essential for anyone concerned with the creation of identity as manifest in material culture, and in the relationship between archaeology and history. Timothy Insoll is Professor of Archaeology at the School of Art History and Archaeology of the University of Manchester. He has conducted fieldwork, besides in Bahrain, in Ghana, Mali, India, Eritrea, Uganda, and the UK. His previous books include Islam, Archaeology and History: The Gao Region, Mali (1996), The Archaeology of Islam (1999), Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade (2000), The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa (2003), Archaeology, Ritual, Religion (2004), as well as the edited volumes Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion (1999), and Archaeology and World Religion (2001). www.keganpaul.com MUHARRAQ Qalat' ai-Bahrain '.~::.·.·:···: .... / (Bahrain Fort) ' :· ·: ......... ·.· .......... :=!f... .,l Barbar Manama Bilad~·~ al-Qadim:P:i.,····. .. · .=:.:: . • '.0 A ali ~ i . ~ ...· THE ARABIAN GULF ~· HAWAR. BAHRAIN 0 lOkm Fig. 1.1 Map ofBahrain THE LAND OF ENKI IN THE ISLAMIC ERA Pearls, Palms, and Religious Identity in Bahrain TIMOTHY INSOLL ~~ ~~o~~~~n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 2005 by Kegan Paul Limited This edition first published in 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ©Timothy Insoll, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN I 0: 0-7103-0960-0 (hbk) ISBN 13: 9780-7103-0960-0 (hbk) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality ofthis reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. This volume is dedicated to Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al-Khalifa, Crown Prince and Commander in Chief of the Bahrain Defence Force CONTENTS List ofillustrations xi Acknowledgements xxv 1. Introduction (Timothy Insoll) 1 2. Survey and settlement (Timothy Insoll) 19 3. Stratigraphy and architecture (Timothy Insoll) 53 4. The pottery (Robert Carter) 107 5. The faunal and botanical remains 193 Part 1. The mammal, bird, reptile, and mollusc remains from Bilad al-Qadim (Ian Smith) 193 Part 2. Ecofactual analysis of the soil samples (Eden Hutchins) 232 Part 3. The fish bones (Mark Beech) 240 6. Agriculture, diet, and the social role of food (Timothy Insoll) 253 7. The glass vessel fragments, bracelets, beads, pendants, and spindle whorls (Timothy Insoll) 281 8. The coins and other metalwork (Timothy Insoll) 303 9. The Miscellaneous finds (Timothy Insoll) 319 10. Trade, exchange, and related processes (Timothy Insoll) 341 11. Religious and social identity (Timothy Insoll) 359 12. Conclusions (Timothy Insoll) 387 Appendices 397 Appendix 3 .1. Pottery periods and contexts by unit (Timothy Insoll) 397 Appendix 4.1. Ware descriptions (Robert Carter) 401 Appendix 4.2. Common ware types (Robert Carter) 425 Appendix 4.3. Supplementary pottery tables and charts (Robert Carter) 436 Appendix 5.1[1]. General Key to mammal measurements (Ian Smith) 451 Appendix 5.1[2]. Fusion data (Ian Smith) 453 Appendix 5.1[3]. Quantification data (Ian Smith) 455 Appendix 5.1[4]. List ofthe molluscs and authors quantified in Table 5.1[10] (Ian Smith) 456 Appendix 5.1[5]. Mollusc reference key- groups (Ian Smith) 457 Appendix 5.2. The non-marine mollusc identification key (Eden Hutchins) 459 Appendix 5.3. Fish bone data tables (Mark Beech) 463 Appendix 7 .1. Catalogue of glass vessel fragments (Timothy Insoll) 480 Appendix 7 .2. Glass samples analysed (Julian Henderson) · · 483 Appendix 7.3. Catalogue of glass bracelet fragments (Timothy Insoll) 485 vm Appendix 7 .4. Catalogue of glass kohl applicator fragments (Timothy Insoll) 489 Appendix 7.5. Catalogue ofbeads and pendants (Timothy Insoll) 490 Appendix 7.6. Results ofXRD analysis of selected beads etc. (Sharon Fraser) 497 Appendix 8 .1. Catalogue of lead coins/weights and associated debris (Timothy Insoll) 500 Appendix 8.2. Catalogue of metalwork (Timothy Insoll) 502 Appendix 8.3. Results of the Analytical Study of the Metalworking Debris (Maria Kostoglou) 507 Appendix 9 .1. Comments on the sherds with Arabic Script (Paulo Farias) 514 Appendix 9 .2. Report and catalogue of lithics (Elizabeth Healey) 516 Appendix 9.3. Catalogue of soft-stone vessel fragments (Timothy Insoll) 523 References 527 Index 567 Contributors 577 Arabic Summary lX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Frontispiece. Map of Bahrain 1.1. The Al-Khamis mosque from the air (Bahrain National Museum archives) 2.1. The Al-Khamis mosque and the adjacent areas mentioned (after Bahrain Sheet 55, 1: 10,000, Ministry of Housing, Kingdom of Bahrain) 2.2. The 'epicentre' of Bilad al-Qadim (after Bahrain Sheets 55-42-A and 55-42-B, 1:1000, Ministry of Housing, Kingdom of Bahrain) 2.3. Shaikh Isa's plantation (photo T.Insoll) 2.4. Sluice re-using masonry in Shaikh Isa's plantation (photo T.Insoll) 2.5. Irrigation channel in a garden adjacent to Qala'at al-Bahrain (photo T.Insoll) 2.6. The pool at Abu Zaydan (photo T.Insoll) 2.7. Re-used altar in the Abu Zaydan column (photo T.Insoll) 2.8. Sketch of the statue fragment from Bilad al-Qadim (after Durand 1880: 192) 2.9. Abu Zaydan spring mouth (photo T.Insoll) 2.10. Well on the edge ofthe Al-Khamis cemetery (photo T.Insoll) 2.11. Al-Khamis cemetery mound (photo R.MacLean) 2.12. Masonry blocks on the summit of the Al-Khamis cemetery mound (photo R.MacLean) 2.13. Shaikh Nasser shrine, Al-Helah village (photo T.Insoll) 2.14. Sketch plan of Shaikh Nasser shrine complex, Al-Helah village 2.15. Sa'eed Mehdi mosque mound, Karranah Village (photo T.Insoll) 2.16. Sketch plan of Sa' eed Mehdi mosque mound, Karranah Village 2.17. Al-Maqsha funerary mosque (photo R.MacLean) 2.18. Tomb marker adjacent to Al-Maqsha funerary mosque (photo T.Insoll) 2.19. Sketch plan of Al-Maqsha funerary mosque 2.20. Urn al-Nowarjeel shrine and mosque foundations, Bilad al-Qadim (photo R.MacLean) 2.21. Urn al-Nowarjeel shrine, Bilad al-Qadim (photo T.Insoll) 2.22. Sketch plan of Urn al-Nowarjeel shrine and mosque foundations, Bilad al-Qadim 2.23. Shaikh Salman Road complex (photo R.MacLean) 2.24. Grave inside the Shaikh Salman Road complex (photo T.Insoll) 2.25. Foundations incorporated in the Shaikh Salman Road complex (photo T.Insoll) 2.26. Sketch plan of the Shaikh Salman Road complex 2.27. Al-Helah mosque (photo T.Insoll) 2.28. Mihrab in the Al-Helah mosque (photo T.Insoll) 2.29. Sketch plan of the Al-Helah mosque Xll 2.30. Al-Hassan shrine, Al-Guraya (photo T.lnsoll) 2.31. Sketch plan of Al-Hassan shrine, Al-Guraya 2.32. Mosque on Budaiya Road (photo R.MacLean) 2.33. Sketch plan of the mosque on Budaiya Road 2.34. Muharram commemoration near Karranah village (photo R.MacLean) 2.35. Al-Khamis mosque precincts resistivity survey (plot S.Holden) 2.36. MOS resistivity survey (plot S.Holden) 3.la. Plan of units KHA OlC to H 3.1 b. KHA 01 C to H - Plan of reconstructed structural phases 3.2. Plan of units MOS OlA toG 3.3. KHA OIA- oven (photo T.lnsoll) 3.4. KHA 01 A- grave cuts and markers (photo T.lnsoll) 3.5. KHA 01 A- Plan of the visible grave markers and associated features 3.6. KHA OlB- Plan of the graves 3.7. KHA OlD- Raft of carbonised fill (photo T.Insoll) 3.8. KHA OlD- The embedded pot (photo T.lnsoll) 3.9. KHA OlD- Pit section 3.10. KHA OlD- Section of Wall G 3.11. KHA OlE- Possible door pivot with embedded egg (Photo Bahrain National Museum) X111 3.12.
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