Field-Names of North-East Scotland: a Socio- Onomastic Study
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n Burns, Alison (2015) Field-names of North-East Scotland: a socio- onomastic study. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6424/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Field-Names of North-East Scotland: a socio- onomastic study Alison Burns MA (Hons.), MLitt Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 English Language, School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow ©Alison Burns 2015 2 Abstract Field-names in Scotland are part of the oral tradition, passed down from generation to generation of farmers. Despite the valuable holdings at the Scottish Field Name Survey (University of Edinburgh), work to collect these names has been patchy and many areas of Scotland remain uncovered. The introduction of a new numbering system for tax purposes has resulted in a marked decline in the use of field-names, and generally only older members of the community can recall the names. There are few written records that preserve early forms, and little systematic study of the topic. Therefore, time is running out to collect the names of Scottish fields. The focus of this thesis is a corpus of 1552 field-names from the north-east of Scotland which I collected using a socio-onomastic approach. Spoken interviews were used as the main tool for data collection drawing on practices from the discipline of sociolinguistics. A key aspect of this research is the social aspect of naming and the combination of sociolinguistic methods with more traditional onomastic methods. 3 Acknowledgements This thesis would have been impossible without the help of many phenomenal people. Firstly I must thank every one of my informants who agreed to take part in interviews. The information you shared with me formed the basis of my work and I could not have done it without you. Not only did you give up your time to help with my project, you welcomed me into your communities and homes and made collecting the data a hugely enjoyable process. Olive and Bob, you inspired my undergraduate dissertation back in 2009 and my subsequent work on field–names. You took me all over the north-east and even took your new car down some questionable looking farm tracks to help me collect data! Jo and the Smiths, thanks for letting me be a ‗friend of a friend‘, opening your home to me and introducing me to your network. I really appreciate all your help and for taking me to my first Farmers‘ Ball. I was very lucky to be supported by two brilliant supervisors – Carole Hough and Jennifer Smith. Your encouragement and enthusiasm for my project has been invaluable. You were always on hand to give me advice and point me in the right direction. But more than this, you helped me take advantage of opportunities beyond my own research, supporting me in developing my skills through internships, conferences and travel. I also extend my gratitude to all those in the subject area of English Language and wider onomastic community at the University of Glasgow. The fantastic research community and ethos made studying here a pleasure. My PhD was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and their support made this research possible. They also provided me with excellent training opportunities including an Overseas Institutional Visit to the University of Copenhagen. This was only successful because of the support of Peder Gammeltoft and the Nordisk Forskningsinstitut. I had a fantastic time in Copenhagen and your help allowed me to build a database which was essential to my research. Araz Yamininia, I want to thank you for all your tech support and for helping me create my website. My family also deserve my heart-felt thanks. Susan, Terry, Alan, Maureen, Fiona and Eoin- I couldn‘t have managed without you. My friends too have been an incredible support to me throughout my PhD. I cannot mention you all by name but you know who you are. Thank you for all your words of encouragement, coffee breaks and for listening to me talk about field-names for the last three years. Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ......................................................................... 4 List of Tables ............................................................................... 7 List of Figures .............................................................................. 8 List of Interview Extracts ................................................................ 9 List of Accompanying Material ........................................................ 10 Definitions/Abbreviations .............................................................. 11 Source Abbreviations ................................................................... 12 1. Chapter One – Introduction ...................................................... 16 1.1 Background .......................................................................16 1.2 Socio-onomastics ................................................................18 1.3 Aims and Research Questions ..................................................19 1.4 The Gazetteer ...................................................................21 1.4.1 Phonetic Transcriptions....................................................22 1.4.2 Historical Forms ............................................................22 1.4.3 Terminology and Abbreviations ...........................................23 1.4.4 Language Labels ............................................................23 1.5 On-line Gazetteer ...............................................................24 2. Chapter Two – Toponymic Context and Previous Research ................ 26 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................26 2.2 Onomastics .......................................................................26 2.2.1 Name Theory ................................................................26 2.2.2 Place-Names ................................................................44 2.2.3 Field-Names .................................................................51 3. Chapter Three – Socio-onomastics .............................................. 57 4. Chapter Four – Methodology ....................................................... 62 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................62 4.2 Research Framework ............................................................62 4.3 Variables..........................................................................63 4.4 Research Area....................................................................64 4.4.1 Linguistic Context ..........................................................69 4.4.2 Agricultural Context........................................................76 4.5 Participants ......................................................................78 4.5.1 Interviews ...................................................................80 5 4.5.2 Other Sources ...............................................................90 4.6 The Corpus .......................................................................90 4.6.1 Selecting a Head-form .....................................................93 4.6.2 Pronunciation ............................................................. 100 4.7 Layout........................................................................... 101 4.8 Analysis ......................................................................... 101 4.8.1 Semantic Categorisation ................................................. 101 4.9 Conclusion ...................................................................... 103 5. Chapter Five – Field-Names & Onomastic Theory ........................... 106 5.1 Contributions to Onomastic Theory ......................................... 106 5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................... 111 6. Chapter Six – Name-Semantic Classification ................................. 113 6.1 Introduction .................................................................... 113 6.2 Analysis ......................................................................... 114 6.2.1 [1] Topographical Names (10%) ......................................... 120 6.2.2 [2] Directional Names (46.7%) .......................................... 120 6.2.3 [3] Ownership/association with a person/s (7.3%) ................... 123 6.2.4 [4] External Event to which naming is related (0.7%) ............... 125 6.2.5 [5] Natural Characteristics (0.8%) ...................................... 126 6.2.6 [6] Quality (19.4%) ....................................................... 126 6.2.7 [7] Usage (6.7%) .......................................................... 130 6.2.8 [8] Numbers (0.6%) ......................................................