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Tesi Mei.Pdf UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE Ph.D course in AGRICULTURAL, FOOD and ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES XXXI (17° cycle n.s.) Edition VEGETATION, SOIL AND PEDOFAUNA AS PROXY TO UNDERSTAND ECOLOGY OF OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA FORESTS IN EUROPE academic year 2017/18 Tutor: Prof. Fabio Taffetani Ph. D Student : Giacomo Mei Co-Tutor: Prof. Giuseppe Corti "In nature there are no rewards or punishments; there are consequences. " (Horace Annesley Vachell) …alla mia mamma. Abstract Having identified the Ostrya carpinifolia forests as one of the most widespread forest types in the Apennines-Balkan bio-geographical region and having highlighted the shortage of studies, and the lack of inclusion of these coenoses in the habitats described at European level, the main purpose of the Ph.D research project, summarized in this work, was to provide useful data to understand the ecological value, the dynamics, the potentiality and the threats of these coenoses. In order to provide an image as complete as possible, the project was articulated into three key points. (I) The analysis of the dynamics related to traditional coppice management, its modification and abandonment, useful to identify the optimum duration of the rotation and the ecological effects of the abandonment, carried out through the in-depth study of coenoses during different moments of the rotations examined and after a decades of abandonment in the Apennines areas. (II) The investigation of the effects of ecological isolation on these coenoses, useful in establishing the ecological value of the existing isolated coenoses, the current dynamics and the identification of a minimal area of intervention, carried out by in-depth study of the residual Ostrya carpinifolia woods present in the territory of the Marche region. (III) A preliminary census of these forest formations along the Italian and Balkan territories, carried out by collecting floristic-vegetational, pedological, structural and management data of these coenoses at the whole geographic distribution range. The main result of this large data collection campaign is the creation of datasets related to the ecological and management characteristics, regarding the entire distribution area and all the different management phases. The interpolation and reworking of these data allow to increase the understanding of these forest formations, making it possible to interpret dynamics and evaluate the real ecological value characterizing the Ostrya carpinifolia forests. These aspects are still difficult to deal with, given the data presently available in literature, but fundamental to build dynamic forecast models. Models necessary for the drafting of real useful management and landscaping plans. The studies carried out and here reported show how these formations, commonly labelled as not very interesting under the ecological point of view, are instead characterized by a particularly rich flora, a very lively dynamism and highlight a strong resilience. Therefore, these coenoses should not be interpreted as transitory or recovery phases of more "mature" coenoses, but real stable semi-natural forest formations very rich in terms of biodiversity, now threatened by widespread abandonment, exactly like the secondary prairies habitats. Keywords: Ostrya carpinifolia ; Forest management; Coppice; Abandonment, Flora; Vegetation; Soil; Pedofauna; Landscape; Biodiversity. Riassunto Identificati i boschi di Ostrya carpinifolia come una delle formazioni forestali più diffuse e caratteristiche della regione biogeografica Appennino-Balcanica e rilevata la carenza di studi e dati nonché la mancata inclusione di queste cenosi tra gli Habitat descritti a livello Europeo, lo scopo principale del progetto di ricerca sviluppato durante il dottorato e riassunto in questo lavoro, è stato quello di fornire dati utili per comprendere il valore ecologico, la dinamica, le potenzialità e le minacce di queste cenosi. Al fine di fornire un quadro il più completo possibile, il progetto è stato articolato in tre punti chiave. (I) L'analisi delle dinamiche relative alla gestione tradizionale del ceduo, la sua modifica e il suo abbandono. Fondamentale per definire la durata ottimale del turno e gli effetti ecologici dell'abbandono, è condotta attraverso lo studio approfondito delle cenosi in diversi momenti del turno e successivamente all’abbandono gestionale, nelle aree appenniniche. (II) Lo studio degli effetti dell'isolamento ecologico su queste cenosi. Utile per delineare il valore ecologico delle cenosi isolate esistenti, le dinamiche attuali e l'individuazione di un'area minima di intervento; condotto mediante uno studio approfondito dei boschi residui di Ostrya carpinifolia presenti nel territorio della regione Marche. (III) Il censimento preliminare di queste formazioni sul territorio Italiano e Balcanico, imperniato sulla raccolta di dati floristico-vegetazionali, pedologici, strutturali e gestionali di queste cenosi a scala di areale. Il risultato principale di questa ampia campagna di raccolta dati è la creazione di set di dati relativi alle caratteristiche ecologiche e gestionali, riguardanti l'intera area di distribuzione e tutte le diverse fasi di gestione. L'interpolazione e la rielaborazione di questi dati permette infatti di migliorare la comprensione delle formazioni forestali in esame, rendendo possibile interpretare le dinamiche e valutare il reale valore ecologico che caratterizza le foreste di Ostrya Carpinifolia . Aspetti questi, difficilmente affrontabili con i dati fino ad oggi disponibili in letteratura, ma che assumono un ruolo chiave nella realizzazione di modelli di previsione dinamici su base ecologica, sostanziali al fine della pianificazione forestale e paesaggistica. Gli studi effettuati e riportati in questa sede, mostrano come queste formazioni, comunemente etichettate come poco interessanti da un punto di vista ecologico, siano invece caratterizzate da una flora particolarmente ricca, un dinamismo molto vivace e da una forte resilienza. Pertanto, queste cenosi non devono essere interpretate come fasi transitorie o di recupero di cenosi più "mature", ma formazioni forestali semi-naturali stabili, molto ricche in termini di biodiversità ed oggi minacciate dal diffuso abbandono, esattamente come gli habitat di prateria secondaria. Parole Chiave: Ostrya carpinifolia ; Gestione forestale; Ceduo; Abbandono; Flora; Vegetazione; Suolo; Pedofauna; Paesaggio; Biodiversità. Contents 1 Introduction 5 PART I - Phylogenesis, taxonomy and morphology of Ostrya carpinifolia 6 Elements of phylogenetics and taxonomy 9 Morphology and anatomy 10 Synthetic descriptors 10 Taxonomic synonyms 11 Possible confusions 12 Suckers emission capacity 12 Growth dinamycs 22 Characteristics of wood and its use 23 Elements of Physiology 27 PART II – Distribution, typification and management of the Ostrya carpinifolia forests 28 Chorology 29 Distribution in Italy 31 Distribution in the Balkans 31 Distribution in Greece 32 Distribution in Turkey 33 Typification of the different Ostrya carpinifolia forests. 36 Traditional management techniques, modern trends and current status 38 PART III - Effects of traditional management, its modification and interruption 39 Introduction 39 Effects on vegetation, topsoil and seed bank. 53 Humus forms as dynamic indicator of the environmental status of coppice forests 57 Effects on top-soil and mesofauna composition 64 General overview 70 Ostrya carpinifolia forests in the Balkans: actual knowledge, structural, silvicoltural and ecological features 74 PART IV - Effects of ecological isolation 75 Residual forests in the Marche region: distribution and main characteristics 76 The census of the residual forests 89 Ecological isolation and Mesofauna 91 PART V – Floristic studies 92 Introduction 92 Review and upgrade of the floristic knowledges of forest formations in Ostrya carpinifolia . 94 Reporting of new species for some regions or for entire geographical areas. 94 Updates to the national checklist 96 New species for large biogeographic areas 97 Conclusion 101 Bibliography Annexes: - Vegetation, topsoil and seed-bank modification during coppice rotation and after ten years of abandonment in a Ostrya carpinifolia forest in central Italy. (research article) - Cystopteris dickieana R.Sim (Cystopteridaceae) a new species in Croatian flora. (Short communication) - First observation of Ehrharta erecta (Poaceae, Ehrhartoideae) in Sicily and its distribution in Italy (research article) - Contribution to the flora of Asian and European countries: new national and regional vascular plant records, 8 (research article) - Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 3 (research article) - Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 5 (research article) - Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 6 (research article) - Notulae to the Italian native vascular flora: 6 (research article) - Observation de Salix×aurigerana Lapeyr. en Andorre (Short communication) - Abstract convegni nazionali e internazionali - Vegetazione, Suolo e Dinamiche ecologiche nel corso del turno in un Ostrieto mesofilo (in italian) - Biodiversity2016 - Ceduazione, Biodiversità e paesaggio risposte dell'ecosistema alla selvicoltura del ceduo. (in Italian) - Mesofauna del suolo come proxy per la comprensione delle dinamiche ecologiche legate a isolamento e abbandono delle cenosi forestali residue. Risultati preliminari. (in Italian) - Cronosequenza delle forme di humus come indicatore del dinamismo ambientale degli ostrieti appenninici (in Italian) - Ecological dynamics, vegetation
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