<< VOL-I perspective plan << VOL-II execution plan next >> << cover << VOL-I pers next >> << previous << VOL-I pers next >> MESSAGE

Comprehensive development with social justice is the declared agenda of the Government. Development becomes comprehensive when the economic, social and physical dimensions are integrated. Equal accessibility to opportunities for all sections of the society will ensure socialjustice.Accessibility to opportunities shall be guaranteed tothe present society, consideringthe ability of thefuture generation to meet their needs as well. Such a development ought to be achieved in a democratic manner for which people’s participation in development is inevitable. In order tofulfil the Government’s commitmenttowards decentralized planning, thePeople’s Planning Campaign movement was introduced in our State during the Ninth Five Year Plan. Efforts were made in successive Five Year Plans to strengthen decentralization. Districtplanninghas becomethemost importantlinkinthe whole system ofdecentralized planningbecausethisisthe cutting edge ofadministration. The present system of decentralized planning needsto be perfected bygiving adequate emphasis todistrict planning which in turn is the constitutionallyenvisaged function of theDistrict Planning Committees.

The pilot projectof preparation of IntegratedDistrict Development Plan andLocal Development Plans for each Local Government, taken up by the District Planning Committee, Kollam with the Department of Town and Country Planning as nodal agency is highly noteworthy inthis respect. This hasto be viewed as a natural progression ofdecentralized planning. The viable methodology of preparation of local plans and district plans with the involvement of people, elected leaders and experts, piloted and validated at Kollam has gained nationwide acceptance.

Kollam District of Kerala now owns thepride of having a total Plan for its development and the District PlanningCommittee of Kollam has becomethe pioneer in fulfillingthe constitutionally mandated responsibility of being the planning authority of the district.The success of any plan lies in its implementation. I am sure that District Planning Committee of Kollam will succeed in this regard too.

Paloli Mohamed Kutty Minister for Local Self Government Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> FOREWORD

The 74th AmendmentAct of the Constitution of India, mandated District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district. As per Article243 ZD of theConstitution, the District Planning Committeeshall consolidate Panchayat / Municipality Plans in the district andprepare a draft developmentplan for the districtas a whole.TheArticlespecifies that while preparing draft development plan, due regardshall be given tomatters of common interest between panchayats and municipalities including spatial planning, sharingof water and other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation. The Constitution stipulates to consult such institutions and organizations decided by the State while preparing the District Development Plan. The District Planning Committee, Kollam, wanted to fulfil its Constitutional obligation and to have comprehensive development of the District with the participation of local governments in the district. This led to the important initiation towards preparation of an Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP) for Kollam along with Local Development Plans (LDP) for each and every local governments in the district in an integrated manner. The entire process was implemented with the involvement of people, local governments, line departments, NGOs etc. The Department ofTown and Country Planning gave technical support for Plan preparation besides coordinating the entire process. It is of no doubt that this methodology of plan preparation qualitatively strengthens the Decentralized Planning Process. The planning process is ‘top-down’- ‘grass root-up’ wherein data collection and preliminary analysis of the collected data is performed at local level and integrated regional development vision (development concept) is formulated at the district level. Thus multilevel integration between Plans (between different Local Plans, Local Plans and District Planand between sectors) is achieved avoiding duplication of development proposals formulated atdifferent levels of administrationnamely at Village(Grama)Panchayat/Municipality, Block(intermediate) Panchayat, District Panchayat levels and even State or National level. Over and above the process succeeded in blending technical dimension and local wisdom in the preparation of Development Plans. Integrated DistrictDevelopment Plan, Kollam tries to achieve planned development of the district through optimum utilization of resources, both natural and man made, ensuring conservation of environment. This is a plan for and by all development partners of the district and it specifies the role of each local government in the integrated development of the district. The Plan provides objective and direction toall development sectors meanwhileidentifying their linkages. The IDDP, Kollam envisages a population of 29.36 lakhs for the district by 2021- an addition of 3.50 lakhs to the present population. Developmentneeds of the futurepopulation in each sector - be it physical,economical or social - are addressed in thePlan. The Plan identifies agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and mining & geology as the potential development sectors of the district. Six development zonesnamely Bio reserve zone,Agro development zone,Agroallied development zone, Specialdevelopment zone, Multi functional zone andAqua bio reserve zone are demarcated with most suitable activities in each zone.The midland area of the district is earmarked as the Agro development zone and the environmentally sensitive regions in and around Ashtamudi kayal and Paravur- Nadayara kayalare designated as Bio reserve zone of theDistrict.Arational distributionof facilities is proposed to be achieved in the district through a well established hierarchy of settlements.Aconnectivity plan ensuring proper connectivity betweensettlements also form part of the Plan. Based on this development structure of the district sectoral details were worked out giving due respect to inter sectoral linkages. Thus the IDDP, Kollam is a comprehensive plan for the development of the district. The Plan encompasses all features of a district plan envisaged by the Constitution. The District Planning Committee of Kollam is proud to be the pioneer in preparing such a Development Plan. The consistent efforts of members of DPC, Kollam, local governments, District Collectors, members of the Special TechnicalAdvisory Group for IDDPand the Department of Town and Country Planning, in particular their Kollam District Office, in making the endeavor a success need to be appreciated. Here is a Plan, not only ‘for the people’ but ‘by the people and of the people’. The success of the Plan depends onhow far people own the Plan and co-operate inimplementation of the Plan.I seek united effortsof central, state andlocal governments as well as the private and corporate sector for realizing the development vision ofIDDP Kollam. Isubmit this comprehensive planbefore the people of Kollam as their meansfor achieving optimum developmentof the district.

Adv. K. Somaprasad Chairman District Planning Committee, Kollam Kollam Kerala State

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> PREFACE As partof People’s Plan, Kerala succeeded in developing andoperationalising a viable methodologyof decentralized participatory planning. This path-breaking innovation has now been adopted nationally and the Planning Commission recommended an analogous methodology to be followed by all States in the preparation of the XIth FiveYear Plan. In spite of the pioneering nature of decentralized planning, it must be admitted, the development priorities were set and development options chosenon the basis ofperceptions and negotiations amongthe stakeholders under theleadership of elected localgovernments and not on the basis of analysis.To start with it was good enough. Now that decentralization in Kerala has entered the institutionalization phase, time is ripe for upgrading the quality of planning, moving on to analysis of development data and trends, with people and their representatives in the centre stage, assisted by officials and experts, leadingto a vision emerging from a deep understanding of the developmental situation and potential. In this respect, Kollam has conducted an important experiment, crafted patiently and meticulously by a team of top quality professionals from the Town and CountryPlanning Department, in partnership with enlightened political leadershipof Local Governments. Under the leadership of the District PlanningCommittee (DPC) and withthe involvement of allthe Local Governments in the district, officials from the DevelopmentDepartments, co-ordinated by theDistrict Collector in his capacity as the Member Secretary of the DPC,pooled in all available data, filled up gaps through primary collection and analyzed them to study spatial development patterns. Utilizing the techniques of spatial planning and the tools of information technology detailed analysis of the current situation both sectoral and cross-sectoral was carried out and mapped and the trends were projected into the future. The collective spatial patterns of different sectors of development at the district level, shows the gaps as well as the potential. Analysis wasenriched by the involvement of elected leaders and local resource persons which gave the all importantpeople-dimension to the whole process. Through a cross fertilization of expert opinions and people’s ideas, policies and strategies for the immediate future emerged. Based on further consultations, plans and projects began to take shape springing organically from the understanding of the development past andthe prospects of developmentfuture. Priorities were dictated by people’s preferences of courselimited by availability of resources,resulting in the detailed execution plan. The whole process took a long time being a path-breaking venture. Intense discussions and debates and even doubts and criticisms informedeach stage, often delaying the process but resulting in greater understanding and stronger ownership at theend. Thus only after a series of trials and errors the IDDP emerged. The most important features can be summed up as follows:- – A deepshared understanding of development patterns of the past and potential for the future based on objective analysis of all available data. – The understandingcut across development sectors and departmental domains and resulted in a holisticdevelopment concept or vision andthis perspective guided the choice of strategies for the future and plansto realize them. IDDP is made robust by the strong organic linkages connecting each step to the previous and next one. The commitment and enthusiasm ofofficials and elected leaders of Kollam has resultedin the development of a viable methodology of participatory spatial planning, theoretically sound and practically valid. Now thatthe core features of the methodology are revealed inthe document, it is easy to upgrade or modifyor adapt them for different geographical, developmental and political regions.

S.M. Vijayanand Principal Secretary Local Self Government Department Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam is a long range comprehensive plan for the development of the district. Through preparation of IDDP, the District Planning Committee of Kollam has become the first ever DPC in the Country to own a District Development Plan prepared as envisioned by the Constitution. This path-breaking venture has become a model in participatory district planning in a spatial platform. The methodology adopted has proven to be theoretically sound and practically valid for the preparation of district and local plans in line with 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and is easily replicable elsewhere in the country. The Department of Town and Country Planning is deeply thankful to people’s representatives, officials, experts and above all the people of Kollam who worked for materializing the Plan. The District Planning Committee, Kollam need to be specially acknowledged for the sustained efforts to fulfil their constitutionally mandated responsibility of having a development plan for the district. The support given by Sri. Paloli Mohamed Kutty, Minister for Local Self Government Department, throughout the period was invaluable. Sri. S.M. Vijayanand IAS, Principal Secretary, Local Self Government Department was always ready to help and advice. We are deeply indebted to him for his inspiring and invaluable support in materializing this Plan. Adv. K. Somaprasad, Chairman District Planning Committee, Kollam was the driving force behind the capacious task. The Plan preparation gained momentum on the initiative ofAdv. P.Aisha Potti MLA, former Chairperson, DPC Kollam, who took keen interest at all stages. Smt. K. Devaki, former Chairperson of DPC also extended all supports.All members of the DPC actively took part in the planning process as Chairpersons of ‘Sub committees of Special TechnicalAdvisory Committee of DPC for preparation of IDDP’. Sri. B. Ajayakumar and Sri. George Mathew who played anchor roles as Chairmen of ‘Spatial planning sub committee’ during their respective tenures need to be specially acknowledged. The District Collectors of Kollam, during the period, in their capacity as the Member Secretary of the DPC, played crucial role in co-ordinating the entire task. Special acknowledgements are due to Sri.B.Srinivas, IAS former District Collector of Kollam for immense support rendered in putting the task in track and to Sri.A. Shajahan IAS, present District Collector of Kollam for the support extended during the completion period.The whole hearted cooperation extended by all the line departments was a determined in the event. The efforts of both official and non official members of the Special TechnicalAdvisory Committee for IDDP need to be reckoned with gratitude at this juncture without which integration of sectors would have been out of question. The untiring efforts of Sri. Jacob Easow as District Town Planner, Kollam and presently in his capacity as Senior Town Planner of the State Project Cell for the project was really an inspiration. Sri. K.Devarajan, Sri. S. Ajayakumar, Sri.J.Jayakumar, Sri. C.J. Poulose and Sri. P.Anilkumar as District Town Planners of Kollam during the period also contributed in this endeavor. Smt. P.R. Ushakumari, Town Planner, Sri. S. Ajay Kumar and Sri. K. Baiju, DeputyTown Planners exerted sustained efforts during the entire period. Members of the SpatialAnalysis Team for IDDPand officials of Kollam District Office of the Department are also to be acknowledged. The officials of the IDDP-LDP Project Office took consistent efforts for the plan preparation among whom Smt. M.V.Shari and Smt. Jinumole Varghese,Assistant Town Planners need special mention. The Department also acknowledges the support and guidance rendered by the members of the State Level Steering Committee and Department Level Technical Implementation Committee. The project of preparation of IDDP-LDP is a joint project of DPC, Kollam and the local governments in the district.All the local governments of Kollam district need to be specially acknowledged for being part and parcel of the project. It is hoped that they will exert continued effort and complete their local development plans in a time bound manner.

Eapen Varughese Chief Town Planner Department of Town and Country Planning Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> PROLOGUE The report of the Integrated District Development Plan for Kollam is presented in two volumes viz. Volume I and Volume II. The report has two sections: ‘Section 1 - Methodology ofPreparation of LocalDevelopment Plansand Integrated District Development Plan’ and ‘Section 2 - The Integrated District Development Plan for Kollam’.

Volume I comprises of

 Section 1: Methodology of Preparation of LocalDevelopment Plans and IntegratedDistrict Development Plan

 Part of Section 2 : Perspective Plan.

Volume II comprises of

 The remaining part of Section 2: Execution Plan.

Perspective Plan include

 Settlement analysis comprisinganalysis of population, occupational structure, land use, functional character of settlements, hierarchy of settlements, hierarchy of nodes andurban profile.

 Sectoral analysis comprising detailed analysis of variousdevelopment sectors including production, service,social and economic sectors.

 Spatial analysis which analyses the spatial patterns evolved based on settlement studies, study of resources, study of social aspects andfrom environmental studies.

 Goals and objectives and the District Development Concept.

 General and sectoraldevelopment policies and strategies.

The above are detailed in Chapters 2 to 33 of Volume I.

Execution Plan include

 Development proposals with priorities, phasing and agenciesinvolved with costing.

The above are detailed in Chapters 34 to 50 of Volume II.

AConcise Report of the Integrated District Development Plan for Kollam is also given as Volume IIII.

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> CONTENTS

Message

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgement

Prologue

List of tables & figures

[Cont.....] CONCISE REPORT METHODOLOGY I M I n n e t t e e .Uiuns 7 Uniqueness 7. .Aayi 12 Analysis 2. .. irrh fNds15 14 Nodes of Hierarchy Settlements of Hierarchy 2.1.6 2.1.5 .Kla xeine8 6 Experience Kollam plans the of Preparation 8. 6. .. ouain12 12 12 Structure Occupational Population SettlementAnalysis 2.1.2 2.1.1 2.1 .. ra rfl 16 18 13 14 SectoralAnalysis Profile Urban 2.2. 2.1.7 Settlements of Character Functional use Land 2.1.4 2.1.3 .Cneto h lnpeaainpoes4 4 IDDP and LDP of preparation the for up set process Organizational preparation Plan the of Concept 5. 4. .. giutr 18 21 Development Watershed 2.2.3 Agriculture 2.2.1 ..5PvryRdcin40 Reduction Poverty 2.2.15 .Itouto oteDsrc 11 3 4 3 District the to Introduction 1. P IDDP of Components LDP of Components Introduction 3. 2. 1. .. riain20 22 Husbandry Animal 2.2.4 Irrigation 2.2.2 ..6Pwr42 37 34 38 Power 2.2.16 Development Child and Women Welfare, Social Education 2.2.14 2.2.13 Forest 2.2.10 .. ihre 24 Fisheries 2.2.5 ..9Fnne46 49 44 35 36 43 SpatialAnalysis Finance 2.3 Tourism 2.2.19 Tribes Scheduled and Caste Scheduled 2.2.18 2.2.17 Geology and Mining Environment 2.2.12 2.2.11 A .. nrsrcue32 28 26 30 Infrastructure sanitation and water Drinking 2.2.9 Health 2.2.8 Industries 2.2.7 2.2.6 ...MjrRas50 Roads Major 2.3.1. ...SbMjrRas50 Roads Major Sub 2.3.2. . pta tutr 50 50 Structure Spatial roads Minor 2.4 2.3.3. t I M h g n g a n e o t r r r a e a a t t d l h

g t y t 1 o e e o r s a l d d d i o s t o e g D D l d o y i i s s D g o t t y i r r s f i i o t c c P r f t t i c r P D e D t r p D e e e a p v e v r a v e e a r e l l a o t o l i o t p o p i p S o S m n m m n E E e e o e C o C n n f n f T t T t t L L I P P I P o o O O l l l c c a a N a N a a n n n l l - - D f D

I I o e I e v r v e K e l o o l o p l p l m a m m e n e t n D P t i s l a P t n r l i a s c n t a s n ( D d a r n a d f t ) 1 2 3 I Part 2 Integrated Development Vision 1. Major findings from Analyses 53 2. Development Goals and Objectives 54 3. District Development Concept 54 I 3.1 Development Zones 55 3.2. Hierarchy of Settlements 56 3.3. Hierarchy of Nodes 56 3.4. Transportation network 56 3.5. Development Policies and Strategies 59

Part 3 T

R Development Proposals O

P 1. Sectoral Proposals 61 E

R 1.1 Agriculture 61 E

S 1.2 Irrigation 67 I

C 1.3 Watershed Development 68 N 1.4 Animal Husbandry 70 O

C 1.5 Fisheries 73 1.6 Industries 77 1 1.7 Health 79 1.8 Drinking Water 83 1.9 Infrastructure 86 1.10. Forest 89 1.11 Environment 91 1.12 Mining and Geology 94 1.13 Education 95 1.14. Social Welfare, Women and Child Development 97 1.15 Poverty Reduction 102 1.16 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 106 1.17 Tourism 108 1.18 Finance 113

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3 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Land use break up - Kollam District 13 Table 1.2 General character of the higher order settlements 15 Table 1.3 Urban profile – phasing 17 Table 1.4 Facilities in general to be provided 17 Table 1.5 Overall trend in ecological conservation 34 Table 1.6 Overall trend in economic development 34 Table 2.1 Zone wise projected population 58 Table 2.2 Zone wise projection of WPR and total workers 59 Table 2.3 Projected occupational structure 59 Table.3.1 Final priority area for Watershed Development for each spatial development zone 69 Table.3.2 Proposals for strengthening distribution side 105 Table 3.3 Different Proposals submitted by the departments and the sources identified 114

List of Figures

Fig. i General planning process for preparation of LDPs and IDDP 4 Fig ii Organisational Setup for preparation of IDDP and LDP 5 Fig. 1.1 Regional settingof Kollam District 12 Fig. 1.2 Distribution of Gross population density (2001 census) – Local Body wise 12 Fig. 1.3 Population concentration pattern 13 Fig. 1.4 Land use – Kollam district 13 Fig. 1.5 Functional classification of settlements 14 Fig. 1.6 Hierarchy of settlements – Existing 14 Fig. 1.7 Hierarchy of settlements – Suggested 15 Fig. 1.8 Spatial Distribution of Rural Nodes (Existing) 16 Fig. 1.9 Hierarchy of nodes (Suggested) 16 Fig. 1.10 Future urbanization profile – Kollam District 17 Fig. 1.11 Shift in cropping Pattern 18 Fig. 1.12 District soil conservation priority map 22 Fig. 1.13 Temporal variation of livestock population 22 Fig. 1.14 Percentage of SSI units by type 26 Fig. 1.15 Major diseases in the order of prevalence 28 Fig. 1.16 Trend in no. of house connections 30 Fig. 1.17 Condition of Houses 32 Fig. 1.18 Percentage coverage of forest area in Kollam district 34 Fig. 1.19 Trend of pollution – Number of Red category industries and number of Orange category industries without effluent treatment plant 35 Fig. 1.20 Trend of revenue generated from mineral extraction 36 Fig. 1.21 Trend ofAtrocities against women 38 Fig. 1.22 Trend of Suicides among women 38 Fig. 1.23 Trend of thrift and internal loan among NHGs 41 Fig. 1.24 Category wise power consumption details – Kollam 43 Fig. 1.25 Occupational pattern among SC 44 Fig. 1.26 Backwater tourism network in Kollam 45 Fig. 1.27 Existing tourist circuits in Kerala 45 Fig. 1.28 Trend in total tourist’s arrival (foreign and domestic) in Kollam 2004-06 46 Fig. 1.29 Pattern of credit plan 2005-06 47 Fig. 1.30 Trend in percentage advance in development 48 Fig. 1.31 Trend in credit flow in priority sectors 48 Fig. 1.32 Activity pattern of the District 49 Fig. 1.33 Hierarchy of settlement and nodes 49 Fig. 1.34 Schematic representation of the road net work 50 Fig. 1.35 Spatial Structure of the district obtained by overlaying the activity pattern, road net work and hierarchy of settlements 50 Fig. 2.1 Integration of the findings of spatial analysis of sectors and settlement studies 55 Fig. 2.2 Different Development Zones of the District 56 Fig. 2.3 Hierarchy of settlements 57 Fig. 2.4 Future transportation network with hierarchy of nodes 57 Fig. 3.1 Integrated rice cultivation –Aschematic diagram 62 Fig. 3.2 Integrated vegetable cultivation–A schematic diagram 62 Fig. 3.3 Organic farming zone 63 Fig. 3.4 Marine Bio-Reserve 75 Fig.3.5 Proposals on transmission side 106 Fig. 3.6 Proposed tourism Network 108 Fig. 3.7 Ashtamudi lakeTourism circuit 112

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> ABBREVIATIONS IDDP - Integrated District Development Plan LDP - Local Development Plans DPC - District Planning Committee Spl TAC - SpecialTechnicalAdvisory Committee LSGI - Local Self Government Institution LSGIs - Local Self Government Institutions NCU - National Commission on Urbanisation WPR - Work Force Participation Rate GP - Grama Panchayat TCPO - Town and Country Planning Office LLA - Local Level Analysis GIS - Geographic Information System GPS - Global Positioning System CFI - Composite Functional Index BPL - Below Poverty Line CI - Concentration Index SAT - SpatialAnalysis Team

<< previous << VOL-I pers next >> Volume III - Concise Report Methodology of Preparation of LDPs and IDDP 3

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Section - I Methodology of Preparation of Local Development Plans and Integrated District Development Plan

1. Introduction prepare a long-range Master Plan and and Local Development Plans for all the sper Article 243 ZD of the Constitution, submit it to the District Planning Local Self Government institutions of the 2 Aevery State shall constitute a District Committees. This clearly indicates why District with the technical support of the Planning Committee (DPC) to consolidate spatial planning is regarded as the District office of the Town and Country Grama Panchayat / Municipality plans in essential tool in any planning process. Planning Department. The project was the District and to prepare a Draf t Therefore, steps were taken to submitted before the State Government and Development Plan for the District as a introduce spatial approaches into the Government gave approvalto start the project whole. It also specifies that while preparing system so that a Development Plan is in the District as a pilot project [G.O(Ms)/62/03 the Development Plan, due regard shall prepared at every local self government Planning, Thiruvananthapuram Dt: 01-08-03]. be given to matters of common interest institution level in order to strengthen the 2. Components of LDP between the Grama Panchayats and process through a comprehensive rather The Local Development Plan consists of: Municipalities, including spatial planning, than a piece-meal approach. The  A Perspective Plan for 15-20 years, sharing of water and other physical and Development Plans prepared for the Local comprising of natural resources and the integrated Self Government Institutions are termed as  APolicyPlan development of infrastructure and Local Development Plans (LDP) and  Spatialstrategiesfor optimum utilization environmental conservation. Development Plan prepared for the district of resources As per section 175 of the Kerala as a whole is termed as an Integrated  Infrastructure plan Panchayat Raj Act, a long-range District Development Plan (IDDP).  An Execution Plan for 5 years, 3 development plan for each Grama District Planning Committee (DPC) of comprising of Panchayat is to be prepared giving Kollamhas takenupaninitiativeinthis  Strategy for development – importance to spatial planning. As per regard. The DPC has conceptualized a incorporates physical, social and section 51 (3) of the Kerala Municipality project for the preparation of Integrated economic dimensions Act, 1994 the Municipal Corporations shall District Development Plan for the District  General land use plan

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam 4 Methodology of Preparation of LDPs and IDDP Volume III - Concise Report

 Infrastructure plan (National Commission on Urbanization,  Sectoral strategies for integrated 1988). development 5. Organizational Set Up for the  Development code Preparation of LDP and IDDP 3. Components of IDDP District Planning Committee (DPC), I The Integrated District Development constituted under 74th Constitutional Plan consists of: Amendment Act, is the apex body for the  A Perspective Plan for 15-20 Years preparation of these Development Plans comprising of with the Department of Town and Country  Settlement pattern giving hierarchy Release of the Guideline for the preparation of Planning acting as the nodal agency and functions of settlements LDP on 19.01.2009 (Figure 1.2). Acoordination committee is  District level policies and strategies for formed at district level consisting mainly of Sanctioned Integrated District Development elected political heads of Local Self integrated development Plan (Figure 1.1). Government Institutions (LSGIs), for  Regional infrastructure plan Clearly, the process starts with the activating the preparation of LDP in each  An Execution Planfor 5 Years comprising collection of data and moves almost in LSGI. of parallel for both the plans up to the analysis For the preparation of LDP, respective  Strategy for integrated development stage. The data and the results of the Grama Panchayat Committee /Municipal  Transportation network analysis for the preparation of LDP for Council is the apex body. Eleven Working  Location criteria for services and each Local Self-Government Institution is Groups, namely agriculture, industries, facilities an input for the preparation of Integrated poverty reduction and social security,  Specific projects tobe implemented at District Development Plan. Later on, based schedule caste and tribe, health, education, block and local levels on suggestions and proposals of the infrastructure, environment, financial 4. Concept of the Plan Sanctioned Integrated District Development resources and watershed development, preparation process Plan, the Local Development Plans are will be attending the data collection and the The process of preparation of these modified and finalized.Actually the concept brief analysis of the collected data for the two plans (LDP and IDDP) is sequentially of this process is based on a combination LDP.Working Groups consists of elected linked and the plans are prepared in an of top-down and grass-root approach representatives, government officials, integrated manner. Draft Local wherein policies and strategies flow down NGOs etc. A core committee of selected Development Plans are prepared first. wards, while plans, programmes and members of these Working Groups viz. Then, the Integrated Development Plan for projects are conceived and implemented Spatial Integration Committee (SIC) is the District is prepared. Afterwards, the at grass root level which can be integrated constituted for each LSGI. This committee Draft Local Development Plans are to obtain the desired spatial pattern at has a key role in the preparation of LDP modified and finalized based on the higher levels at any given point of time and has the overall responsibility right

Fig. i : General planning process for preparation of LDPs and IDDP

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Volume III - Concise Report Methodology of Preparation of LDPs and IDDP 5

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Fig ii : Organisational Setup for preparation of IDDP and LDP from data collection to report Development 6. Fisheries 7. Industries, members are associated with the spatial writing.Therefore a graduate engineer is Co- operation, Trade and Commerce 8. analysis of each LSGI and they are also appointed by the respective LSGI to assist Infrastructure (Roads, Bridges, Housing) members of the Special TAC constituted the SIC who is designated as Engineering 9. Health 10. Drinking Water and Sanitation for the sectoral studies. SAT is also Trainee. In addition to that a Resource 11. Education 12. Finance 13. Social entrusted with task of preparing manuals, Person for each LSGI has to be identified Welfare, Women and child development hand outs, methodology of analysis etc. to act as a spokesman of spatialplanning. 14.Poverty Alleviation and Rural needed to smoothen the process of spatial 2 Inorder to coordinate the process of Development 15.Power and Tele analysis of both LDP and IDDP. preparation of LDP at District level, an LDP Communications 16. Scheduled Caste and At the State Level, a Steering Processing Committee is functioning with Schedule Tribe Development 17. Tourism, Committee headed by the Chief Town the official heads of LSGIs as members Culture, Sports andYouthAffairs 18.Human Planner, functions in Town and Country (Secretaries) under the chairmanship of Resources Development and 19. Spatial Planning Department for the monitoring of the District Collector. Planning. both the LDP and IDDP. State Level Expert For the preparationof IDDP,the District Spatial Planning Sub Committee of Committee chaired by Government Level Technical Advisory Committee Special TAC is the key committee of the Secretary of LSGD (Urban) with the Chief (DLTAC) is specially constituted. This whole project of preparation of LDP and Town Planner as Convener monitors the Special TAC has 19 Sub committees with a IDDP and act as the implementation DPC member as Chairman, District Level committee of the project.Acore committee head of line department as Convener and (IDDP integration Committee) is also other officials, retired officials, NGO’s, constituted from Special TAC for validation representatives of research and of suggestions of the Special TAC. educational institutions etc. as members. A Spatial Analysis Team (SAT) is 3 The Sub Committees of Special TAC are constituted with planners from the Town 1. Agriculture 2. Irrigation 3. Watershed and Country Planning Department as Development and Land Use 4.Forest, members. The technical support of the Environment, Mining and Geology 5. Department for the preparation of LDP and State Level Expert Committee meeting on Animal Husbandry and Diary IDDP is given through the SAT. SAT 17.10.2005

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam 6 Methodology of Preparation of LDPs and IDDP Volume III - Concise Report

Spatial Integration Committee is named as Local Level Analysis mainly for finding local development requirements with emphasis on people’s aspirations. The analysis done by the Town and I Country Planning Department is named as Spatial Analysis mainly for finding the development issues with emphasis on synergic spatial linkages. Land use map handing over function 4. An integrated finding of both the Discussion of Agricultural Sub committee of project at the State level and gives analysis will result in identification of Special TAC, IDDP-LDP Project Office development issues, followed by directions for the preparation of LDP and done by the Department of Town and IDDP. Other members of this Committee planning concept, policies and strategies and finally Draft LDP,which Country Planning.Analyzing the past trend are Member Secretary of State Planning of development of the sector, study of Board, Government Secretary LSGD are formulated jointly by Town and Country Planning Department and present scenario, identification and (Rural), and Four expert members prioritization of problems and potentials, nominated by the Government. Spatial Integration Committee. The findings from the IDDP analysis is identifications of solutions of problems and 6. Preparation of the Plans enhancement of potentials, evaluation of A. Preparation of Draft LDP another input for the identification of development issues of the LDP. ongoing/ committed projects and 1. Data collection is done by each Grama programmes, formulation of sectoral Panchayat/ Municipality. Physical Simultaneously analysis and findings of Survey and Socio-economic Survey Draft LDP will be an input for the are the two primary surveys and are preparation of IDDP. conducted through local surveyor B. Preparation of IDDP trainees selected by respective LSGI There are basically four main stages under the supervision of the involved in the preparation of an Integrated engineering head of LSGI and District Development Plan. They are: engineering trainee after receiving 1. Preparatory Works technical training from Town and  Preparation of the base map of the Country Planning Department. district Inaguration of Workshop on sectoral analysis Secondary data collection is entrusted  Preparation ofchecklist for secondary by Hon. Labour Minister Sri. P.K. Gurudasan, with the Working Group of the data collection and collections of other 27.07.2006 respective LSGI. Discussions of relevant materials, etc. working groups with the stakeholders 2. DataCollection and Compilation policies and suggestions, etc. are some of are a special activity for data collection.  District level secondary data collection the assignments in the Sectoral analysis. In order to ensure grass-root level through Special TAC and various Whereas the study of the settlements with participation, a Grama/Ward Sabhas departments. respect to population, population are conducted at LSGI level and the  Data Compilation andfeeding the data distribution, hierarchy of settlements, land suggestions are compiled. into the computer and linking with the use analysis, occupational structure are 2. Physical Survey is done in cadastral Spatial data in GIS format included in the spatial analysis. The spatial maps (scale 1:5000) and fed into Arc 3. Analysis analysis is done by the Spatial Analysis Geographical Information System (GIS) In the preparation of IDDP also, two Team using GIS. format. The Socio-Economic survey is types of analyses are done: (a) Sectoral 4. Plan Formulation carried out by systematic sampling analysis done by various Sub Committees The analysis is followed by technique with 10% sample. Both of Special TAC and (b) Spatial Analysis identification of development issues, setting primary and secondary data are up of goals and objectives, developing systematically compiled in formats and planning concept and formulating policies entered in MicrosoftAccess and finally and strategies.Areport incorporating the linked to the GIS. Further, all existing analysis, findings, concept, development planning documents like development policies and sectoral programmes and reports, five year plan documents, projects is prepared namely Draft Grama/ Ward Sabha suggestions, Preliminary IDDP. At the stage of summary of discussions with stake identification of development issues and holders etc., are compiled in systematic formulation of planning concept, general formats. direction of growth of the district will be 3. Two analyses are done using the Spl. TAC General body meeting on 24.01.05 at arrived. Based on this general direction above data. Analysis done by the Jilla Panchayat of growth, the development policy of each

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Volume III - Concise Report Methodology of Preparation of LDPs and IDDP 7

ensures the bestand optimum utilization of land, the most valuable resource in the planning area.  Both IDDP and LDP are prepared based on top down grass root up approach. The data collection, I analysis and local level proposals are carved atthe grassroot levelwhich is later modified, if necessary, based on Presentation of Development Concept before the policies deriving at a higher level Inaugural training programme for SIC members District Collector, DPC and Special TAC i.e. at the district level while preparing on 20.10.2003, Chittumala, Kollam 30.09.06, Guest House, Kollam the IDDP. At the same time the policies Panchayat level. This created awareness atthe higherlevelareformulated taking about the process of preparation of LDP sector is formulated and the strategies in to account the proposal at the lower and IDDP among the stakeholders which carved from sectoral policy will act as a level (LSGI level). is inevitable for the success of the project. guideline for identification of the sectoral  All the development partners like As a part of the primary data collection, proposals. technocrats, politicians, NGO’s, land use survey on survey number basis Draft Preliminary IDDPwill be presented Government Departments, common (cadastral level) was conducted in the 69 before an Expert Committee whose man and other decision makers are Grama Panchayats and 3 Municipal members shall be persons invited by the involved intheprocessofpreparation councils of the District. Socio-Economic DPC and the general body of the Special of LDP and IDDP. survey was conducted in about 70000 1 TAC and IDDPIntegration Committee, who  State of the art technology – GIS, units comprising households and other shall finalize the plan. Further Special TAC GPS, satellite imageryto name a few occupancies of the district. GPS survey will detail proposals based on the validations – areutilized in the preparationof LDP of the IDDPIntegration Committee and thus and IDDP. Preliminary IDDP will be formulated. The  The beauty of the decentralized Preliminary IDDP will again be discussed planning system is also seen in the among the public through a Development funding pattern adoptedfor the project Seminar conducted at the district level and of preparationof LDPand IDDP. The modified if required and the modified plan project was initiated by DPC, Kollam will be placed before the DPC for approval. conceiving as a joint project ofall the The plan approved in the DPC will be the LSGIs of the district. All LSGIs of Training programme to resource persons of draft IDDP. Finally the Draft IDDP will be Kollam district allocated fund for the LSGIs, 29.12.03 and 30.12.03, TMV Hall, Kollam forwarded to the Government for project from their Tenth and Eleventh sanctioning. Five Year Plan allocation. was conductedin all the LSGIs of the District C. Preparation of Final LDP (presently there are 71 Grama Processes involved for the final LDP Panchayats). Both land use data and 2 are given below: socio-economic data were entered in to  Modification of draft LDP based on the computer format for analysis in GIS. sanctioned IDDP. As a part of the preparation of LDPs,  Modification of the Draft LDP based two model LDPs that of Paravoor on thedevelopment seminar. Municipality (urban) and Pooyappally  Sanctioning of LDP by the DPC (rural) Grama Panchayat prepared and 7. Uniqueness reports on Local Level Analysis of majority The preparation of LDP and IDDP is of (68 out of 72) the LSGIs have been Workshop on LDP on 23.01.2008, YMCA, Kollam having the following uniqueness. prepared. A Guideline (Govt. Circular No.  Both LDP and IDDP are prepared 8. Kollam Experience 71810/2008/LSGD dated 29.11.2008) for based on spatial planning approach. The process of preparation of IDDP the preparation of remaining LDPs has also This ensures integration of various and LDPstarted in Kollam DistrictinAugust, been prepared. development sectors over a space (An 2003. The first one and half years of the Regarding the preparation of IDDP, LSGI inthe case of LDPand District as project was spent for conducting training both the Perspective Plan and the programmes for the various stakeholders a whole in the case of IDDP). The Execution Plan and an Executive 3 integration of various sectors is of the project and primary data collection Summary have beencompleted and District performed taking into account the at the Grama Panchayat and Municipality Planning Committee has approved the specialties in social, physical and level. Training programme was conducted Integrated District Development Plan economic aspects of the space, over for about 12000 stakeholders ranging from (Draft) report on the meeting held on which the sectorsare integrated. This DPC members to NGO’s at the Grama 06.06.2009

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Part 1 Analysis

his part consists of introduction to Kollam -Ernakulam Line in 1958, the town National Highways (NH-47, NH-208) Tthe district, settlement analysis, was raised to the status of a junction. The having a length of about 135-km within the sectoral analysis and spatial analysis. construction of a new Civil Station was also district, and the railway route network with 2 1. Introduction to the District completed in this year. In the year 2000 Kollam as the railway junction. Kollam is Kollam was well-known in the annals Kollam Municipality attained the status of a connected to Ernakulam and of history for its trade relationship with Corporation incorporating 4 Grama Thiruvananthapuram by both road and foreign countries, variety of agricultural Panchayats in the surroundings. rail. Another new National Highway (NH – produces and as an administrative capital. Kollam district is situated on the south 220) is proposed from Kollam to Theni in Chinese, Phoenicians, Greeks and west coast of Kerala between 9°28’ and Tamilnadu. Earlier, water way was the Romans and in later years Arabs had 8°45’ latitude and 76°28’ to 77° 17’ north major transport mode due to presence of traded with Kollam from times even Before longitude. It is bounded on the north by T.S canal, backwaters and rivers such as Christ. Most of the historians believe that the name Kollam is derived from word Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts, Kallada, Ithikkara and Achankovil rivers. ‘Kolam’ which means in Sanskrit, the pole east by Western Ghats bordering Tamil Due to encroachment and silting, the T.S in which traditional ferries were tied and Nadu, south by Thiruvananthapuram canal is presently not in use. But with the hence it can be presumed that the word District and west by Lakshadweep Sea declaration of section of West Coast canal Kollam stands for a port town. (Figure 1.1). It is located 71 Km North of between Kottapuram and Kollam as Kollam-Shencottah Railway line Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala National Waterway No.-3, it is expected 3 opened in 1904, gave big boost to the and 155 Km south of Ernakulam, the that water way also will get importance in commercial and industrial development of commercial capital of the State. due course of time. Kollam. In the year 1921, Kollam town The district has comparatively good The physiography of the district became a Municipality. With the opening of regional connectivity due to the two deserve special mention as it have all the

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Fig. 1.1 : Regionalsetting of Kollam District three divisions, namely high land in the eastern part of the district, mid land in the central area and low land on the western side adjacent to the Lakshadweep sea. The district has about 30% of its geographical area as forest mainly seen in the eastern part of the district. 2. Analysis 2.1. Settlement Analysis 2.1.1. Population Total population ofKollam district as per 2001 census is 2585064, which is 8.11% of the total population of the State. Decadal growth rate of population is 7.38% as per 2001 census which is less than the average growth rate of 9.42% of the State. The analysis shows that population growth rate Fig. 1.2 : Distribution of Gross population density (2001 census) – Local Body wise of both the district and State is declining. The Spatial distribution of the growth rate gross population density of the LSGIs in least one member out of the 2.04% of the of population of the district during 2001 the coastal belt Panchayats are the highest total families of the district hasout migrated shows a definite spatial pattern. (in the range of 3000- 6000 pp.sq.km), (maximum towards the Middle East). The gross population density of Kollam whereas the gross population density of As per the trend based population in district [1038 persons per sq. km. (pp the central region is in the range of 1500- projection, the population of the District will sq.km)] is higher than the state average 3000 pp. sq.km and that of the eastern hill be increased by 1.21 lakhs and 0.78 lakhs value of 819 pp sq km. But when compared region is less than 750 pp. sq. km. in the succeeding decades, 2001-11 and to the surrounding three districts, population The population concentration pattern 2011-2021 respectively. density of Kollam is less than that of of the district (Figure 1.3) shows 2/3rd of 2.1.2. Occupational Structure Alapuzha and Thiruvananthapuram. The the total population is concentrated in the As per census 2001, the work force gross population density (Figure 1.2) of coastal local bodies and local bodies participation rate of Kollam District is 32%. Kollam district shows a clear distinction adjacent to it comprising 31.57% of area The share of cultivators and agricultural between the coastal region, central region of the district (2524 sq.km.) laborers taken together are 3% and 21% and the eastern high land regions. The Analysis on migration shows that at in urban area and rural area respectively.

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The other ‘natural’ land use viz: water body also has a significant share (4%). The glaring aspect of the landuse analysis is that the dsitrict is blesed with potentiol resourses such as agricultural land and forest. The land use map of the district is I shown in Figure 4. Four major land uses which are relevant to the production sectors viz. Commercial, Industrial, Agricultural and Forest are analyzed. Concentration index of the commercial land usein urban LSGIs and in those LSGIs along the major transport corridors are higher than that in other LSGIs. The Concentration of Industries(as per the land Fig. 1.3 :Populationconcentration pattern use) is in and around Kollam Corporation. Concentration pattern of agricultural land Also the share of household industrial resulted in the dilution of the rural nature of use shows that agricultural area of the workers is the same (2%) in both the urban the rural area of the district as far as the District is mainlyconcentrated in the central and rural areas. This indicates that, almost occupational structure is considered. region of the District. The concentration all the workers (95%) in urban area 2.1.3. Land use 1 pattern of forest shows that forest area of depend on the tertiary sector for their The major land uses in the district are the district is mainly concentrated in the livelihood. In the case of rural area, more agriculture, residential andthe ‘natural’ land eastern parts. than 50% (Assuming the primary workers use forest (40%, 29% and 24% The spatial distribution of the in the other workers category is about respectively) (Table 1.1). agricultural land use pertaining to main 20%) of the total workers engage in tertiary Table 1.1 :Land use break up- Kollam District crops viz, paddy, rubber, tapiocca and activities. This implies that even in rural coconut shows that paddy and coconut are area, the primary sector is on the decline. concentrated in the low land coastal region, Number of cultivators and agricultural rubber and tapioca are concentrated in the laborers show drastic decrease mid and mid up land, and the up land (approximately 50%) during the period region mainly consists of the rubber and from 1981 to 2001, whereas the other other crops like oil palm, pepper, pineapple workers show an increase of 81%. This etc. indicates the weakening of the primary By combining the concentration sector, mainly the agricultural one, in the pattern of the major uses spatially and by District. Also as the back bone of any analyzing the resulting pattern, area of 2 economy of a region is the production specialization (based on the existing land sector, the decline of which will have effects use) activity can be delineated. in multiple faces like self sufficiency, economic stability etc. of a region.

Workers in cashew industry As the industrial activity in the urban 3 area is on the decrease, and workers in other workers category is increasing in both urban and rural areas, narrowing down of the boundary, distinguishing the character of rural and urban areas is Fig. 1.4: Land use – Kollam district

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam 14 Volume III - Concise Report Analysis

pattern of thesettlements in four categories. is shown in Figure 1.6. Kollam Corporation and its adjacent LSGIs As per the concept of Crystallor’s show urban character. The Semi urban Central Place theory in identifying the character is shown by other LSGIs in the proposed hierarchy of the settlements, coastal belt. LSGIs in the mid land and high settlements of various hierarchies should land region of the District exhibit mainly be centrally located (as far as possible) rural character. Semi rural character is with respectto the service areaor service Reserve forest - Thenmala population. Theoretically speaking, there will be one first order settlement serving the entire region (District). The service area of a settlement is hexagonal in shape as per the Crystallor’s theory. But practically in the case of Kollam the service area of the first order settlement (Kollam Corporation being the only one) cannot be taken as hexagonal but it is actually the entire district which may even extent outside. This limits the identification of the second order settlement by Crystallor’s Central Place theory. But here the service area of the first order settlement is the entire 1 district and hence it is assumed that there are at least four second order settlements Fig. 1.5: Functional classification of settlements one from each of the sub regions (North- Thus the district can be divided in to seen in a few LSGIs placed as a transition East division, North-West division, South- three distinct zones based on the land use zone in-between the LSGIs with semi urban West division and South-East division) of analysis- urban activity area, agricultural and rural character. the district. The service area of the second area and forest resource area, which 2.1.5. Hierarchy of Settlements order settlements is delineated by drawing makes it possible to assign definite Hierarchy of settlements is arrived the perpendicular bisectors to the straight development characters to each region. using Composite Functional Index (CFI) line connecting the second order Urban activity area of the district is seen method. The CFI of a settlement is settlements. This area may form a concentrated in the low land and a portion assessed based on the number and hexagon or part of hexagon in shape. The of the mid land region, whereas the forest presence of the following types of facilities. vertices of the hexagon determine the area has a concentration in the eastern 1. Educational facilities location of the next lower order settlements part of the district. Also most of the 2. Health facilities i.e. the third order settlement. The service agricultural area is concentrated in the mid 3. Markets area of the third order settlement can be land and high land region of the district. 4. Facilities in agriculture and allied sector delineated as hexagonal in shape. The 2.1.4. Functional Character of Settlements 5. Physical infrastructurefacilities remaining settlements of the District are With the unique settlement pattern 6. Transportation facilities assumed to be having the lowest order, existing in Kerala, the function of a The existing heirarchy of settlements i.e. the fourth order. settlement cannot be limited to the usual classification of urban or rural area. There exists a character exhibiting a combination of the two which needs to be explored. Analysis based on land use and plot size shows that there exists semi urban and semi rural character in settlements in addition to the urban and rural character. An area can be classified as Semi Urban, if there exists (or likely to introduce) both urban and rural activities but the predominant activity is urban. If the predominant activity is rural, it is classified as a semi rural area. The spatial distribution of the settlements based on its character shows (Figure 1.5) a clear demarcation in the Fig. 1.6: Hierarchy of settlements - Existing

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Fig. 1.7: Hierarchy of settlements - Suggested

The suggested hierarchy of District falls only in the 3rd order. Anchal  Centrality with respect to the service area settlements is given in Figure 1.7. and Chathanoor are the other suggested  Existing hierarchy of the nodes The character of the higher order 2nd order settlements. The suggested hierarchy of nodes is settlements is summarized in Table 1.2. 2.1.6. Hierarchy of Nodes shown in Figure 1.9. The study of the hierarchy of The hierarchy of a node is indicated Obviously Chinnakkada and settlement of the district reveals that Kollam by the extent of activity taking place at the surrounding area is the 1st order node of Corporation is the highest order settlement node. The extent of activity is measured the District acting as a commercial centre in the District and Punalur Municipality is a by a proxy indicator denoted by the serving the entire District. Anchal and 2 second order settlement as expected. hierarchy of roads meeting at that node. Chathannur are the suggested 2nd order Grama Panchayats of Kottarakkara and The spatial distribution of the nodes is nodes in the addition to the existing 2nd Karunagappally are identified to be the shown in Figure 1.8. order nodes, Karunagappally, existing second order settlements contrary The suggested hierarchy of nodes is Kottarakkara and Punalur serving the to the present order of administrative set derived taking in to account surrounding population and potential up wherein Paravoor a Municipality in the  The population distribution growth centers of the District. The next order growth centers are Kadakkal, Table 1.2 : General character of the higher order settlements Chathannur, Kottiyam, Sasthamcotta, Chavara, Thevalakkara, Kundara, Thenmala, Pathanapuram, Velinalloor, Paravur and Ayur.

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Existing II order node - Punalur

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Existing II order node - Kottarakkara Kollam Corporation. So these two local bodies are expected to attain urban nature in the first phase itself. This eventually that, means Karunagapally, Kottarakkara, Kottamkara, Neendakara, Thrikkadavur, Mayyanad and Chathannur will attain the status of urban local bodies in the next 10 Fig. 1.8: Spatial Distribution of Rural Nodes (Existing) years where as the remaining 9 local bodies will attain the urban status within 2.1.7. Urban Profile population among the local bodies of the the next 20 years. Future Urbanization profile of the District as per Census 2001, shows that The phasing of urban profile of the District is derived based on the following the growth rate is the highest among those District is shown inTable 1.3. 1 criteria. local bodies adjacent to the Kollam Criteria-1: Census urban area Corporation. Hence it can be presumed Criteria-2: Grade of Local Self that those local bodies adjacent to the Government Institutions Kollam Corporation and those along the Criteria: 3: Projects enhancing National HighWay can be assumedto attain urbanization the urban status in the next 10 years and Criteria: 4: Hierarchy of settlement the remaining local bodies to become so The likely future urban profile of the within the next20 years. In the study of the district evolved is shown in Figure 1.10. hierarchy of settlements, Kottarakkara, and Transport Bus Stand - Kollam The pattern of growth rate of Karunagapally are positioned next to

Fig. 1.9: Hierarchy of nodes (Suggested)

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Fig. 1.10: Future urbanization profile– Kollam District

Table 1.3 : Urban profile – phasing Table 1.4 : Facilities in general to be provided

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Kollam urban area

The functions to be performed by various higher order settlements are derived based on their order, administrative status, character of the settlements and the service area which is 3 summarized in the Table 1.4.

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Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam 18 Volume III - Concise Report Analysis

2.2. Sectoral Analysis 2.2.1. Agriculture The total extent of land under cultivation in the district is 2,18,267 hectares during 2004-2005. Based on Area, Production and Productivity of the various crops cultivated in Kollam, 25 crops have been identified as the principal crops. The area of cultivation under coconut is maximum (32% of total cultivated area) in the district, followed by rubber (31%) whereas the area of cultivation of paddy is very less (6 %) compared to coconut and rubber. Area under food crops cultivation is only 18% whereas the commercial crops accounts for 82%.Among food crops Rice (36%) and Tapioca (28%) are the main crops and in the case of Commercial Fig. 1.11: Shift in cropping Pattern Crops, Coconut (40%) and Rubber (38%) in the paddy fields, non adoption of scientific crop is having severe pest and disease are the main crops. practices, pest anddisease infestation, lack infestations like root wilt and yellowing. The 25 crops, found as principal crops of farming practices on group basis and Adverse climatic conditions like drought 1 in the district are classified as major, sub climatic adversities such as frequent also contribute to the decline in productivity. major and minor crops based on area of drought and floods. Many paddy fields are This is corroborated in the Local Level cultivation and revenue generated. The subjected to salt water intrusion and poor Analysis Reports of the Grama crops classified as major crops are water management infrastructure which Panchayats of Thazhava, Mynagapally Coconut, Rubber and Pepper. Banana, also make the cultivation risky. and Nedumpana which pose wide spread Rice, Tapioca and Arecanut are the sub- Puncha cultivation in kayal lands was disease infestations as problem in coconut major crops and the remaining crops are not undertaken in the last 7 to 10 years cultivation. classified asthe minor crops. Itis noticeable due to various problems connected with There is no well-developed that all the three major crops identified are the management of stagnation water, procurement and marketing system for commercial crops. In addition to the above flooding, salt-water intrusion etc. Water coconut. Incidences of root wilt disease and crops, other significant crops like cashew, stagnation in many padasekharams pests like Eriophid mite, Red palm weevil sesamum, vegetables, etc are also taken resulting due to seepage from KIP canals etc. pose serious threats to coconut for analysis. also makes the paddy cultivation difficult. cultivation. Even though the revenue from However there is scope for increasing There is immense scope for export of agricultural sector isshowing an increasing the production by cultivation of High Yield coconut products by adopting proper value trend, the crop wise trend reveals that Varities (HYV) in more areas. In addition addition, product diversification and commercial crops are devouring the food to paddy lands, lands which are kept fallow, marketing strategy since all part of the crops and thus there is not much increase can be brought under cultivation by coconut plant can be put to use. Significant in production andproductivity of food crops. maintenance of existing irrigation and quantity is consumed domestically also.As Over the years, there is a tendency to shift drainage canals and operation of shutters. the crop is raised mainly on homestead from food based to commercial based crops There is ample scope for increasing basis, there is opportunity for integrating (Figure 1.11), complying with the change substantially the area and production of activities of Kera Samrakshana Samithies in economy, in particular the change in paddy in the district by introduction of large- and Co-operative agencies. money value in the global economic scale mechanization as a solution to scarcity Rubber: High fluctuation in the price conditions. of labour, since paddy is a labour intensive of natural rubber is a major weakness. The major development issues are as crop. Frequent fluctuation in price of natural follows. Other opportunities include organic rubber in the international market is a major Paddy: In Kollam district the area of farming in paddy, cultivation of medicinal threat. paddy has declined from 14510 ha in 1995 varieties of paddy like Njavara, cultivation Possibility of generation of additional to 10087 ha in 2003-04 and the productivity of scented rice like Basmati, Jeerakasala revenue from rubber plantations through has declined from 2488 kg per ha to 2223 etc. Similarly value addition of the produce apiculture, pineapple border planting, inter kg/ha in the same period. The main reason must also be done so as to ensure better cropping banana during initial years of for this decline is conversion of wetland to income generation. planting etc. can be explored. garden land due to the high land value for Coconut: Lack of sufficient quantity of Banana: The most remunerative types garden land. The reasons for reduction in good quality coconutseedlings for new and like Red banana, Njali poovan, Nendran productivity are low organic matter content under planting is a major problem. The etc. are not extensively cultivated due to

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insufficient availability of quality planting Panchayat lands etc. is from roots, 15% from fruit/seed, 12% materials. Export potential and value Tapioca: Cultivation of tapioca in the from wood, 9% from the whole plant, 7% addition measures are not exploited. Low district is not industry oriented. Absence of from the bark or stem, 4% from leaves and price for bunches at the peak times of organized procurement and marketing 3% from flowers. Many of the plants used harvest due to the lack of proper collection, systems has resulted in the closure of in traditional medical treatment are storage, packing andmarketing facilities are starch producing industries in the district. becoming extinct in their natural habitat. I experienced. Reduction in area due to switching over to Deforestation plays a major role in this. Attack of pseudo stem weevil is the more profitable crops like rubber is a threat. Though the medicinal and aromatic major threat in banana cultivation. High cost Rodent attack is another major threat. industry is in need of large quantity of raw of bamboo for staking the plants increases A wide range of value added products materials, large-scale commercial the cost of cultivation. such as cassava flour, chips, sago, glucose cultivation is yet to catch up. Herbal health Mean while banana is the crop having etc. can be made from tapioca tubers. tourism offers extensive possibilities for high export potential. Organically cultivated There isalso scope for productionof methyl earning foreign exchange. banana and its bi-products have good alcohol, bio diesel etc. from tapioca. Nat ive an d L o cat io n Sp eci f ic demand in export market. Vegetables: The present production Crops : Apart from the commercial crops Pepper: Most of the existing plantations in the district is around 11,000 MT only. and food crops, the District is the habitat are not scientifically managed. High There is no organized infrastructure for of many minor crops and flora which are yielding variety and shade loving variety collection, marketing and storage of being used by the people. Crop trees coverages are less in the district. High vegetables. This severelyaffects the quality like Jack, Tamarind, Garcinia, etc are fluctuation in the market price leads to non- of the produce available to the consumers essential part of native diet. Minor tubers adoption of agronomic practices by the and also inflict heavy loss due to lack of and millets and pulses also contribute to 1 farmers. Presence of pesticide residues storage facilities, pests and rodents the food security.Also Sesamum plays an and microbial contaminations in processed resulting in uneconomic returns to the important role in the healthy living of human pepper due to unhygienic processing and producers. being. It is specifically grown in Onattukara handling at farmer level are obstacles in region during 3rd crop paddy fallows. So the export of pepper. these crops also have good potential in Severe incidence of pest and disease the district. in the pepper growing tracts are the major Marketing System : Issues in the threats in production and productivity of Marketing system include the following. the crop. Product is fetching low price in 1. Financial constrains the international market. 2. Supply drivenmarket rather than demand There is ample scope for area driven expansion by intercropping and 3. Narrow focus on agricultural marketing rehabilitation of old pepper plantations. extension system Adoption of scientificpractices in increasing Vegetable cultivation 4. Weak research extension linkage the productivity of the crop will enhance 5. Inabilityto access market demand production. There is potential to cultivate traditional 6. Weak mechanism for private sector 2 Cashew: Over the past twenty years, vegetables in rice fallows during third crop involvement there has been a sharp decline in the area, season and to undertake cultivation of the 7. Inadequate communication network production and productivity of cashew both other items such as cabbage, carrots, In the analysis ofAgriculture sector, the at State and district levels, leading to a capsicum, potato etc. in climate controlled existing cropping patterns, crop status stagnation of the cashew industry. The polyhouses using suitable artificial including floriculture, infrastructure and cultivation of cashew is mostly on substratum. This ultra tech cultivation labour issues were analysed with the homestead basis and there is no should be employed in the production of support of GIS generated spatial distribution commercial cultivation. The existing trees traditional items also in course of time so maps. From the SWOT analysis it is found are mostly local varieties, old and senile as to overcome the problem of land that there is ample scope for the productivity with low production capacity. Scientific availability. Similarly, organic cultivation improvement and value addition in management practices are rarely followed must be followed as pesticide residues in agricultural sector. However while and the crop is mostly neglected. Pest and vegetables are one of the major health analyzing the development trend, certain disease attack, low market price, etc are hazards prevailing. Moreover, organically critical issues in the production and the main threats in this sector. raised vegetables will also fetch foreign productivity of a number of food crops are There are chances for increasing revenue. observed. Therefore strategies have to be 3 productivity through adoption of scientific Medicinal Plants: Only 7% of raw evolved to resolve the key issues in this practices, high density planting etc. Area materials are obtained from cultivated sector. Future strategies for attaining self expansion can be done by planting high sources.Almost 70% collection of medicinal sufficiency in certain crops and economic yielding varieties in waste lands, fallow plants involves destructive harvesting, development in agriculture sector can be lands, public places, lake sides, Grama since out of the annual consumption, 50% evolved in thrust areas based on spatial

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analysis and district development concept. play a major role against the depletion of Parappar is 487.92 Mm3 which is a great 2.2.2. Irrigation water table, are being filled up and are potential for the district. If thisis utilized fully, In Kollam district, out of the 58% area utilized either for non agricultural use or income from agriculture can be under agriculture, only 31% is irrigated for cultivation of dry land crops. Assuring considerably increased. Developing new area. It is seen that out of the total irrigated irrigation water to the fields where there is L.I. Schemes in the Grama Panchayats by area of 45271 Ha, 72% is irrigated by the cultivation today is a positive approach the sides of Kallada, Pallickal and Ithikkara Kallada Irrigation Project (KIP). against further conversion of land use. rivers will create new potentials. There is In the spatial distribution of irrigated Kallada Irrigation Project, Minor good potential for tapping ground water in area of various LSGs in the district is Irrigation and well irrigation are the main many parts of the district. There is also compared as a percentage of total irrigated irrigation streams, of which 72% of the scope for rain water harvesting. However area of the district, it is seen that irrigated share is that of KIP. Hence the non the actual utilization of the potential is highly area is more or less concentrated in the completion of the 9 bottleneck works of KIP dependent on the degree of accessibility mid land area. Highest percentage of and delay in the commissioning of the of water to the farmer. irrigated area is in Chathannur Grama project are the main problems. The 9 Overall it is seen that the irrigation Panchayat (4.19%) followed by bottleneck works to be completed are sector in Kollam District is having good Nedumpana Grama Panchayat (3.42%) 1. Poovathoor Distributory - Rly crossing potential which is kept under utilized. So, and Sasthamcotta Grama Panchayat 2. Poovathoor Distributory - Connecting effectivemeasureshavetobetakenupto (2.99%). Grama Panchayats of Alappad, works of Rly crossing improve the sector in the district through Clappana, Pattazhy North and Oachira are 3. Paravoor Distributory - Balance work- proper utilization of the resources and not at all irrigated. 21417-22980 m and Lifting solving the issues. Minor Conveyance Irrigation potential created in Kollam 4. Kottappuram minor – works of two System is to be rectified for optimizing the 1 district upto 2000 March is 15611 Ha. Even reaches use of available water. Bottleneck works though potential created during the period 5. Balance works of Mavilayil Distributory are to be completed urgently for utilizing except 2002-2003 is very low, in the year 6. Balance works of Vazhamuttom the created potential. The reason for the 2005-2006, potential created in Kollam Distributory non completion of 9 bottlenecks and delay district is only 186 Ha. 7. Balance works of Chamavila minor in commissioning of KIP is paucity of funds, Regarding the creation of potential, 8. Balance worksof Kizhakkekkara minor non utilization of available funds specifically trend can be considered positive since 9. Balance works of West Kallada for completion of bottlenecks and lack of efforts were made to create potential in the Distributory -0-3510m coordination of various departments. whole ayacut area, even though potential Underground PVC pipes laid for Minor Funds have to be separately provided for yet to be created is 1845 Ha. Conveyance System (MCS) are damaged the completion of the bottlenecks alone. But regarding theutilisation of potential, in most of the reaches. Command area Also stricttime limit has tobe enforced. High which is vital for the development of works are yet to be completed. Even level co-ordination of other departments agriculture, the situation is standstill though water is let out through canals, a for expediting such works will have to be considering the period from 2000-2001 as practice of utilizing water for agriculture is conducted. Most of the PVC pipes laid per the records of KIP. The present yet to be developed. A uniform crop period underground for MCS are damaged. As situation of the area where potential is said and time is not practiced for paddy in the per the norms of the World Bank, command to be utilised earlier is also pitiable. In the ayacut area. Hence appropriate area works were done before Minor Irrigation sector also potential distribution of water becomes difficult. commissioning of canals. If these works creation and utilisation during the period is Lack of maintenance and paucity of were doneafter the completion of the canals meager. Hence the overall trend funds creates problems in the proper as usual, MCS works would not have been considering creation and utilisation of functioning of schemes like VCB etc. Ponds this much damaged. Formation and potential is extremely negative. are not seen utilized for the development functioning of the Water Users Association The main problem is that agriculture of agriculture. Awareness of the was not effective since water was not let itself is declining day by day. Agricultural essentiality of irrigation is seen to be very out through the canals when the land is being transformed for non- low among agriculturists. Cost of associations were formed. Newly formed agricultural uses. The wet lands, which implementing irrigation facilitydoes not tally CADA division should take up rectification with the benefits obtained. The motor pumps of MCS also. Where agriculturists are badly and accessories are very old. There are in need of water for irrigation, pilot project 8 L.I stations at Sooranad North which are for rectification of MCS of one distributory installed in 1958. Hence they need should be initiated. Possibility of tapping of frequent repairs. Lack of sufficient ground water potential may be looked into permanent operating staff creates problem in the district except in Kottarakkara block. in the proper functioning of L.I. schemes. Rain water harvesting may be popularized Canals carrying water to field are not by which water availability can be properly maintained. increased locally. Judicious selection of Kallada dam The storage capacity of dam at different types ofirrigation is also important.

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There is sufficient storage in the Coastal areas are having very deep soils. 15-30 tonnes/ha/year (42812 ha), 30- reservoir. But it is not utilized for agriculture. Portions of Chithara, Ittiva, Kadakkal, 40 tonnes/ha/year (62960 ha) and >40 Water is available in the canals, but not in Yeroor, Piravanthoor, Alayamon, tonnes/ha/year (37776 ha). the right place, right time and right quantity. Aryankavu, Kulathoopuzha and Thenmala  Stream bank erosion along the river Damaged MCS, non uniform pattern of have moderately deep soils. Slope ranges courses. cultivation and lack of maintenance of of the district are 1-3%, 3-10%, 5-25%,10-  Depletion of water level in Sasthamcotta I canals are main reasons for this. Effective 33%, 25-33% and >50%. Coastal areas lake. command area works is to be done. of the district are having the lowest slope  Pollution ofAshtamudi lake. Agriculturists should be educated to follow range. Slope increases towards the  Indiscriminate sand extraction in West uniform pattern regarding crop period, eastern partof the district and the maximum Kallada. seeds etc. to ensure uniform water slope is in the upland areas of the district The major potentials identified are as distribution pattern. Canals are to be i.e., Kulathoopuzha and Aryankavu. follows. properly maintained with people’s Accordingly, crop suitability for the  In situ moisture conservation. participation. different soil series in the district is as  Increased infiltration rates. Effective distribution of water is not at follows:  Augmentation ofground water table. all possible due to lack of maintenance of  Mynagapally- coconut and intercrops  Protection offertile top soil. L.I schemes, VCB, Check dams, leading  Mannar- coconut, banana, vegetables  Increased yield of agricultural crops. channels etc. Paucity of funds leads to and pepper  Watershed management. lack of maintenance. Non availability of  Kallada- coconut,paddy and sugarcane  Generation of rural and urban water and less profitable crops lead to  Varkala- coconut,tapioca, cashew and employment. conversion of agricultural land to non banana  Increase in homestead income. 1 agricultural use. Assuring availability of  Nedumangadu-rubber, coconut, tapioca,  More area brought under cultivation. water by proper maintenance with cashew, arecanut and banana  Ensure proper drainage. beneficiary participation, can to an extent,  Mylom- paddy and pulses  Prevention of flooding in lower areas. help in non- conversion of agricultural land.  Palode- rubber,coconut, pepper, tapioca  Reclamation ofwater logged areas. Beneficiaries shall be entrusted with the  Ummannur- rubber, coconut, tapioca, As per the analysis it can be concluded maintenance, only when the cost is cashew, arecanut and banana that through planned intervention almost affordable to them. Sufficient funds should  Nedumpara and Channapetta-rubber all the development issues identified can be provided for maintenance by the and forest trees be solved. department when cost is high.  All major soil series except Mylom, During the course of soil survey, details 2.2.3. Watershed Development Nedumpara and Channapetta are regarding erosion, intensity of the soils in The existing status is studied based on suitable for coconut cultivation.Towards the area etc., are collected and priority the status of watersheds in Kollam and the the eastern part of the district mostly classes are assigned to select the lands physical status of soil.The major rubber is recommended. for carrying out soil conservation works watersheds in Kollam district includes Regarding watershed development on priority basis depending on the severity Ithikkara, Kallada, Pallickalthodu, the general issues identified are as follows. of the problem. Achenkoil,Ayirur (part) and Vamanapuram  Agricultural drought in crop lands Intensity of soil erosion affects the 2 (part) watersheds.  Lack of awareness in soil and water productivity of the soils, which can be Kallada watershed is the largest conservation restored by timely adoption of proper watershed in the district covering an area  Stream bank erosion along the prominent conservation measures. Apart from soil of 1426.95 sq. km contributing 57% of the drainage courses erosion intensity, other factors like slope of total watershed area of the district.  Drainage problems of Paravoor lake the area, present state of cultivation, The major soil series of the district are  Silting up of rivers management practices adopted etc. are Channapetta, Kallada, Mannar, Mylom,  Fallowing of cultivable land takenintoconsiderationforarrivingatsoil Mynagappally, Nedumangadu,  Land conversion conservation priority. Nedumpara, Palode, Ummannur and  Degradation of forests Based on soil conservation priority, Varkala. The different types of soils found The location specific development district can be classified into four priority in the district are Coastal alluvium, foot hill problems are as follows. areas, P1, P2, P3 and P4 as shown in soils, gneissic soils, laterite soils, alluvio  Achenkoil and Kottavasal in Figure 1.12. colluvium and forest soils. The major soil Pathanapuram taluk, Kulathoopuzha and Priority 1 Areas (P1) are the areas type found in the district is laterite soil and Channapetta inAnchal block have shown which require urgent soil conservation the minor type is coastal alluvium found indications of land slips and land slides. measures and are characterized by steep 3 along the coastal areas. Soils in the district  Severe scarcity of drinking water in the to very steep slopes, sparse vegetation are classified based on depth into district during summer. and faulty cultivation practices. Complete moderately deep (75-100 cm), deep (100-  Alarmingly increasing soil erosion in the ‘A’ horizon and up to 75% of ‘B’ horizon is 150 cm) and very deep (>150 cm). Deep district. Rates of soil erosion in the district lost in these soils. These are the areas soils occupy major portion of the district. are <15 tonnes/ha/year (108290 ha), with > 50% slope i.e. portions of

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2.2.4. Animal Husbandry The total live stock population in Kollam district as per 17th quinquennial census 2003 is 2,67,977. Cattle and Buffaloes are coming under ‘Bovines’. In Kollam district the total number of Bovines is 1,57,898 which is 59% of total live stock population in the District. Cattle constitute 98% (155077) of Bovines in Kollam District. The Eastern region ishaving more percentage of cattle compared to the western region. In Kollam district, the number of total live stock is showing declining trend (Figure Fig. 1.12 : District soil conservation priority map 1.13). During 1996, the total live stock Kulathupuzha, Aryankavu and Thenmala Priority 4 Areas (P4) : The valleys population in the district was 45,7669 and Grama Panchayats. For land slide prone and low lying areas including paddy lands whichreducedto26,7977duringtheyear areas, graded bunding, Afforestation, are grouped under this; Opening of proper 2003. One of the reasons for such a drastic wattling and works for safe disposal of drainage channels is the main soil change maybe due to theattitude of people drainage are recommended. Also stone conservation measures practiced before to keep less number of highly productive pitched contour bunding, bench terracing, commencing any cultivation in these lands. crossbreed animalsrather than maintaining less productive indigenous animals. The 1 gully plugging, stream bank protection, Covers low land areas with 1-3% slope. check dams, construction and conservation For water logged areas, construction declining rate of population in the state of ponds, protection of side walls and measures for effective drainage are during the period from 1996-2000 was vegetative measures are recommended. recommended. Cover cropping, about 30% as against 23% in the case of Priority 2 Areas (P2): P2 areas intercropping, rain water harvesting, District which reduced to 17% at the end where susceptibility to erosion is relatively trenching, mixed cropping and fodder of 2003. The declining rate for the state high which need immediate soil planting are also recommended. The during 2000-2003 periods is about 20%, conservation measures. This area is resources analysis, in particular, that for slightly above the district average. While generally characterized by steep slopes, Agriculture can be done considering the the temporalvariation is analyzed itis found thin vegetation and unscientific agricultural Soil priority mapping. The specific that the rate of decrease of indigenous cattle practices. Fertile ‘A’ horizon and 25% of recommendations for the district are population is high comparing to that of ‘B’ horizon are lost in these soils, covers protection of Sasthamcotta Lake which is crossbreed cattle’s recording 70% decline portions of 25-33% slope in the district i.e., the main drinking water source in the during 2000-2003. The total milk produced portion of Grama Panchayaths of district, protection of Ashtamudi kayal, in the District during 2004-05 was 256.71 Kulathupuzha, Chithara, Kadakkal, Ittiva, protection of landslide prone areas, MT, whereas during 2003-04, the total Piravanthur, Aryankavu and projects for waterlogged areas and production was 266.63 MT showing a Pathanapuram. Works recommended are watershed development projects for overall declining trend. The milk production is stone pitched contour bunding, contour development integrating various sectors in maximum during the rainy and winter farming, strip cropping, cover cropping, the district. Seasons. stream bank protection, trenching, check dams and fodder planting. Priority 3 Areas (P3) : Partially protected lands need low cost technology to protect the entire land from further deterioration. These lands are located on gently to moderately sloping lands having good vegetative cover. 75% of the ‘A’ horizon is lost. Here erosion has not reached an alarming stage. Covers mid land areas of the district having slope ranges of 3-10, 5-25 and 10-33%. Works recommended are earthen bunds with vegetative cover, stone pitched contour bunding, mulching, cover cropping, stream bank protection, check dams and fodder planting. Fig. 1.13 : Temporal variation of livestock population

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Percentage of milk production is high district. Unauthorized slaughter houses production. The present production of towards the western parts of the district. cum markets sell low quality and disease fodder is estimated to be sufficient to meet This may be due to the improved breeding bearing livestock of which majority of only half the requirement of the district. A facilities and availability of crossbred animals are from neighboring State. Out of close perusal of the facts and figures shows animals with high productivity. the 10 important live stock markets, that cattle populationand milk production is Total meat production in the district Paruthiyara, Anchal, Mulavana, and high from the areas with a better coverage I during 2004-05 is 35428 MT which Kannanalloor deals with cattle, buffaloes of fodder. The agricultural crisis has also constitutes 41% meatproduction in the state and Goats. badly affected the animal husbandry sector (86893MT). There is a MILMA dairy in Kollam in the district. Animal rearing activities, Out of the total meat produced, meat district with pasteurization and chilling which were developed as subsidiary to from poultry, cattle and buffaloes contribute facilities. In addition, two private dairy agricultural activities from day old time, the major shares with 35%, 33% and 27% plants namely A-One milk products, faced a heavy blockade once the respectively. In the case of State also, Patharam and KCA Milk Products, agricultural outputs were not provided in poultry, cattle and buffaloes contribute Umayanalloor are functioning in Kollam plenty as a consequent to the decreasing maximum to the meat production. district. There are 5 chilling plants in the agricultural activities. We are facing a Egg production in the district is 156.6 district, having 1000 litres capacity each heavy shortage of roughages including million/year. Totalproductionof broiler meat viz. Kundara,Thalavoor, Kizhakketheruv- straw and hay. Bringing straw from other from the private farms is around 9.50 lakhs Kottamkara, Chavara South andAyoor. districts or from outside the state roots a kg/year. heavy financial burden to the farmers. The annual per capita consumption of Above all there is the ever increasing cost egg and broiler in the district is 80 eggs of cattle feed. Cattle feed is not compounded 1 and 2.5 Kg respectively. But the demand in the district. Kerala Feeds and MILMA for eggs in the district is 750 million per are the major suppliers of cattle feed from year. To meet the demand, eggs are being the public sector. But a major share is imported from the neighboring states such handled by private players, which possess as Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andra major concerns regarding quality of the Pradesh. The inflow of eggs from other feed. states is estimated to be 600 million eggs A pricing system, entirely independent MILMA Dairy -Thevally, Kollam per year. of the cost of production, has put the whole Sporadic incidence of Anthrax is The Buffalo Breeding Farm, burden of these crises on the shoulders of recorded in the district. Haemorrhagic Kuriottumala is the highest income farmer and the profit, already a scanty one, septicaemia is the other major bacterial generating farm in the district. has at times approached nearly null making disease incurring loss to the cattle There are 7 major input centres of dairying a non-lucrative occupation for the population. Foot andMouth disease is the animal husbandry and dairy sector. farmer. Adding to all these, is the heavy most dreaded viral disease with sporadic When we go through constraints that influx of milk and milk products, cheaper in incidence all over the district. PPR is the the sector faces, against the back drop of price and most of the times cheaper in major emerging disease among the goat an increasing incapability to meet the quality also, from outside the state.As we 2 population. Contagious pleuropneumonia demand of meat, milk and egg internally, have not developed a quality based pricing and tetanus are the other diseases three major issues may be raised on a system, the milk produced internally could prevalent among goats. wider background. First one is the declining not compete with the cheaper milk brought Diseases like milk fever trend of animal population in the district. in from the neighbouring States. (hypocalcaemia), hypomagnesemia, Others are the increasing cost of inputs of All these have alienated the dairy downer cow syndrome etc are common in production and the flooding of cheaper farmers from the sector. the district. Anthrax, Bovine Spongiform products from the neighboring states. On a Coming to the marketability of milk one Encephalopathy, Tuberculosiis, detailed investigation, it can be seen that society is functioning per 477 cattle in the Leptospirosis and Brucellosis are the main allthesethreehaveformedaviciouscycle district. But the societies in the eastern parts diseases acquired from cattle. Rabies and one promoting the other thus intensifying of the district cater to the demand of a larger Leptospirosis are spread from dogs. the crisis of internal food security of the area. The Grama Panchayat of Perayam Psitacosis andAvian Flue are the diseases state. Decreasing trend of the population doesn’t have a milk society at all. Lack of acquired from poultry. increase in cost of production and narrow adequate number of milk societies in the The total area under fodder cultivation margin of profits, the labour oriented nature eastern parts of the district and lack of of business in the sector, low productivity in the district is only 823 Hect, out of which sufficient number of chilling plants are the 3 776 Hect. is at rural areas and 47 Hect. is and emerging zoonotic diseases are the major hurdles regarding marketability of at urban areas (Panchayat Level Statistics- main contributing factors for the recession milk. 2006). in the animal husbandry sector. The relatively lesser number of The meat and egg produced in Kollam The sector is also facing problem of breeding centres in the eastern part of the district is sold through local markets in the non-availability of enough land for fodder district and the subsequent reduction in the

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productivity of the animals in the region is will be very high. This will promote a In the dairy sector, betterment of the a problem to be addressed immediately. condition highly conducive for animal germplasm and enhancement of the Another matter worth mention here is the husbandry activities in the region. Same is number and productivity of animals is the lack of proper awareness among the the case of eggs. People have got affinity key point. Breeding policy of the state has farmers on the scientific management towards the brown shelled eggs produced to be revised at periodic intervals so as to practices of crossbreed animals. The in the farmer’s premises, a system which is make available better germplasm to the subsequent mismanagementcauses under semi-organic by default. This will definitely farmers. Fodder production has to be production among the otherwise highly improve the prospects of backyard system promoted and quality control of cattle feed potent germplasm of cattle available in the of rearing poultry. Quality consciousness has to be ensured. Larger commercial region. among the public about meat and meat dairy units may be promoted in the region Coming to goats, the district has 42 products is also on the rise. Health so as to get hold of a leap in the field of milk goats per 1000 human population. That consciousness among the public will production. Better credit facilities at low means around 43 goats are present per promote scientific slaughter houses thus interest rate have to be made available to squarekilometerareainthedistrict.Lack promoting the industry of meat and meat the farmers. Local inputs and local of enough grazing land is the major products.Apart from all these there exists marketing have to be promoted at problem here also. Slaughtering goats at a sector of pet animals and pet birds government level and networks in this an early age, irrespective of whether male growing with high pace. Demand for fancy regard maybe established at the local level. or female, is the major cause of the birds, dogs, cats etc are on a hike and this In the poultry sector efforts are to be decreasing number of goats in the district. offers ample employment opportunities for made for the strengthening of the backyard Buffalo Breeding Farm, Kuriyottumala is the interested people. system of poultry rearing by ensuring the major centre for supply of kids in the Animal husbandry sector offers plenty steady supply of quality chicks and feed at 1 district. Non-availability of quality kids is of employment opportunities which is affordable rates. Efforts may be made to the major problem regarding goat expected to witness a boom in the recent establish commercial layer units in the production.Anorganized marketing system future. With regard to the food security of district. Rearing of other birds like duck, with a standardized pricing pattern does the state also, it is high time to pay more quail, turkey, fancy birds etc. have to be not exist in the district. attention on enhancement of animal promoted. Apart from these, the district has got products in the region. Quality consciousness among the excellent infrastructural facilities to to Intervention in the farming systems of public regarding meat and meat products support further development of the sector. the state is highly necessitated in the has to be improved. Modern abattoirs, It has got veterinary health care and present agricultural scenario of the state meat processing plants etc have to be breeding facilities in all the nuke and where both food security and food safety established and beef cattle production and corners of the district. Also it has got an are at peril.A detailed examination makes broiler production have to be promoted in excellent marketing network of milk societies it clear that there is enough space for the existing scenario so as to ensure self throughout the district. Regional Poultry developmental activities so as to make the sufficiency in meat production. Allied Farm, Kureeppuzha is the one and only region self reliant in terms of livestock and activities like dog breeding, fancy bird turkey farm in the state. Buffalo Breeding livestock products. Strengthening of the rearing, rabbit rearing, elephant keeping Farm, Kuriyottumala is the most profitable existing livestock in quality and quantity is etc have to be promoted for the farm of the department in the state. The the need of the hour. The supporting development of the animal husbandry Kudumbasree training centre, BBF, infrastructure facilities including health care sector. Kuriyottumala and LMTC, Kottiyam are and marketing network have to be 2.2.5. Fisheries offering excellent training programmes for strengthened in par with that. Ensuring Fisheries sector in the district consists the interested farmers in the district.All the steady supply of quality inputs at of both Marine and Inland fisherie. When infrastructural facilities to promote animal reasonable rates and development of a we analyze the human resources, the husbandry activities is presently available pricing system based on cost and quality fishing population in Kollam is estimated to up to a certain extent in the district. The is highly essential for the subsistence of be about 1.37 lakh, of which 1 lakh is from need of the hour is to make use of the idle the sector.Advanced disease surveillance the marine sector. The maximum land and idle man power available in some programmes, better insurance coverage concentration of fisher folk is in Kollam of the panchayats to promote animal schemes, modern plants manufacturing husbandry activities. and marketing milkand meat products etc. Another point worth mention is the have to be established in the district so as increasing quality consciousness among to convert it into a hub of animal husbandry the public regarding the food materials they activities. consume. The demand for organic food The suggestions regarding products is very high. It is clear that quality strengthening of the sector can be divided of milk, meat and egg and their processed into infrastructural projects, livestock products will count much in the coming strengthening projects, production years and the demand of quality products augmentation projects and health projects. Fishermen at sea - Kollam

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Corporation (36923 nos.) followed by trade signed sector. In inland sector no waters reducing production Alappad (29938 nos.). However the such facility is available with public sector.  Under exploitation of deep sea resources number of active fishermen in the marine Kollam has a very dominant position  Absence of Coral Reefs sector is only about 20000.Almost an equal among the marine district of the State in the Lack of quality fish seed is the major number of people are presently engaged export of marine products. hurdle in the development of inland aqua in fishery related activities such as vending, Total fishermen population of the district culture in the district. Other problems I processing and marketing. is steadily increasing (from 94401 numbers include, In inland fishing sector, water in 1998-99 to 99890 numbers in 2003-04).  Depletion of fishery resources in inland resources for inland fishing include both However the overall active fishermen waters brackish and fresh water systems.Aunique population of the district decreased from  Over exploitation feature of Kollam is the occurrence of four 20531 numbers in 1998-99 to 18428  Lack of a comprehensive inland fisheries interconnected backwaters (kayals), viz. numbers in 2003-04. Marine fish landings act Kayamkulam kayal, Ashtamudi Kayal, had increased from 62222 tones to  No control over construction of new crafts Paravur Kayal and Edava – Nadayara 1,45,911 during the period from 2001-02 and mesh size of the gears. kayal. These backwaters are inter- to 2003-04. In Kollam the export of marine  Stationary gears makes hindrance to the connected by the T.S. canal. Besides this fish had reduced from 16328 tonnes to entry of marine fishes towards back the District is abundant with salt 15323 tonnes during the period from 2002- waters which affect the productivity of waterlogged areas in the Grama 03 to 2003-04.As in the case of state export back waters Panchayats of Alappadu, Clappana, of frozen shrimp (maximum exported  Due tocontinuous tidal effect thedepth of Kulasekharapuram, Karunagappally, species) is increasing in the district. the backwater is being lostdue to silting Panmana, Chavara, Thevalakkara, However, the value of export in Kollam is and sedimentation, which results in poor 1 Thekkumbhagom, west Kallada, East increasing from189.72 crores to 219.826 productivity and drudging is the only Kallada, Munruthuruthu, Perayam, crores from the period from 2001-02 to solution Mayyanad, Adichanalloor, Chathannoor, 2003- 04.  Spread offish/shrimp diseases. Poothakkulam and in Paravur Municipality In a nutshell, over the years Marine  Depth of water bodies getting reduced which have vast potential for aquaculture. Fisheries Sector shows the following  Under utilisation of Back waters for edible In case of Fresh water resources, the trend, specifically, Oyster culture district is endowed with 3 rivers (Pallickal,  Sardine is increasing, Prawn shows  Construction of dams,Barriers andother Kallada and Ithikkara), innumerable steady trend, Mackerel is decreasing hindrances irrigation tanks, reservoir, streams and  Export quantity is decreasing and Export Problems on infrastructure facilities waterfalls, private and public ponds, quarry Value is increasing include: ponds and water-logged paddy fields. Species wise Labeo Rohita and Tilapia  As thenumber of crafts isnot regulated, Besides these, fresh water lakes like shows increasing trend where as Prawn unit craft production is not on the safe Sasthamkottah and Cheloor kayal are and Etroplus (Karimeen) are declining. side. there, from which the drinking water supply Over the years, Inland Fisheries Sector  At present, there is no fuel bunk inside of of the District is met with. The Highland shows declining trend. Specifically the harbour for the easy accessibility for area of the District had the specialty of cold-  Prawn and Karimeen are decreasing the fishermen. 2 water resource.  Aquaculture species like Labeo Rohita  Nowelfaremeasuresfortheworkers The brackish water fishery resources is increasing engaged with the craft construction consist of 75 species of which 57 are fish,  Tilapia, a natural species shows industry. 6 shrimp, 1 prawn, 5 crabs and 6 bivalves. increasing trend  Absence of cold storage facilities in 20 species were identified as commercially The main problems associated with landing centres. At present there is no important. Altogether 210 primary fishes marine fisheries sector are as follows. sufficient cold storage facility for their (excluding the marine migrants) are found  Over exploitation of fisheries wealth from catching provided. in the inland waters, of which 53 species inshore (upto 50 – 70 m depth) and in  Lack of Fish marketing strategies both in are endemic. Growth over Fishing Stage. inland and marine. In case of inland human resources the  Foreign vessels sweeps out the entire  No training programmeconducted for the total fisher folk population, who are making fishery stock of the deep seas and workers of the peeling shed for hygienic there livelihood from the inland waters of inshore waters without facing any handling of the product. the District comes around 0.37 lakh. The restrictions which willexhaust the present  Lack of usage of Grama Panchayat s in active fishermen of the inland sector are stock fishing crafts. estimated as 0.09 lakh.  No control over construction of new crafts  Annual maintenance of the fishery roads 3 13 fishing harbours were commenced and mesh size of the gears. is not regularly conducted. so far by the fisheries department  Ineffective KMFRAct implementation  No wage pattern for the workers and throughout the state. Kollam district harbour  Lack ofmarine patrolling technicians engaged in the processing has 3 landing centers 4 mechanized boats  Stationary gears makes hindrance to the industry. and 7 landing centre for motorized and entry of marine fishes towards back  No sufficient diseases monitoring system

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in the field of brackish water prawn ie, beyond 200m depth. to concentrate on exports with due farming suggesting need for PCR Lab.  Construction of artificialreef along coastal consideration to resource conservation  Scarcity of kerosene to satisfy the waters and fisher folk welfare. demand.  Scope for the establishment of micro 2.2.6. Industries  Shortage of guide lights. enterprises for value added products About 26913 number of industries  Lack of testing facilities for quality shrimp and employmentof fisher women consisting of small scale, largeand medium seed.  Development ofOrnamental Fisheries – industries have registered in the District. Out  Lack of Coastal Aquaculture Training SHGs of the total industries registered, maximum Programmes.  Propagation of Farming of non number of industries are located in Kollam  Lack of Coral reefs construction. conventional varieties clams, mussels, Corporation (3933 numbers) and  Training for Fishermen in Scuba diving. crabs, corals, edible oysters and Perl concentration of industries are in the  Lack of devises for preserving catches oyster – marine water coastal belt of the district. using Marine ice.  Potential for Mangrove forestation The large and medium industries  Lack of a Fisheries Research Institute Potentials in inland fisheries include: registered in thedistrict consist of industries Socio economic problems of fishermen  The back watersare not really exploited in public and cooperative sector (17 nos) include: for its potential for species like Crab, and private industries (14 nos).  Strengthening of Fishermen Co- Mussel and Oyster and Brackish Water Out of the total units registered, 22% operative Societies Farming. are closed units. Among the working, 3%  Lack of employment opportunities for  In the field of fresh waters major water have registered as sick units and among fisher women bodies arenot utilized for penculture by the sick units only 31% is revived.  Lack of insurance– shrimp- fish culture fishermen group – productivity under Out of 26,882 SSI units registered in 1  Problems ingetting possession certificate utilized. the district, maximum is in Kollam for the inhabitants in puramboke area  Ornamental fish culture is negligible at Corporation (3631 nos.) followed by  Practising and propagating of forbidden present– requirementsmet from Chennai Punalur (970 nos.). Category wise share methods of fishing (Thopum – Padal) – immense potential value at rupees of SSI units are shown in Figure 1.14.  Shortage of loan facilities and micro credit more than 750 crores / year – F.F.D.A  Problems in fishermen housing taken the initiation  Lack ofsea rescue facilities  Development ofTourism Fisheries  Lack of nurturing of SHGs registered in  Development of integrated farming Fisheries sector- Ornamental fish culture practice  Lack of Orientation Programmes for  Development of Reservoir Fisheries Fishermen inthe field of deepsea fishing, In general the fishing sector is one of Organized back water and Fresh water the potential development sectors in the aqua culture programmes district which can be further enhanced by Fig. 1.14: Percentage of SSI units by type Environmental pollution problems certain location specific corrective Handloom industry is mainly under Co- include: measures. The identified problems also operative Sector. Most of the societies are  The fishermen has no responsibility for have to be tackled. Issues like over in Chathannoor, Kottarakkara, Mayyanadu hygienic management of the landing exploitation can be taken care of by strict and Veliyam Grama Panchayats and in centres and hence the present implementation of existingAct which is now Kollam Corporation. unhygienic condition insufficient, imparting total fishing holiday Coir industry is mostly concentrated in  All the landing centres especially in the for a particular period, encouraging Deep the Grama Panchayats attached to coastal back waters are in dilapidated condition sea fishing, construction of artificial reefs, areas under both Co-operative and and requires hygienic standards are to control over construction of new craft and private sectors. The Grama Panchayats be renovated mesh size of the gears, mandatory under this industry are Thrikkaruva,  All the Fish Markets in the District are registration of craft and gears, cancellation Thrikkadavoor, Manroe Island, Chavara, unhygienically maintainedthrough out the of registration of old crafts (15yrs).All boat Panmana, Karunagappally and Paravoor year building yards to be registered with  Shrinking of back water due to fisheries dept.And get prior permission for sedimentation andhuman interference constructing a new craft. To solve the issue  Accident prone areas in estuaries– lack of stationary gears making hindrance to of dredging the entry of marine fishes towards  Environmental andEcological problems backwaters cane be tackled through arising due todestruction of mangroves people’s participation, providing alternate  Pollution hazards infresh and back water employment to the stakeholders and bodies dredging of backwater for smooth entry of Potentials in marine fisheries include; tidal waters. Altogether the fisheries sector  Very high potential for Deep Sea Fishing with such a high potential in the district has Women engaged in coir works - Anchalummoodu

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Municipality. generally assessed that there is a declining scarcity of expert weavers, huge ESI/PF The Cashew processing Industry of trend as far as the Industrial sector of the arrears due by the societies, managerial Kerala are almost centralized in Kollam district is concerned. inefficiency of the Board of Directors, District. About 2.5 lakh workers are The general functioning of the existing dropout of weavers from handloom sector employed in about 500 cashew factories SSI units in this district is not satisfactory. due to low wages, lack of production of in Kollam District. There are two major Statistics shows that 22% of the SSI units export oriented items and unhealthy I Government undertaking under cashew in the district are either closed or not market competitions (from Power Loom sector viz. The Kerala State Cashew working. Out of the closed units only 50 % Sector). Development Corporation (KSCDC) can be revived either by the effort of the The major problems faced by coir established in 1968 and Cashew workers entrepreneur or by the assistance of industry are stiff competition from Apex Co-operative Societies (CAPEX) government. The balance 50 % are neighboring states, import of artificial yarn established in 1984. There are 70 cashew closed for ever resulting in the wastage of from Sri Lanka, import of coir fibre from factories under KSCDC and 10 under huge investments made in land, building Pollachi, non utilization of the husks, retting CAPEX. 50% of raw cashew nuts are and machineries. A number of units are of husk by scientific method not proved to produced in Kerala and 50% is imported struggling hard for existence. 3 % of such be successful, high cost of production of from various African Countries such as units are registered as sick. Among those yarn, huge stock of yarn held by Marketing Ivory cost, Ganiabasavo, Khana and sick units only 31% can be revived. The Federation, failure of de-fibering mills at Nigeria.Although export of cashew Kernels reasons for the closure and sickness are Nedungolam and Kuzhiyam, mis -utilization is increasing fast we are pushed back in mainly marketing problems, change of of fund, inefficient management of the raw cashew production. Maximum number technology, high cost of production and societies(committee members of the of cashew based industries are high interest rate of bank loans. It is a societies are generally sympathizers 1 concentrated in Kollam Corporation (59 general phenomenon that the SSI units are instead of workers), scarcity of raw material nos.). Generally cashew industries are generally concentrated in urban centers (coconut husk), non-availability of fine concentrated in the mid land region and along major traffic corridors. The quality fiber, lack of working capital, scarcity especially in those Grama Panchayats reasons are spatial disparity of the rural of expert workers in spinning, low wages along the side of NH 208. areas, lack of awareness of the schemes and lack of training to workers. There are 1672 Khadi units in the and incentives and lack of entrepreneurs The major problems faced by cashew district. Maximum number of Khadi units, who can invest in industries. In addition to industry are shortage of raw materials, irrespective of types of industries, are the above problems unhealthy marketing labour issue, lack of involvement of concentrated in Kollam Corporation (154 competition also resulted for the declining financial institutions, changing technology, nos.) followed by Chavara (102 nos). trend. The concentration of different types market competitions (from foreign Generally Khadi units are concentrated in of industries is different according to the countries), low out turn and lack of training mid land region. geographical structure of the area. In to workers. In co-operative sector of the district, general the critical LSGIs as far as SSI The major problems faced by khadi 261 industries including 231 units in the units are considered are Aryankavu, industry are improper resource utilization, general category and 30 handicraft units Edamulakkal, Anchal and Yerror. improper marketing and lack of involvement are registered. The major problems identified in Large of financialinstitutions, changing technology 2 In Kollam, I.T sector is not flourished and Medium Industries are lack of working and unhealthy market competitions. so far. About 40 number of IT units are capital, management issues, labour issue, The major problems facing industrial registered in the district. Besides, improper resource utilization, improper cooperatives industry are management Government has started an IT park at marketing, lack of involvement of financial issues, low volume of production, lack of Kundara. However the district is selected institutions, changing technology, unhealthy working capital, improper resource for propagating Akhsaya projects in the market competitions and power shortage utilization, lack of effective supervision, state. problems. improper marketing, and lack of Analyzing the trend of number of SSI The Handloom sector in this District is involvement of financial institutions and units it is seen that there is steady decline facing crisis for the last several years. The changing technology. inAgriculture, Food, Fisheries andAnimal major problems identified are low volume On theother hand, there is ample scope Husbandry based Industries. In the case of sales of handloom cloths,huge stock of for starting new Industries where of Fisheries andAnimal Husbandry based finished goods in the societies resulting in Infrastructure facilities are provided by Jilla industries, the number of new registrations the blockage of working capital, non Panchayat. 30 new units with a Project has declined to nil by 2004. adoption of modern designs, production of cost not below 5 Lakhs each can be started So far the only industry which has conventional type of fabrics only such as in the following Mini Industrial Estates 3 shown increase over the last four years is kaily, mundu, thorth, etc., lack of working already constructed and ready for Information Technology based. However capital, workers not getting regular allocation. it is only 1% among the Overall category employment, huge cash credit arrears by a. Thalavoor. 10 Units. of SSI in Kollam. It is also showing a the societies with district co-operative bank, b. Piravanthoor 10 units declining trend as of lately. Hence it can be delay in getting rebate from government, c. Pooyappally 10 units.

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The newly inaugurated Marketing available, there is scarcity of land. The coastal (Kollam Corporation, Chavara and Complex near Karbala Junction, Kollam financial institution shall have to play a very Karunagapally blocks) and eastern by District Panchayat can be utilized for important role in the development of (Anchal block) areas of the district. the sales of products manufactured by SSI Industry. Another problem is, lack of The health status of the district shows units in this District. The black sand awareness among the entrepreneur about progress in all the indices for the period available in plenty in the costal areas of the government departmental schemes. from 2002 to 2004. This Indicate that Chavara, Panmana and Karunagappally Motivation among the youths to develop Dengue fever and hepatitisA are the major can be scientifically utilized for starting new entrepreneurship, especially among life threatening disease in Kollam. ventures in SSI sector. Kollam District has college students. is absolutely necessary. The pattern of diseases has changed some deposit of clay which can be utilized 2.2.7. Health to life stylediseases and pollution causative for manufacturing glazed tiles and sanitary Comparing the health indicators such diseases.Also there is emergence of new equipments. As per analysis of Mining and as Birth rate, Death rate, Infant Mortality diseases like Dengue fever, Leptospirosis Geology sector the existing quantum of Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate Chikkungunia and AIDS. It can be China clay in the district is sufficient for the (MMR), Life Expectancy Rate–Male and concluded that diseases occurring due to smooth functioning of the existing Clay Life Expectancy Rate- Female of the district environmental degradation / pollution / lack industries at least for another decade with with National and State figures it is seen of waste disposal facilities are emerging as the present status of extraction. At present that healthstatus of the district is well above a major threat. This factor should be taken there is a tendency to avoid the use of the National and State averages. into account whileforging new development artificial and chemical products to keep Major diseases occurring in the district proposals in the health sector. The environment pollution free. These are environmental pollution is mainly related opportunities can be utilized by us by  Respiratory infection with urban areas and those areas with high 1 manufacturing products of Coir, Handloom,  Diarrhoeal diseases population density. Screw pine Mat, Bamboo, reed etc; these  Pneumonia In theAllopathy sector, trend of Outflow eco friendly products can attract foreign  Hepatitis of Patients (OP) shows an increasing trend market. The Eastern parts of Kollam are  Typhoid in the case of female and children, while a abundant in the production of Rubber. The  Hyper tension decrease is shown in the number of males. possibility of starting Rubber based  Heart disease The total OP increased considerably from industries in these areas shall be explored.  Mental disease 2004-2005 but became stagnant in 2006- The District is blessed with the presence of  TB 2007 . The total no. of Inflo of Patient (IP) small islands in theAshtamudy Lake which  Cancer shows an increasing trend over the years. have ample potential for Tourism Industry.  Leptospirosis However, the no. of children admitted in By the development of Tourism, a  Dengue hospitals shows a decreasing trend. This proportional progress in Handicrafts sector  Malaria could be due to effective preventive health also can be expected. At present the The comparative study shows that the care systems made available to the coconut shells are being utilized as fuel. prevalence rate of the seven diseases in children . This can be utilized for Industrial purpose. the district shows more or less the same In the case ofAyurveda, as it is globally Government agencies like SISI, DIC, pattern as that of the state. The prevalence accepted as an Indian system of medicine, KINFRA etc; shall give technical advice to rate of the respiratory infection is the number of patients is seen to be increasing. interested entrepreneurs. The scope for highest (87%) and that of TB is the lowest While there is increase in the no. of male starting new SSI units for the manufacture among the seven major diseases (Figure and female patients there is decrease in of milk based products is very high in this 1.15). the case of Children. The total no. of district. Cluster Development Programme Among the deadly six major life patients is increasing drastically in the in Food processing, Wood based threatening diseases reported from the sector. Number of foreigners seeking Industries, Clay based Industries, Dairy, district in 2004, Hepatitis A is reported Ayurvedic treatment also increases year Bamboo based products can be maximum (442 cases). Occurrence of the by year. Due to the growing popularity of developed. Dengue cases is concentrated in the Ayurveda and increased awareness of In general, from a detailed analysis of public about this system, middle and upper the industrial sector it can be seen that class people are increasingly opting there are so many problems faced by the Ayurvedic treatment. The inflow of patients sector. But these problems vary from place to Government Ayurvedic Institutions to place. For example there are plenty of proves this. lands available in the Eastern part of the The trend in the Homeo sector is also District for startingnew industries. But other showing an increase in the no. of patient’s infrastructural facilities such as building, inflow over the years. The inflow of patients power, and transportation facilities are not is more in geriatrics, gynaecology, pediatric available in such places. But in urban Fig. 1.15 : Major diseases in the order of ailments, skin diseases, allergic complaints, areas where power, transportation etc are prevalence arthritis and preventive medicines.

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In the district, there is an obvious  Absence of advanced lab facilities like patients are increasing regularly. In 2006 increase in the inflow of patients over the cytopathology, microbiology and -2007 total number of patients were years in all the three sectors of Health, pathology in District hospital 19,79,288 and the per capita allocation showing a need for attention to the  Unplanned and unnecessary civil works. of funds for Medicine is a meager of Rs development issues in the sector.  Transfer and postings – Concerned 0.22 only. In the case of diseases, respiratory specialist to be posted according to  Out of nine hospitals, Panchakarma Unit I disease is having high prevalence rate and requirement in specialty hospitals is effectively functioning in District Hepatitis A is the most life threatening avoiding gross anomalies. Ayurveda Hospital only. All other disease. As per the analysis, there are  Absence of periodic maintenance of hospitals are functioningin minimum level certain location specific diseases such as hospitals and equipments. duetoshortageofstaffandfacilities. cancer cases in Chavara, Panmana,  Absence of modern investigative and In the Homoeopathy sector there is Neendakara and Alappad Grama diagnostic facilities. good potential for the following fields. Panchayats. There is concentration of  Shortage of funds. 1. Geriatrics dengue fever in Chavara, Karunagapally, Identified gaps in infrastructure in 2. Gynecology Anchal Blocks and Kollam Corporation. homeopathy sector include 3. Curing Pediatric ailments Malaria concentration is in  Lack of dispensaries and hospitals in all 4. Skin diseases Chadayamangalam Block and Kollam Grama Panchayats/Taluks/Blocks HQs, 5. Allergic complaints Corporation.Another occupational disease /Municipalities. 6. Arthritis in bronchial asthma found to behigh among  Lack of own land and building for 7. Preventive medicines cashew workers. hospitals and dispensaries. In the Allopathy sector there is good Regarding infrastructure, Govt. sector  Lack of sufficient staff- Medical / potential for the following fields. 1 health care infrastructure is poor in Kollam. Paramedical / ministerial 1. Geriatrics The rank of Kollam district among other  Lack of clinical laboratories and 2. Control of Blindness districts in the state based on beds /lakh of technicians in hospitals. 3. Leprosy eradication population in Govt: sector is only 11th and  Lack ofenough medicines. 4. Control of Cancer spatial distribution of Hospitals is not  Lack of periodic capacity building 5. Immunization uniform. There is absence of IP facilities in programme for medical, paramedical and 6. Psychiatric patients care Govt. Hospitals inAryankavu, Thenmala, ministerial personals. 7. Neuro-Surgery Melila, Vettikkavala, Vilakkudy,  Lack of transportation facilities 8. Nephrology Kulathupuzha, Pattazhy, Pattazhy  to conduct timely epidemic In the Ayurveda sector there is good Vadakkekkara, Kulakkada, Thalavoor, preventive activities potential for the following fields. Mylom andAlayamon Grama Panchayats.  to inspect andmonitor the institutions 1. Geriatrics There is absence of super specialty under the jurisdiction 2. Ayurvedic Hospital for Women and hospital in Punalur area. Absence of  Lack of programme exploring IT Children periodic regional detection camps for the  Lack of collectionof data/ information on 3. Epidemic control cell. life style diseases and difficulty in reaching epidemic diseasesfrom local areas 4. Emergency Management Facilities. the tribal areas including Piravanthur, The following specific problems are 5. Panchakarma Therapy 2 Aryankavu, Kulathupuzha and Thenmala identified in the ayurveda sector. 6. Medicinal Plant Cultivation are some of the problems as far as health  Even ifthere are so many post graduate 7. Health Tourism care infrastructure is concerned. degree holders in Government Sector, 8. SpecialityAyurveda Hospital The following specific problems are the specialities of Ayurveda are not 9. Drug manufacturing unit identified in the allopathy sector. effectively implemented. Due to the global acceptance of  Low bed strength in District Level  Out of 63 Government institutions 22 Ayurveda, natives and foreigners are Hospital,Taluk level hospitals and Block institutions doesn’t have own building and attracted towards the Ayurvedic form of level hospitals. are functioning in rented buildings with treatments. In order to exploit this and to  Inadequate number of doctors and other limited infrastructure. avoid hawkers of this field, the Govt. sector staff.  Shortage of skilled and trained staff. Four should take much more interest. The institutions do not have even Pharmacist Kollam District has very good opportunity post. in health tourism along with Eco tourism  Institutions working inown building does and back water tourism in Thenmala and not have proper drainage, toilet and Ashtamudi. waste disposal facilities. In theAllopathy sector, special attention 3  Lack of emergencyand first aid facilities has to be given to tribal areas and coastal  Shortage of Medicine - During past 5 areas for bettering health parameters in years total allotmentfor medicines in the view of the outbreaks of vector borne District remains constant at the rate of diseases. NRHM scheme has been District hospital - Kollam Rs.4,43,000 per year. Numbers of implemented, through which 10 CHC‘s in

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the district will be raised to public health standards with adequate manpower. Essentially the staff pattern should be rearranged according to patient strength in all Government Hospitals. All latest advanced and sophisticated investigating facilities should be made available under Government sector on an emergency basis. The spatial distribution of Government Hospitals with IP facilities should be redistributed so that the services are made available to remote areas and particularly among tribal areas. In the Ayurveda sector, due to the global acceptance and its safety, people are more attracted to Ayurveda for prevention as well as for curing the Fig. 1.16 : Trend in no. of house connections diseases. It is well exploited by the private the above criteria in the Drinking Water intrusion, quantity reduction and frequent sector. For effective performance of Govt. Sector shows increasing trend. damages to tube wells. However the major sector various measures should be taken Regarding the perennial surface health hazards like fluoride etc. are not for infrastructural development, proper sources, the increased future drinking encountered in Kollam as in the nearby 1 supply of medicines, proper staff strength, water demand may impose the prevention coastal areas likeAlappuzha etc. up gradation of Taluk Hospitals, starting of other use of river water. On analyzing The increased extraction of ground new specialities in hospitals etc. the river flow data it is seen that almost all water is not advisable due to various As evident from the analysis, the theriversinKeralaarerecordinganalmost reasons. Therefore protected good quality development in Homeo sector has to nil flow during the summer season .This water supply based on perennial surface concentrate on public health and demands construction of storage structures water sources should be our priority. preventive aspects of communicable across the rivers for providing sufficient Schemes shall be sustainable and form a diseases. Research and development in storage for the lean flow season. Otherwise permanent solution to the drinking water the field and provision of infrastructure almost all the water requirements which shortage in the district. facilities which are mostly lacking in the include drinking, irrigation, industrial and The average domestic consumption district should be encouraged. entertainment etc. will be affected. The over under normal condition comes to 135 lpcd. 2.2.8. Drinking water and sanitation exploitation of river water also cause But the Govt. of India norms for water The major surface sources, which are salinity intrusions in rives during high tide. supply are for 40 lpcd in rural areas and being utilized for water supply in Kollam At present the saline water intrusion is 70 to 100 lpcd in urban areas. This is quite district, are Sasthamcotta Lake, and rivers reported up to Katapuzha in Kallada River inadequate considering the way of life of such as Kallada, Ithikkara, Achancovil, which may go further and affect the present Keralites, and also due to the development Pallickal and Kulathupuzha. Minor surface fresh water source also. Hence the rivers pattern of urban-ruralcontinuum that exists sources like lakes and ponds are also require urgent attention so as to maintain here. The average density of population being utilized in the district. The principal quality and quantity of river water. of the district is 1038 persons per sq.km as sources of water for domestic use in rural Another major problem with the surface per 2001 Census. So the rural areas also areas are Open wells. sources is the lack of proper conservation have to be provided with 70 to 100 lpcd On analysing the population benefited measures, which results in the runoff water water as in urban areas for ensuring the from 2001 to 2005 it is seen that there is a directly going to sea. So is the case with envisaged hygienic conditions in rural steady increasing trend and during 2001 minor sources such as lakes and ponds. areas as well. to 2005, there was a steady increase in The adequacy of Sasthamcotta Lake, In case of water quality, all the areas number street taps upto 2004 which the major source of drinking water to the without proper treatment facilities suffers drastically increased during 2004 to 2005. Kollam town, is to be ascertained. The water quality problems, in particular the Also the house connections provided extensive use of water from thislake added coastal areas. during 2001-2005 shows steady increase with insufficient conservation methodologies As for water distribution facilities, many (Figure 1.16). This means that public gets adopted raises utmost concern in the of the existing pipes laid are damaged and more accessibility to piped drinking water. sustainability of this lake as pointed out by not replaced due to lack of funds. The The number of tube wells and bore several agencies and environmental problem aggravates due to intermittent wells constructed during 2001 to 2005 also activists. supply. When the supply is intermittent, the show increasing trend. In the case of ground water, potential chances of pipes getting damaged will be Overall it is seen that the services sources in the coastal areas are over more, resulting in supply of poor quality rendered to the population in terms of all exploited. This causes saline water water. The analysis of data collected from

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perception, areas such as Aryankavu, other than ground water which is now Alayamon, Karavaloor, Pattazhy, reported as having saline water intrusion Elamadu, Velinaloor, West Kallada, at some places. Hence this issue has to be Pootahkkulam and Thrikkadavur suffer addressed very seriously while preparing from water scarcity. Areas such as development plans. Aryancavu, Clappana, Perinadu, As mentioned above the major I Pavithreswaram and Thalavoor suffer from perennial sources of water in Kollam district the problem of greater distane to drinking are Achencovil, Kallada, Ithikkara and water source (>0.5 km) Pallickal Rivers. Based on severity index as calculated In the case of water potential in the Public water supply - Kollam Corporation from the status of water supply facilities, river basins of the district it is seen that the field offices of Kerala Water Authority and distance to drinking water facilities (>0.5 total percentage utilizable yield is 57.32%. other related officesreflected the shortage/ Km) and scarcity of water from people’s Thus roughly 50% of total yield can be deficit of piped water supply schemes in perception (Socio-economic data, 2005) it utilized, as source for various water various Grama Panchayats and the Kollam can be seen that Aryankavu Grama requirements in the district. Corporation areas. Panchayat is in the most severe category If proper conservation and protection As mentioned above, LSGIs of in the drinking water sector. Alayamon, measures are taken,other surface sources Thazhava, Panmana, Chavara, Thrikkadavoor and Poothakkulam are in across the district can also be utilized as Thekkumbhagom, Thevalakkara, the second severe category. Edamulakkal, drinking water sources such as Vattakayal Adichanallur, Poothakkulam, Paravur, Yeroor, Anchal, Mylom, Kulakkada, (Sakthikulangara), Akathu kayal (Paravur Kalluvathukkal, Kulakkaada, Panayam, Perinadu, Thrikkaruva, Municiplaity) etc. The measures required 1 Pavithreswaram and Chathannur Grama Paravoor Municipality, Kottamkara, include control of runoff, controlled use of Panchayats have areas severely affected Thrikkovilvattom, Mayyanad, Oachira, drinking water etc. due to the old age of distribution system. Kulasekharapuram, Clappana, In Kollam district high density areas like These are all basically coastal LSGIs. ManroeIsland, Chathanoor,Adichanalloor, Karunagappally, Kottarakkara, Anchal, Generally the average rainfall received Nedumpana, Thekkumbhagam, Punalur and Chathannur face problems in in Kollam District is far above the State Thevalakkara, Panmana, Chavara, the disposal of solid waste and sewage. average. But due to the topography and Karunagappally, Alappad, Thazhava, Sewerage sector remains as Soil Characteristics, most of the rain water Kalluvathukkal, Kulathupuzha, Thalavoor, unattended issue in Kollam district. The drains to the sea as surface run off. This Thodiyoor, Karavaloor, Pattazhy South, serious issue that the next generation has causes water scarcity in almost all areas Ezukone, Elampallur, Velinalloor, and to face is the disposal of waste, both solid which in turn causes problems in sanitation Pavithreswaram come in the severe and liquid. Severity of the issue increases sector. category. as the living standards increases. The reasons for drinking water There is also an issue of change in In many LSGIs where water table is shortage can be either qualitative or attitude of the people. The drinking water very high and soil is highly permeable, quantitative. They are now supplied is used for all other regular the possibility of contamination of ground 1. Depletion in ground water table. use of the human which include even water and top soil is very high. Here 2 2. Undue extraction and use of water. bathing of animals. Hence the water community sanitation system may be 3. Sand mining in Rivers, Lakes etc. demand will always be very high than the adopted. In the present and future urban 4. Damaging existing water sources. expected drinking water demand in abstract centres there is potential for providing 5. Geological and Geographical sense. The use of drinking water has to be sewerage system. Usage of alternative characteristics of land. minimized to the specified purpose only by technology is also possible in the district. 6. Pollution ofWater Bodies. which we can reduce the demand for Only 22 LSGIs will satisfy the criteria of Water quality problems in certain areas drinking water. 100% water supply coverage by area with are caused due to contamination of Ownership of the water resources is 70 – 100 lpcd supply level of potable water physical, chemical or bacteriological in also now in question. Now some issues by 2021. nature. have developed in Kollam district regarding Though the Total Sanitation Campaign From the analysis of severity index it the ownership of the water sources and provides conventional latrine facilities, is seen that, there are certainareas which the use of water from the sources. Hence there are certain grave areas in some are severely affected due to backlogs in this also has to be defined to avoid disputes LSGIs where such latrines cannot be source, treatment, storage and distribution between local bodies/other agencies constructed due to geographical and soil and quality of water. These include LSGIs regarding the ownership of water sources. conditions. Water logging and unavailability 3 such as Paravur Municipality,Alayamon, In Kollam District there are some local of water are the main reasonsfor the same. Anchal, Edamulakkal, Yeroor, Panayam, bodies where no safe source for drinking The water logged areas in Poothakkulam, Kottamkara and Mayyanad water is available. For example Alappad, Thekkumbhagom, Chavara, Neendakara, Grama Panchayats. a Coastal Grama Panchayat, severely Thevalakkara, Panamana, Trikkadavooor, Similarly according to people’s affected by Tsunami, has no reliable source Thrikkaruva, Mynagapally, Karunagapaly,

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West Kallada, East Kallada, Perayam, where river based actions are required to by the State Water Transport Department Munroe Thuruth and Hilly areas of rather than person specific actions as at by providing ferry service.There are 20 Thenmala, Piravanthur and Aryankavu present. numbers of Jetties along the navigation are such destinations where alternate Use of drinking water has to be routes. The existing Harbours in Kollam technology for construction of latrines has minimized to the specified purpose only by district are the Fishing Harbour at to be adopted. which we can reduce the demand for Neendakara, the Fishing-cum-Cargo So, long term planning for protection drinking water. This requires effective Harbour at Tangassery. and usage of existing water sources is development of civic sense and a sense of The railway passing through Kollam very urgent in order to tide over the ownership among the society.Awareness district consists of 55 kilometres of double present/anticipated drinking water creation in effective use of drinking water line Broad Gauge Permanent Way of shortage in the district. Source protection is essential. Ernakulam– Thiruvananthapuram line. Till works, improvement works, rainwater Kollam district is gifted with sufficient recently there also existed 88 Kilometres harvesting and conversion of backwater storage of water as backwaters which are of Metre Gauge Permanent Way of the source in to freshwater source, slightly saline in nature due to its Kollam– Shenkotta line. Service through desalination andground water recharging connection with ocean. But this backwater this Metre Gauge line is stopped now due works etc are required. storage provides sufficient opportunity to to gauge conversion (to Broad Gauge) One major source of drinking water in extract this water for domestic or any other works. Kollam District is the Ground water. The specified use as required. The possibility From the analysis of housing sector, it number of existing tube wells itself is an for this also has to be studied in detail to is found that there are about 5,92,851 indicator for this. However the over conserve water for the future. households in Kollam district of which about exploitation of ground water has created Majority of the villagers in Kollam 78,182 households are in Kollam 1 an imbalance between the withdrawal and District are still depending on open wells Corporation. As per 2001 census the recharging of ground water resulting in for their drinking water requirements. To average household size in the district is exhausting of ground water potential. It is maintain the hygiene of open wells, 4.3 against the state average of 4.9. The the time to think about measures for especially among weaker sections, some average household size in Kollam replenishing of ground water. Coastal sort of intervention from the Government is Corporation is about 4.62. Munroethuruthu areas of Kollam district mainly depends on required. has the least number of households. There ground water sources. Once the water Since the water table is high up to nine are only about 2513 (0.42%) households supply schemes based on river water is months period in a year in costal areas of in Munroethuruthu. The maximum average implemented in these Grama Panchayats, the district, the possibility of contamination household size among LSGIs is 4.8 in we will be in a position to isolate some areas of ground water and top soil is very high. Paravoor Municipality.The household size where we can reduce the number of tube This calls for better waste disposal system along the coastal area is also high. It is wells to a minimum and the existing tube or a planned sewage treatment system. about 4.65. wells can be used for recharging of ground For the coastal Villages and the emerging In Kollam district about 50% of the water. Similarly policy decisions are urban centers, the disposal of solid and houses are of pucca type, 33% are of required in providing ground water liquid waste requires urgent attention. semi-pucca and the rest 17% are in katcha recharging activities along with buildings Community sanitation system may be condition (Figure 1.17). as envisaged for the rain water harvesting. adopted for the weaker sections of the Areas for the recharging of ground water society, where a small decentralized shall be identified based on the present sanitation facility or sewage treatment water table, soil characteristics and system can be developed for a cluster of topography. By recharging the ground houses water we can avoid the threat of salt water Further, specifications are required to intrusion in to the ground water which is be emerged from the community itself to already reported in some tube wells in reduce the quantity of solid waste Alappad Grama Panchayat. generation. Creation of awareness among Fig. 1.17 : Condition of Houses The major portion of rain water public is essential to meet the challenges in The basic problems faced by road reaches the rivers and sea within a few future by reducing the quantity of waste infrastructure in Kollam are that the condition hours after rain as surface run off.Activities generated. of existing State Highways, Major District shall be initiated to minimize the quantity of 2.2.9. Infrastructure Roads and other roads are not as per run off there by increasing the ground The existing road network in the district standards prescribed by Indian Roads water table, minimizing salt water intrusion consists of National Highways, State Congress. Roads are upgraded to higher and maintaining a high flow in streams and Highways, Major District Roads under the classes without adhering to standards rivers even after rain. The present attention Kerala Public Works Department and other governing width and geometrics. There is on rain water is limited to rainwater roads under the Local Self Government lack of proper planning with regard to long harvesting for drinking water purpose. Department. term development of the district. This may be expanded to a broader sense Water Transport inthe district is catered Encroachment of the land width of roads

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leads to legal and political issues. Blocking use of Technology like Computer Chithara, Piravanthur and Aryancavu. of drains meant to clear storm water from Networks. The houseless BPL are more in Oachira, the pavement surface leads to damage Non-maintenance of inventory of Thazhava, Thevalakkara ,Alayamon and and destruction ofroads. Limited resources Assets of departments at various levels Aryancavu. are allocated for maintenance works creates problems likeidentifying exact road Apart from the suggestions, various resulting delay in carrying out timely boundary, ownership of buildings, trees, avenues are available to solve most of the I repairs. Missing links in the road network etc. Investigation works are not given due problems brought out above. Regarding hampers development of certain areas of importance thereby causing cost over- improvement of the Road Network in the district. runs. Time consuming tender procedures Kollam, completion of an Outer ring Road Generally, the problems can be even for small works, lack of proper for the Kollam UrbanArea consisting of a classified into three: Socio-economic, planning leading to traffic congestion Coastal Road on the Western side and the Administrative and Technical other than causing waste of time and fuel, inadequate NH 47 Byepass on the Eastern side can certain specific issues related to roads and parking space in commercial areas etc. are go a long way in solving most of the Traffic housing. the other technical problems. ills affecting Kollam city. Missing links in this Lack of awareness about the Highway These problems can be overcome by Ring Road need to be connected to ProtectionAct, Encroachment, Violation of conducting proper surveys to identify assets complete it and make it effective.This Outer Traffic Rules and Regulations and Traffic and maintaining digitized inventory and Ring Road should be capable of handling Signs due to ignorance are some of the maps. Sufficient funds shall be allocated long distance traffic which does not need Socio-economic problems in the Road and due importance given to Project to enter Kollam City as also traffic within Infrastructure Sector. Investigation works. Highest priority for the district which needs to byepass the city. In order to overcome these problems completion of bye-passes and ring-roads In addition to this, there can be an Inner 1 it is suggested that public awareness to ease traffic congestion in cities and ring Road for the Kollam Urban Area programmes should be initiated to create towns, Multi-tiered parking facilities to be consisting mainly of the Railway Flyover awareness about the Highway Protection made mandatory for all new commercial near the SP Office on the Southern side Act, laws pertaining to encroachment and buildings within Corporation limits etc. are and theAsramom lake side Link Road on eviction of encroachments, traffic rules, to be provided. the Northern side. The missing links in this regulations and signsetc. from school level Master Plans are being prepared at Inner Ring Road are the Flyover and the to end user level. Allocation of sufficient regular intervals of time but development lake side Link Road. Once these missing funds and establishment of an exclusive projects do not seem to be Master Plan links are connected, the Inner Ring Road ‘Highway Protection Force’ to carry out oriented. Iron Bridge is causing a severe can effectively keep by-passable urban evictions under the control of the concerned bottleneck in the main arterial road of the traffic out of the City centre. Considering department is necessary.All Projects should city and the situation is becoming worse the importance of the Thangassery Fishing be scientifically planned and the details day by day. National Highways and State Harbour and its possiblity of being regarding its socialimplications should be Highways have very high Volume – developed into a Fishing-cum-Cargo published for the knowledge of the public. Capacity ratios leading to accidents, loss Harbour, a Coastal Road from Kollam to Acquisition of land should be completed of lives and property. Non-completion of Kappil assumes importance as a link to before initiating new development projects. the partially constructed NH bye-pass is Thiruvananthapuram away from the 2 In certain cases there is lack of severly affecting the traffic flow within the National Highway. This particular Coastal coordination between departments in city. Linkroads are needed to join important Road will also have immense Tourism respect of development projects leading to towns in adjacent State Highways. potential. undue delays. Utilisation of Funds From the analyses of housing sector, it Upgradations of the Road Network in generated at district level is not possible is seen that there is very less absolute the following sectors are also proposed as under the current setup. This causes delay housing shortage in the district. The major potentials for solving the Road Network for even small works for which financial affected LSGIs include Vilakkudy, Oachira, problems of the district. sanction has to be obtained from a higher Kulakkada, Thalavur and Kottarakkara.  Paravoor – Kollam (via Mayyanad) level. If the Funds generated at district level However the improper maintenance and  Alappad – Sooranad North can be utilised by the district level officer, kutcha houses create problems in the  Chittumala – Pattakadavu such delays can be avoided. district. Poothakkulam, Kunnathur,  Kundara – Pooyappally To solve these issues, it is suggested Kottamkara, Elamadu, Ummannur,  Anchal – Melila that the District Level Coordination Sooranadu South, Veliyam, Ezhukone and  Kadakkal – Pangode Committee should actively participate in Thevalakkara are the LSGIs with more  Ayoor – Alayamon the implementation of major projects. Kutcha houses. Another issue is the plight  Ayoor – Elamadu – Pooyappally – 3 Income generated by various departments of the downtrodden masses in the district. Kulappadom. at district level may be made available to Houseless SC concentration is more in With a number of potential agencies in the district level officer by means of PD Kollam Corporation, Chithara and the housing sector such as The Kerala accounts. Cumbersome administrative Elampallur Grama Panchayats. Houseless State Housing Board, Kerala Police procedures can be streamlined by making ST concentration is more in Kulathupuzha, Housing and Construction Corporation

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Ltd., Rural Development Department, coverage. industrial forestry sector.The reason could Fisheries Dept., SC/ST Dept., Sainik  Availability of natural forest area out of be lack of prescribed working plan Welfare Dept, Kudumbasree, Kerala State total forest area. especially in Thenmala and Achankovil Co-operative Housing Federation, Kerala  Availability of environmentally sensitive division. State Development Corporation for SC and evergreen forestwithin natural forest. As per analysis, revenue from forest is ST, HUDCO, Nirmithi Kendra, Local Self  Encroached area. decreasing in Kollam District over the years Government Institutions, Kerala State Co-  Area affected by forest fire compared to even in Timber Sales Division, Punalur. operative Agriculture and Rural maximum during last 5 yrs. The reason could be the direct impact of Development Bank,Agricultural Bank, and  Overall forest offences compared to low commercial and industrial production. Nationalised Banks etc.the issued identified maximum during last 5 yrs. Revenue from Social Forestry Wing (from can be solved to a great extend in the With 4 out of 6 getting Grade I, the Strip and Canal bank plantations) came to housing sector. Ecological status isshowing a positive trend nil by 2002-03 and non availability of timely 2.2.10. Forest (Table 1.5). fund for silvicultural operations. Also there As per the Forest Department data, The economical status is analysed is lack of new technology adoption in this 29% of the total area in Kollam District is based on grading the following criteria. field. forest (Figure 1.18). As per the land use  Commercial production of timber In the case of forest fire, Punalur with analysis, the forest area is 24% which is compared to previous year. 39 nos. of incidences and Konni with comparable with the actual Natural forest  Industrial production of Eucalyptus 613Ha affected are most susceptible forest area. compared to previous year. division to fire. Forest offences are more in Effective Forest area in Kollam district Table 1.5 : Overall trend in ecological conservation is 998.58 Sq.Km. As per records the 1 leased areais a part of effective forest area, however functionally it is not. Punalur, Konni, Thenmala,Achancoil, Shenduruny and Thiruvananthapuram are the forest divisions in Kollam District. The major types of forests based on the legal status are Natural Forest, Vested Forest and Plantations. Kollam has a very vast biodiversity. Shenduruni Wildlife Sanctuary got its name from Chenkuninji which is Gluta travencorica, locally known as Chenkurinji and endemic to this place in the earth. We have 84% Angiosperms in the district. However these are in Shenduruni Division  Revenue generated compared to Punalur compared to other Divisions. The and are in the protected area. Numerous previous year. reason could be easy accessibility to medicinal plants are also present in  Plan fund expenditure. human interference.Also there is only one various divisions of Kollam District. With 2 out of 4, getting Grade III, the forest station in this District (Konni). Lack of There are three Eco-Tourism spots in Economic status has rather negative trend forest stations and inadequate cadre the district viz. Manalar in Achankovil (Table 1.6). strength affect the forestry activities Division, Thenmala Eco-tourism in The major problems identified are including forest protection. Shenthuruni division and Palaruvi in discussed below. Even though the existing forest area Thenmala division. Commercial production of timber, fire equals the national average, it is yet be The ecological status is analysed wood and poles increased up to 2003-04 seen whether the required 33% is based on grading the following criteria. but decreased in 2004-05. So is the case achieved.  Achievement of overall effective forest of industrial production. This indicates Presently Shenduruni sanctuary is not area compared to the required 1/3rd unsustainable and low yield in plantation/ able to support the pressure of tourists. Table 1.6 : Overall trend in economic development

Fig. 1.18 : Percentage coverage of forest area inKollam district

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There is only a very small extent of the district still remain untapped. Thus quality aspects were checked, the values mangroves directly in the ownership of conscious efforts have to be taken up to for the different parameters were within the Government. The district is having a variety develop the forest economy within the strict DBU limits. The picture is a different one in of mangroves over a large extent of area. parameters of ecological conservation. the backwater area close to the urban This needs protection from clear felling by Therefore the efforts in development of centres. the owners. forestry sector need to be directed towards The other major sensitive problems in I Even though the encroachment and sustaining and enriching the rich bio- the district are other forest offencesare comparatively less diversity of Kollam and to make Kollam a 1. Pollution of Sasthamcotta lake in the district, the boundary needs greener district. 2. PollutionofAshtamudi lake consolidation and new forest stations for 2.2.11. Environment 3.Air pollution from motor vehicles the control of forest offences. Industries are categorized as Red, 4.Air pollution from cashew industries Further there is absence of a Forest Orange and Green according to the 5. Air pollution from brick manufacturing Research Institute in the district. pollution potential, Red being units having industries The major potentials identified are the highest pollution potential Shasthamcotta Lake, the biggest fresh discussed below. It isseen that there issteady increase in water lake of Kerala, is getting polluted due Existing forest area in Kollam district Red category Industries and in Orange to anthropological activities in and around equals National Average of 29%.This Category Industries without Effluent the lake. Discharges from areas like controls and maintains locality factors, in TreatmentPlant (ETP) (Figure 1.19).There Bharanicavu and Sasthamcotta, open particular pollution control and water is steady increase in total units (industries defecation on the banks of the lake, conservation. Existing forest area is highest and hospitals) creating air pollution and in discharges from poor quality latrines, retting in Punalur division. Maximum natural the no. of total units (industriesand hospitals) of palm leaves in the lake, laundry activities 1 forests area is also in this region. These creating noise pollution. But there is drastic at certain kadavu, use of fertilizers for are chief Carbohydrate and Oxygen increase in the no. of total units (industries plantation crops etc. are detrimental to the producer. and hospitals) creating land/water pollution quality of lake only in the above discharges Shenduruni has maximum Evergreen from 2004 to 2005. For hospitals also the reach the lake only in the form of surface and Semi-evergreen, the ecologically number of polluting units is increasing run off during rain. A study conducted by sensitive forests with major portion of steadily. the Pollution Control Board reveals that endangered, rare and vulnerable species The increase in number of pollution the water quality of the lake has not of flora. There is a potential to develop optentials, industries without ETP shows deteriorated at any alarming level. Achenkovil as a new Wild life sanctuary. the tendency to skip rules and regulation Remedial measures are to be adopted for Also there are potential areas for new Bird from the part of the industrialists, hospital preventing it from further deterioration. Sanctuaries at Karali, Kandachira and establishment and inadequate Another issue is the water level depletion Polachira etc. implementation due to lack of staff strength of the lake. Sand mining in the nearby There is potential for revenue from and coordination among agencies. areas, Kallada River and the over Plantation / Industrial sectors of forestry. It is estimated that 645760 Kg/day of exhaustive withdrawal of water from the Konni has maximum teak production. Municipal Solid Wastes is generated in the lake to cater to the needs of Kollam town is Punalur is a hub of Eucalyptus andAcacia district. Of this very little is properly the reasons for it. 2 and has good potential for commercial disposed. Kollam Corporation is also not The Ashtamudi lake is getting polluted production of forest produce of all kinds. having proper disposal system. due to the discharge of untreated sewage Punalur has well controlled encroachments In most of the Residential, Commercial and effluents from hospitals and hotels, over the years. and Sensitive areas, the noise pollution is residential areas, slaughter houses, Overall, Kollam is a gene pool of the well above the tolerance limits. This could municipal solid waste dumping yard, sea State having a large number of be due to increase in the no. of vehicles food export units and peeling sheds, endangered, rare and endemic species of on road and improper road geometry. coconut husk retting and coir retting, shrimp flora and fauna. In the river points where the water farms, acid mine, clay mines into Kanjirottu Fromtheanalysisitisseenthatthe Districtisendowedwitharichresource of biodiversity. Still the forest cover is short of national standards. The existing infrastructure has managed to protect the forest area of the district to a great extent particularly in the ecology side. In the 3 economy side however there are certain areas which can be improved without affecting the principles of forest conservation. Further, there are certain Fig. 1.19 : Trend of pollution – Number of Red category industries and number of Orange problems to be resolved and potentials in category industries without effluent treatment plant

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Kayal and spreading of oil from fishing conducted by various agencies, they need neighboring district of boats. be brought to the field. So the suggestions Thiruvananthapuram. Due to the presence Most of the roads in Kollam town are for providing a better environment in the of iron content and thus it requires congested. Similar situationis faced in other district shall be location and design specific bleaching. Among the deposits, the major centres like Punalur, Kottarakkara, and shall be implemented through the chances, of further extraction from Kottiyam, Karunagapally etc. i.e. in the LSGIs. Chathannur is remote as approximately Multi Functional Zone. Traffic produces a Overall the development proposals are 70% of the mineral has already been lot of noise and air pollution. to be identified in a long term perspective extracted and the remaining falls in the Majority of cashew processing factories and implemented based on the above settlement areas. Presently there are only of Kerala are located in Kollam district, findings. two major industries extracting China clay numbering about 700. Most of the units are 2.2.12. Mining and Geology (Kerala Ceramics Ltd., Kundara extracting located in populatedareas basically in the The important mineral resources of the from the deposits in Perayam Grama Multi FunctionalZone. It is alabour oriented district can be classified into major and Panchayat and Wolkem Clays Pvt. LTd., industry. The Pollution Control Board minor mineral deposits. The major mineral Velichikkala extracting from the deposits in prescribes no control measures other than deposits used for industrial purpose include Nedumpana). Both these companies are to provide specific heights for the stacks. china clay, bauxite, graphite, heavy facing extraction problems due to human But the thick emission coming out from the mineral sand, chrysoberyl, mica, limeshell, settlements. roasting plants and borma units has now limestone and the minor minerals used as Chinaclayhasamplescopefor become intolerable to the public. Presence building materials include granite building reserves i.e. the existing quantum of China of phenolic compounds in the emission was stone, brick clay, ordinary sand and clay in the district is sufficient for the smooth identified by the Board earlier. A lot of laterite. functioning of the existing Clay industries 1 complaints are received on air pollution. There is a decreasing trend from the at leastfor another decade with the present There are more than 150 wire cut brick previous year in the extracton of heavy status of extraction. The China clay has manufacturing units in Kollam district. In minerals and Bauxite. This could be due potential for value addition to products like Agro allied development zone, in particular to the agitations against mining activities. ceramic plates, tiles, filler in medicines, in West Kallada Grama Panchayat itself, However there is an increasing trend from paper industries, Rubber industry etc. the number of units is about 50. During the the previous year for Brick clay, laterite Bauxite deposits of Kollam at burningtimethickandwhitesmoke and granite. Poruvazhy and Sooranad area are of very emanates from the top portion of kilns. The Mining and Geology Dept. could low grade compared to the deposits of emission may contain toxic gases like increase revenue from ordinary sand Kannur and Kasargode. This bauxite carbon monoxide, fluoride etc. It will spread whereas revenue from LSGIs shows deposit is of aluminous laterite type. Major to the nearby area providing the inhabitants drastically declining trend. part of the deposits is in the settlement with bronchial problems. Considering the The total revenue generated is areas. rising number of air pollution complaints, it showing an increasing trend. However, this Bauxite deposit of Kollam can be used is necessary to insist more stringent is due to the increasein revenue for cement manufacturing.As the mineral measures. It is observed that there is generated from compounding of offenses, is enriched in the top layers, the extraction fugitive emission even when chimneys are while the revenue generated from mineral limits to a depth of 5 m. with less provided. extraction is showing a declining trend environmental concerns. Even though thereare areas of concern (Figure 1.20). The heavy mineral deposits of Kollam, in the district, the public are very much aware of the issues. So there is potential in pollution control byenactment of legislations and enforcement through Pollution Control Board and District administration with people’s participation. There is always scope for a better environment inthe district which has Forest, Ramser sites, mangroves, hillocks, free flowing rivers and rich tree cover through out the district. The sectoral analysis reveals that there are critical areas of concern in the Fig. 1.20 : Trend of revenue generated from mineral extraction district, including air pollution. The pollution The major mineral deposits of Kollam one of the richest deposits of its kind in the is more or less concentrated inurban areas, district are briefly described here under. world, is found occurring in a highly in particular Kollam Corporation area. The China Clay deposits are found in populated coastal area creating constraints Ramser sites are also subjected to Chathanoor, Perayam, Nedumpana in extraction. Here the land holdings are environmental degradation. Though a Grama Panchayats. The China clay in private and the building construction number of research works are being Kollam District is inferior to that in the activities are continuing unabated. Thus

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the world class deposits are getting (60%) in the mineral ilmenite. Majority of them drop out either at 10th, submerged under the dwelling places. Granite stone presently used as HSS or Degree level. Presently only two public sector building stone in constructions can be given Due to issues in quality of education in enterprises, IRE and KMML are value addition by producing flooring tiles. Government and Aided schools, there are functioning here, of which KMML is making Laterite extraction needs no blasting a number of uneconomic schools in the value addition by producing TiO2 pigment and hence less environmental impacts are district. The Government schools and I where as IRE is carrying out mineral recorded and hence can be promoted as aided schools are not utilizing even 10% separation and exporting. building material. of their capacity. Utilisation of funds also Chrysoberyl usually associated with In the Mining sector, there is immense has to be done more effectively. There are pegmatite veins in rocks and is present in potential for extraction of strategic minerals sufficient infrastructure facilities in Kollam District inTertiary gravels along the which can be the major thrust for the Government and aided schools given river course in Kulathupuzha area. As the economic development ofthe district. Value under various schemes like S.S.A. etc. But concentration of the deposit is feeble, the addition for various heavy minerals and these are not utilized, which is basically a extraction of thisis economically less viable. up gradation of existing technologies is also management issue. Also often it seen that Mica deposits ofKollam at Punalur mica possible. So, top priority has to be given there is improper management in aided mine was extractedintermittently from 1910 for this. There is also scope for China Clay. schools under single management. Due to onwards. The mining operations were The identified potential areas at Perayam the above reasons, the unaided schools suspended due to slump in mica market (Mulavana), Chathanoor (Bus stand area) are becoming the major attraction for and increased cost of pumping to keep the and Nedumpana (Velichikala) can be parents even in rural areas. mine dewatered. Presently extraction is not specifically earmarked for extraction of H.S.S. Section is still largely in the feasible. China clay and settlement restrictions are control of Government. The shifting of HSS 1 Graphite in Kollam occurs as to be imparted. Also the value addition education from the Colleges to existing dissemination and coarse flakes in the measures in Kerala Ceramics Ltd. has to schools have created heavy burden in the weathered rocks in Piravanthur area. be revived using modern technology. Govt. sector. Still many of these institutions Graphite content is very less (<15%) and Further, new SSI units can be developed are lacking facilities like infrastructure, not economically viable. for value addition. In the case of Bauxite library, lab etc. Shell limestone of Tertiary age is after the extraction of minerals fully, the The dropout rate is still high particularly exposed at Padappakkara and Paravur area can be used for plantationslike rubber, in the Primary section. The number of area in the vicinity of lakes as detached cashew etc. The abandoned laterite educational institutions in the higher and isolated deposits. Recovery of shell is quarries shall be used as ponds for ground education sector like Arts and Science very low and hence economically not water recharge from surface run off. In colleges and Technical institutions like Poly viable (1-1.5 m thick) case of Granite the present royalty for Technics, ITI and ITC are less.Also there Lime shell in Kollam occurs inAshtamudi building stone is Rs.32/m3 and that of is absence of Law colleges and medical kayal. The extraction of this deposit will dimension stone is Rs.4000/m3. Rocks colleges. badly affect the natural fauna and flora discarded for the dimension stone units can The number of Vocational Higher Ordinary sand deposits seen usually be used for tile industry, for which lowering Secondary Schools in areas coming under associated with flood plains of rivers, of royalty is required. For Ordinary sand, Punalur and Kottarakkara Educational 2 channels and palaeo (old) river courses the alternatives like M-sand may be Districts is less, indicating spatial disparity. are seen only in some pockets of the promoted and the dredging of existing The Primary teachers need adequate district. Demand for the mineral is high due sediments in the dams of Kollam may be training as most training programmes of to peak construction rate, which leads to implemented. teachers are in-effective. A permanent greater gravity of extraction inviting 2.2.13. Education institution to train teachers with environmental problems. Similarly, the Literacy rate in Kollam District is accommodation facilities isrequired. There deposition rate of sand in the rivers is less 90.49%. Kollam district has a well should be proper post evaluation of the compared to the extraction rate, leading to established educational stream from Pre- training programmes. deepening of river basin. Primary level to College level. The grading system is not vigorously The shortage of sand from the rivers, The literacy rate of Kollam is 0.51% to a certain extent, is met with the palaeo less than that of Kerala.About 10% of the channel ordinary sand deposits in the people in the eastern parts of the district district. The potential areas in the district are illiterates. Not even 5% of the total are at Puthur, Kulakkada, Kunnathur and educational facilities of the district are Chathannur. available in its eastern parts. 3 Heavy Mineral sand deposit from Comparatively eastern parts of the district Neendakara to Kayamkulam bar (22 km have less number of schools. length, width nearly 225 m) is one of the The percentage of students enrolled best reserves of heavy minerals in the in Standard I who completes higher world, because of its high TiO2 content education in Kollam district is less than 10. Higher secondary school - Kottarakkara

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implemented. An assessment is required medical colleges, law colleges etc. As far a prisoner of circumstances. Desertion in this scheme to further modify it. Further as the development issues are concerned is out of the question. There is social modern policies of curriculum huge allocation is required to overtake the stigma attached to it. developments in the Education sector are existing problems, particularly problems of Majority of female workers are not being entirely appreciated by a few spatial disparity.At present investing huge engaged as maid servants, factory workers teachers. There is a need for general amounts for technical institutions, medical (cashew, sea food,brick choolas etc), sales awareness in this regard. institutions, arts and science colleges etc. girls etc. The main problem they are facing Pre-Primary Education in this district is may not be financially viable for the State. is low wages. Insecurity and sexual not strong due to certain technical reasons So, private participation may be welcomed. exploitation are other serious problems that for implementing the Pre-primary The co-operative sector can also be women face at work places. Though labour Education envisioned by the NPE. 90% allowed to open more professional rules are in favour of working women, of the Pre-primary schools in the district institutions in the district. Funds from Central violation of labour rules makes their life are now attached with LP and UP schools. Government also can be utilised for this miserable. We rarely see the institutions that work purpose. Rape and molestations are alarmingly independently. Upgrading the quality of education is a increasing in the society .The recent survey The only 2 Law Colleges, in the common demand of the society. There are on crime against women conducted by the Southern part of the State are in several institutions thatstood in the forefront Bureau of Police Research on Thiruvananthapuram. In a situation where of quality education. T.K.M Engineering Development stated that while the number global culture is discussed, the importance College, a pioneer in the field of science of criminal cases in general rose by 35% to judicial information is very important. So and technology, is a leading institution from 2000 to 2006, the number of rape there is a need for starting a Law College among the engineering institutes in India. cases in the same period rose by 70%. In 1 in the district. At the same time there are institutions at the year 2005, about 762 casesof atrocities The higher education facilities in the heart of the town that do not function against women have been registered Engineering are a potential for Kollam well. The major attributes to the demand within the district (Figures 1.21and 1.22). district. Further there is great scope for for quality education is the mental desire of improving skill development through the community to accept education as a developing Poly technics, VHSC, ITI, ITC means to social change. etc. Better transportation facilities, economic To conclude, for the development of development and better management are educational sector in Kollam District, the good potentials for development of the planners should have a clear vision of the sector. Though less in number there are future and they should allow private schools in the district even in the Govt. and participation in a bigger way to improve Fig. 1.21 : Trend ofAtrocities againstwomen aided sector which are managed properly. facilities for higher learning. There is no decrease in the number of 2.2.14. Social Welfare, Women and pupils in the schools of Karunagapally area Child Development for the last two years. In short the Development Issues identified under educational culture available at these areas this sector are as follows. can be extended to the other parts of the 1. Most of the women belonging to lower district too. middle class families are victims of Analysis reveals that, level of continuous physicalandmental torturing education is high in the District. But by uneducated and alcoholic husbands availability of higher education facilities are resulting in the destruction of domestic Fig. 1.22 : Trend of Suicides among women only limited. Aided sector has domination peace and marital harmony which in turn in academic and other aspects of school increases the suiciderates. It is, however In Kollam, as per the records of Police education. The position of Government surprising to note that this malaise Dept., highest number of cases of suicide sector schools are far behind. This has to pervades even in the upper classof our among women is reported in Kundara be rectified urgently. In Vocational Higher society. Circle area (Elampallur, Kottamkara(part), Secondary sector there is an urgent need 2. Dowry system isanother formidable evil Perinad, Kundara, Panayam (part), to start more VHSS in the District, which often results in heated discussions Thrikkadavur, Thrikkaruva, Mundrothu- particularly in the eastern part (i.e., in the family with the mother-in-law ruthu and East Kallada Grama Kottarakkara, Punalur Taluks). Post threatening the bride of dire Panchayats). graduate education facilities are very poor. consequences in the event of non The health status of women in the There is only one Government college in compliance with their insatiable desire for district is low. About 18% of women are Kollam. Though the status of professional money. undernourished and 22% have anemia. education facilities in the engineering side 3. Violence in marriage life has a Also 38% of women have some are better and sufficient to the needs of the degenerating psychological impact on reproductive health problems like maternal district, the status is poor in the case of the entire family. An illtreated woman is death, abortion etc. During 2005-06 about

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3086 anemia cases and 3145 abortions security issues. recrimination, endless bickering and were reported in the district. In addition to Problems of mentally handicapped physical violence. this, female workersemployed in areas like persons are much more severe than that The number of accidents in the district cashew processing, peelingsheds etc are of other physically disabled persons. A during theperiod 2002 to 2005 is alarmingly under the threat of occupational diseases. mentally handicapped child is a problem to increasing from 6592 to 8061.This is It is seen that cases of anemia among a family. The mental agony of the parents mainly due to the lack of well designed / I women though increased in 2004 – 2005 is beyond our imagination. Some sort of maintained roads in the district. Hence the reduced during 2005-06.The cases of social isolation is experienced by the road net work in the district has to be suicides among women show a decreasing hapless mother who gives birth to such properly planned to avoid future accidents. trend while the cases of atrocities against child. Mentally retarded persons are ill The increasing number of road women show an increasing trend. treated and kept inside the house. They accidents and their subsequent disasters Following are some of the general are malnourished and are prone to cause irreparable lose to our society. problems that adolescent girls are facing; diseases. They have little or no opportunity Accidents leave innumerable innocent men 1. Identity crisis to mingle with normal children, to express and women hapless and create number of 2. Emotional instability their emotions, feelings, desires etc. living martyrs. Every segment of our 3. Sexual or physical abuse The main problems associated with old society has fallen prey to this menace. In 4. Anxiety aboutfuture (job,marriage etc) age people are:- spite of all the efforts taken by the 5. Growing number of suicides 1. Loneliness government and NGOs, the safety of our 6. Exploitation atwork place 2. Negligence roads remains still a dream. So effective 7. White slavery 3. Age relatedhealth problems. schemes are required to take measures to In Kollam district 44 cases of atrocities 4. Other social challenges include antisocial check road accidents and to help victims of 1 and 21 suicide cases had been registered activities, suicides, dowry, accidents, drug accidents. against children in the year 2005. In the addiction, female feticide, HIV positive Drug addiction has become one of the case of children both the aspects are children and white slavery. biggest unsolved problems after poverty showing an increasing trend. Other than atrocities against women and unemployment. This is a major social Low birth weight is another problem and children, antisocial activities like theft, problem which needs to be tackled on a among children. In Kollam district 2123 violence, murder and other crimes destroy war footing manner.Today our college and children were born with low birth weight the social peace and security of the society. school campuses are becoming fertile during 2005-06. However, the number of Proper law and order system to be lands of drug peddlers. births with low weight is decreasing from maintained in the district for ensuring social The practice of female feticide should 2003-04 to 2005-06 (from 2199 to 2123). harmony and security in the district. be curbed in our society by strict laws and The number of children with low birth weight As per police records, during the educating women to know their right is highest in Kollam Corporation. period from 2002 to 2004 the number of through persuasive propaganda over In the case of suicide among old age, suicide cases reported in the district had radio and television. Cases of abortion are there is an increasing trend in 2005 in reduced from 1136 to 1085. However in found to be highest in Kollam corporation Kollam. In general, analyses show that the the year 2005, the number of suicide cases area (The cases reported here could be social status of the weaker sections of the increased to 1128 of which 711 are men. from other parts of the district). 2 society showsa lowering trend inthe district. From this data it is presumed that financial The no. of children with HIV is not As per law no child below the age of crisis may be the main reason behind . known. Recently innocent children of 15 yrs should be engaged in any job. But Once we achieve a sustainable parents, who died of AIDS, have been usually they are employed in hotels, as development in all sectors, suicides could mercilessly ousted from schools and house servants and in poultry and cattle be reduced to some extent. anganwadies in our district. In our society farms etc. In Kollam, more cases of suicide by HIV infected children are marginalized and Children wandering in street are facing women is reported in Punalur Circle area they don’t have a childhood. Institutional additional problems like lack of education, comprising of, Punalur Municipality and care should be given for HIV +ve children health problems, rehabilitation issues and Pathanapuram, Piravanthur(part), where they get love, security and value Pattazhy, Pattazhy Vadakkekkara, based education so that they can blossom Karavalur, Thalavur, Vilakkudy Grama and live long enough to give back to Panchayats. Influence of illicit liquor, broken society. families, debt, backwardness etc. in these A new (old?) scourge, white slavery is areas lead to emotional instability and reported to be in existence in many parts personality disorder ultimately leading to of the state since last decade. Many are 3 suicide tendency. the reasons for this evil. Unemployment, Dowry for the new nuptial knot is poverty, desire to be part of the colorful another formidable evil. Incompatible worldoffilmindustry,theprevailingdowry couples, the result of commercial arranged system in our society etc., are some of Anganvadi - Kollam Corporation marriages, later become parties to mutual them.

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These can be prevented through sex unplanned electrification etc. Other It is seen that SC families in BPL population education and counseling to adolescent important problems the service and the SC Content in the BPL population girls and their parents, in addition to strict experiences are the shortage of are highest in Kollam Corporation. enforcement of law and community support. equipments, absence of modernization of Obviously the ST population and ST With the evolution of Cybernetics, a equipments and so on. family’s content in BPL population are more new system of crime originated in the cyber Since the district is in the phase of in the eastern parts in particular, world. The impact of cyber crime is to play gradual urbanization and development fire Ariyankavu, Kulathoopuzha and Chithara havoc to the society. The origin of cyber accidents and other accidents are Grama Panchayats. crimes are very difficult to detect. The increasing every year. But the department The landless content of BPL population following are some of the cyber crimes. faces several problems such as lack of shows that concentrationof landless families 1. Cyber crime against individual modern equipments, modernization etc. is more in Chavara, Thekkumbhagam,  Email spoofing, spamming due to lack of fund and over all failure due Thazhava, Pathanapuram, Thrikovil-  Cyber deformation to disintegrated functioning of the whole vattom, Neendakara, Panmana, Oachira  Cyber stalking etc. government system. and Kulashekarapuram Grama 2. Cyber crime against property Analysis reveals that the weakest of Panchayats.  Credit card fraud the weaker sections of the society in the The Houseless content of BPL  Intellectual properly crime district are still unable to come out of their population in the district shows that  Internet time theft etc. deprived situation and there exists severe concentration of houseless families are 3. Cyber crimeagainst organisation lack of service facilities rendered to them. more in Alappad (Pre Tsunami), Oachira,  Unauthorized access of cyber So the social welfare programmes in the Thazhava, Thevalakkara, Alayamon and space. district shall focus on these issues. Aryankavu Grama Panchayats. Generally 1  Changing or deleting data. In the case of fire and rescue services, the concentration is in the Northern coastal  Virus attack. few more stations are needed for effective area, mid land and high land areas.  Email bombing. resource operations in the district. Another aspect is the concentration of  Salami attack etc. Suggestions for new stations at various BPL population in the urban slums.As per 4. Cyber crime against Society parts of the district are in consideration. the report of Urban Slums in Kerala (1995-  Forgery Their service is in the phase of gradual 1996), prepared by the Town and Country  Cyber terrorism development. But still a lot is to be done Planning Department, there are 71 notified  Web jacking etc. which would be possible only with the help slums in Kollam district. Of this 25 are in  Pornography of absolutely integrated, well co-operated, Kollam Corporation, Punalur has 41 nos. For checking cyber crimes, there is a futurity envisioned good governance. and Paravur has 5 nos. High Tech Crime Enquiry Cell in the State Modernization of existing fire stations and The economic status of the BPL people Police HQ. All District HQ are also having commissioning of new fire stations would is evaluated based on the occupational District Crime Enquiry Cells under the be essential. structure and average annual income. The supervision of a Crime Detachment DySP 2.2.15. Poverty Reduction BPL survey conducted during 1998 (started during 2008) for assisting local In Kollam district, out of the total reveals that they are mainly occupied as police on enquiring cyber related petitions. population of 24,59,528, 39% is below coolie, agriculturelabourers, fishermen etc. The existing law in this regard is opverty line (BPL). This shows that the In Kollam district 58% of workers of the I.TAct 2000. district needs a special attention in poverty BPL population are coolies and 25% are In the case of Fire and rescue services, reduction. agricultural labourers. in order to improve the efficiency of the The spatial distribution of the BPL As per settlement analysis, there is a force, the department needs full support population shows that in the year 1998, drastic change inthe occupational structure and co-operation of several other the distribution is rather sporadic without from agriculture labours to other workers government departments and other much of a clear cut spatial pattern. Lowest in the districtfrom 1991 to 2001. Also during government bodies. Since the availability BPL population was in Pattazhy 1980-2004, there is a shift in cropping of water is not adequate at all stations, the Vadakekkara Grama Panchayat (1430) pattern from food based to commercial service needs the co-operation of water and highest was in Kollam Corporation authority in providing sufficient water. (15407). Unfortunately very often the fire hydrants It isseen that BPLcontent of population installed at strategic points to meet in the year 1998 was highest in Nilamel, emergency water demands, are inactive. Velinallur and Elamadu Grama Similarly our rural and urban areas also Panchayats. So these LSGIs also need to lack planned water sources to meet any be given special attention emergency needs. Another problem is the SC and ST content of BPL population under development of the road facility. is quiet relevant as even today these Many times, the water tender cannot reach sections are weaker and their issues are the spot because of the narrow roads, doubled when they fall in the BPL category. Cobbler at work - Kollam Corporation

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crops. This has resulted in the migration of number of 9037 NHGs have already been mentioned in theanalysis of Health sector, poor labourers from agriculture to other linked with banks. The average investment the poor are deprived of better health sectors. This could be the reason of high amount per NHG is Rs.80,000/-. services. percentage of coolies among BPL It is seen that the savings mentality of The State Poverty Eradication population. In the case of traditional people calculated from the deposits in thrift Mission-Kudumbasree was formulated in industries, as mentioned in the sectoral account is found to be more in the Grama the year 1998. The women I analysis of industries there is steady Panchayats of Elampallur, Punalur, representatives of poor families are decline in the handloom and coir based Elamadu, Clappana, East Kallada, organized under Kudumbasree. indusries which are facing crisis for several Sooranadu South, Kulathupuzha and Trend of savings mentality and years. Since workers in the traditional Karunagapally and less among urban corresponding credit absorption are industries are financingthe BPL population, areas. analyzed based on thrift and internal loan they are directly and severely affected by High rate of entrepreneurship mentality among NHGs from 2006 March to 2008 the decline in the sector. In the case of among SHGs is seen in the mid land and March. Both these aspects are found to be fisheries, as mentioned in the sectoral high land area. It is calculated by analysing increasing over the years. Credit analysis, marine fishing is in the growth the willingness to enter into new ventures absorption from the thrift is also at an over stage and there is depletion of fishery by utilising more bank loan. increasing rate and the VIL has gradually resources in the inland fisheries sector. Velocity of Internal Lending (VIL) grown to more than 2. This is a positive This also affects the BPL population as 9% among BPL population is a criterion to indication of development of social capital of workers are engaged in the fisheries assess how much the NHGs are vibrant in among the organization of poor. sector. The animal husbandry sector has their activities. This directly reflects the Entrepreneurship mentality is become under-remunerative due to group dynamism of NHGs. If an NHG is observed by analyzing the trend of NHGs 1 declining trend of animal population, vibrant in their thrift contribution and linking with banks. It is seen that not only increasing cost of inputs of production etc availing loansfrom thrift the VIL will be high. the number of NHGs linked with banks Average annual income of BPL families The VIL in rural area is 2.2. But the VIL in increases every year but also the amount is high in Pathanapuram Block area when urban area is 1.03 only. of credit absorbed. While the internal loans compared to other parts of the district. It is VIL among BPL population arrived at are being used for meeting the consumption less in the urban areas, coastal area and from thrift deposits and loans availed, shows purposes of poor families, the credit in the North-West part of the district. that the NHGs are active in the Grama absorbed from banks is being used mainly The economic status of the BPL people Panchayats of Kadakkal,Anchal, Panmana for livelihood purposes (Figure 1.23). is further evaluated based on the savings and Mynagapally. Analyses reveal that the BPL and entrepreneurship mentality and The Women headed families are yet population is facing issues in boththe areas velocity of Internal lending among the another deprived section. The number of of social and economic development. Still NHGs. women headed families are more in through the incorporation of micro finances One of the important activities of the Piravanthoor, Karunagappally, there is scope for development of BPL NHGs is Micro Financing. Micro financing Mynagappally, Thodiyoor, Thalavoor, population. stage is the beginning stage of community Vialkkuady, Pathanapuram and Alappadu Though the statisticsof National Sample action which brings the members of the Grama Panchayats. Survey points that poverty has been 2 groups stand together. The members of The number of differently abled people reduced, the issues related to poverty each NHG will contribute periodically their out of 1000 population is more in reduction still remains crucial and critical. savings to the thrift account. The NHG will Aryankavu, Ittiva, Chithara, Alayamon, There arise new problems in the field of disburse loan to the members from the thrift Nilamel, Kulakada, Mylom and food security, shelter, access to safe account to meet their credit needs.As per Pavithreswaram Grama Panchayats. drinking water, better sanitation, the details in rural area, the cumulative Regarding health status, even though employment, health, education etc. The amount of thrift collected till 31/12/2007 is the outreach of health institutions is absolute poor are marginalized even Rs.63.67 crores. The total amount of the comparatively better in the district, due to though there are intervention from the part loan distributed from the thrift comes to Rs. lack of infrastructure and human resources of government departments and LSGIs. 141.11 crores. In urban areas total amount in all the three systems of medicine as This happens to be the after effect of of thrift as on 31/12/2007 is Rs.5.77 crores and loan distribution from the thrift is Rs.5.97 crores. In order to satisfy the larger credit needs of the members of the NHGs, the 3 NHGs will be linked to banks through a process of grading. As on 31.12.07 a cumulative amount of Rs.66.77 crores and Rs.1.14 crores have been tapped in Rural NHGs and Urban NHGs respectively.Atotal Fig. 1.23 :Trend of thrift and internal loan among NHGs

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National level policies of liberalization. are notaccessible to BPL.  To provide employment The important developmental issues  Lack of nutrition  To provide primary education, health, identified in these areas are:-  Occupational diseases drinking water, nutrition etc.  Transformation of cultivation from food  Natural hazards likeTsunami, Flood etc.  To ensure community and women crops to cashcrops leading to migration lead the affected to poverty empowerment activities of labour. Thusthe workers among BPL  Anti Poverty Programmes are However there are certain critical population are forced to migrate from implemented without an integrated issues in this report such as: agriculture to other sectors such as approach  Mismatch of guidelines of centrally coolies, constructionworks etc.  Lack of methodologyto identify poverty sponsored schemes with the Socio-  Still there are houselessrural poor in the  Illogical utilization of funds Economic situation of Kerala District and also a large no. of shelters  Disparity between intensity of poverty  Unit cost of centrally sponsored housing need immediate up gradation. and investment of resources schemes is very less compared to the  Coverage of sanitationin BPL families is  Poverty reduction approach through approved unit cost of state sponsored only 80% and critical in costalareas and women empowerment activities are not schemes. habitats of SCs and STs. at similar wave length all over the district From the analysis it is seen that poverty  Safe drinking water could not be  Economic development through is considerably reducing in the district. provided to 20% of rural poor. The Community Based Organisations However there are certain areas of situation becomes further critical due to (CBOs) of women has not gained concern in the development of BPL the depletion of ground water level. momentum population. Eradication of slums should be  Decline of the traditional industrial sector  A cluster approach has not been given top priority in urban areas. There and consequent unemployment directly developed are certain areas where the downtrodden 1 affect the BPL population  Inherent limitations for development of are generally occupied including Animal  Depletion of seawealth and consequent micro enterprisesin Kudumbasree, State/ Husbandry,Agriculture and fisheries which unemployment. Centrally sponsored schemes etc. as have good potential in the district.  The animal husbandry sector has part of poverty reduction activities Therefore the development programmes become under-remunerative for the BPL especially in the areas of product in these sectors should give priority to population. development, marketing strategies, include the BPL population especially the  Servicesfrom publichealth institutions are technology accessing etc. SC/ST and other socially weaker sections not sufficient to cater the poor. Cost of The potential areas of development to of the society.Also, infrastructure facilities treatment alienates the poor from availing alleviate poverty in the district are as including safe drinking water, electricity, treatment. follows. solid waste disposal system etc. should be  In the perception of the poor, the quality  Intervention throughpromoting cultivation provided in the BPL concentration areas. of public education is not at par with of vegetables, fruits and ornamental Thus in order to have best results in the private education. Hence, BPL families plants etc area of poverty alleviation and rural admit their children in unaided schools  Dairy Development development, there has to be an integrated and education becomes costly which in  Backyard Poultry approach for poverty alleviation through turn may increasethe gravity of poverty.  Revamping traditionalindustries through concerted efforts of Government  Social development and security issues product development, diversification and departments and LSGIs. are notwell taken care ofand addressed technology upgradation 2.2.16. Power timely.  Judicious exploitation of sea wealth, The only hydel project in the district is  Poverty reduction strategy through inland water fish culture, fish processing Kallada Hydro electric project which enterprise developmentdoes not follow and value addition measures. generates about 60 MU of power annually. a holistic approach.  Micro enterprise development through The power consumption of Kollam district Other problems include cluster approach during 2005-06 was 719 MU. Thus the  Problem of landlessness is more in  Intervention of LSGIs in health and power generation within the district is only Kareepra, Chavaraand Pathanapuram education sector 6% of the total power consumed in the Grama Panchayats.  Effective network ofCBOs of poor women district.  Houseless BPL families are more in under Kudumbasree Aryankavu, Alayamon, Oachira,  Flexibility ofexecuting poverty reduction Clappana,Alappadu,Thevalakara. The activities in Kudumbasree in mission problem is also critical in case of slum mode dwellers inUrban areas. Basic features of the poverty reduction  Drinking Water: Critical in many parts of programmes are following:- the district.  To provide land, job training, pension  Sanitation : MainlySolid waste disposal. schemes, to make available the services  Health : Inadequate service from of public distribution system and to Government hospitals. Private hospitals provide houses, latrine etc. H.T. Powerline - Kundara

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Solar energy is utilized for lighting Ittiva, Chithara, Aryankavu, Yeroor, As far as the power sector in Kollam is houses in remote areas in the eastern part Pattazhy Vadakkekkara, Kunnathur, considered there is acute shortage of of the district where the conventional Pattazhy, Mylom, Melila, Neduvathur, power in the district when generation and method of distribution of electricity is not Pavithreswaram, Piravanthur, Thenmala, consumption are compared. The feasible. ANERT has already installed Alayamon, Anchal, Kadackal, and consumption is by and large for domestic solar home lighting system in Piravanthur, Karavaloor are identified as the problem purposes and to some extent for I Aryankavu, Thenmala, Kulathupuzha and areas as far as power sector is concerned. commercial purposes showing lack of Alayamon for 272, 700, 511, 767 and 446 In these areas unelectrified houses and growth in the production sectors. So when Systems respectively. Minimum 6 hrs sun unelectrified areas are comparatively the existing policies are focusing on light per day is required for the functioning more. Also in these areas low voltage economic development, the insurgence in of a solar unit. Generally eastern areas problem exists. the production sectors in future will effect in are suitable for tapping solar energy. These are also corroborated in the a huge power shortage in the district. There The total number of consumers in the Local level analysis reports and Grama is also spatial disparity in the availability of district is 6,72,106. On further analysis of Sabha Reports of these LSGIs. As per power in the eastern parts of the district. consumption pattern it is found that the Local level analysis report of Poruvazhy, So there has to be effective utilization of maximum power consumption is in the many places are affected by voltage energy resources in the district including domestic category (73%) followed by problem and that of Kulathupuzha, most of non conventional energy resources while commercial (13%). Power consumption in the places are affected by voltage problem, minimizing losses during transmission. the industrial, agricultural and other power has not reached isolated places and 2.2.17. Scheduled Caste and categories is 8.8%, 0.29%, and 4.84% there is no separate building for KSEB.As Scheduled Tribes respectively (Figure 1.24). per Local level analysis report of In Kollam District, to a great extent, 1 Edamulakkal, there is voltage problem, Scheduled Castes have co-equal social there are places not reached by power, status with rest of the members of the usage of low quality equipments, excess society. They have social recognition. usage of power by the rich, no separate Untouchability is not prevalent in the District building for Ayoor Major Section are the in its evil form. major issues. In case of Ittiva, none of the People belonging to SC reside in wards in the Grama Panchayat have almost all parts of the district.According to complete power coverage. Also voltage the census figures of 1971 to 2001, SC problem, non availability of continuous population has been steadily increasing in Fig. 1.24 : Category wise power power, no. of connections beyond the Kollam District. In 2001 census SC consumption details– Kollam capacity of transformers, old and inefficient Population was 322805. The The analysis of existing status of power power lines etc are the major issues. In corresponding figure in 1991 census was sector in the district shows that hydel and Chithara Grama Panchayat, no power 305717. thermal power are the major sources of connection is available in Wards 3 and 5. SC content of the state population is electricity in the State, conventional energy As per the Local LevelAnalysis Report of 9.8% whereas SC content ofKollam District sources are not fully utilized and majority Aryankavu, voltage problem, less no. of is 12.5%. SC content is relatively high in 2 of the power is supplied from outside the transformers, lack of power lines etc. are the eastern high land region and also District. the major issues. In Yeroor Grama along Kallada and Ithikkara river basins. Analyzing the overall development Panchayat, there are places not reached These areas are the principal agricultural trend it is seen that there is an annual by power, lack of street lights etc and in belt inthe district cultivating varietyof crops growth of 4% in power consumption, major case of Pattazhy Vadakkekkara voltage including plantation crops. SC content is share of power is consumed for domestic problem, places not reached by power and low in coastal LSGIs and Perayam, which purposes, commercial sector shows no office for KSEB etc. are major issues. are devoid of paddy fields and major significant growth with respect to the power The major problem in power sector coconut plantation areas. consumed, Industrial sector shows the is found that Non - Conventional Energy As per 2001 census ST population in lowest growth rate and coastal stretches of sources are not utilized. Majority of the the district is 5193 which is 0.2% of the Kollam consumes more power than other power is supplied from outside the District total population of the district. Kollam district area. and major share of power is consumed for has the 3rd least ST population in the state, From the analysis of the distribution of domestic purposes not by the production just behind Alleppy (0.15%) and Un-electrified Houses among LSGIs, sectors. Ernakulam (0.16%) districts. From 1981 classification of LSGIs based on the The main potential of power sector in onwards ST population shows an 3 number of un-electrified areas and low Kollam district is that satisfactory power increasing trend. ST population is mainly voltage area in the district, it is seen that transmission network is available in the concentrated in the eastern hilly and forest the Grama Panchayats in the north and district.Also the scope for generating power regions especially in Kulathupuzha, north-eastern part of the District viz. from non conventional energy sources is Aryankavu and Thenmala Grama Poruvazhy, Kulathupuzha, Edamulakkal, another potential. Panchayats. However some communities

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among STs, have been seen residing in striking features is that 15.23% of them are STs. mid land coastal area too. cultivators because moreland is available (12) Exploitation by intermediaries. Though ST population is gradually with them. 18% are engaged in collection (13) Impact ofliberalization and privatization. getting distributed to some areas other than of forest products. Their representation in Government.’s financial assistance for hilly and forest areas, it cannot be Government service is very nominal. education at all levels, reservation in attributed to a population shift. 14 LSGIs An analysis of the status of educational institutions as well as for do not have any ST population. The unemployment among SC and ST reveals employment in Government sector are concentration of ST population in the that the problem is acute. Unemployment major potentials. A minimum of 10% of eastern high land areas is attributedto the among educated SC, especially those budget allocation at State level and 22% existence of forest; as their major source having Degree, P.G.B.Ed.,TTC and other at National level is mandatory for the of livelihood is from forest. ST population technical and professional qualification is development of SC/ST. Compared to State is maximum in Kulathupuzha Grama very high despite of reservation. In the average, the existing educational status Panchayat in the year 2001. By 2001 ST district a total of 22027 SC/ST people are and employment level in the district are population extended to most of the LSGIs registered in employment exchanges. higher. in the District. However the concentration Development trend in the sector is From the analysis it is seen that the is marginal with the highest concentration analysed as follows: major issues regarding the SC/ST sector in the eastern highland. ST penetration Both the percentage literates of SC are providing shelter to the houseless outside the highland is still relatively male and female population are showing families and rehabilitation of landless marginal. an increasing trend after a decrease. families. The existing educational Around 65% of the SC population is The number of applicants for land is assistance also needs additional support settled in colonies. These colonies are decreasing. This shows the lowering of for including pre-primary schools, pre- 1 located in all parts of the district except in landless population which is a positive metric studies and post - matric studies. Alappad Grama Panchayat, with trend. The number of applicants for house Post-matric hostels and other facilities are concentration in the coastal and mid lands. is also decreasing. This shows the lowering also required in this sector. It is seen that Large chunks of workers among SC of houseless population which also is a still there are SC/ST concentrated areas population are ordinary workers, around positive trend. The involvement of LSGIs in the district having insufficient drinking 49% agricultural labourersand cultivators and and other agencies have contributed to water, power, sanitation facilities etc. around22% areworkersintraditionalindustries this. Another area of concern is the like cashew and coir etc. (Figure 1.25) The number of persons engaged in unemployment prevailing among the SC/ unclean occupation is decreasing after a ST. These are all the aspects to be sudden increase in 2004-2005. However considered for carving the future in absolute numbers they remain the same. development programmes in this sector. The overall development trend shows that 2.2.18. Tourism there is considerable improvement in the The tourism attraction of Kollam is general status of SC population in the based on its vibrant landscapes. Kollam district. provides a miniature of Kerala with Major development issues are as representations of all its products. follows. The LSGI wise spatial distribution shows (1) SC population is mainly concentrated that the Nature based tourism spots are Fig. 1.25 : Occupationalpattern among SC in colonies with inadequate amenities, maximum in Kollam Corporation, Paravur and A distressing point is that only 3% of especially those locatedin rural areas Thenmala (3 each). Thus as far as nature the SC population are cultivators because and ST population is concentrated in based tourism is concerned,Ashtamudi and they do not own and possess land to the the hillyforest areas in theeastern part Thenmalaarethetwomajorattractions. required extent. But, SC population is of the district. There are waterfalls also in the district viz. predominantly an agrarian community. (2) Educational backwardness. Palaruvi, Kuttalam, Kumbhavurutti, Around half of them are agricultural (3) High dropout from schools and colleges Vattathilthangal, Meenmutti etc. The beaches labourers.A quarter of them are engaged (4) Acute unemployment. are mainly Paravur, Kollam, Mundakkal, in traditional industries, predominantly (5) Lack of entrepreneurial ability Thangassery and Thirumullavaram. rooted in agriculture related industries. (6) Increasing number of landless people The land of Kollam is blessed with Around 3/4th of the SC population is (7) Lack of safe drinking water many heritage sites. The palaces, forts, dependant on Agriculture and allied (8) Lack of basicamenities in the habitats cave temple, locations of historical industries for their livelihood. Their such aselectricity, road etc. importance, temples with traditional participation in Government service is (9) Caste basedproblems still persists. architecture, traditional houses, much below in proportion to their population. (10) Lion share of the working population settlements, century oldlight house, Punalur As far as the occupational pattern of among SCand ST are engaged in low hanging bridge etc are examples of ST population is concerned, 54% are paid, unskilled work. heritage precincts of Kollam. agricultural labourers. But one of the (11) Human right violationsagainst SCs and The cultural contributions of Kollam are

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very important. It was a great center of learning and culture. It attracted distinguished scholars from all parts of South India. Leelathilakam and Unnineeli sandesam, two outstanding literary works of historical importance, are contributions I of 14th century, Kollam. The dance form of Kathakali in its new version of Ramanattam was the creation of Kottarakkara Thampuran, who also improved Krishnanattam by substituting Malayalam for Sanskrit. Paravoor K.C.Kesavapilla a gifted poet, prose writer, dramatist and scholar originated the musical play in Malayalam through his work Sadarama. Many prominent literary persons lived in Kollam. The temple festivals of Kollam are highly diverse. They reflect the art and cultural creations of the people of Kollam. Fig. 1.26 : Backwater tourism network in Kollam Kathakali, Koothu, Ottamthullal, Paatakam, 1 Harikatha, Kaikottikali, Kolattam are also more like a transit to Alappuzha. Majority tourism facility and return. Unfortunately practiced here. The traditional folk music of the foreign tourists visit Kollam straight they seldom stay in Kollam. and dances are very attractive and unique away move toAlappuzha without staying. Other circuits include the Trivandrum- in Kollam. The Kottamkulangara festivals, The village tour is more like a walk through Kottarakkara-Thenmala-Palaruvi (from Kettukazhcha, Oachirakkali, and the village activities. south), Alappuzha-Kayamkulam-Kollam Ashramam pooram are very famous and Analysing the present pattern of flow of and Kottayam-Kottarakkara-Palaruvi- attract tourists. tourists, a major circuit, a transit circuit and Thenmala (from north). These circuits are Kollam district has a number of pilgrim a minor circuit have been identified (Figure transit in nature.Aminor circuit is also there centers. The festivals ‘theroottam’ and 1.27). The major circuit is Trivandrum- through which tourists from Trivandrum pushpabhishekam ofAchencoil temple are Pariappally-Kollam. Majority of tourists reach Thenmala via Kulathupuzha. The famous. The Oachira temple, dedicated to coming to Kollam are those from different transit natureis because most of the tourists Parabrahma attracts large number of parts of the country and world who arrive are not interested in staying at Kollam due pilgrims particularly during the festival at Trivandrum by air or train and the reach to various reasons. The major complaint is called Oachirakali and Panthrandu vilakku Kollam by train or road. This is the major that there is no activity here other than Mahotsavam. TheAshramam pooram and circuit. After attending the village tour, backwater cruises. Therefore activity Parippally elephant march are very tourists generally move to Alappuzha by based tourism has to be encouraged along 2 famous. The Chavara Kottamkulangara city to city backwater tour or by KSWT Dept. with some value addition of existing tourism festival is very famous because of its facility.Someofthemtakeroadroutevia products. peculiar custom that men dress up as NH47. Some tourists visit Thenmala eco- Tourist traffic to Kerala shows an women and carry lighted lamps. The Kettukazhcha – exhibition of effigies- are unique in Kollam. There are many traditional music and fascinating rituals associated with temple festivals. The District has tremendous potential for adventure tourism. The areas include Kollam Corporation and Thenmala, Aryancavu, Kulathupuzha Grama Panchayats.Ashtamudi is one of the major destinations of Backwater tourism in the State. At present the potential of Ashtamudi 3 backwaters is not fully utilized. There are only two tour trips being conducted in the backwaters; the city to city tour from Kollam toAlappuzha and the village tour as shown in the Figure 1.26. The city to city tour is Fig. 1.27 : Existing tourist circuits in Kerala

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can act as a strong motivation among the tourists to chart out their journeys in advance. Villages of Kollam, especially backwater island villages offer a novel experience of life of Kerala they give. The handicrafts – traditional art and craft works of Kollam- screw pine, papal leaf art work, lace, coir making, bamboo crafts etc are yet to be tapped for tourism. Home stays are another potential avenue because of the special experience-stay opportunity with the people of Kerala- they give. Fig. 1.28 : Trend in total tourist’s arrival (foreign and domestic) in Kollam 2004-06 Heritage attractions arealso most important. The colonial architectural assets viz. increasing trend over the past few years. in backwater tourism, facilities are Government Guest House, Thevally It is estimated that the total tourist inflow to increasing and a competitive trend exists Palace, Chinese Palace, Tangassery fort, Kerala is 6700258 during 2006, showing among investors. Home stays are also Light house, Kottukal cave temple etc and an increase of 6.47% over the previous doing well and more people are being historically important places viz. year. The drastic fall in the tourist inflow in encouraged to apply for registration under Mayyanad, Kundara, Elampalluur, 2005 is due to Tsunami. home stayconcept. So, overall there is an Panmana etc. are worth visiting. Kollam Tourist traffic to Kollam shows an increasing trend of tourism in the district canal can be developed as a tourism 1 increasing trend over the past few years. showing its tremendous potential here. corridor than a mere waterway. It is estimated that the total tourist inflow to The major problems are as follows: The approach “make Kollam a Kollam is 130916 during 2006, showing  Lack of proper infrastructure facilities complete destination for all seasons” is the an increase of 14.63% over the previous  Poor qualityof roadstotourist destinations need of the hour. Newtourism circuits have year (Figure 1.28).  Lack of boat jetties and other basic to be developed in such a way that the Foreign tourist traffic to Kollam amenities atthe existing destinations. unseen attractions of Kollam has to be decreased in 2005 due to Tsunami and  Absence of parking spaces at tourist linked with our immense variety of forms of then increased in the last year.It is estimated destinations. tourism which form part of a tourism that the foreign tourist inflow to Kollam is  Lack oftourism signage product. Basic amenities at all prominent 7918 during 2006, showing an increase  Lack of proper waste management plants and potential tourism spots have to be of 16.21% over the previous year. /systems in tourist centres ensured in a phased manner based on Domestic tourist trafficto Kollam shows  Pollution of backwaters and declared priority and time-bound frame work. More an increasingtrend over the past few years. National Waterway accommodation facilities have to be It isestimated that the domestictourist inflow  Lack ofguided tours / trekkingoptions at encouraged to its maximum. Activity based to Kollam is 122998 during 2006, showing wild life sanctuary. tourism has tremendous scope in Kollam an increase of only 25.21% over the  Lack of coordination between line since it has a rich cultural and traditional previous year. departments and agenciesfor time bound heritage of its kind. Promotion and At the State level the total revenue implementation of tourism projects. marketing campaigns connecting all our generated is showing an increasing trend.  Lack of tourism study centre features under a proper branding will In the district for this analysis there is lack Basically, Kollam has a great substantiate our efforts in the desired of data, so the revenue generated by the advantage of all that Kerala can offer as results on all aspects. DTPC is taken as the criteria. God’s own country. Natural resources 2.2.19. Finance The revenue generated by DTPC occupy a predominant role as far as The district has 191 commercial bank shows that presently there is an increasing tourism potential is concerned. Ashtamudi branches, 40 DCCB branches, 121 PACS trend after a decrease in 2003-04. The backwaters, Sasthamkotta freshwater lake, (Primary Agricultural Co-operative number of private players in the tourism Thenmala, Achankoil, Palaruvi, and Society) and 4 Primary Co-opertaive and sector, especially houseboat service sector Paravur, under utilized beaches such as Agriculture and Rural Development Banks has to be taken into account while Thirumullavaram, Mundakkal etc. are (PCARDB) spread through out the district. calculating the overall development trend. unique. The locationAmbanad offers the Leaving Urban Kollam,Anchal Block and Due to non-availability of exact data on characteristics of a hill station. The Mukhathala Block are having sufficient private sector turnover, it is very difficult to Vellimon area has untapped tourism bank branches, compared to the density substantiate the development trend based potential. Culture occupies the second of banks in other blocks. Leaving on revenue generation. However, it is true position because of diverse art and cultural Trivandrum and Ernakulam having highest that the tourism sector in Kollam is showing attractions available in Kollam. The temple number of registered chit funds, Kollam an increasing trend over the years and festivals attract a substantial number of ranks 3rd which shows private chit funds/ that new firms are coming up in investing tourists and a calendar of all such events institutions still plays a vital role in the

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District’s economy. LSGI wise variation of flow of credit non priority. The NPAs under SSI is Business position is the aggregate of under Non Farm Sector (NFS) shows that comparatively higher than Agriculture/ advances and deposits on the district which over the years Kollam Corporation and OPS. The NPA of private sector banks mainly depend on credit off take by the Neduvathur constantly have higher NFS under NPS is huge compared to Priority cashew industry, which in turn depends compared to other LSGIs. LSGI wise Sector lending showing their outlay under on international demands. The global variation of Other Priority Sector (OPS) this sector requires further improvement. I demand for cashew depends on stable shows that though during 2002 Neduvathur Cumulative CD Ratios of commercial economy which has a direct bearing on and Kadakkal had highest values, during banks in the country (as of June 04) shows this industry. Though the district has other 2003 to 2005 Kollam. Corporation has that CD ratio of neighboring states of traditional and progressive industries, the maximum values. LSGI wise variation of Tamilnadu and Karnadaka stood at 90% highest quantum is contributed by cashew Total Priority Sector (TPS) shows that, from and 66% respectively. Our credit sector. The district also attracts NRI 2002 to 2005 Kollam Corporation and absorption capacity is evidently low deposits from gulf countries. The Neduvathur have maximum values. LSGI compared to other States.In Kollam the remittances from other countries like USA, Wise Variation of Non Priority Sector (NPS) spatial distribution shows thatAnchal has UK etc, are less compared to neighbouring shows that during 2002 Kadakkal, the maximum value of CD Ratio in 2005. districts like Pathanamthitta. Business Neduvathur, Edamulakkal and Chathanur Priority Sector Disbursement is the position as on March 2005 shows that had highest values. By 2005 it was Kollam disbursement of funds to primary, under deposits, the share of Kollam in Corporation.LSGI wise variation of Total secondary and tertiary sector including Kerala is5.8% and 0.22% in India. Kollam Priority Sector Lending shows that during agriculture, industry, housing and other share in Kerala is 6.3% and 0.22% in 2002 kadakkal, Neduvathur, Edamulakkal service sectors. From the comparitive Kerala and India repectively under and Chathanur had highest values. By study of the priority sector disbursement, it 1 advances. is found that the percentage of achievement The spatial distribution of deposits has come down in 2004-2005 in Kollam shows that it is sporadically distributed compared to State. within the district. More deposits are seen Comapring with growth of population in Chathanur, Pathanapuram, Karavalur, per bank branch in Kerala (1991 to 2001), Kareepra Grama Panchayats. LSGI Wise the average population per branch is Variation ofAdvance shows that it is more almost same for Kollam. Leaving in Karavallor, Kareepra and Kottarakkara. Wayanadu and Idukki, no. of branches of Comparative study of credit flow under scheduled commercial banks opened is priority sector lending in Kollam with encouraging. Priority sector advance neighboring Districts during 2002-03, disbursed by commercial banks in Kerala 2003-04, 2004-05 shows that during 2002 Fig. 1.29 : Pattern of credit plan 2005-06 from 1992 to 2004 shows that the – 2003 and 2003 – 2004, overall 2005 it was Kollam Corporation and percentatge of Priority Sector lending is performance of Kollam is better than other Neduvathur. Flow of credit to important above the benchmark of 40% and under districts under Agriculture and Teritory areas in Primary Sector shows that 70% agriculture lending the benchmark of 18% sector, Trivandrum district being slightly of the flow is for crop loan. It can be seen could not be achieved. Achievements in 2 better than us. Comparative study of credit that maximum is for NSF (42%). Sector the Priority Sector Advances in Kollam flow under various sectors in Kollam with wise achievement under District Credit District show that the achievement is neighbouring Districts during 2004- 2005 Plan shows that maximum achievement generally above the target. Sector wise shows that only area where Kollam excels (67%) is in secondary sector. Pattern of achievement under District Credit Plan neighbouring districts is in SSI sector and credit plan for 2005-06 (Rs. in lakhs) is (DCP) during 2000–01 to 2004-2005 it shows lowest in minor irrigation. The flow given in Figure 1.29. It can be seen that shows (Figure 1.30) that during 2003 to of credit in Kollam district is larger maximum is for NSF (42%). 2005 the DCP targets were achieved. compared to neighbouring districts. It The NFS shows the maximum credit DCP achievement for Kollam from constitutes 12.23% share of the State. delivery due to high credit off take by 2004-05 to 2005-06 shows that under Flow of credit under agriculture sector cashew exporters. is discussed here. Over the years the LSGI Non Performing Assets (NPA) is the with maximum flow is found tobe changing. assets where over dues of principle and During 2002 Mayanadu had the highest interestsexitsformorethan90days. flow of credit, during 2003 it was Sector wise NPA in Public Sector Banks as Neduvathur and during 2004 it was Kollam on March 2004 at National level shows 3 Corporation and Edamulakkal. From the that, NPAs are more under SSI than Spatial distribution of flow of credit under Agriculture NPAs of private sector banks agriculture sector during 2005, it is seen under NPS is three times of priority sector that Kollam Corporation has the highest flow NPAs, unlike public sector banks where during 2005. NPAs are almost equal under priority or CostumersinBank-Kollam

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From the analysis is clear that the maximum credit flow is towards Non farm sector. However through the management of funds from various sources all the three sectors can be developed substantially in the district. To bring a substantial boost for agriculture and allied sector, community structures can be developed with assistance of Government, Grama Panchayat and banks. The unit cost/ scale of finance is to be revised taking into account the escalation in prices of various inputs required. The essence of the issue under agriculture sector is there is a need Fig. 1.30 : Trend in percentage advance in development for creating a price stabilization fund with an objective to ensure that remunerative agriculture credit growth is commendable sector is not improving and the credit flow prices are obtained by farmers. Similarly of commercial banks. Agency-wise annual is meager in fishing sector.As analysed the service sector in the district also credit flow to agriculture and TPS in Kerala above, almost the entire district is having witnessed tremendous growth recently 2000-01 to 2003-04 shows that in both low NFS during 2005. This means that considering the general uptrend in the priority sector and agriculture, the economy during last five years. As the 1 there is lack of overall industrial percentage increase to previous year is development in the district. The higher general saying, any first rate proposal nd above 25%. Credit Flow under various value in Kollam Corporation is because going into the hands of a 2 rate nd sectorsinKollamfrom2002–03to2004- the credit delivery is more there. However entrepreneur will go waste or any 2 rate proposal going to a first rate entrepreneur 05 shows (Figure 1.31) that the credit flow the credit absorbed here could be utilized will be a success. There are abundant except in case of tertiary sector is elsewhere. The growth under service avenues for resources around us. Only increasing over the years. sector and its distribution in the district is thing is that we have to pick the most suited Performance of Kollam District during reasonable as evident from the discussion one for our requirement. The finance sub March 1995 to March 2005 shows that on OPS.Still there is scopefor improvement committee felt that the resource crunch remarkably, for more than a decade, the in this sector as it is directly linked to flow of need not be a bar for taking up good, priority sector lending is above 50% well credit in agriculture sector and NFS.The viable, feasible proposals by the above the bench mark of 40% stipulated distortions under CD ratio in different areas supplementing agencies or by Government of India. are due to high credit and equally high Crop loan plays a vital role in entrepreneurs. deposit in the urban centres with low credit increasing agricultural production.As given Resource needs of rural sector not to off take commensurate with the deposit in analysis, there is low credit flow in the be neglected and rural areas have to be mobilized.As analysed above, the flow of mid land and high land in general. The empowered. ATMs with wireless credit to primary sector shows that majority credit flow to agriculture sector is affected connectivity through CDMA Technology of the credit is channelised for crop loan. since agricultural holdings are small and can be provided in rural areas as no There is meager flow to fisheries sector fragmented with average holding of 0.39 electricity is required. In case of urban due to various reasons.As analysed hectare. The low credit flow in the area areas, Municipalities now look to capital above, the NFS shows the maximum credit immediately after the coastal belt could be market for funds as a Special Purpose delivery due to high credit off take by due to the shrinking of paddy cultivation. Vehicle. House holds have largest share cashew exporters. This shows the potential Credit off take under animal husbandry in municipal bonds. Our growth is more for this sector in the district. domestic driven while others have export led growth. Labour market has to be more flexible. High interest charged by microfinance agencies has to be reduced. Credit guarantee scheme for farmers can be mooted by RBI. Earlier the concept was to do business then think risk, now it is to weigh risk then do business. So overall there is great scope for development of certain sectors in the district which can be enhanced through financial support from various funding agencies. Fig. 1.31 : Trend in credit flow in priority sectors << previous << VOL-I pers next >> Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Analysis Volume III - Concise Report 49

2.3 Spatial Analysis Kadackal, Velinallur, Vettikkavala, roads connecting the lower order In the spatial analysis, the factors Pathanapuram, Kundaraand Sasthamcotta settlements with the higher order analysed are spatial pattern based on Grama Panchayats. The remaining Grama settlements and minor roads connecting settlement studies, spatial pattern evolved Panchayats are classified as 4th order lower order settlements each other. from the study of resources, environmental settlements. The study of nodes revealed A final proposal of the road network is aspects and social aspects. that three higher order nodes are there in derived taking in to account those existing I Initially, the activity pattern existing the district. The 1st order node is roads and suggesting new road links in within the district is derived based on the Chinnakkada in Kollam Corporation. those areas where the existing road is study of the spatial distribution of the Karunagappally, Kottarakkara, Punalur, insufficient. aspects covered in the settlement studies. Anchal and Chathannur are the 2nd order National Highway Department has a Here three aspects namely, the land use nodes. proposal of a new NH (NH 220) from concentration pattern, functional character and urban profile, which cover all the aspects takenfor the study of the settlements (Functional character is determined based on population distribution and land use, Urban profile is derived taking in to account occupational structure and hierarchy of settlements, the land use concentration pattern is studied based on the land use analysis) are combined in order to evolve 1 the activity pattern. The analysis shows that the entire district can be zoned into five. viz. urban activity area, secondary activity area, agriculture, animal husbandry and cottage industries activity area, rural activity area (intensive agriculture activity area) and agriculture area non detrimental Fig. 1.33: Hierarchy of settlement and nodes to forest (Figure 1.32). Kollam to Theni via Chengannur, Changanassery and Kottayam. As per the tentative alignment, this NH connects following centres within Kollam District viz. Kollam HS Jn - Thevally-Anchalummodu- Elampalloor-East Kallada-Bharanikavu- Chakkuvally-Sooranad and then enters Pathanamthitta District. 2 The initial phase of this proposed alignment (of NH 220) from Kollam HS to- Elampalloor and the last phase Bharanikavu-Sooranad are not included in the suggested alignment of road derived based on the settlement studies. The first phase of the proposed NH-220 is close and parallel to the existing NH-208 and Fig. 1.32 :Activity pattern of the District both ends of Kollam (Chinnakkada) and Elampalloor are already connected by NH As per the settlement analysis, it is found The proposed road net work of the -208. that the settlements in the District can be district is derived based on the hierarchy The only additional junction served grouped into four hierarchies (Figure of settlements and nodes (Figure 1.34). by the first phase of the NH 220, is 1.33). The 1st order settlement is Kollam The road network should connect the Anchallummodu, which is already well Corporation. Chathannur and Anchal higher order settlements and nodes each connected to Chinnakkada and hence the 3 Grama Panchayats are the proposed 2nd other. This means that a net work of major alignment of the first phase of the proposed order settlements other than the existing roads should be there connecting NH- 220 is not having much significance. 2nd order settlements, Karunagappally, Karunagappally, Kottarakkara, Anchal, A new alignment from Kollam Kottarakkara and Punalur. The 3rd order Chathannur and Kollam Corporation. At (Chinnakkada) to Kannanallur is proposed settlements proposed are Thevalakkara, thesametime,thereshouldbesubmajor as the first phase of the NH -220. This

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resources in the district also need to be incorporated to detail out the spatial structure evolved from the settlement studies. The key sectors which can contribute to the spatial structure are agriculture, animal husbandry, industries, mining and geology, tourism and environment which have manifestations on land. The land use pattern clearly reveals a concentration of agriculture land in the mid land area of the district. While wet agricultural land, though not much in area, is predominantly concentrated in the low land area, dry agriculture contributes to the major chunk of agricultural land in the Fig. 1.34 : Schematic representation of the road net work mid land area. stretch of the road as per the approved sub major roads category. As per the Local Level Analysis Master Plan for Kollam Town is proposed 1. Chavara- Sasthankotta road Reports, prepared so far by the SICs in as a 20 m wide road. The last phase of 2. Road from Paravur to Varkala connection with the preparation of LDPs, the proposed NH- 220 is maintained as 3. Paravur- Parippally Road the major economic base of the LSGIs in 1 such. So the revised suggested alignment 2.3.3. Minor roads mid, mid up land and some of the LSGIs in for the NH-220 is Kollam (Chinnakkada) – The following roads are included in high land regions is agriculture. Kannanalloor-Kundara-Bharanikavu- minor roads category. Thus there is a concentration of Chakkuvally-Sooranad. 1. Kannanalloor- Pooyappally-Ayur Road agricultureactivitiesinthemidandmidup The transportation net work planned 2. Bharanikavu–Chandamukku (near land regions. for connecting important junctions and Kottarakkara)- Pooyappally– For the purpose of analysis, these settlements includes three types of roads Kuriumoode Jn. Road crops in the district are classified as major net work viz: Major roads, Sub major 3. Kottarkkara – Pathanapuram Road , sub major and minor crops based on area roads, and Minor roads. 4. Anchal – Kadackal Road of cultivation and revenue generated. The 2.3.1. Major Roads 5. Anchal – Thenmala Road crops included in major crops are Coconut, Major roads as per the planning 2.4 Spatial Structure Rubber and Pepper. Banana, Rice, concept, consists of four lane roads. The The spatial structure of the district is Tapioca and Arecanut are the sub-major following roads are included in major obtained by overlaying the activity pattern, crops.All the remaining crops are classified roads. road network and hierarchy of settlements as the minor crops. It is noticeable that all 1. The three National Highways (NH -47 , derived (Figure 1.35). the three major crops identified are NH -208, NH -220) passing through the Since the resources are the backbone commercial crops. district. of any economy, the spatial patternof major For evolving the crop wise spatial 2. A new road Kottiyam- Kannanallur- Kundara –Bharanikkav-Karunagapally. (This is an existing road but not of the status of a major road) 3. Existing State Highways. Following stretches of state highways pass through the district a. Nilamel-Ayur –Kottarakkara- Kulakkada (MC Road) b.Ayur-Anchal-Punalur-Pathanapuram c. Paripally-Nilamel-Chithara d. Kulathupuzha-Chithara e. Sasthamcotta-Bharanicavu-Adoor 4. Coastal road from Thangassey port to Paravur and itsextention to Chathannur. 5. Road starting from NH 47 near Chathannur to Ayur through Velinallur. 2.3.2. Sub Major Roads Fig. 1.35: Spatial Structure of the district obtained by overlaying the activity pattern, road The following roads are included in the net work and hierarchy of settlements

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pattern of the district, detailed analysis of can be promoted. spatial distribution ofdensity of goats shows major and sub major crops are made. 2. Mixed cultivation area in the low –mid a concentration in the west and central area Since Cashew tops the maximum average land area where paddy cultivation can of thedistrict. Poultry consists offowls, duck farm price at the State level among the minor be sustained and cashew, vegetable and and other birds of which the major part is crops, it is also included in the analysis. fodder cultivation etc can be promoted. that of fowls.As in the case of State, back The analysis includes land use pattern, 3. Intense crop cultivation area in the mid yard poultry rearing is practiced in the I crop suitability, and spatial distribution of land where Rubber can be sustained district also. Analysis of spatial distribution cropping intensity of the selected crops. and pineapple and cashew cultivation of density of poultry per sq.Km shows a [Cropping intensity of a particular crop in etc. can be promoted. concentration in low and mid land area of an LSGI is the ratio between (the area 4. Resource based area where forest the district. In general not withstanding the under cultivation of that crop in the LSGI to resources are to be conserved. Intense existing potential for animal husbandry the total cropped area in the LSGI) and afforestation is to be promoted while activities in the low and mid land area, the the (Area under cultivation of that crop in rubber and pepper cultivation areas in un exploited potential in the mid upland is the district to the total cropped area in the between are to be sustained. also to be explored for promoting animal district)]. Higher value of cropping intensity For evolving the activity pattern of husbandry activities. (i.e., more than 1) indicates that the animal husbandry sector, distribution of Industrial land use concentration intensity of cultivationof that particular crop major livestock viz. cattle, buffaloes and clearly reveals a concentration of industrial is more than the average intensity of goats which form more than 99% of total land in the low land area of the district, in cultivation of the same crop in the district. livestock in the district and poultry are particular in and around Kollam From the analysis of major crops, three considered. To get the concentration of Corporation area.Also from the Local Level distinct patterns of cultivation of major crops animals and poultry with respect to the Analysis Reports, it is seen that LSGIs in 1 viz. coconut, rubber and pepper are seen geographical area of each LSGI, spatial and around Kollam Corporation have with coconut concentrated in the coastal distribution of density (total number per unit identified industrial development as their belt, rubber concentrated in the mid land area) of each of the above species are major economic activity. and mid up land areas and pepper prepared based on the data collected by As per the sectoral analysis made by concentrated in the up land and high land the special TAC of animal husbandry and Sub committee of specialTAC on ‘industries regions ofthe district.Among the sub major dairy development sector. and trade’, there are mainly four types of crops, only paddy has a distinct cropping Also from the local aspirations industries in the district. They are large pattern with concentration in the mid land elaborated in the Local Level Analysis and medium, traditional industries such as area. Hence from the study of the intense Reports prepared by the SICc in Handloom, Coir, Cashew, Khadi, small- cropping area of major and sub major connection with the preparation of LDPs, it scale industries and Coir co-operatives. crops, a distinctive pattern of cropping can is seen that animal husbandry activities As per the spatial distribution of large be observed. are considered as one of the important and medium industries they are Despite the pressure due to urban land economic bases in the LSGIs towards concentrated in and around the urban demand, this area needs to be developed northern and southern parts of the district. centers of the District and also along the keeping in mind the environmental impact In the district, cattle constitute about major traffic corridors. of water logged paddy land which can act 57% of total livestock population. From the From the analysis of spatial distribution 2 as water recharging pools as well. In the analysis of spatial distribution of density of cashew industries, it is clear that Cashew agriculture development perspective, (cattle per Sq.Km) of population of cattle, it industries are more or less concentrated rubber undoubtedly is the major cultivation is seen that there is a concentration in the in the mid land region along NH 208. for thedistrict. There is a clear-cut pattern western part of the district (low land and Also from the sectoral analysis of of intense agricultural area in the mid land portions of mid land adjacent to low land) industries sector, it is seen that the area comprising primarily of rubber except Kollam Corporation and handloom industries are concentrated in cultivation. The eastern tract of the district surrounding areas. Though the total Kollam corporation area and Khadi is obviously forest area, which is below number of buffaloes in the district is industries are concentrated in low land the 33% standard as stipulated by the considerably small (Only 1 % of total live area. Ministry of Environment and Forests. So stock population), from the point of view of It is seen from the spatial distribution of this area needs to be treated with utmost production of milk and meat, buffaloes play SSI unitsin the district thatthe concentration care for its development even though there an important role. From the spatial of SSI units is generally in the urban are areas where rubber and pepper are distribution ofdensity of buffaloes, it is seen centres. Also from the spatial distribution, it intensely cultivated. that the concentration is again to the is found that the coir cooperative societies In a nutshell, there are four distinctive western part of the district mainly in the low are mainly concentrated along the Coastal 3 agriculture development patterns in the land area. Goats constitute about 41 % of belt andAshtamudi Kayal area. When the district. total live stock population. As there is quick spatial concentration of all industries 1. Sparsely distributed crop cultivation area return in goat rearing which need together is analyzed it is clearly seen that in the low land where homestead comparatively less area of land, goat concentration of industries are in the low cultivation such as coconut, jackfruit etc, rearing activity has got importance. The and mid land regions. However in order

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to sieve out the major industrial From the analysis of tourism sector, it these two criteria – number of families concentration areas the spatial pattern is is found that Kollam Corporation, Thenmala Below Poverty Line (BPL) and number of evolved based on the criteria of above- Grama Panchayat, Paravur municipailty, SC/ST families. Those Local Self district average values of various types of Munroethuruth Grama Panchayat and Government Institutions where both the industries Perayam Grama Panchayat are the main number of BPL and SC/ST families are The spatial pattern thus evolved from potential areas for tourism activities. From higher than the district average (BPL this clearly shows that apart from the sectoral studies it is also found that, in concentration index and SC/ST Corporation, there is a definite order to make the tourists stay in Kollam it concentration index greater than or equal concentration of industrial area in the is essential to develop the existing tourism to one) are taken as most socially northern and southern coastal belt. potential of Kollam Corporation area. backward. The socially backward areas Having a coastal stretch of 37 Km and Further the potentials of Thenmala, of thedistrict are concentrated inthe central enriched with numerous inland water Paravur and Munroe Thuruth are to be and eastern parts of the District bodies including the back waters, the enhanced. The immense potential, of In terms of pollution the most critical district has immense potential for the portions of Ashtamudi kayal and near by areas in the district are Kollam Corporation, development of fishing activities. From the local bodies, in particular of Perayam area and surrounding local bodies and the study of fisheries sector, it is evident that needs to be enhanced. Ashtamudi Kayal region. Thus the costal there is good scope for the development Improvement in quality of life cannot belt at west, back water and lakes in the of under utilized potentials of marine be achieved solely through economic inland paddy cultivation areas in the mid activities in the coastal area and also the development. Various social aspects will land, and the forest area at east belong to inland fishing activities in and around also influence the comprehensive the environmentally sensitive areas of the Ashtamudi kayal. development of an area. Here the spatial District. Therefore due consideration has 1 Mining activities are predominant in the pattern of social backwardness is looked to be given for environmental conservation district as other neighboring districts are into for enhancing the quality of life of people in these areas while framing the concerned. Panmana Grama Panchayat in the backward areas. Social Development Concept. is well known due to the presence of the backwardness is closely linked to economic Through the studyof settlements, major large-scale industry, Kerala Minerals and aspects and also it is quite often seen resources and social and environmental Metals Ltd (KMML). Two of the most among the Scheduled Castes and aspects, it can be seen that the district has potential mining activities in the district are Scheduled Tribes. Hence the social a definitespatial pattern in termsof activities those of Mineral sand and China clay. backwardness is measured in terms of and resources

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Part 2 Integrated Development Vision

his part comprises the development shows the same pattern) indicating a destruction of theeconomic base ofrural Tgoals and objectives of the plan declining trend of primary sector in areas. derived based on findings of various Kollam District. This indicates that the 5. Low work force participation rate and analyses, the spatial structure of the agricultural land in the district is significant out migrationfrom the district 2 district and the District Development either unutilized or under utilized. indicates decline in local economic Concept evolved through integrating From the point of view of economic as activities both rural and urban in the sectoral studies and spatial structure. well as environmental stability of the District. 1. Major findings from Analyses district, the agricultural land should be 6. A shift (towards service sector) in the 1.Theexistinglandusepatternofthe put to optimal use. occupational structure ofthe rural areas District shows thatagricultural land use 3. Population growth rate of the district is resulting in the possible destruction of in nearly 40% of the total area. The comparatively low. An increase of only the rural character of rural areas. Spatial Distribution of the land use shows about 2 lakh population is expected There is dilution in the ruralnature of the that most of the agricultural area is by 2021. rural areas of the district as far as the concentrated in the mid land and high 4. The population growth rate pattern occupational structure is considered.At land regions of the district. And also the among LSGIs of the District shows that the same time industrial activity in the generalcharacter ofsettlements show that growth rate is the highest in those LSGIs urban areas is also on thedecrease and most ofthem are rural innature, indicating adjacent to Kollam Corporation. It can the share of other workers category in that there is scope for developing the be presumed that in migrants to the the work force is increasing. This has agriculture sector as one of the district prefer to live in the periphery resulted in narrowing down of the 3 economic bases of the District. of urban areas rather than within. If bo un dary d istin gu ishing t he 2. The occupational structureof the district this tendencyis continued it willresult in character of rural and urban areas shows that (Refer Chapter 6), more than theconversionofagricultural land in rural in terms occupational structure. 70% ofthe total workers engage in non- areas for residential and other non- 7. A surge in the urban population and agricultural pursuits, (even the rural area agricultural purposes resulting in the extent of urban area is likelyin the district

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leading to significant change in the th e low lan d where homestead  Attain balanced development urban profile. cultivation such as coconut, jackfruit etc  Ecological conservation and 8. High population density of the district in can be promoted, Mixed cultivation environmental protection. general and its coastal areas in particular area in the low –mid land area where The major development objectives and the presence of fragile ecosystems paddy cultivation hasto be sustained and derived are comprising water bodies, forest and cashew, vegetableand fodder cultivation  To revitalize the declining growth trend paddy lands impose restriction on etc can be promoted, Intense crop of the districtthrough optimum utilization high level of industrialization of the cultivation area in the mid land of resources by identifying the key district. where rubber to be sustained and sectors of development of different areas 9. Even though there exist Urban-Rural pineapple and cashew cultivation etc. can and coordinating their complementary co nt in uu m, t here is a clear be promoted and finally resource base sectors spatially. demarcation o f u rb an activity area where forest resources are  To selectively concentrate urban and concentration areas, agricultural conserved. Here, intense afforestation rural economicactivitiesand diversifythe activity areas and forest land areas has to be promoted while rubber and economic base mainly through of the district making it possible to pepper cultivationare sustained. strengthening production sectors assign d ef in ite d evelop ment 16. Industrial developments are mainly  To conserve the ecologically sensitive character to each region. concentrated along coastal belt of areas and to eradicate environmental 10. The local bodies of the district showfour the district and to the north and pollution distinct characters – Urban, rural, north- east side of Ashtamudi Lake.  To attain certain level of self-sufficiency semi urban (predominantly urban) 17. Coastal belt is suitable for marine especially in the production sector and semi rural (predominantly rural), fishing and Ashtamudi Lake and  To up bring the weaker sections of the which is a pointer on the likely economic su rrou nd in g areas are f ou nd society by rendering them job base of each local body. suitable for inland fishing. opportunities, better services and social 11. The district is blessed with potential 18. Mining activities especially black sand security resources such as tourism potential mining has got immense potential  To develop an efficient road network spots, minerals, lengthy coastal within the district; the potential areas pattern stretch with potential for fishing, are coastal areas to the north of Kollam 3. District Development Concept availabilit y of skilled cash ew Corporation and Ashtamudi kayal and The process of integrating sectoral laborers. surrounding areas. Also China clay is studies and spatial structure, to evolve 12. The present urban area of Kollam found in Kundara and Perayam development concept is schematically comprising Kollam Corporation, Grama Panchayats. shown in Figure 2.1. Punalur and Paravur Municipalities 19. Kollam district, especially the Kollam The development concept of the fails to attract economic activities Corporation and the tourism spots at district, with a balanced spatial structure an d in tu rn fails t o create Thenmala, Paravur,Manrothuruthu and and development activity zones, gives an developmental impulses. Vellimon area andportions ofAshtamudi overall idea about the direction of 13. The spatial analysis of the settlement and Paravur back waters, has got development of the District. The concept is 2 study shows the existence of a clear tremendous tourism potential. derived giving due importance to the activity p att ern in th e dist rict 20. Astamu di lake is deterio rating environmental aspects of the district and comprising Urban activity zone, d u e to p ollu tion, silting and envisages control measures in and around Ag ricult ural activit y zone, n on encroachment. The coastal area where the environmentally sensitive areas. The detrimental to forest zone, Intense coastal regulations are applicable, the concept will act as a guiding tool for various agricultural activity zone, Secondary lake sides etc. which are rich in aquatic sectors of development for formulating their activity zone and Agricultural allied bio content as well as the paddy fields development policy and consequently the activity zone. and forests are the areas to be given sectoral projects and programmes within 14. On analyzing the sectors related to major thrust for environmental conservation. the sectoral policies. resources such asAgriculture, Industries, 21. Forest area within the district has The district development concept is Forest, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, got economic potential. Also it is derived by incorporating the findings of Mining, Tourism etc. it is seen that the one of the main environmentally spatial analysis of production sectors in the dist rict is havin g areas of sensitive areas of the district. spatial structure of the district evolved co ncen tration o f t he abo ve 2. Development Goals and through settlement analysis. The spatial activities. Same is the situation Objectives structure comprises of hierarchy of regarding environmentally sensitive The major development goals set up settlements and nodes, road net work and areas. for the IDDP are, activity pattern. Settlements of the district 15. From the analysisofAgricultural Sector,  Optimum utilization of resources for are categorized in to four hierarchies. four distinctiveagriculture development economic developmentand social justice There is one higher order settlement – the patterns have evolved viz. Sparsely  Attain a certain level of self-sufficiency in Kollam Corporation –and five second distributed crop cultivation area in primary and secondary sectors order settlements viz. Karunagapally,

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Fig. 2.1: Integrationof the findings of spatial analysis of sectorsand settlement studies

Kottarakkara, Punalur, Anchal and spatial analysis. When a grama panchayat all types of agriculture activities are to be Chathannoor. The first order settlement is or municipality falls in a particular zone, it permitted, dry cropslike Rubber, Pine apple, supposed to provide higher order facilities only specifies the thrust development sector Pepper are found more suitable. Also this in Education, Health and in other sectors of those LSGIs. The LSGI can perform zone may be used for intensive Animal to the entire district population. The second other supplementary activities also (as per Husbandry activities. order settlements are supposed to provide sectoral detailing). 3. Zone C -Agro-allied Development Zone second order facilities of various As per the development concept The area adjacent to Agro development sectors to the surrounding derived, the district is divided in to six Development zone, where agriculture and area. A district level road net work with 2 development zones (Figure 2.2). allied activities are dominating over urban roads of three hierarchies viz major roads, 1. Zone A - Bio Reserve Zone activities forms theAgroAllied Development sub major roads and minor roads are In order to preserve the environ- Zone. This zone is suitable for the suggested, such that it connects all the mentally sensitive areas of the district, the cultivation of crops like Paddy, Coconut, higher order nodes and settlement each areas where natural forest land use is cashew etc. Also animal husbandry other. The activity pattern showing the likely concentrated is delineated as a Bio activities and agro based industries like major economic activity in each LSGI area Reserve Zone. In this zone, no activity that cashew processing, food processing etc is also suggested in the spatial structure of causes deforestation of any kind shall be are very much suitable for this zone. In the district. permitted. Afforestation, cultivation of crops addition, this zone is suitable for providing Through the sectoralstudies the activity like Rubber, Pineapple and Pepper are wholesale markets and warehousing pattern of thosedevelopment sectors which found mostsuitable for this zone. This zone facilities for supporting the agriculture has physical manifestation on land is will be under the purview of Forest activities of the Agro Development Zone. studied. The sectors of agriculture, animal Conservation Act. 4. Zone D - Special Development Zone husbandry, industries, tourism, fisheries as 2. Zone B - Agro Development Zone The areas adjacent to Agro Allied well as the environmental and socio- The intensive agricultural area as per Development Zone where urban activities economic aspects are studied in this the spatial analysis of settlement studies and are dominating over rural activities is 3 regard. the areaofconcentrationof agriculturalactivity delineated as Special Development Zone. 3.1. Development Zones as per the spatial analysis oftheAgricultural In this Zone special types of developmental Adevelopment zone is delineated by sector are included in Agro Development activities, in line with the existing activities, grouping the settlements possessing similar zone of thedistrict where intensive agricultural which are found very much suitable for major economic activity pattern as per the activity can be promoted. In this zone, though those particular places are intended.

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Fig. 2.2: Different Development Zones of the District

Special Development Zone is further sub activities that affectthe water resources are of this zone. The environmentally sensitive divided in to four Sub Zones according to to be permitted in this zone. areas of this zone are to be preserved by the type of activities suitable. To protect the aqua bio resources, preventing pollution. For this strict rules Sub Zone 1: This zone to be rules applicable to CRZ to be enforced in and regulation to be enforced in this zone. developed as a part of this zone also. Tourism, inland fishing, 2nd Order Multi functional zone: In this Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam IT Corridoor protection activities for aqua resources, zone all type of 2nd order urban activities, and high technology (IT, BT, NT) based traditional industries like coir which are eco 2nd order educational and health care industries are to be introduced in this Zone. friendly are found suitable in this zone. facilities and enabling transportation Sub Zone 2: Industries based on clay, The Sasthamcotta kayal and facilities etc. are to be provided. This zone cashew and starch are found suitable for surrounding areas together to be will act as a service centre for the hinter this Sub Zone. delineated as a watershed area and lands and this zone is very much suitable Sub Zone 3: Due to the close proximity of integrated protection activities are to be for industries utilizing agricultural produces Ashtamudy Kayal and its situation adjacent planed and implemented in this water shed of hinter land. to NH 208, this zone has tremendous for the preservation of the lake. Those 3.2. Hierarchy of Settlements tourism potential. Hence this zone is to be agricultural activities, fishing activities and The proposed hierarchy of settlements 2 developed as a tourism hub ofthe District. other allied activities which do not affect required for a balanced distribution of All developmental activities to promote the water resources of the lake are facilities to all the Local Self Government tourism without affecting the environmental permissible in this zone. Institutions in the district consists of Ist order sensitiveness of Ashtamudy Kayal are to 6. Zone F - Multi Functional zone settlements, IInd order settlements, IIIrd be permitted in this Sub Zone. This zone is delineated including the order settlements and IVth order Sub Zone 4: In this zone, value addition existing municipal areas and those Local settlements. The proposed hierarchy of units and industries based on marine Self Institutions which are found to attain settilmentisshowninFigure2.3. resources, coir, plastic and chemicals are municipal status as per future urban profile 3.3. Hierarchy of Nodes suggested. As the existing industries, of the District. Multi Functional zone is The proposed hierarchy of nodes especially chemical industries are causing again classified into multi functional zone arrived at based on population pollution utmost care to be taken for 1st Order, and multi functional zone – 2nd concentration, centrality with respect to installing efficient treatment facilities to order. surrounding service area, existing prevent pollution from the existing as well 1st Order Multi functional zone: In this hierarchy of nodes viz Ist order, IInd order as proposed industries. zone all urban activities including higher and IIIrd order. The hierarchy of nodes 5. Zone E - Aqua Bio-Reserve Zone order educational and health care facilities (proposed) is shown in Figure 2.4. This zone comprises the major water and a transportation net work copping up 3.4. Transportation network bodies within thedistrict like, Sasthamcotta with the requirements etc are to be made The transport net work with all the four Lake, Ashtamudi Kayal, Paravur Kayal, available. This zone will act as a service categories of roads is shown in Figure 3.5. Nadayara Kayal and major rivers and centre for the entire district. Suitable Since almost all the major railway surrounding land. The zone is an projects and programmes are to be stations along both routs are situated in environmentally sensitive zone. No implemented to exploit the urban potential identified higher order settlements, it can

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Fig. 2.3 : Hierarchy of settlements

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Fig. 2.4 : Future transportation network with hierarchy of nodes 3 be concluded that the development impulse declared the section of west coast canal settlements enroute which will have direct created due to the presence of railway between Kollam and Kottapuram as impact due to the water way. stations in the respective areas are well National Waterway No:3. Kollam Development of Tangassery Port is a takencareof. Corporation, Paravur Municipality and major project on the anvil in the district The Government of India have Karunagappally are the three major whichwhenmaterializedwillcreatedirect

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impact on economic development. Aport primary sector i.e., agricultural sector. of the district lives, there is all the probability road from Tangassery via Paravoor, In zone D and F, urban activities are that the net migration will become zero by proposed to meet the NH-47 at Paripally dominating over the rural activities. IT/ BT the end of the plan period. This means to facilitate cargo movement from based industries, tourism activities, that, during the plan period, there will be Trivandrum side and Eastern part of the industries based on marine resourses, coir, in migration of98,024 persons. Percentage District also forms component of the Port plastic and chemicals are suggested in this wise, it is 3.79% of the total population of development. zone. There will enhancement in the the district in 2001. Due to this, the Projection of Pop ulation and number of workers - mainly in secondary expected population growth rate during Occupational Structure and teritiary sector - in this zone and 2011-2021 will be 6.8% (sum of trend Main development objective of the consequent increase in population. based growth rate [3%] as found in Integrated Development Plan for Kollam is Zone E is formed by major water pupulation projection and 3.79%, the to revitalize the declining growth trend of bodies within the district. Pollutting activities additional growth rate on account of the District through optimum utilization of are prohibited in the local bodies falling inmigration). This is well within the range the resources in the District and to diversify within the zone. Only natural growth in of 3.5 to 7.38 and towards the upper side the economic base through interventions population is expected in this zone. The of the range. On interprolation, the in production sectors. The resources likely impact on occupational structure also population growth rate during 2001-2011 (natural and man made) in sectors like varies according to the nature of activities is found as 7.00%. agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism and suggested in the development zones. Distribution of projected population fisheries as well as the black sand deposits The average projected population among the development zones. of Kollam coast, give scope for a diversified growth rate (trend based) of the district The projected population is distributed economic base for the District. At the same during the plan period (2021) is 3.5% among different zones taking into account time environmental protection should also which can be assumed as the lower limit of theexistingandthetrendbasedprojected be given prime importance. Manifestly, the accelerated population growth rate. population growth rate and the types of optimum utilization of the resources in the Definitely the induced developments will development envisaged in each zone as District will have reflection in the future accelerate the population growth rate per the development concept. occupational structure and future above the lower limit. Average decadal Population growth rate population of the District. However, Kollam cannot abstain from of Zone E and A are 5.1% and 0.38% As per the development concept, the general trend of decreasing of respectively during1991-2001.Assuming only Kollam is divided into six development population growth over decades prevailing trend based populationgrowth during the plan zones. Each development zone has its among the districts in Kerala. The growth period (only natural growth is expected as own development potential which has to rate during 1991-2001 is 7.38%. Hence it per the concept),average decadal population be taken into account to ascertain the future can be assumed that the accelerated future growth inthesezonesare calculatedas 2.49% occupational structure, population and decadal population growth rate of the district and 0.10% respectively. distribution of population within the district. will be in the range of 3.5% to 7.38% which In the case of Zone D and F where Zone E is an environmentaly sensitivity is again depends mainly on the migration high enhanced growth rate is expected,it area of the district consisting of mainly the pattern of population due to the is assumed that high growth during 1991- forest land. Any activity that result in development scenario visualized in the 2001 will prevail in future also. 2 deforestration is not permitted here. Only development concept. From the analysis In the case of Zone B and C where medium level agriculture activities expected of population with respect to birth rate, enhanced growth rate is expected, here. Hence an enhanced growth in death rate and migration, it was found that population growth rate is calculated such that oppulation and work force is not expected during 1991-2001, the net migration in the the average population growth rate of the in this zone. Only natural growth in district was -98024 (4.07% of the total District is 6.8%. population and slight increase in population in 1991) indicating excessive Accordingly the Zone wise population agrucultural work force is expected. outmigration from the district. Since expected during the plan period is shown In zone B intensive agricultural activity enhanced growth is anticipated in Zones in Table 2.1. is proposed. This will bring more cultivators B, C, D and F where 90% of the population The share of population in ZoneAand and agricultural labourers into the zone. Consequently there will be increase in Table 2.1 : Zone wise projected population growth rate population in this zone. The zone C is suitable for cultivation of crops like paddy, coconut, cashew, etc.Also animal husbandary activities and agro based industries like cashwe processing and food processing are found suitable for this zone. Hence increase in the work force is expected in this zone and as a result an increase in populations is expected. The increase in the work force will mainly be in

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E is decreasing whreas in other zone it is Table 2.2 : Zone wise projection of WPR and total workers increasing. This shows that the suggested population distribution is in conformity with the development concept. Projection of Work Force Work force Participation Rate (WPR) I at the end of the plan period (2021) based on trend will be about 34.26 . But due to the proposed developments (as per development concept) at the end of the plan period, WPR will be higher than this. It is accepted that a WPR of 40 % indicates a well off society as far as the job opportunities are concerned. The present of future WPR and its spatial distribution. The main workers (projected) is distributed WPR of Kollam District is only 32% and In order to arrest the trend of migration zone wise taking into accounts limiting attaining a WPR of 40% by two decades is of people from urban to rural areas, WPR conditions of an occupational structure very difficult. The WPR of the surrounding in both urban and rural areas should intandum with the development concept, Districts shows a maximum value of 34% have the same value. That is, the average zone wise WPR has projected (Table 2) (in Alappuzha District). The WPR of the of WPR in Zone D and F should be equal and total main workers are calculated State as per 2001 census is only 32.3 %. to that in Zone B and C. But in ZoneAand based on the ratio of main to total workers. Considering all these a WPR of 36% is E, the existing WPR is assumed to continue. The occupational structure so projected 1 targeted (2% above the lower limit of 34%) At the same time the combined average is shown in Table 2.3. From the table it is as the WPR for future population of Kollam WPR of the district should be equal to 36. found that the impact on occupational District. Taking into account of all the above, structure of Zone B and C is increase in Assuming a uniform increase,WPR of theZonewiseWPRandnumberof cultivators and agriculture laborers by about the district will be 34 and 36 by the end of workers are projected and shown in 7% and that in Zone D and F, increase in 2011-2021 respetively. Table 2.2. industrial and service sector workers by From the analysis of existing WPR Projected occupational structure about 2%. In Zone A and E the existing Zone wise, it is found that average existing The occupational structure of an area scenario remain as such. The projected WPR of Zone D and F is the least (31) is determined by the constituent category impact on the occupational structure of a comparing that of Zone A and B (34) and of main workers in the area. In Zone D district as a whole is that cultivators and in Zone B and C (32). Zone D and F being and C constitute about 44.72% of the total agcultural labourers will increase by 2% the urban activity zones as per the area and 49.25% of population of the each.The house hold industrial workers development concept, the WPR values district, increase in agricultural labourers will increase by 1% and other workers contradicts the popular belief that urban and cultivators are expected. Only a catagories will be reduced by 5%. area creates more job opportunities. 3.5. Development Policies and marginal increase in house hold, industrial 2 ‘Selective concentration of urban and worker and other workers are expected Strategies rural economic activities and diversification in these zoneswhereas significant increase The general development policy for the of the economicbase through interventions in industrial workers and other workers district carved out is as follows. in production sectors to prevent the dilution category are expected in Zone D and F. District Development Policy Statement of economic base of rural and urban areas’ In Zone Aand E only moderate change in – 2021- General is one of the development objectives of the occupational structure is expected. The To economically develop the district by Development Plan. Another objective is to previous decades data shows that the main 2021 mean while maintaining an eco- protect the environmentally sensitive areas to marginal workers ratio of Kollam is 4.8. friendly environment where there is of the District. These two objectives will The zone wise marginal workers optimum production, provision and have a direct bearing in the determination (projected) are calculated using this ratio. utilization of goodsand services and where

Table 2.3: Projected occupational structure

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people can live a better quality life through  Development of live stock and and traditional tourism and pilgrim social development. poultry products for self sufficiency tourism, generating a tourism Development Strategies – 2021  Optimum utilization of the mineral network, developing marketing  Economic development through resources of the District especially facilities for enhancing tourism production enhancement and value mineral sand, China clay and promotion as well as attracting addition of goods ordinary sand private investors  Agricultural development by  Economic development in forest  Creating an eco-friendly environment obtaining self sufficiency in food sector through optimum utilization  Conservation of water bodies crops and enhancing production of forest products  Conservation and regeneration of in commercial crops  Industrial development through mangroves as well as flora and  Co-ordination of various agencies development of agro processing fauna in irrigation industries, strengthening and  Conservation of sacred groves  Soil conservation treatments modernization of traditional  Abatement of air pollution based on the spatial zones defined industries and revival and  Abatement of noise pollution in the district development concept diversification of closed and  Conservation of hillocks  Fisheries development by defunct public enterprises  Controlling land pollution development offish seed production  Tourism development through  Solid waste management centres, enhancement of fish various measures such as  Ecological conservation of forests production for self sufficiency, developing back water and beach  Prevention of critical issues such enhancement of fish production for tourism, promoting eco tourism, as forest fire, encroachments etc. economy generation destination developments, cultural  Greening of non forest land

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Part 3 Development Proposals his part consists of the detailed refinement, precision techniques are to be depending on other states to meet our T development proposals of various developed through research institutions. needs. Hence the first and foremost development sectors based on the district Policy changes and social consensus are objective should be to attain self sufficiency development concept and the policies and to be evolved with the participation of in these crops. Measures like enacting strategies for the year 2021 including stakeholders to have a prosperous farming suitable legislation for rice, promoting high 2 phasing of activities. community in the district. tech cultivation for vegetables and intensive 1. Sectoral Proposals The proposals of agricultural sector cultivation for tapioca are required in this 1.1. Agriculture are classified into crop wise proposals for regard. In the case of sesamum, self In the Agriculture Execution Plan for self sufficiency, economy generation, sufficiency can be achieved by 2021, the proposals for the development infrastructure proposals such as market compulsorily raising the crop in third crop of various aspects of agriculture are development and trading and special rice fallows of the traditional onttukara tract incorporated taking into account the spatial proposals such as high tech cultivation. comprising of Ochira, Karunagapally, distribution, labour distribution, agro- Proposals for Development of Crops for Chavara, and Sasthamcotta Block climatic characteristics and socio-cultural Self sufficiency Panchayat areas.According to the district scenario of the district. Each LSGI has to The crops which are targeted for development concept thrust for agriculture take up activities based on proposals development and productivity improvement is given in the agro development zone and integrating various agencies for optimum are rice, vegetables (bitter gourd, agro allied development zone. So majority utilization of resources. Surplus production amaranthus, snakegourd, bhindi, brinjal, of the crop development proposals are and price fluctuations can be controlled to green chillies, cowpea, cucumber, bottle concentrated in these zones. Various a greater extent by adopting planned gourd, ash gourd, pumpkin, moringa, proposals for development of crops for self 3 schemes in agriculture. coccinia etc.), tapioca and sesamum as per sufficiency are detailed location specifically Technology Interventions require analysis. Rice, vegetables and tapioca as follows. urgent attention.No significant development constitute a major portion in the day to day Integrated Rice cultivation: suitable for local needs is developed during diet of Keralites. However, their production As evident from the sectoral studies, last few decades in farm sector. Necessary is far below the requirement and we are the district suffers heavy dependency of

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rice, the major food crop. So it is essential coastal sandy tract of Onattukara region. North and Mynagappally will be brought that maximum possible level of self Here existing paddy lands are proposed under the scheme. sufficiency is attained in paddy cultivation. to be retained and productivity to be  Paddy Processing Centres: Thishastobedoneinanintegrated increased. The paddy areas to be Timely procurement and processing of manner as shown in Figure 3.1. conserved in various zones shown in the rice will help to maintain assured price for I In the present scenario total rice Development Concept have been cultivators. It will also encourage production is 20646 T. As per the specifically identified. In all other areas, the employment generation. Flour and values requirement analysis, 21000 T of rice by paddy fields are to be retained in general. added products can be manufactured and 2011 and 35000 T of rice by 2021 would Suggested locations are at all the made available at lesser costs. The be required. It is expected that by panchayats except Munroe Island, processing centres are intended at Kadakkal, Sasthamcotta and Kottarakkara which are nearer to major paddy areas. Vegetable cultivation: Vegetable cultivation has to be done in an integrated manner as shown in Figure 3.2. 73212T vegetable would be required by 2021 and it is expected that by implementing various schemes like ‘vegetable seed village’ and ‘intensive vegetable cultivation and improving II productivity’ self sufficiency can be achieved in the case of most of the vegetables by 2021. Tapioca cultivation: Fig. 3.1 : Integrated rice cultivation –Aschematic diagram Intensive cultivation of tapioca as inter implementing various proposals listed Alappad, Aryankavu, Thekkumbhagom crop in coconut gardens to be taken up below, food security to a certain level can and Neendakara. These areas can also in traditional areas with special thrust in be met by 2021. The following actions and be used for fish culture for the purpose of Kadakkal, Kulathupuzha, Kalluvathukkal, programs are proposed. production enhancement for self sufficiency Anchal and Poothakulam. In Agro  Paddy Seed Villages: through fish culture. The proposal for Development Zone, existing area to be Seed requirement for the district will renovation of Grama Panchayat Ponds for retained and productivity to be increased be met through this programme. Suitable Fish Culture and Aqua Culture Estate of in the Grama Panchayats of Alayamon, varieties will be selected and multiplied in fisheries sector can also be linked here. Anchal, Neduvathoor, Kottarakkara, the seed villages at Mylom, Neduvathur,  Aromatic and Med icinal p ad dy Veliyam, Pooyappally, Yeroor, Thalavoor and Sooranad North. One seed cultivation: Chadayamangalam, Chithara, Ittiva, III processing centre will also be established The proposal intends to propagate the Kadakkal, Thalavoor, Vilakkudy, Nilamel, at Kottarakkara. cultivation of special rice like, Njavara, Melila, Mylom,Ummannur, Vettikkavala and  Improving Rice Production and Basmati, and Jeerakasala etc. which are Velinalloor. In Agro-allied Development Prod uctivit y th rou gh Pad dy now high in demand. Traditional areas of Zone, existing areas to be retained and conservation: cultivation like, West Kallada, Sooranad productivity to be increased in the Grama Paddy fields in the entire Agro Development Zone are to be retained and productivity tobe increased. In case ofAgro allied Development Zone the proposal is to retain the existing area and to increase productivity.Also proper collection, storage marketing and processing systems has to be ensured in this zone. Special attention is to be given to Chittumala chira and Polachira ela. In the case of Special 3 Development and Multi Functional Zones, though the thrust is for development of secondary and tertiary activities, there are certain paddy areas to be retained. The Sub Zone 4 of Special Development Zone comes under Kayamkulam to Chavara Fig. 3.2 :Integrated vegetable cultivation–A schematic diagram

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Panchayats of Thazhava, Chathannoor, Kunnathur, Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad north, Sooranad south, Kulakkada, Kalluvathukkal, Elampalloor, Nedumpana,Pavithreswaram, Mynagappally, Thodiyoor, Ezhukone and I Kareepra. In the Multi Functional Zone existing area to be retained and productivity to be increased in Chathannoor Grama Panchayat. Rural homestead farming: The proposal intends to provide self sufficiency of common households to their basis needs to some extent. The proposal is to select 25,000 households of average plot area 10 to 30 cents to develop model homestead farms withvermi composting as an integral part and is suggested in almost all LSGIs. Flexi credit model of NABARD can be accepted as a benchmark. Sesamum cultivation: 1 The proposal envisages cultivation of Sesamum in summer rice fallows of Onattukara region viz. Clappana, Oachira, Kulasekharapuaram, Thazhava, Fig. 3.3 : Organic farming zone Mynagappally, Thodiyur, Thevalakkara, Chavara, Panmana, Sooranad South, sustainability is considered because  Expansion of area under rubber Sooranad North, West Kallada, rubber is a mono crop. So even in the cultivation : Sasthamcotta, Kunnathur and Poruvazhy Agro Development Zone area expansion Rubber area expansion needs to be Grama Panchayats. The total paddy area for rubber is suggested only in few LSGIs. approached with social concern and the in these Panchayats is more than 1700 Ha. The LSGIs where restricted rubber expansion programme needs to be However, Sesamum crop is raised only in cultivation in the Agro allied development confined to selected areas of about 270 Ha of rice fallows at present. It Zone is proposed are Kunnathur, Kulathupuzha,Aryankavu, Thenmala and is proposed to bring additional area of 500 Poruvazhy, Sooranad North, Kulakkada, Piravanthur Grama Panchayats. By 2021 Ha under the crop. Anticipated production Ezhukone and Kareepra (Productivity to all the plantations would be replaced by at the rate of 350 kg / Ha will be 175 MT. be increased and area to be gradually high yielding varieties. Value addition units are proposed to be set reduced to 50% by 2021 andApiculture to  Prod uctivity improvemen t of 2 up at Thazhava and Mynagappally. be promoted). Rubber: Proposals for Development of Crops for The LSGIs where restricted rubber The scheme is intended for LSGIs Economy generation cultivation in the Bio Reserve Zone is where contiguous area is cultivated with The crops which are targeted for proposed are Piravanthoor, Kulathupuzha, rubber. Replanting of senile plantations growth to attain economic development are Thenmala and Aryankavu (Existing area and crop management forms part of the identified as Rubber (48087 Ha), Coconut to be retained and productivity to be scheme. Around 20,000 ha of existing (50320 Ha), Pepper (13565 Ha), Banana increased and Apiculture to be promoted). plantations will be brought under the (9584 Ha), Cashew (4404 ha) and The LSGIs where restricted rubber scheme by 2011. Remaining 20,000 ha Pineapple (5000 Ha). cultivation in the Sub Zone 2 of Multi will be replanted during 2011-2021 period It is proposed that by 2021 the entire Functional Zone is proposed are Agro Development Zone shall be Kottarakkara, Punalur andAnchal (Existing transformed in to Organic Farming Zone area to be retained and productivity to be (Figure 3.3). increased and Apiculture to be promoted). Integrated Rubber Cultivation: Rubber cultivation is not generally Rubber at present is the highest proposed in other LSGIs in these Zones 3 economy generating commercial crop in as well as in the LSGIs inAqua Bio Reserve the district. However in the long run the Zone, Sub Zone 1 of Multi Functional Zone promotion of rubber cultivation in the district and Special Development Zone which are may prove to be grave as far as more or less in the coastal belt. Rubber cultivation

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depending on senility. 39 LSGIs of Zone  Coir pith composting and other Yeroor, Chadayamangalam, Chithara, A, B and C will be benefited. products: Elamadu, Ittiva,Kadakkal,Thalavoor,  Apiculture in Rubber Plantation: Scientific methods of coir pith removal Vilakkudy, Nilamel, Melila, Mylom, Honey bee rearing is a good source and its composting or processing is needed Ummannur, Vettikkavala,Velinalloor and of supplementary income for marginal to reduce pollution and to enhance the Punalur Municipality. I farmers and labours. New planters can utility of coir pith. Coir pith can be made The LSGIs in the Agro Allied also be engaged. Apiculture is to be into blocks and processed for use in Development Zone where existing area to implemented in 39 Panchayats of Zone A, horticulture industry. 10 centres around be retained and productivity to be B and C. 4 lakhs hives in about 40000 Ha Aqua Bio-Reserve Zone are to be increased are Chathannoor, Kunnathoor, is intended to be established. established on an experimental basis each Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta. Sooranad north, Coconut Cultivation: with a capacity of 500 Tons. Sooranad South, Kulakkada, Coconut is another major crop identified  Value addition of Coconut oil and Pavithreswaram, Ezhukone and Kareepra. in the District. Generally the coastal belt Products: The LSGIs in the Bio Reserve Zone enjoys its concentration. The existing area Value addition of coconut by production where existing area to be retained and under coconut is proposed to be retained of coconutoil and other productsis targeted productivity to be increased and Area with productivity increase through here. 60% of the proposed production of Expansion required are Piravanthoor, rehabilitation. Under area expansion of the coconut isexpected to be used as industrial Kulathupuzha, Thenmala andAryankavu. Grama Panchayats in Sub Zone 4 of raw material. By 2011 an estimated no. of The LSGIs in the Sub Zone 2 of Multi Special Development Zone including 54 million nuts will be available for industrial Functional Zone where area expansion is Panmana, Chavara, Neendakara, use and by 2021 the number of nuts required are Chathannoor Grama Thevalakkara, Clappana, Kulasekhara- available will be 91 million. Therefore II Panchayat and Punalur Municipality. puaram, Oachira, Mynagappally and further 2 more expeller units at On an average 10% of vines have to Sasthamkotta are included. Due to its Kalluvathukkal and Kottarakkara are to be be replanted every year, so that 110 vines proximity to the sea, in Alappad Grama established. Further, value added products /Ha will be required each year. Panchayat the existing area under coconut such as virgin coconut oil, coconut milk 2000x110=2,20,000 vines would be cultivation towards eastern side of Kollam powder, aromatized coconut oil, coconut required in the year 2008. Planting material thodu has to be retained and productivity oil lubricant for automobiles etc. can be to be increased. In Sub Zone 1 of Special developed. Coconut oil based cottage production will be taken up by Department Development Zone including the LSGIs of industries can be developed nearer to farm and approved nurseries. Poothakkulam, Kalluvathukkal and major extraction units. Further, cluster Banana Cultivation: Paravoor Municipality also the same based enterprises can be promoted at 1500 Ha is proposed to be brought strategy is adopted. In all other zones Karunagappally, Kalluvathukkal and under banana crop mainly in Agro Allied existing area is proposed to be retained Kottarakkara. Development Zone. and productivity to be increased. The Pepper Cultivation: The LSGIs where existing Intensive proposal for area expansion is for 200 Ha.  Productivity improvement in Pepper: cultivation as inter crop in the Agro  Rehabilitation of coconut: A massive rehabilitation programme Development Zone are Alayamon,Anchal, III Productivity of coconut is poor in the has to be implemented in 10000 Ha. Neduvathoor, Kottarakkara, Veliyam, district mainly becauseof senility and closer Average size of pepper holdings is taken Pathanapuram, Yeroor, Nilamel, Melila, planting. 50% of the existing palms need as 25 cents. Thus the number of cultivators Mylom, Ummannur, Vettikkavala and to be replanted. Farms of suitable sizes benefited is anticipated as 1,00,000. The Edamulakkal. will be selected and palms will be planted scheme will be implemented in 47 local The LSGIs where Intensive cultivation scientifically with quality seedlings so as to bodies in zones A (4 nos.), B (26 nos.) as intercrop and establishing of value enable inter cropping also. 10,000 ha of and C (17 nos.). Plant population is 1100 addition units in the Agro Allied area will be brought under the scheme standards /Ha and the no. of vines Development Zone are Thazhava, initially. The area will be selected from required is 3300 at the rate of 3/ standard Chathannoor, Kunnathoor, Poruvazhy, Zones B and C. The scheme will be for pure crop. For inter crop, plant Sasthamcotta, Sooranad north,Sooranad implemented in all LSGIs. population is taken as 1100/Ha i.e. 1 plant/ south, Kulakkada, Nedumpana, standard. Every year, from 2008 Mynagappally, Ezhukone and Kareepra. onwards, 2000 Ha will be covered under The LSGIs in the Special Development the programme. Zone where existing area to be retained The LSGIs in the Agro Development and productivity to be increased are 3 Zone where existing area to be retained Poothakkulam,Kalluvathukkal and Paravur and productivity to be increased are Municipality. Alayamon, Anchal, Neduvathoor, The LSGIs in the Sub Zone 2 of Multi Edamulakkal, Karavaloor, Kottarakkara, Functional Zone whereArea Expansion is Veliyam, Pathanapuram, Pattazhy, required are Kottarakkara,Anchal Grama Coir worker - Anchalummoodu PattazhyVadakkekkara, Pooyappally, Panchayats and Punalur Municipality.

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of Multi Functional Zone is Chathannoor development proposed by tourism sector. Grama panchayat. Aracanut cultivation:  Cashew Development Programme Alternative measures such as (Area expansion and re-planting): promoting the use of ‘leaf petiole’ (making Presently, cashew is being cultivated plates from palm leaves) etc can be in 4400 ha in the district. At least 75% of resorted to promote aracanut cultivation. I the area needs to be replanted with high Araca palms can be raised as boundary yield varieties. The programme aims at crop in homesteads. The proposal is rehabilitation of 3000 ha of plantations. suggested in all LSGIs.  Cashew Planting in Theeravanam Medicinal Plants: area: The LSGIs in the Agro development In the entire area of coverage of Zone where area expansion and Theeravanam Project along the coastal line conservation for medicinal plants is being implemented by Forest and Fisheries required are Alayamon, Anchal, Dept., cashew cultivation is proposed as a Edamulakkal, Karavaloor, Pathanapuram, second line of casurina cultivation as linked Pattazhy, Pattazhy Vadakkekkara, Yeroor, Plantain cultivation to theArticle 7.5; Fisheries. The area would Chadayamangalam, Chithara, Ittiva,  Value addition of banana : cover parts of Multi Functional Zone Kadakkal, Thalavoor, Nilamel, Mylom and Banana is being cultivated in 10,000 (Kollam Corporation and Karunagapally Punaloor Municipality. Ha in the district. Banana is the base product Grama Panchayat), Special Development The LSGIs in the Bio Reserve Zone for many health preparations and baking Zone and Aqua Bio Reserve Zone where existing area under medicinal plants 1 industry. Banana powder, banana wafer, (Paravur Municipality). to be retained and productivity to be chips etcare some ofthepreferred products. Pineapple cultivation: increased and area expansion is required Units of average production capacity 500 New planting in 5000 Ha (20000 are Piravanthoor, Kulathupuzha, ton/ year can be established to produce plants/ Ha) as inter crop in the first year, Thenmala, Aryankavu. export quality products. 10 such units in followed by ratoon in next two years and The LSGIs where additional area as major banana cultivating areas are intended. again new planting in a cyclic manner is intercropping in garden land in the Sub Cashew Cultivation: proposed. Anticipated yield is 25 T/ Ha Zone 2 and 3 of Special Development Zone Cashew sector development is of i.e. 1.25 lakh tons/ yr. The proposal is for Medicinal Plants proposed are immense importance in the district. As suggested in all LSGIs. Elampalloor, East Kallada, Kundara, pointed out in Article 1.3 of Chapter 28; Proposal for Jatropha Cultivation: Perayam, West Kallada and Perinadu. Finance, in the district, the Non Farm It is proposed to cultivate Jatropha in Proposals for Market Development and Sector shows maximum credit delivery due an area of 50 Ha mainly in the waste lands Trading to high credit off take by cashew exporters. and excavated (mixed) region of Chavara,  Primary and Secondary Agricultural The LSGIs where existing area under Neendakara, Panmana, Kundara and Markets cashew are to be retained and productivity Nedumpana Grama Panchayats. Primary markets are proposed at to be increased in the Agro Development Maintenance of Native crops: Karunagapally, Chathannoor, Punalur, 2 Zone are Neduvathoor, Kottarakkara, Fruit trees like Jack, Tamarind, Anchal, Kadakkal and Kottarakkara. Pathanapuram, Pattazhy, Pattazhy Garcinia, etc are some among them. Minor Considering the road, rail connectivity and Vadakkekkara, Pooyappally, Chadaya- tubers, millets and pulses are important as land availability, the secondary market is mangalam, Ittiva, Thalavoor, they contribute to the food security. Such proposed at Kottamkara. Vilakkudy,Melila, Mylom, Ummannur, crops are to be encouraged on selective  Service Centres: Vettikkavala and Velinalloor. basis to meet the requirement of the Service Centres are proposed in TheLSGIswhereExistingareatobe population. Efforts for their promotion are association with primary markets where retained and productivity to be increased required in all LSGIs. from farmers can avail various services. in the Agro allied development Zone are Floriculture: Banking services and input services will Thazhava, Mynagappally,Thodiyoor and Studies reveal that Agroclimatic be provided at the centre. Maintenance Ezhukone. zonation ofKollam District is verywell suited and hiring of agricultural machineries and The LSGIs where cashew is to be for floriculture. As floriculture requires implements will be undertaken at the centre. cultivated in revenue purampoks, land lesser land area it is suited for Multi Technology transfer will be a major activity available in public sector undertakings, Functional zones in the point of view of of the service centre. They are proposed Govt. office compounds etc. in the Special both production and marketing as well as basically at Multi Functional Zones 3 Development Zone – Sub Zone 2 are in Perinadu Grama Panchayat proposed including Kollam Corporation and other Elampalloor, East Kallada, Kundara and as Tourism hub. Production strategy is LSGIs like Karunagapally, Chathannur, West Kallada. through the establishment of flori clubs. A Kottarakkara, Punalur, and Anchal. A The LSGI where existing area to be collection and marketing facility centre will service centre is proposed at Kadakkal retained with HYV grafts in the Sub Zone 2 be established in theAshramam destination also asit is a major regional marked serving

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vegetables, flowers and other specialized to water bodies is proposed to be restricted crops. Construction of green house/poly and crops including medicinal plants, house is a basic need for this protected pineapple, tree crops (mango, jack fruit cultivation. The yield for vegetable can be etc.), tubers etc. not using chemical increased to around 100 times. fertilizers and pesticides should be I  Bio Tech nolog y and Gen et ic promoted. Engineering Park:  Solar Fencing: Establishment of a Biotechnology and Aim of the proposal is to protect crops Genetic Engineering Park is proposed to and livelihood of farmers in the periphery Market - Chinnakkada, Kollam meet the research and production area offorests in eastern partsof the district. requirements in this field. A suitable site All the farmers in Kulathupuzha, not just LSGIs of Kollam District but also will be developed with necessary common Aryankavu, Thenmala and Piravanthur the neighboring LSGIs in facilities for research work in biotechnology. are beneficiaries. It will be provided Thiruvananthapuram District. Production of improved varieties of crop wherever there are man-animal conflicts. Proposals for Technology based Crop plants will be a major activity proposed. The entire cultivated area in the above 4 Cultivation Genetic modification, clone propagation, Panchayats has to be provided with  Mo del Bio Techn olog y Cent re secondary metabolize production etc. are fencing. (Including Microbial Technology also proposed. Entrepreneurs are Other Proposals Centre): encouraged to start their establishments in  Agri-based Cottage Industries: A lab complex with facilities for the Park. Single window system of Coconut handicrafts, mats like production of any agriculturally important clearances for life science ventures is “Thazhappai” are economically important II micro biological product is envisaged under proposed. Testing and quality control to supplement the income of marginal this proposal. It can serve the entire services and human resources farmers and labourers. Traditional areas farming community in the district. development institutions will become an of such activity will be selected and Commercial production of micro-organisms integral part of the Park. Elampalloor, East promoted. Advanced technologies can be beneficial for farming (agriculture, fisheries, Kallada, Kundara and West Kallada are incorporated to suit international demand. dairying etc.) and production of microbial the LSGIs ideal for locating the Park. Tourism can also be associated with the products like enzymes and other Prop osals f or Agro -eco lo gy proposal. Making of bags, kits etc. using secondary metabolites are proposed. The Conservation straw, pandanus, rattan etc. will be centres are proposed at Kulathupuzha and  Water conservation programmes: promoted in Karunagappally, Thazhava, Anchal Grama Panchayats due to low Agro development zone andAgro allied Thenmala, Aryankavu, Kulathupuzha, temperature and water availability. zone will be entirely brought under Thodiyur Grama Panchayats. The centre consist entities which intensive water conservation programme.  Recycling Facilities: produce mainly bio control agents and bio Flood and early draught in downward Recycling facilities comprising microbial fertilizers. Facilities will also be provided areas can also be regulated by this and mechanical treatment of biological for secondary metabolites production and programme. 43 Grama Panchayats are wastes is proposed. The plants will be III bioreactors in later stages. Private selected and the scheme will be located in proximity to I order and II order entrepreneurs will be encouraged to start implemented in sessions. settlements and primary markets. The ventures in the centre. The scheme can be integrated with LSGIs selected are Kollam Corporation, Production of bio fertilizers, bio control National Employment Guarantee Grama Panchayats of Karunagapally, agents, effective microorganism and Programme. Contour bunds, rain pits, rain Kottarakkara, Anchal and Chathannoor fermentation productsfor various purposes harvesting ponds, agrostology, basin and Punalur Municipality. In other areas like dairying, industrial purposes etc. are opening etc. will have to be implemented vermin wastes in homestead composting envisaged. depending on the area are required. etc will be promoted.  Poly House Cultivation:  Co ntrolling usage of Chemical  Welfare of Agriculture Labourers Poly houses are proposed in Sub zone fertilizers and pesticides: and Farmers : 2 of Special Development Zone. Yield of In the Aqua Bio Reserve Zone ie in Cultivators andAgricultural labourers vegetable can go up to 150 ton/ ha of poly the LSGIs of Trikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, constitute 17% of the total main workers in house. 10 ha area is proposed to be taken Thekkumbagam, Munroe Island, Panayam the District. Fragmented land pattern, for venture in the initial phase. The LSGIs and Perayam use of chemical fertilizers higher proportion of women labourers selected are Elampalloor, East Kallada, and pesticides is to be restricted. In the etc necessitates development and Kundara and Perayam grama Panchayats. 3 LSGIs of East Kallada, Sasthamkotta, popularization of ergonomically suitable Thus by 2021, Sub Zone 2 of the Special Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, light machineries. Labour bank system to Development Zone shall be transformed West Kallada, Kollam Corporation, be developed as an institution in practice in to High Tech Agro Zone. High-tech Paravoor Municipality, Mayyanad, enabling an assurance programme for agriculture is to be adopted for production Poothakkulam and Perinad use of chemical the livelihood. Micro credit for the benefit of season independent crops especially fertilizers and pesticides in the areas closer of farmers is to be made available at the

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 67 reach of the farmers through proper According to the district development framed to address the problems. Ferro- organizational setup. Labour insurance concept the thrust for agriculture is given cement storage tanks of the type we use scheme may be implemented. Agro to two zones viz. the Agro Development for the rain water harvesting is to be technology must be included in the Zone andAgroAllied Development Zone. constructed at suitable spots from where curriculum of High Schools. Hence the proposals of irrigation sector water can be taken to the agricultural lands  Research and Training Centre: for 2021 are framed to support the by gravity flow. The ownership of the I The district farm functioning at Kottukal agricultural sector to attain the goal in these storage tank is vested fully on the farmer’s in Ittiva Grama Panchayat has the basic zones. Thus optimum utilization of available organizations. The rough cost of such facilities for training and demonstration. It water for sustainable agricultural structure comes to Rs.1.5 per litre of has established modern methods of development to facilitate maximum storage water. cultivation practices including micro production of food crops is the irrigation Irrigation sector activities, based on the propagation and organic farming. The policy by 2021. above system planned for the elucidation centre is proposed to be developedto cater The major crops which require of the problems observed, are classified the training needs of the district and to do irrigation are paddy, banana and into utilization of the existing potential and the basic research in the development of vegetables.As per the critical evaluation creation of new potential. agriculture technology. under sectoral analysis, problems in non- Proposals for utilisation of the existing  Mech an ization of Agricu lt ural utilisation of createdpotential and problems Potential Operations: of existing schemes were analysed.  Utilisation of potential in Minor As evident from the sectoral analysis, Irrigation development proposals are Irrigation rice and coconut are the two major base framed considering the major problems In Minor Irrigation, utilisation of potential systems of cultivation in the district. But identified, viz. is to be mainly dealt with regarding the Lift 1 paddy area is fast dwindling offering no 1. Water available for agriculture is not Irrigation (LI) Schemes. There are 8 further scope for mechanization. Possibility under the control of the farmer. L.I.Schemes in the district-Aryankavu, of designing smaller machines for use in 2. Agricultural area and the desire to Chathannoor, Adichanelloor, Kulakkada, isolated fields is to be explored. Research engage in agricultural activities are East Kallada, Thodiyoor, Thazhava and institutions and Kerala Agriculture declining day by day. Sooranad North. University have to take sincere efforts to 3. The present water tight compartment Possibility of new LI Schemes may be design and developthese equipments.As system of various departments having investigated while preparing LDPs for far as coconut is concerned, there are no linkage to agriculture is one of the main Sooranadu South, Karunagappally, labourers available for plant protection. hurdles for cultivation. Mynagappally and Panmana from Pallikkal Convenient and ergonomically designed What we need first is to bring water River and in Mayyand, Kalluvathukkal, equipments for plant protection and tillage under the control of the farmer.The farmer Pooyappally, Velinalloor, Chadaya- operations are to be developed and should have the assurance that their crops mangalam, Elamadu, Edamulakkal and popularized. Harvesting and primary will not be failed on shortage of water. Such Ittiva from Ithikkara River. processing of coconut also require a situation will certainly persuade farmers, As per theDistrict development policies mechanization. inclined to put an end to cultivation, to and strategies agricultural thrust zones are 1.2 Irrigation continue cultivation in their land and also Zone B and Zone C i.e. in the Agro 2 Irrigation sector as such has no to cultivate the existing bare land. Development Zone and Agro –allied individual existence in the absence of Even though it is expected that the Development Zone. Also agricultural agriculture and is the most important agriculturist should have a say on the spot activities in the Multi-Functional Zone supporting factor for agriculture. The District where water is needed, the quantity of require irrigation. There is no L.I. Schemes agricultural policy Kollam – 2021 aims to water and the time of requirement, both in in the Agro Development Zone. The L.I. attain a certain level of self sufficiency in Minor Irrigation (M.I) and Kallada Irrigation Schemes inAdichanelloor, Chathannoor, food crops while improving production of Plan (KIP) the control of water is still vested Thazhava, Thodiyoor, Kulakkada and commercial crops and value addition and in the hands of the departmental officers. eight L.I. Schemes in Sooranad North even export of crops are promoted. The main aspect that prevents the Grama Panchayat are in the Agro Allied departmental officers to hold on the true Development Zone. The L.I.Scheme in spirit of irrigation may be the diversity of East Kallada is in Special Development crops, agricultural activities and concerns Zone and that in Ariyankavu is in the Bio of the people. In KIP,water is let out through Reserve Zone. The potential created by canals in turn and the proposed turn is the L.I.Schemes in Ariyankavu can be always overturnedcreating an uncertainty utilised for irrigation of medicinal plants if 3 in the availability of water in time.Another considered in the zone. factor is that the structure from which water The utilisation of potential created in is let out to the crops is not under the Zone C is to be given prime importance. ownership of the farmer. Considering these The main activities needed for the utilisation Ottakkal weir - Thenmala factors the development proposals are of potential are (i) Identification of area

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where farmers are enthusiastic to take up requirements of the ayacut area. This watershed basis.Alsowater available in the agriculture. (ii) Replacement of the very includes rectification of the distribution major water bodies like Chittumalachira, old damaged pump sets in the schemes (iii) system to facilitate supplying water to the Polachira, Cheloorkayal, Vattakkayal etc Maintenance or modification of the water whole area comprising of a number of may be considered. The water from these conveyance system to convey water to the padasekharams and dry lands as well water bodies can be utilized only with I ferro-cement tanksconstructed considering as making arrangements to supply water effective salt-exclusion activities. the area where farmers are dedicated to to the Ferro cement storage facility of It may be noted that, the provision of agriculture. The suggestedlocations for the each padasekharam. Farmer’s opinion irrigation facilities shall be in accordance above proposals are at Thodiyoor, should be considered and their with the phasing of agriculture proposals. Thazhava, Chathannoor, Adichanalloor, participation should be ensured in the An innovative strategy is adopted for East Kallada, Aryankavu, Kulakkada and whole rectification process. the irrigation of agricultural lands of the Sooranad North Grama Panchayats. In ter-lin kages wit h o th er sect oral District. The salient features of the  Utilisation of potential in Kallada proposals programme are Irrigation Project  Proposals of Agricultural Sector: 1) Irrigation water is under the control of Since KIP is envisaged to irrigate both Support of irrigation is seen essential the farmer. wet and dry lands, the ayacut area shown in the proposals of Agricultural Sector in 2) All sources of water is utilised is inclusive of the dry ayacut area in spite paddy seed villages, improving rice 3) Most needy areas are identified and of the area of the padasekharams. production and productivity through paddy phased totarget them first. Following activities are to be taken up in conservation, aromatic and medicinal 4) Since sufficient storage of water is within KIP for utilizing the created potential. The paddy cultivation, vegetable seed villages, the custody of the farmer no need of activities are detailed with phasing and intensive vegetable cultivation and over irrigation and no chance of under II costing. improving productivity, rehabilitation of irrigation. 1. Identification of the Padasekharams for coconut, banana cultivation and bio- In the rainy season the agricultural first phase intervention. The criteria to technology and Genetic Engineering Park. area is rain fed as usual. Rain water be adopted for the selection are (i) In the various proposals of agricultural harvesting structures, having capacity to Positive attitude offarmers towards taking sector, Panchayats where there is no irrigate the agricultural area for two weeks, up agriculture (ii) present status of irrigation potential at present can be is constructed at the elevated area of each agriculture in the padasekharam (iii) classified into three categories. The first agricultural plot or plots. As soon as the optimum chance ofavailability of sufficient category is a set of Panchayats viz. rainy season is over a tank full of rain water quantity ofwater from all sources of water Mayyanadu, Chadayamangalam, Ittiva, is ready in the rain water harvesting such as irrigation water (KIP or MI), Elamadu and Edamulakkal where structure constructed and can be utilised. perennial wells, roof water harvesting possibility of irrigationfrom L.I.Scheme from Before consuming the rain water storage etc. (iv) existing or future possibility of co Ithikkara river may be investigated while fully the farmer can switch over to irrigation operative farming (v) possibility of co- preparing LDPs. water either from canals of KIP, L.I. ordination among various departments Second category is Karunagappally Schemes or M.I. Schemes. The scheme is connected to agriculture. The proposal and Panmana where investigation may be to be implemented with the co-ordination III like constructionof ferro-cement storage done to ascertain the possibility of of the Departments and agriculturists. tanks, new conveyance system to L.I.Scheme from Pallikal river while 1.3. Watershed Development storage tanksfrom KIP are implemented preparing LDPs. According to watershed development in thesePadasekharams. The proposals Rest of the Panchayats namely East policy of the district, Kollam has to develop has to be implemented during 2007– Kallada, Kundara, West Kallada, Anchal, the natural resources including land, water 2012 with an estimated cost of Rs 105 Yeroor, Nilamel, Bhoothakkulam, Melila, and bio mass through integrated lakhs. Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, watershed management. The proposals 2. Conducting meetings and discussions of Clappana, Oachira, Kulasekharapuram, are classified zone wise as the farmers to identify their problems and Pattazhy Vadakkekkara, Pattazhy, conservation activities vary for each zone proposals to solve them. Farmers Kadakkal, Alappad, Aryankavu, as per the District development concept. Association for each spout is tobe formed Kulathupuzha, Thenmala, Thrikkadavur, The proposals suggested for each to ensure co operation among farmers. A Thrikkaruva, Chithara, Thekkumbhagam, zone will solve the problems like soil distributory level association of farmers Mandrothuruth, Panayam, Perayam, erosion, surface run off, improve infiltration to deal with problems common to all is Perinadu, Kottamkara, Thrikkovilvattom, rate, improve agricultural production of also to beformed from therepresentatives Piravanthoor and the Kollam Corporation main crops, generate better employment 3 of all spout level associations.All official and Punalur Municipality are the third opportunities and will improve the rural representatives of the departments category. No other source of irrigation infrastructure. related to agriculture should also form except irrigation from ponds or wells is The proposals in bio reserve zone will part of the distributory level associations. possible in these LSGIs. Hence these LSGIs mainly reduce the land slips and land slide 3. Rectification of thedistribution system of are the first priority area for implementation problem. Also various proposals for the created potential to suit the of water conservation measures on Ashtamudi and Sasthamcotta area will

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Table.3.1. Final priority area for Watershed Development for each spatial development zone Kottarakara, Veliyam, Pathanapuram, Pattazhy, Pattazhy Vadakkekkara, Pooyappally, Yeroor, Chadayamangalam, Chithara, Elamadu, Ittiva, Kadakkal, Thalavoor, Vilakudy, Nilamel, Melila, Mylom, Ummanoor, Vettikavala, I Velamanoor and Paravoor municipality on watershed basis is the main aim. Portions of the above LSGIs come under midland to up-land areas and are having moderate erosion status. Therefore regular watershed development programmes are proposed in this zone. The proposals recommendedfortheareaarevegetative measures like agroforestry, live fencing, cover cropping, contour strip cropping, contour vegetative hedges and mulching. Mechanical conservation measures include contour stone pitched and earthen bunds and contour trenches. Drainage course managementlike gabion structures, 1 check dams, water harvesting systems, diversion drains, ramps, supporting walls and bank stabilization structures are recommended. In the down stream side, vertical drop structures for water harvesting, ring ponds and development of springs are recommended. Proposals for Agro Allied Development Zone (Zone C) Treating the LSGIs, Thazhava, Chathannoor, Kunnathur, Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad North, Sooranad improve the water quality and make more zone are fixed based on soil conservation south, Kulakkada, Kalluvathukkal, water available for irrigation and drinking priority maps. Elampalloor, Nedumpana, Pavithre- purposes. Proposals for Bio-Reserve Zone (Zone swaram, Mynagappally, Thodiyoor, For the drainage and water logged A) Ezhukone and Kareepra on watershed 2 areas, better drainage facilities are Treating the LSGIs Piravanthur, basis isthe main aim. Portions of the above suggested which will solve the problem to Kulathupuzha, Thenmala and Aryankavu LSGIs come under midland to up-land a greater intent. On the whole, the on watershed basis is the main aim. areas and are having moderate erosion proposals suggested will lead to Portions of the above LSGIs being status. Therefore regular watershed sustainable development of agriculture and susceptible to land-slips and landslides are development programmes are proposed allied sectors. included in the soil conservation priority in this zone and special attention is to be Watershed development is directly area. The proposals recommended for the given to prevent the siltation of linked to four basic sectors of development area are vegetative measures like agro Sasthamcotta Lake. The proposals viz. Agriculture, Irrigation, Drinking water forestry, live fencing and border planting, recommendedfortheareaarevegetative and Environment. So the proposals safe disposal ofrunoff, measures like brush measures like live fencing, cover cropping, suggested in watershed sector are wood checks and graded bunding and contour strip cropping, contour vegetative prioritized according to the proposals of drainage course management like gabion hedges and mulching. The suggested these sectors. structures. In the down stream side, vertical locations are at Thazhava, Chathannoor, Considering the priority areas drop structures for water harvesting, ring Kunnathur, Poruvazhy, Sasthamkotta, suggested by linked sectors, final priority ponds and development of springs are Sooranad North, Sooranad South, 3 area for watershed development for each recommended. Kulakkada, Kalluvathukkal, Elampalloor, spatial development zone is compiled and Proposals for Agro Development Zone Nedumpana, Pavithreswaram, given in Table 3.1. (Zone B) Mynagappally, Thodiyoor, Ezhukone and The phasing is based on this. Treating the LSGIs Alayamon, Anchal, Kareepra Grama Panchayats. Mechanical However the treatment measures in each Neduvathoor, Edamulackal, Karavaloor, conservation measures include contour

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stone pitched and earthen bunds and The proposals recommended for the area organic faming zone by 2021. contour trenches. Drainage course are agroforestry measures like mangrove Supplementing to that this zone is also management like Check dams, water and bamboo cultivation. For reclamation proposed to be transformed as organic harvesting systems, ramps, supporting of waterlogged areas, retaining walls, side dairy farming zone by 2021. walls and bank stabilization structures are protection walls, diversion drains etc are  Large scale dairy farms :Itisproposed I recommended. For protection of the proposed. to establish large scale dairyfarms 4 in catchment area of Sasthamcotta Lake, 1.4. Animal Husbandry selected LSGIs. Each LSGI will be having contour stone pitched bunding, retaining The animal husbandry sector is facing 4 such units of 50 milk animals. walls, gabion structures, silt trap pits, live serious challenges due to the changing Kunnathoor, Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta, fencing and bamboo planting can be socio economic pattern of the district. The Kulakkada, Kalluvathukkal, Nedumpana, adopted. fragmentation of landand limited availability Pavithreswaram, Mynagappally, Proposals for Special Development of fodder has resulted in considerable Ezhukone, Kareepra and Adichanallur Zone (Zone D) decrease in the number of livestock and Grama Panchayats of Agro-allied Treating the LSGIs Alappad, poultry. But the consumption pattern shows Development Zone are selected for the Karunagapally, Panmana, Chavara, a sharp increase in the consumption of milk, purpose. Thefarms will act asmodel units Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Clappana, meat and egg. The rising demand is met for profitable dairying in the region. Kulasekharapuaram, Oachira, by import of these items from neighbouring  Medium scale dairy farms: It is Mynagappally and Sasthamcotta for states. This has resulted in the wide proposed to establishdairy units with 10 solving the water logging and saline water fluctuation of the market price of these items. milk animalsineachunit inselected LSGIs intrusion is the main aim. Portions of the In order to have stability in the supply of viz. Thazhava, Sooranad north, above LSGIs comes under low land to mid- these products the internal production is to Sooranad south, Elampalloor and II land areas and are having slight to be increased. This should be given special Thodiyoor Grama Panchayats ofAgro- moderate erosion status. The proposals attention as a measure of achieving food allied Development Zone. recommended for the area are agroforestry security. The projects are designed taking  Ksheera Samrudhy Dairy scheme: measures like mangrove and bamboo into consideration, various aspects such The scheme aimsto increase the number cultivation. For reclamation of waterlogged as land availability, current livestock of breeding stockof cattle by establishing areas, retaining walls, side protection population and other infrastructure units of2 cows / buffaloin selected LSGIs. walls, diversion drains etc are proposed. prospects as per integrated approach of Beneficiaries will be farmers interested Proposals for Aqua Bio reserve Zone different sectors. to rear cattle. (Zone E) According to the district sectoral policy,  Existing dairy farms with increased Treating the LSGIs Thrikkadavoor, by 2021,Kollam has to attainself sufficiency productivity :Itisproposedtoimprove Thrikkaruva, East Kallada, Sasthamcotta, in milk, egg and meat by creating farmer the productivity of the existing dairy Chavara, Neendakara, Thekkumbhagom, attractive environment thereby improving animals. The farmers engaged in large Thevalakkara, West Kallada, Munroe the economic status of the rural poor and scale dairy farmingpractices will get the Island, Panayam, Perayam, Perinad, achieving new standards in animal benefit of the proposal. Based on the Mayyanad, Poothakkulam, Kollam welfare. The proposals given under are district development concept, Thazhava, III corporation and Paravoor municipality for evolved with utmostcare and made location Sooranad North, Sooranad South, solving the water logging is the main aim. specific such that they will definitely lead to Elampalloor and Thodiyoor Grama Portions of the above LSGIs comes under achieve the set objectives. Panchayats ofAgro-Allied Development low land to midland areas and are having Proposals for Development of Live Zone are selected and animals having slight to moderate erosion status. stock and Poultry Products for Self production potential of 15-20 liters of milk Catchment of Ashtamudi lake to be Sufficiency will be given assistance for increasing protected to avoid siltation. The proposals  Milk Production: productivity by means of super bull recommended for the area are agroforestry As per the proposals of agricultural semen, embryo transfer, by pass protein measures like mangrove and bamboo sector, the entireAgro Development Zone feeding andclimatic control measures. cultivation. For reclamation of waterlogged is proposed to be transformed into an  Fo dder pro duct ion units : It is areas, retaining walls, side protection proposed to increase the availability of walls, diversion drains etc are proposed. fodder to farmers thereby reducing the Proposals for Multi Functional Zone cost of production. Beneficiaries will be (Zone F) the farmers interestedin agriculture with Treating the LSGIs Thrikkovilvattom, required land. High yielding fodder 3 Kottamkara, Mayyanad, Panayam, varieties from reputedsources are to be Neendakara and Kollam Corporation for grown by the farmers. Since the animal reclamation from water logging is the main husbandry activitiesare concentrated in aim. Portions of the above LSGIs comes the Agro–Allied Development Zone, under low land to mid land areas and are fodder production units are also having slight to moderate erosion status. Dairy farm - Punalur suggested in this zone. Minimum of 15

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units will have to be started in each LSGI. to check the quality of milk and milk feed supplementsand medicine including Grama Panchayats of Thazhava, products. Grama Panchayat/ dewormers at subsidized rates. It is Sooranad North, Sooranad South, Municipalities in Multi functional zone 1 intended to cover around 20000 calves Elampalloor, Thodiyoor, Chathannoor, and Multi functionalzone 2 are selected every year. Mynagapally, Ezhukone, Nedumbana, for implementation of the proposal.  Calf Feed Subsidy Scheme :Calffeed Pavithreswaram, Kareepra,  Establishment of milk processing subsidy scheme covering the entire I Adichanalloor, Pavithreswaram, cum products factory : Aplant having healthy calves born in the district is Kunnathoor, Kalluvathukkal, Poruvazhy, capacity to handle 30000 litres of milk proposed as a part of the development Sasthamcottah and Kulakkada are the per day is proposed to beestablished at programme. LSGs proposed to be covered. Anchal. The major objective is to ensure  Egg Production:  Feed production/ Mixing unit and steady supply of quality milk and milk  Hi-tech Parent stock and Poultry Feed analytical lab :Proposal includes products inthe region. farm rearing high producing cross establishment of feed mixing unit with  Dhenuraksha scheme:Thescheme bred layer birds and hatchery capacity to produce1000 tonnes of feed aims toprotect the breeding stockof cattle The aim is to set up modern poultry per day.AFeedAnalytical Lab is set for from prematureslaughter. Beneficiaries farm rearing about 10000 birds at regional ensuring the quality of raw materials and will be the farmers with cattle having poultry farm, Kureeppuzha, Kollam the feed manufactured. The unit is extended infertility problem. The scheme Corporation. The farm will rear the birds proposed at Karunagapally. will be implemented in selected LSGIs of in fully automated system.  Silage p ro duction u nits :Itis the district throughKudumbasree’s or Self  Large scale Duck parent stock proposed to establish silage production Help Groups (SHGs). They will be The proposal is to establish duck units in selected LSGIs in order to make purchasingthe animalsat meatrate.Feed parent stock units in order to increase the 1 available preserved fodder in the lean and medicines will be provided in availability of goodquality eggs for hatching season during which heavy shortage of subsidized rate. 2 units of housing with out at Paravur and Munroe Island. fodder is encountered. 10 animals each will be established in  Qu ail Parent St ock Farm and The proposal will be implemented by the the selected Grama Panchayats. The Hatchery dairy extension officer of the selected units will be functioning under the strict It is proposed to establish aquail parent block. Grama Panchayats selected for technical control of the veterinary stock farm rearing 1000 birds and a implementation of the scheme are institutions in the Grama Panchayats. hatchery with settingcapacity of 4500 eggs Thazhava, Sooranad north, Sooranad Once the infertility problems are solved per week. Two units each will be set up at south, Elampalloor and Thodiyoor. the animals will be handed over to needy Veliyam and Sasthamcottah Grama  Mobile milking units : It is proposed to farmers. Panchayats. establish mobile milkingunits in selected Grama Panchayat / Municipalities  Nurseries panchyats with the support of self help selected for implementation of the It is proposed to establish poultry groups. The selected group will be proposal are Nedumpana, Nilamel, nurseries in selected LSGIs. Purchased provided with one milking machine, Pathanapuram, Pattazhi, Kaduva-thode, from the hatcheries on the day old stage, vehicle for transportation, disinfectants Karavaloor, Chadayaman-galam, the birds are reared in the nurseries and etc. Vilakudy, Piravanthoor, Kulathupuzha, are marketed at 45-60 days of age to the 2 Grama Panchayats selected for Sasthamcottah, Poruvazhy, grass root level farmers. The birds are implementation of the proposal are Kalluvathukkal, Pooya-ppally, Melila, reared under strict scientific management Chathannoor, Thazhava, Sooranad Punalur, Velinallor, Veliyum,Alayamon, practices during the initial phase of growth. north, Nedumpana, Thodiyoor, Thenmala, Aryankavu, Kareepra, This will ensure the availability of quality Kalluvathukkal, Sooranad south, Kulakkada, Kunnathoor, Mynagappally, chicks in the district. The proposal includes Poruvazhy, Sasthamcottah, Kunnathur, Thala-voor, Neduvathoor, Anchal, setting up of poultry nurseries, in 5 selected Kulakkada, Mynagappally, Elampalloor, Mylom, Elamad, Vettikkavala, LSGIs so as to ensure steady supply of Pavitreswaram, Kareepra and Adichanallor, Ezhukone, quality chicks. It is proposed to establish Ezhukone. Pavithreswaram, Umma-nnoor, units for marketing 2000 grower birds per  Chilling plant :Itisproposedto Edamulackal, Kottarakkara, Ittiva, month. establish chilling units with a capacity of Kadakkal, Chithara and Yeroor. Grama Panchayats selected for 10000 litre per day at Karunagappally  Comprehensive Baby Calf Health implementation of the proposal are and Kundara so as to facilitate easy Scheme :All the calvesborn in the district Chathannoor, Veliyam, Anchal, marketing of the milk produced in the will be covered under the scheme. All Pathanapuram and Sasthamcottah. district. the female calves born will be enrolled to  Large scale poultry/ quail farms 3  Quality control of milk and milk the nearest veterinary dispensary from It is proposed to set up large scale products : The scheme aims to ensure where a health card will be provided to poultry or quail farms in selected LSGIs. quality control of milk and milk products each calf.Upto 6 months of age, calves Five units, each rearing 1000 nos. of that are marketed in the field. Quality will be under the coverage of the scheme poultry and quail, are to be established in control labswill be set upwith the facilities and will be provided with starter feed, each LSGI. Following Grama Panchayats

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are selected for implementation of the  Meat Production: Thenmala, Pooyapally and proposal viz. Chathannoor, Kottarakkara,  Male Calf fattening Scheme Pathanapuram. Anchal, Mayyanad, Elampalloor, It is proposed to implement schemes to  Rabbit Parent Stock Unit Thrikkovilvattom and Karunagappally. provide assistance to rear male calves in It is proposed to establish a parent  Backyard poultry units order to increase the meat production. The stock farm of rabbits at Buffalo Breeding I The aim is to set up 1000 numbers of scheme will provide feed and feed Farm, Kuriyottumala, Piravanthur, to small scale poultry units of 10 hens per supplements for the selected male calves ensure the availability of quality kits in the unit in selected LSGIs with individual  Malabari Goat Parent Stock Farm district. 200 breedinganimals will be reared beneficiaries. It is proposed to set a malabari goat in the farm to produce about 500 kits per The Grama Panchayats selected for parent stock farm at Kuriottumala in month which will be supplied to needy the implementation of the proposal are Piravanthur. The parent stock established farmers to rear them up to marketable age. Sasthamcottah, Pavithreswaram, will supply kids of 3 months of age to the  Rabbit Nursery Sooranad south, Ummannoor, goat nurseries on prior booking. This It is proposed to establish units Edamulackal, Mynagapally, Thazhava, ensures the availability of good quality kids marketing breedable rabbit kits of 1 month Kunnathoor, Ezhukone, Poruvazhy, to the farmers. Farm with 200 goats will be age one unit per selected Grama Thodiyoor, Sooranad north, Kulakkada, set up to market 500 lambs per year so as Panchayat for rearing 50 rabbits to ensure Elampalloor, Nedumbana, Kareepra, to solve the shortage of quality kids in the the availability of kits. Grama Panchayat/ Chathannoor and Kalluvathukkal. district. Municipalities selected for implementation  Duck Rearing Units  Malabari Goat rearing Satellite Unit of the proposal are Pooyapally, It is proposed to set up duck nurseries It is proposed to set up small scale goat Pavithreswaram and Kollam Corporation. in selected LSGIs to increase the farms rearing 25 goats in order to increase  Rabbit Units II availability of healthy ducks for egg the meat production in the district. The It is proposed to set up rabbit units as a purpose or meat purpose. The duck satellite units will also serve the functions new source of meat to the people. One unit nursery will be rearing ducklings up to 60 of goat nurseries. will contain 10 female and 2 male breeder days of age and will then be made available  Goat rearing Units rabbits. The cost includes cost of rabbits to interested farmers. Grama Panchayat/ It is proposed to set up 50 goat rearing cage, feed, insurance, veterinary aid etc. Municipalities selected for implementation units consisting of 5 goats per unit in  High Tech Broiler Farm of the proposals are Paravur, Munroe selected LSGIs. It is proposed to increase the meat Island, Punalur and Sooranad South.  Goat Nurseries production of our district by establishing  Backyard duck rearing units In order to ensure the availability of broiler farms with modern rearing facilities. It is proposed to set up 200 small scale good quality parent stock for rearing, it is The birds will be reared in cage system in backyard duck rearing units of 12 birds proposed to establish goat rearing units 2or3tiersinordertoreducethespacefor per unit. rearing 50 goats in selected LSGIs. The rearing. Grama Panchayat/Municipalities Grama Panchayat/Municipalities kids purchased from recognized source will selected for implementationof the proposal selected for implementationof the proposal be reared up to 6 months of age and are Kottankara, Thrikkovilvattam and are Adichanalloor, Bhoothakkulam, distributed among farmers. Mayyanad of Multifunctional Zone I, as well III Chathannoor, Karavaloor, Kollam Grama Panchayats selected are as Punalur, Kottarakkara, Chathannoor, Corporation, Kulathupuzha, Kunnathur, Mylom, Edamulackal, Sooranad South and Anchal and Karunagappally of Multi Kundara, Mayyanad, Mynagappally, Kareepra. Functional Zone II. Nedunpana, Panayam, Paravur  Parent Stock Piggery Farm  Broiler Farms Municipality, Pattazhy, Pattazhy It is proposed to establish a parent It is proposed to set small broiler farms Vadakkekkara, Perayam, Perinadu, stock farm of pig at Buffalo Breeding Farm, in order to increase the meat produced in Punalur Municipality, Sastamcotta, Kuriyottumala, Piravanthur to ensure the the district. The units shall be allotted to Sooranad North, Sooranad South, availability of quality piglets in the district. groups like Kudumbasree or self help Thenmala, Velinalloor, Vilakkudy. 75 breeding animals will be reared in the groups. Farms marketing 400 birds per  Homestead Quail units farm. They are supposed to produce 1300- month are proposed. It is proposed to set up small scale 1500 piglets per year. They will be reared Grama Panchayats selected for homestead quail rearing units of 100 birds up to veaning age in the farm after which implementation of the proposal are per unit in 25 units per Grama Panchayat. the piglets will be supplied to needy farmers Sooranad South, Pavithreswaram, Grama Panchayats selected for so as to rear them up to marketable age. Sasthamcottah, Mynagapally, Thazhava, implementation of the proposal are  Piggery Units Kunnathoor, Ezhukone, Poruvazhy, 3 Thazhava, Chathannoor, Kunnathoor, It is proposed to set up piggery units Thodiyoor, Sooranad North, Kulakkada, Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad with 10 piglets of 3 months old per unit Elampalloor, Nedumpana, Kareepra, North, Sooranad South, Kulakkada, which will be reared up to marketable age. Chathanoor and Kalluvathukkal. kalluvathukkal, Elampalloor, Nedumpana, Grama Panchayats selected for  Turkey farm including hatchery Pavithreswaram, Mynagappalli, Thodiyur, implementation of the scheme are It is proposed to strengthen the already Ezhukone and Kareepra. Piravanthoor, Kottarakara, Edamulackal, functioning regional poultry farm at

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Kureepuzha by increasing the number of inpatient and out patient ward for large and prevention of cruelty against animals, parent stock and the capacity of the smallanimals,wellequipped operation theatre population control programme for dogs etc. hatchery etc. Proposal includes and post operative ward etc. are proposed. construction of rearing sheds and hatchery Grama Panchayat/Municipalities Other Proposals building, purchase of machinery for selected for implementationof the proposal Other proposals include elephant rides hatchery and other recurring expenses are Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara, at Perinadu (inorder to attract tourists) and I associated with implementation. The Adichanallur and Karunagappally. Poothakkulam (considering its present existing strength of 1000 birds will be  Artificial insemination centre potential) and ornamental poultry rearing enhanced to 5000. A turkey meat The proposal is to establish more unit at Perinadu Grama panchayat. processing unit and product manufacturing number of artificial insemination centers Zoonotic Disease Control Programmes unit is also envisaged in association with considering the requirement of one center Analysis reveals that many of the the farm. for every 500 breedable cattle. emerging diseases of human are of animal  Homestead Turkey Units Grama Panchayat/Municipalities origin. Hence a disease free healthy It is proposed to establish household selected for implementationof the proposal livestock and poultry population is a must turkey units in selected LSGIs. Proposal are Thazhava, Chathannoor, Kunnathoor, for achieving healthy human population. requires construction of shed, purchase of Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad Following schemes / programmes are to turkey, cost of feed, equipments and other North, Sooranad South, Kulakkada, be implemented in this respect. miscellaneous expenses. It is envisaged Kalluvathukkal, Elampalloor, Nedumpana,  Comprehensive Rabies Co ntrol to establish 20 units with 10 birds each in Pavithreswaram, Mynagappally, Programme selected LSGIs. Thodiyoor, Ezhukone, Kareepra, Mandro The programme aims at eradicating Grama Panchayats selected for Island, Karavaloor, Kadakkal, East rabies by vaccinating susceptible 1 implementation of the proposal are Soornad Kallada, Thekumbhagom, Yeroor, Perinad, population and controlling the stray animal South, Pavithreswaram, Sasthamncottah, Paravoor, Elampaloor, Chithara, population. This proposal will cover all the Ummannoor, Edamulackal, Mynagapally, Pooyappally, Piravanthoor, Thenmala, LSGIs. Thazhava, Kunnathur, Ezhukone, Kulathupuzha andAryankavu.  Avian influenza control programme Poruvazhy, Thodiyoor, Sooranad North,  Semen holding bank The programme aims at controlling the Kulakkada, Elampalloor, Nedumpana, It is proposed to set up holding units bird flue disease. This proposal will cover Kareepra, Chathannur and for high quality semen purchased from all the LSGIs. Kalluvathukkal. sources other than the present ones.  Zoonotic disease surveillance Cell  Slaughter houses These units will be purchasing semen This is a comprehensive mechanism It is proposed to establish modern doses from competent authorities and will to have surveillance on the disease slaughter houses in all block head be distributing the same to the interested patterns of the animal and poultry quarters and urban areas by 2011 which farmers. population and have strict vigil on emerging are a pre requiste for safe and hygienic  Marketing outlets (LIPCOS) zoonotic diseases. The cell should take meat production. LIPCOS a new marketing system is proactive steps to avert such threats.  Abattoir and Meat Production suggested. “Livestock Products Co- 1.5. Fisheries The proposal is for setting up of an operative societies” are to be set up in five According to thedistrict fisheries policy, 2 abattoir for humane slaughter, facilities for places of every Grama Panchayats in by 2021 Kollam has to become a major chilling and processing of meat. A Kollam district. More outlets will be set up Marine Export Zone considering its rendering plant will also be attached along in municipalities and corporation.An apex potentials for Inland and deep sea fishing with the abattoir. body at district level will be set up governed and aqua culture and also proximity to port  Meat processing units by Jilla Panchayat a team with officials and while giving emphasis to aqua resource It is proposed to establish a well representatives of self help groups. This conservation and fisher folk welfare. equipped meat processing unit with facility body should develop operating protocols Marine, fresh water, brackish water to carryout all processes from slaughter of and organize marketing with common and western ghat fish diversity contribute animal to packing of meat including brand name, advertising etc. to the fisheries wealth of the state and it production of value added meat products. The society will be procuring milk, egg has an important role in modulating the  Meat export and agricultural products initially and It isproposed to establish ameat export selling them farm fresh. Later on processed unit in Chavara in order to export the meat will also be included. Initially this will surplus meat that is produced in the district. be located in public buildings / attached to Other Infrastructure veterinary or other institutions. These 3  Veterinary specialty hospitals marketing outlets can be interlinked to the The proposal is to establish veterinary primary agriculture markets proposed by hospitalswith modernfacilities.Thesehospitals agriculture sector. will be having modern facilities for disease Proposals for animal welfare diagnosis, modern laboratory and separate Under animal welfare schemes for Fishing boats - Kollam

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economy of the state. The state receives  Carp Seed Rearing Units: Proposals on Production Enhancement a considerable income through export of The suggested locations are Grama for Self Sufficiency fish and fishery products. Panchayats of Oachira, Thazhava, The proposals for achieving self From time immemorial Kollam district Karunagapally, Thodiyoor, Chavara, sufficiency includeproduction enhancement has a unique position in the state’s Thevalakkara of Sub Zone 4 of Special mainly through aquaculture and stock I fisheries scenario. Now in order to Development Zone and the Grama enhancement programme. augment the situation the present efforts Panchayats of Edamulakkal and Yeroor of  Aquaculture: through formulation of Integrated District Agro Development Zone. Proposals inaquaculture include fresh Development Plan of which fisheries  Shrimp Hatchery: water fish culture, paddy cum fish culture, sector is a major component is a In order to ensure availability of quality integrated pig cum fish culture, integrated pathfinder. The developmental shrimp seeds a commercial level shrimp duck cum fish culture, integrated poultry suggestions and proposals in this sector hatchery is proposed in the District. The cum fish culture, pen culture and running are almost in line with the State’s Fisheries suggested locations are at Neendakara water fish culture, all male tilapia culture Policy. The developmental proposals are and Chavara Grama Panchayats. and renovation of Grama Panchayat ponds formulated in such a way that the capture  Fresh Water Prawn Hatchery for fish culture each of which are detailed based fishery will be sustained, Inland Considering the export potential of out with components, period of and Aquaculture production will be scampi and the growing demand for the implementation, costing and responsible augmented in a most environment friendly seeds for aquaculture it is proposed to set agencies. manner and exports will gain a large up a scampi hatchery in public sector. The Other Proposals: stride which will give considerable suggested locations are at Neendakara Other proposals for self sufficiency momentum in the foreign exchange and Chavara Grama Panchayats. include production enhancement through II earnings. The district will attain self  Mud Crab Hatchery: social fisheries, reservoir fisheries, open sufficiency in fish production and its Considering the export potential of water ranching and sea ranching. utilization and effective measures will be crabs and the growing demand for crablets Prop osals fo r Economy Generation takenuptoconservefishandfishery one crab hatchery is proposed to be set Proposals for economy generation resources, development of the fisheries up in publicsector. The suggested locations include production enhancement through infrastructure and industrial fisheries. are at Neendakara and Chavara Grama aqua culture, capture fisheries and tourism Socio economic upliftment of the Panchayats. fisheries. dependent downtrodden, creation of  Marine and Brackish Water Fin Fish  Export Oriented Aquaculture alternative employments etc. will be Hatchery: Proposals for aquaculture for export attained. The proposals framed in this Itisproposedtosetupafinfishhatchery include ornamental fish culture, shrimp regard are listed here under. in public sector at Neendakara and farming, mussel farming, oyster farming, Proposals for Seed Production Chavara Grama Panchayats. prawn farming, cage culture, mud crab Centres  Marine Ornamental Fish Hatchery: farming, marine pearl culture, aqua culture The proposals for seed production Considering the growing demand for estate, fresh water pearl culture, seaweed centres include carp seed hatchery, carp marine ornamental fishesin the international farming, clam culture, spirullina culture, III seed rearing units, shrimp hatchery, market it is desired to set up a marine mussel and oyster spat collection units, scampi (fresh water prawn) hatchery, mud ornamental fish seed producing centre in marine ornamental fish collection and trade crab hatchery, marine and brackish water public sector. units and aqua pet trade units. fin fish hatchery, marine ornamental The suggested locations are at  Capture Fisheries: hatchery, larvivorous fish seed production Neendakara and Chavara Grama Proposals for capture fisheries include centre and all male tilapia seed production Panchayats. deep sea fishing by diversification of excess centres.  Larvivorous Fish Seed Production number of mechanised fishing fleet and  Carp Seed Hatchery: Centre: popularisation of eco-friendly gears for the It is proposed to set up a district seed It is proposed to start up a larvivorous sustainable fisheries by providing suitable farm atAdichanalloor chira,Adichanalloor fish breeding and production centre at subsidy to fishing implements. which is in the Agro allied Development Punukkannoor chira of Elamballoor grama  Tourism Fisheries: Zone. panchayat. Proposals for tourism fisheries include The components of the proposal  All Male Tilapia Seed production game fisheries, aqua techno park, include deepening of the chira, reclamation Centres: oceanarium, deep sea fishing tour, fisheries of land in the chira for the construction of Starting up an ‘all male tilapia seed museum and ornamental fish Shows. 3 hatchery building, vertical nursery ponds, production centre’ in the district will Proposal for Resource Conservation and larval rearing ponds, setting up of considerably increase the fresh water fish  Marine induced breeding facilities, setting up of production and hence the proposal. It is Proposals for resource conservation brood stock and grow out ponds, water envisaged to start up an all male Tilapia include the specific proposals like for circulation system, electricity and aeration seed production centre in the Maruthady marine, back water and other inland areas. facilities etc. vattakkayal area in Kollam Corporation. Proposal for resource conservation in

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 75 marine include proposals like Theera construction of railway bridges. This Vanam/Haritha theeram programme, thuruth will be the base station for the enforcement of KMFR Act and proposal with kayal patrolling facilities. The establishment of artificial reef for revitalizing proposal will be implemented by Fisheries the aquatic environment. department in association with FIRMA, Conservation proposals for HED, LSG’S, Water Transport Dept. etc I backwaters include marine bio reserve, and with the support of Forest enforcement of Inland Fisheries Act, Department. mangrove afforestation, fish wealth Marine bio-reserve area - Ashtamudi estuary It is suggested that the proposal for conservation through removal of stake It is proposed to establish a marine Ashtamudi lake tourism circuit and a circuit nets, replacement of kayal latrines, bio reserve at the upper part of the by passing the marine bio reserve area of dredging of backwater, silvo-fisheries at Ashtamudi estuary which would be helpful tourism sector shall be suitably modified Ayiramthengu and Scheme for Controlling for the lost habitats of true residential and such that, boat traffic and fishing activities the Little Cormorants Population to prevent migratory fishes such as Etroplus will not be permitted here. The boundaries the reduction of fishery wealth. suratensis, Scatophagus argus, Ehirava will be marked by fixing end posts and the Conservation proposals for other fluvialis and can serve as an undisturbed area will be kept undisturbed using fish inland areas include fish sanctuary, spawning area, where by the depleted aggregating devices. mahaseer hatchery, pisci- clubs and stocks can be recovered in the estuary.  Enforcement of Inland Fisheries Act ranching of larvivorous fishes in drainage “Marine Bio Reserves” are zone In inland fisheries sector, the gears canals and other open waters for the where no fishing is allowed and fish stocks employed for fishing are classified into fixed biological control of mosquitoes. are maintained. They provide sustainable engine and free nets. In addition, people 1  Backwaters longevity of the inland fishing industry, often resort to usage of undesired  Marine Bio Reserve renewable fish stocks and an important destructive mode of catching fish like Conservation of natural stock of fish research focus”. Total out lay of the dynamiting, electric fishing, deposition of and other aquatic life is the most important proposal is 200 lakh rupees. The thoopum padalum etc. The law relating to way to sustain the Ashtamudi estuary for suggested locations are at Ashtamudi lake inland fishing in Kerala is contained in the present and future generation of region of Munro Island, Panayam and ‘Indian Fisheries ‘MadrasAmendmentAct- dependent people. The Wild Life Perayam as shown in Figure 3.4. 1927 and the Travancore- Cochin (protection) Act of India (1972) provides The Marine bio reserve will be Fisheries Act-1950. Kollam district comes legal protection to many aquatic animals. established in an area of about 2 sq. km under the preview Travancore-Cochin Chapter 4 of this Act, dealing with at the upper Kayal region of the Fisheries Act-1950. In order to exercise sanctuaries, National parks, game Ashtamudi lake in and around the the powers of the Travancore-Cochin reserves and closed areas is equally peeyamthuruth (palliyam thuruth) situated Fisheries Act-1950 and the Rules made applicable to marine reserve and marine in the middle of Perumon Kayal from there by the Department of Fisheries setup parks. where mud is excavated for the a backwater patrolling wing. Speed boats are provided with these wings. On annual basis a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs is needed for 2 the backwater patrolling.  Mangrove Afforestation Realizing the fact that destruction of mangroves is taking place at an alarming rate, it is necessary to implement programmes for afforestation of mangroves in selected locations or Grama Panchayas with a view to preserving bio diversity. Seedlings of selectedspecies will be raised in nurseries atAyiramthengu Government fish farm and will be planted in selected locations / Panchayats ensuring community participation at local level.  Fish Wealth Conservation through Removal of Stake Nets 3 The Ashtamudi estuary is subjected to high fishing pressures exerted by the unusual increase in the number of fixed and wandering gears. There were 918 Fig. 3.4 : Marine Bio-Reserve stake nets and 1283 Chinese dip nets in

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operation in the backwater. It is estimated dredge out about 100 cubic meters of sand and providing natural or artificial fish that on an average annual basis about / mud from the estuary. aggregating devices. The proposal is to 2000 tons of juveniles of Penaeid prawns  Silvo-Fisheries at Ayiramthengu establish a fish sanctuary at Kulathupuzha are indiscriminately filtered from the The recent trend in aquaculture is for protecting cold water fishes. Ashtamudi Kayal. Stake nets are also towards sustainability. One of the main  Mahaseer Hatchery at Kulathupuzha I operated during high tide period which sustainable alternative to coastal/ Indigenous species like Tor Mussallah is locally known “Ettam kettu”. aquaculture pond development associated are included in the category of endangered Indiscriminate interventionon this estuarine with mangroves is Silvo-Fisheries. It is a fishes. Measures to increase their environment is disturbing the migration of form of integrated mangrove tree culture resources need to be taken up by juvenile prawns also hampering the eco with brackish water aquaculture. Mangrove programmes like river ranching, culture, balance of the natural resources. It is tourism will help to imbibe awareness on establishment of sanctuary etc. proposed to remove all the stake nets mangrove conservation. InAyiramthengu At present there is only one hatchery operated near the bar mouth of we can explore the possibilities of for the cold water fish the one at Rajamala Ashtamudi estuary by providing mangrove and tourism. The harmonious in Munnar maintained by TATAGroup. The adequate compensation to stake owners. co-existence of tourism and nature will be production ofthe seeds of trout only is carried  Replacement of Kayal Latrines balanced through man education and out there. The present proposal envisages The dominating deleterious effect peoples’ awareness. The present to setting up a Mahaseer hatchery under resulting from the disposal of sewage to proposal is to bring the 39 ha area of public sector, at Kulathupuzha for the mass Ayiramthengu Govt. fish farm under the fold production of its seeds. rivers and estuaries is that of O2 depletion. This sometimes led to eutrophication and of Silvo-Fisheries.  Pisci- Clubs associated problems. In Kollam district there  Scheme for Controlling The Little Fishery resources are not II are over 10000 kayal latrines on the banks Cormorants Population to Prevent inexhaustible. Conservation of the natural of Kayamkulam lake, Karunagapally the Reduction of Fishery Wealth fisheries resources is a dire necessity of Vattakayal, T.S. canal,Ashtamudi estuary, The proposal aims to reduce 70% of the period. In the marine and brackish Kollam thodu, Paravur kayal and Edava the bird population from its present level of water sector the main problem arise due to Nadayara kayal. All these kayal latrines 1 lakh numbers. An incentive is given at pollution, over fishing and indiscriminate should be removed and replaced with the rate of Rs. 5 per bird for shooting down fishing. In inland sector the biodiversity is pucca septic tanks. So a total sanitation the bird with air gun. Thus the total out lay alarmingly declining due to a variety of scheme for the residents near the bank of of the proposal is estimated as 4 lakh reasons like obstruction of river courses, these water bodies is proposed. The LSGIs rupees which include the cost of air gun, regulation and diversificationof water flows, included are Alappad, Neendakara, bullets and training. The LSGIs covered damming, sand mining and habitat Chavara, Thekkumbhagom, Thevala- are Alappadu, Neendakara, Chavara, destruction, loss of riparian canopy cover, kkara, Thrikkaruva, Panayam, Munro- Thekkumbhagom, Thevalakkara, deforestation leading to soil erosion, illicit Island, Paravoor, Mayyanad, Thrikkaruva, Panayam, Munro Island, fishing etc. Trikkadavoor, Kollam, W.Kallada, Paravoor, Mayyanad, Thrikkadavoor, Lack of awareness regarding the Perayam, Karunagapally, Clappana, Kollam, W.Kallada, Perayam, necessity of conservation of fish stock III K.S.Puram, E.Kallada, Poothakkulam, Karunagapally, Clappana, K.S.Puram, among the new generation is a major Adichanalloor and Panmana. E.Kallada, Poothakkulam, Adichanalloor hurdle in the success of conservation  Dredging of Backwater and Panmana. efforts. These warrant a scheme for The depth of the Ashtamudi estuary,  Other Inland providing awareness to the younger shows a decreasing trend during the past  Fish Sanctuary at Kulathupuzha generation on various aspects of fishery decades. The reduction in depth is mostly Kerala is blessed with rich biodiversity and water resource conservation. Hence brought about by the deforestation of fish fauna. But recently many of these a scheme is proposed to organize pisci- activities taking place at the catchment fish species were categorized as critically clubs in the manner of Science or Nature areas, siltation, sediment deposition due to endangered, facing serious risks of clubs in all high schools of the district. The change in water current and current extinction in the wild. 31 species were listed scheme will be implemented by Jilla velocity, dredging of the sub fossil as endangered, 18 species were assessed Panchayat through Fisheries Department deposits etc. Large scale extraction of as vulnerable category and 13 species in association with Education Department. water from the rivers for the purpose were recorded as threatened. Serious  Ranching of Larvivorous fishes in of agriculture, irrigation, etc have efforts to protect the fish biodiversity are drainage canals and other open resulted in the drying up of Kallada needed in the case of these indigenous waters for the biological control of river during summer months whereby ornamental fishes and cold water fishes. mosquitoes 3 a steady elimination in the fish wealth In order to protect the threatened The introduction of larvicidal fishes in have taken place due to the habitat loss. species from extinction and to conserve water bodies where mosquitoes breed In order to maintain proper depth in the resources, fish sanctuaries need to be should definitely result in a very effective the backwaters dredging out of the developed at appropriate places where, control on thepopulation of the mosquitoes. already deposited sand/mud is essential. the existing stock is enriched by ranching In selection of the larvicidal fishes for such Immediately after that it is essential to

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 77 a control, preference is given to fishes with  Other Infrastructure: agro processing and traditional industries small size, breed frequently, have little food Proposals on ‘Other Infrastructure’ while giving thrust to IT and health service value and hardy enough to withstand the include setting up of feed mills, sectors through the creation of skilled difficult ecology of these swampy waters. establishment of inland fish landing centers, personnel.Accordingly the thrust areas are The guppies, gambusia and several establishment of boat berthing facilities, net developing agro based industries, indigenous fishes like danio, rasbora, mending unit, fisheries roads and strengthening and modernizing traditional I esomus, puntius etc have such qualities. establishment of guide lights. industries, developing health service It is proposed to ranch 5 lakh such Proposals for Fisher Folk Welfare industries and knowledge based industries larvicidal fishes in to the drainage canal Following are some of the proposals alongwithrequiredinterventioninhuman and other water bodies in the district to for fisher folk welfare. resource development. Proposals in this control the dreaded epidemics every year. Fishermen housing scheme, providing respect are briefed here under. The suggested locations are at Kollam land to landless fishermen, providing Proposals for Agriculture and Allied Corporation, Karunagapally, Paravoor assistance to fishermen house renovation, Processing Industries and Punalur. The proposal is linked with providing sanitation facilities to fishermen  Agro Bio Based Industries Health. houses, fishermen house electrification, Fairly a large number of people in Prop osals on In frastructu re roof top rain water harvesting For fisher Thevalakkara and West Kallada Grama Development house holds, saving cum relief scheme, Panchayats are depending upon coir Proposals for infrastructure sea rescue squad, educational concession industry for their livelihood. Coir pith development include infrastructure for to fisher folk, maintenance of dumped in bulk quantities in the coastal Marine Export Zone, marketing and for Karunagappally Regional Fisheries areas adversely affects the ecology of the research, extension and training. Technical High School, free ration to the locality. Research and studies conducted 1  Infrastructure for Marine Export Zone: fishermen of mechanized boats and allied by Coir Board has led to the utilisation of Proposals for Marine Export Zone worker at the fishing harbours during trawl coir pith for the production of briquettes, include infrastructurefor Thangassery port, ban period, kerosene subsidy for fishing, design doors, partition boards etc. It is modernisation of fishing harbours, fishermen development rebate on HSD oil, proposed to start an industrial unit at modernisation of fish pre processing providing LPG kit to OBM based marine Thevelakkara Grama Panchayat. centers, depuration units and value added plywood canoes, providing solar lamps to  Fish Processing fish products units. MPC’s, providing GPS and wireless sets In the present scenario, there is ample  Infrastructure for Marketing: to the small mechanised fishing vessel, scope for value added fish products. It is Proposals on infrastructure for providing assistance to fishermen for proposed to start 5 fish processing units marketing include modernisation of fish treatment of fatal diseases, fishermen old each in Kollam Corporation, Alappad, markets, establishment ofcold storages and age pension, fishermen group insurance Chavara, Karunagappally and cold chain, fish booths, economic scheme, fishermen personal accident Neendakara Grama Panchayats in line with empowerment of fisher women SHG’s insurance scheme, matsyafed input the suggestions of Fisheries sector. through the development of micro security scheme, providing subsidy to  Dairy Unit enterprises, providing insulated crates for suitable components of fishing gear, and According to the analysis of animal fish vending, vehicle for the fish vending scheme for motorisation of country craft. husbandry sector, the milk production in 2 women group, controlled atmosphere By the implementation of these the district is much lesser than the demand packing (CAP) units, cluster production developmental proposals as described in and the demand supply gap is filled by the centres, dried fish product making unit, sea a phased manner, the district will be in a neighboring States. Animal husbandry food restaurants, fish meal production unit, position to achieve nearly 1 Lakh ton fish sector has, therefore, recommended a mini fish silage production unit, ready to cook/ production at the end of 2015 and 2 lakh diary unit at Mynagappally Grama ready to fish product making unit, aqua/ ton at the end of 2022. This provides a Panchayat in Kollam District. fishery stores and live fish markets. livelihood to 0.5 lakh people directly in the  Milk processing unit with chilling  In frastruct ure fo r Research, year 2015 and 0.7 lakh people in the year plant Extension and Training: 2022. Over and above the key point According to the industries sectoral Proposals on infrastructure for suggested by the District Fisheries Policy analysis, it is seen that there is scope for a research, extension and training include as “Marine Export Zone” will be touched milk processing unit in the eastern parts of matsya vikjana kendram, establishment of even before the completion of the the district.Anchal in Kollam District (under new matsyabhavans and infrastructure implementation of the developmental the Multi Functional Zone) is an ideal facilities for the exiting matsyabhavans, suggestions and the District will attain the location for setting up milk processing unit model demonstration fish farm, status as the model fishery district in the with chilling plant facility. 3 establishment of fisheries research National level.  Food Processing Unit laboratory, fish quarantine and inspection 3.6 Industries Based on the sectoral analysis results, unit, strengthening of matsyabhavans as According to the district Industries it is proposed to set up 12 micro food knowledge centres for fishermen in coastal Policy, by 2021 Kollam has to be converted processing units. Of these 7 are suggested villages and aqua book shelves. into a destination of environment friendly atAlayamon,Edamulakkal, Pathanapuram,

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Yeroor, Kadakkal, Ummannur and A common facility service center as baskets, mats,cane furniture, handicraft Vettikkavala Grama Panchayats in Agro (CFSC) for dyeing of yarn and calendaring items etc. Raw materials for the Development Zone and 5 are suggested of cloth is proposed at Chathannoor for manufacturing of the above products are at Sooranad North, Sooranad South, the sustainable development of Handloom available in plenty in these areas. Thodiyoor, Kareepra and Kulakkada industry in Kollam District. Therefore raw material depot for collection I Grama Panchayats in Agro-Allied  Clay Based Industries and distribution of raw materials and Development Zone.The agriculture sector, Clay based industries have good scope training programmes in the manufacturing proposes for productivity improvement and in Kollam District. Taking advantage of this of attractive Handicraft items are proposed. promotion of banana cultivation and potential, it is decided to propose a clay There is scope for starting 5 units in pineapple cultivation etc. The agricultural based unit at Chathannoor for the each Panchayat totalling to 20 units in four products in increased quantity thus production of pottery items, flower pots, panchayats. produced can be processed in the food statues etc. The availability of clay in  Development of Existing Industries processing units suggested here. abundant quantities is the attraction of A large number of SSI units at  Flou r Mills and Curry Po wd er Chathannoor and nearby areas. Elampalloor, East Kallada, West Kallada Manufacturing Units  Value Added Cashew Kernel Unit and Perayam Grama Panchayats are There is ample scope for starting curry Kollam is the mother land of Cashew struggling hard for their existence. Most of powder units and flour mills in the Kernals in the world. The town of Kollam the above units are working with the Panchayat areas especially where has the scope of becoming atown of Export conventional type of machineries and other agriculture is prominent. The following Excellence for its cashew exports. As facilities. For the development of such units panchayats are ideal to start such units pointed out by Finance sector, the Non they have to switch over to CNC namely Alayamon,Anchal, Neduvathoor, Farm Sector shows maximum credit machineries and computer technology. If II Edamulakkal, Karavaloor, Kottarakkara, delivery due to high credit off take by such technologies are adopted, the quality Veliyam, Pathanapuram, Pattazhy, cashew exporters.Also there is a proposal of products can be improved and capacity Vadakkekkara, Pooyappally, Yeroor, for rehabilitation of 3000 ha of cashew of the unit can be increased. Chadayamangalam, Chithara, Elamadu, plantations by 2014 (Agriculture sector). At least 3 units each from the above Ittiva, Kadakkal, Thalavoor, Keeping this in mind, it is recommended four Grama Panchayats shall be identified Vilakkudy,Nilamel, Melila, Mylom, for setting up value added cashew kernel for which expansion proposal shall be Ummannur, Vettikkavala , Velinalloor in units in Panchayats like Elampalloor, prepared by District Industries Centre and addition to Punaloor Municipality. Ezhukone, Kalluvathulkkal, Kareepra, implemented with the support of financial Apart from these, large scale paddy Kunnathur and Pavithraeswaram. Institutions. Necessary training shall be processing centers are suggested in  Handloom Units given to the entrepreneurs at appropriate agriculture sector, in Grama Panchayats Setting up of 10 Handloom units in level by different agencies. of Kadakkal, Kottarakkara and Kollam District at strategic locations like  Development of Existing Industries Sasthamcotta.Also expeller units for value Kollam Corporation, Grama panchayats of and Starting of Micro Units addition of coconut are proposed. Chathannoor, Karunagappally, Kottara- Though Coir Mats and Mattings Prop osals fo r Stren gt hening and kkara, Kulathupuzha, Mayyanad, Pavith- Industrial Co Operative Society was III Modernizing Traditional Industries reswaram, Poruvazthy, Thodiyoor and registered at Poothakulam Panchayat, it  Mechanized Coir Manufacturing Units Paravur municipality is proposed. has not started production till date. Considering the availability of raw Infrastructural facilities like land, building material, ie, husk and other favorable etc are still available with the society. factors as evident from sectoral analysis, it Starting of industrial units with service of is suggested to set up coir manufacturing expert workers for the production of units one at Kulasekharapuram Panchayat attractive items from coir yarn is proposed. and the other at Paravur Municipality both Also micro units are proposed at Paravur in Sub Zone 4 of Special Development municipality and Kalluvathukkal Grama Zone.An extentof 50 cents ofland in each Panchayat. location shall be provided by the local body Proposals for Health Services for establishing the units. industries  Handloom Industry Renovation Centre Handloom - Pooyappally  Pu blic Medical Cen tre an d Bio Karunagappally, Kottarakkara and  Manufacturing of Bamboo Based Medical Industries Chathannoor are the main handloom Products and Handicrafts Items The number of hospitals with modern 3 centers in the District catering to the Pirvanthoor, Kulathuppuzha, facilities is growing day by day which domestic market suiting to the local tastes Thenmala and Aryankavu are the Grama require bio medical equipments. In this and preference. There are about 40 Panchayats located in the eastern part of context, there is ample scope for starting a working Handloom Co-operative Societies the District. The tribal people in these bio medical equipment manufacturing unit having 10000 (appxly.) registered areas are experts in the manufacturing of at Kollam. The unit is proposed at weavers with 6000 looms in Kollam District. bamboo and cane based products such Chathannoor Grama Panchayat.

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 Ayurvedic Medicine Manufacturing defunct at present due to financial problems. manufacturing at Oachira Grama Panchayat, Units Government has to take steps to revive a miniindustrial estate in the existing vacant Punalur is an ideal location for starting the unit in consultation with the land available with M/s. Vinayakar Ayurvedic medicine manufacturing units management. Handloom Weavers Industrial Co-op. due to the availability of raw materials,  Revival of Parvathy Mills Society at Nedugolam, setting up of coir yarn especially medicinal plants from There is a proposal for starting a large manufacturing units inpotential locations at I surrounding Panchayats. Skilled labours scale garment manufacturing unit at Chavara, Clappana, Karunagapally, in the manufacturing of various kinds of Parvathy Mills, Kollam by utilizing the Kulasekharapuaram, Munroe Island, ‘Lehyams’, ‘Tablets’,‘Arishtams’ and herbal infrastructural facilities available there. At Oachira, Panayam, Perinadu, and other oils are available in this area. present the mill is working under loss and Thekkumbhagom, Thevala-kkara, Prop osals f or Kn owledge b ased the capacity is not fully utilized. Since this Thrikkaruva and Thrikkadavoor Grama Industries and Services is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under Panchayats, light engineering units one The proposals include setting up of an National Textile Development Corporation, each at Elampalloor, Mynagappally, IT Park at Paravur in an extent of 5 Acres GOI and GOK shall take appropriate steps Ezhukone, Kalluvathukkal and Kareepra, of land and an IT park at Kundara. Also to start the new venture. setting up of two separate units for the entrepreneurship development training is  Revival of other Closed and Defunct manufacture of screw pine and straw picture proposed in the premises of District industries products one at Thrikkadavur Panchayt and Industries Centre, Kollam Corporation will Itisafactthat alargenumberofunits the other at Thazhava Panchayt, a note work like a sub centre of KIED. which are started under PMRY Scheme book manufacturing unit at Punalur Proposals to Revive and Diversify are either closed or defunct due to various municipality, establishing a large scale Closed Public Enterprises reasons such as lack of working capital, school bag manufacturing units one each at 1  Revival of Premo Pipre Factory mismanagement andinadequate marketing Punalur and Karunagappally, promoting M/s Premo Pipe Factory is located in of products etc. Industries Department shall wooden and steel furniture units in all an extent of 9.00 acres of land in Chavara identity revivable units from among the Panchayats/ Municipalities/Corporation in a Grama Panchayat. The land is adjacent to closed units with concrete proposals for phased manner, establishing a Rubber the N.H and very close to Kollam Town. revival. The Grama Panchayats of Wood Treatment Plant. Factory buildings having adequate space Alappad, Panmana, Chavara, In addition to the above, rubber based are available in the above premises. At Kulasekharapuram and Oachira shall units are proposed in the following Grama present Kerala Water Authority is sourcing provide necessary funds in the plan panchayats: Alayamon, Anchal, the entirequantity of PVC pipesfrom outside proposals for assisting the above said Aryankavu, Edamulakkal, Karavalur, agencies at exorbitantprices. Therefore this units. Yeroor, Chadayamangalam, Nilamel, Ittiva, unit canbe converted as aproduction centre Creating a Poo l of Skilled h uman Pattazhy, Pathanapuram, Piravanthur, of PVC pipes for Kerala Water Authority. resource Mylom, Kulakkada and Kummil. Setting up  Rehabilit ation of Alin d, Kerala Industrial units are on the look out for Food Parks are suggested at Grama Ceramics Travancore Chemicals trained personsfor providing employment. panchayats of Kundara, Karunagappally, M/s Alind, M/s Kerala Ceramics and Therefore job seekers having required Kottarakkara, Kollam Corporation, Paravur M/s Travancore Chemicals all located at qualifications need some experience in the and Punalur Municipalities. 2 Kundara in Kollam District are state owned relevant field to become employable. To Also cluster approach for development public sector enterprises. The industrial achieve this objective, the with common raw material banks, common policy of the state makes necessary entrepreneurship training centre set up in facility service centres, common marketing provisions for the revival of potentially the DIC premises, Kollam is proposed to centres, and common skill training centres viable sick public sector enterprises. function as a finishing school. Need based etc. are also suggested. Therefore the Technical Advisory training programmes will be conducted at AsfarasKollamisconcernedthrough Committee on Industries and Co-operation this centre as and when required. The the implementation of the said proposals discussed the above cases in detail and training programmes will be arranged in with effective forward and backward recommended to revive the above PSUs consultation with industry leaders and linkages between the primary, secondary in a period of 5 years. The existing Industrial Training Department. and tertiary sectors, considerable hype infrastructural facilities like land, building, It is also proposed to establish a Tool can be achieved in the Industrial sector in and machinery can be utilized for the Room Training Centre at Qet Cos the district by 2021. rehabilitation process. The rehabilitation premises, Umayanalloor. Quet-Cos is a co- 1.7 Health can be carried out by adopting operative Institution working under the According to the district health policy, modernization, diversification, privatization, administrative control of Industries by 2021 Kollam has to enhance the health 3 joint venture operation etc. Department. Training in ten batches of 50 status of the people of the District through  Revival of Pomsy Buiscuit Unit students each is proposed every year. preventive measures and by providing Pomsy, a private concern engaged in Others quality treatment through the three systems the manufacturing ofbiscuits, which comes Other major proposals include a small of medicines. The proposals evolved in under medium scale industry. The unit is Industrial Estate exclusively for toy tune with this are listed here under system

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wise. Thus altogether there are a lot of are to be newly attached as these are  Taluk Head Quarters Hospitals improvements required in the health sector common but essential. The facility at Taluk hospital Punalur particularly in the control of epidemics, life  Bed strength of the pain and palliative are proposed to be increased tothe status style diseases etc. which are linked with clinic atthe only District hospitalin Kollam of District Hospital since it is in a remote public hygiene and lot of awareness is Corporationistoberaisedfrom6to15 area where there is no specialty hospitals I essential for the people to prevent the which will give relief to the cancer in the nearby GPs covering Kulathupuzha, diseases rather than to cure. It is expected patients. Thenmala, Aryankavu, Anchal, Yeroor, that this can be achieved by the timely  Wo men an d Ch ild ren Ho sp it al Edamulakkal, Alayamon, Piravanthoor etc. implementation of these proposals. (Victoria Hospital) The following facilities have to be 1.7.1. Allopathy System of Victoria Hospital is the only hospital provided: Medicine exclusively for women and children in the  Bed strengthto be increased from 144 to Providing Existing Institutions with Government sector in the District. Present above 500. supportive infrastructure facilities: facilities and infra structures are insufficient,  5 storied building to be constructed with As per analyses, spatial distribution of taking into account the no. of patients O.P block at the bottom, investigation. hospitals is not uniform. Distribution of attending the institution. Facility in the 1st floor, theatre facility in hospitals therefore must be as per need The following facilities have to be the 2nd floor and I.P facility in the 3rd and especially focusing on remote areas. The provided: 4th floor. supportive infrastructure facilities for the  Bed strength should be increased from  Causality and trauma care unit. existing institutions are provided 273 to the status of Women and Children  New specialties like dermatology, ENT, accordingly. Hospital, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram Pediatrics andOphthalmology etc.  District Hospital and also the staff strength should be  Government Hospital II District Hospitalisone of themulti specialty increased according to bed strength . The only, new hospital in Govt. sector hospitals under Government sector. Even  Pre-operative and immediate post is proposed at Nedumpana. Presently it is then all specialties are not available operative ward with monitor facility is a TB centre. particularly, neurology, nephrology, essential.  Community Health Centres geriatrics, trauma care unit, etc. Though other  Equipments like ventilator, pulse Community Health Centres (CHC) has specialties are there, none of the units are in oxymeter, operation table, Boyle’s to be raised to Indian Public Health full swing due to lack of specialist doctors and apparatus are required. Standard (IPHS) status. None of the CHC paramedical staff proportional to patient  Separate theatre for operating septic is having full staff strength according to the strength. Also there is extremelack of modern cases, elective cases and emergency CHC pattern. This has to be rectified. In diagnostic facilities like MRI, Micro biology, cases is a necessity. addition to that the infra structure facilities Pathology Departments. In these  Anti natal, post natal ward is very old likeX-Rayunithavetobemadeavailable circumstances the following measures have and in dilapidated condition and needs and the lab facilities are to be improved. to be implemented. to be demolished and new construction Strengthening of primary and secondary  The bed strength to be increased is to be erected. level ofhealth institutions by wayof optimum according to OP strength. Present bed  Separate duty room for causality M.O use of RCH programmes and NRHM are III strength is 537. This is to be enhanced and general M.O. also required. to 750 or more. Thus proposal for  Separate ward for septic cases, isolation  Block Primary Health Centre enhancing the District Hospital to the ward and ward for emergency cases. For Block Primary Health Centre staff status of General Hospital with bed  Doctors room for male and female strength is to be increased according to strength of 750. (changing room) the staff pattern of the PHC. The lab facility  In all the departments the post of doctors  Separate changing room for all at block PHC level has to be enhanced. both general and specialists should be paramedical staff. 11 Block PHC’s of the District have to increased according to bed strength.  Additional sick room for paramedical staff. be raised to the status of the Community Proposal for posting of concerned  A separate canteen facility for staff. Health Centre. Modern investigative and specialists according to requirement in diagnostic facilities are to be implemented specialty hospitals avoiding gross in Block level hospitals of the district. At anomalies. present such facilities are available only at  Additional specialty departments like P. H. Lab attached to District Hospital. geriatrics, oncology, neurology, Strengthening of primary and secondary nephrology, trauma care should be level of Health Institutions by way of 3 added withsufficientspecialistdoctorsand optimum use of Reproductive Child Health paramedical staff. (RCH) programmes and National Rural  The diagnostic facilities to be improved Health Mission (NRHM) is also required. by establishing microbiology and  Mini Primary Health Centres pathology departments. In addition In all the 53 Mini PHC’s of the District, MRI facilities, Echocardiogram, EEG Victoria hospital - Kollam 24 hrs service delivery is to be

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 81 implemented. The staff pattern to be raised  Detection Camps Analyzer etc. to 2 M.O’s and 4 Staff nurse pattern. Detectioncampsaretobeconducted  Enhancement of Co-ordination between Provision to hire vehicle for conducting at LSGIs for life style diseases like Hyper health services and Local Self immunization session and effective tension, Diabetics, Heart diseases Governments to take up public health supervision and strengthening of primary covering all people above forty years of issues. and secondary levels of Health Institutions age utilizing Government fund and fund of  Existing unutilized buildings shall be I by way of optimum use of RCH LSGIs. utilized according to the need of the programmes and NRHM is also required. Proposals for occupational disease: respective institution like conducting  Sub Centre facilities  Cashew Workers conferences, meetings,health education There are 427 sub-centre in our Periodic detection camps for cashew classes etc. District including P.P units, of which 209 workers since prolapse of uterus is found  Timely release of sufficient funds for are functioning in Govt. building and 182 to be more prevalent among cashew proper implementation of works. in rented building. The facilities in the Govt workers. This can be done by LSGIs  Accredited SocialHealthActivists (ASHA) buildings have to as per rule, a population through near by Govt. Hospitals and concept under NRHM has to be of 5000 is required for for one sub centre. facilities at factories are to be improved. extended up to 2021 since their But at present in some areas population of The cashew workers should be involvement is there in all National about 10000 to 11000 exists for one sub provided with masks for preventing the programmes. centre. Hence 150 sub centres are newly entry of dust particles in to the lungs.  Linkages with other sectors: required in addition to the existing 427 sub Instead of the present method of shelling  The proposal for ranching of larvivorous centres. cashew nuts by sitting on the legs, proper fishes in drainagecanals and other open  Specialty Care raised plat forms should be provided so waters for the biological control of 1 There is one District TB Centre and that the workers can shell the cashew nuts mosquitoes as per Article 7.5 can be one T.B Hospital at Karunagappally. either bystanding or bysitting in a chair. linked with the health dept. Thesetwohospitalshavetobeconverted  Coastal Fishermen  The proposal for propagation to include to Hospitals for chest diseases with Among fishermen population, periodic leafy vegetables having iron content in improved facilities. screening camps should be conducted with the diet as perArticle 7.14;Social Welfare Public Health Lab : Diagnostic facility the help of LSGIs, for the detection of can be integrated with the Health Dept. in the public health lab is to be improved cancer of uterus and thyroid diseases. There are proposals for strengthening and the lab has to be converted to regional  Newly Emerging Diseases the women component of ICDS. The diagnostic Lab. Establishment of advanced Newly emerging diseases like nutrition component may be facilities like cytopathology, microbiology Chikungunya, dengue, lepto , spirosis etc strengthened by imparting awareness at and pathology is proposed in the public are on the increase. Early detection facility Sub centre levelwhich can be achieved health laboratory at District. should be available in block level through co-ordination ofHealth and social Cancer Care: A separate wing for laboratories. Awareness camps should be welfare Dept. As suggested, specialty cancer detection with treatment facility shall conducted at ward level. Such diseases departments including geriatrics have be attached to District Hospital .The facility and other communicable disease like been provided inthe District Hospital. at the palliative care at CHC Neendakara diarrhea are associated with improper 1.7.2. Ayurveda System of Medicine 2 has to be improved. waste management. Hence there is Requirements A separate Ophthalmic Institute will necessity of proper waste management  District Medical Office have to be started in the District due to system which is to be provided by the Local District Medical Office (ISM), Kollam high incidence of cataract cases and other bodies, especially in existing urban local has to be modernized with conference hall, ocular diseases. bodies of Kollam Corporation, Punalur and video conferencing facilities, modern Prop osals for Disease Preven tive Paravur Municipalities - and future urban equipments etc.ADistrict medical store has Measures: centers like Karunagappally, Kottarakkara to be attached to this Office.  Awareness Programmes andAnchal as well.  District Ayurveda Hospital, Kollam In remote hilly and tribal areas  Other proposals DistrictAyurveda Hospital, Kollam has immunization is incomplete. Drop out cases  Establish mobile Hospital units with all to be immediately upgraded and bed are more in these areas and hence possible modern facilities and specialist strength raised to 500 in general sector periodic additionalimmunization camps and to reach the tribal areas of Piravanthur, with specialty wards for Marma, awareness programmes need to be Aryankav, Kulathupuzha and Thenmala Panchakarma, Visha, Netra, conducted in these areas. Separate Mobile  Periodic maintenance of Hospitals and Kaumarabhrithya and Prasooditantra with units with sufficientfacilities should be made equipments are proposed for improving fifty bed strength each. Following are the 3 available in these areas (Kulathupuzha, the service delivery system. Facility for other requirements of District Ayurveda Thenmala, Aryancavu, Piravanthur etc). assessing the quality of equipments is Hospital: Awareness camps are to be organized at also proposed Service contract shall be Special pay wards with 100 rooms, ward level for control of both communicable ensuring along with purchase of deluxe pay wards with 50 rooms, hi-tech and non-communicable disease. equipments like EEG, CT scan, Auto Panchakarma Theatre, mini operating

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Karunagappally, Poruvazhy, Kunnathur available plants. Thus the hardship of and Nedumpana Grama Panchayats are collection of rare species of plants could proposed to be strengthened as follows: be rectified to a small extent, at the same Bed strength of the hospitals is to be time enhance the quality of medicines that increased to 150 each, medical officer are used in Government Ayurveda I specialized in kayachikitsa and marma is hospitals and dispensaries. to be appointed in all the five hospitals, X-  Medicine manufacturing Unit ray, clinical laboratory, physiotherapy and A medicine manufacturing unit can be Government Ayurveda hospital - Asramam, Kollam telephone facilities are to be provided. installed adjacent to the cultivation unit. theatre, ultra sound scan, digital X-ray unit,  Government Ayurveda Dispensaries Products from this institution can be utilized clinical lab with pathologist, ambulance, staff Government Ayurveda dispensaries at for the larger needs of patients and other quarters, physiotherapy unit, recreation Kannanalloor, Kottamkara, Srayikkad, beneficiaries approaching Government facility, canteen service, patient waiting Thrikkadavoor, Kuzhikkalidavaka, Ayurveda institutions. lounge with purified drinking water, toilet Chavara and Vadakkevila are to be The above two units can be controlled and recreation facilities, staff training facility, upgraded to 50 bedded hospitals. and administered by separate authorities geriatric centre, research and development  Government Ayurveda Dispensaries who are under the District Medical Office. wing. now functioning in Tribal areas The medicines produced in this factory can  Government Ayurveda Hospital, Government Ayurveda dispensaries be supplied in the hospitals and Ayoor are now functioning in tribal areas at the dispensaries with a view of availing good The Government Ayurveda Hospital, following places: Thenmala, Achencoil, quality medicine at reasonable price. The Ayoor situated in Edamulakkal Grama Kulathupuzha and Yeroor. Among them income thus generated can be utilized for II Panchayat shall be strengthened with the Government Ayurveda Dispensary, the development purpose of each following: Bed strength is to be increased Thenmala may be upgraded to 150 bedded institution. to 200 in general sector, Panchakarma, hospital envisaging the regional demand.  Manufacture of Ayurveda Medicines marma, visha specialty units with 20 beds  Construction of own building for Now Oushadhi is the sole supplier of each, X-ray unit, clinical laboratory, Ayurveda dispensaries Ayurveda medicines to Ayurveda physiotherapy and separate Panchakarma GovernmentAyurveda dispensaries in Department. This system leads to frequent theatre for male and female, staff quarters, places like Eravipuram, Cherukarakani, shortage of medicine to the Ayurveda pay ward and telephone facilities etc. Mundrothuruth, Piravanthoor, Kundara, Institutions. In order to rectify the defects  Government Ayurveda Hospital, Elampalloor, Chathannoor, Srayikkad, in the timely supply of medicines, district Paravoor Achencoil, Chadayamangalam, Chithara, level manufacture and supply of medicines In the Government Ayurveda hospital Kareepra, Devikulangara, Panayam is to be introduced and this should be in Paravoor Grama Panchayat, following Perayam, Umayanalloor, Thamarakkudy brought under thecontrol of the Department improvements are suggested - Bed are now functioning either in rented of IndianSystems of Medicine. strength is to be increased to200 in general building or buildingwith insufficient facilities.  Control and supervision of Private sector, Marma, panchakarma and So new buildings are to be constructed to Ayurveda Institutions III manasika (Psychiatry) specialties are to house these Ayurveda Dispensaries at the Control and supervision of private be introduced, X-ray unit shall be provided, respective Grama Panchayats. Ayurveda institutions and massage clinical laboratory shall be provided, pay  Starting of new AyurvedaDispensaries institutions through a licensing system is to ward and telephone facilities are to be Induction of either Ayurveda be introduced to control the illicit method of provided, staff quarters etc dispensary or hospital with I.P facilities is private Ayurveda institutions.  Government Ayurveda Hospital, proposed to support the public health  Prevention, Treatment and Creation Thalavoor system in Kulashekarapuram, Sooranad of Public awareness of Epidemics Following improvements are North, Vettikkavala, Melila, Vilakkudi, and Communicable diseases suggested GovernmentAyurveda Hospital Pattazhi Vadakkekkara, Pathanapuram, A permanent solution for the newly at Thalavoor. Pooyappally, Neduvathoor, Poothakkulam, emerging diseases like dengue fever, Bed strength to be increased to 200 in Kalluvathukkal, Elamadu, Nilamel and leptospirosis, chikunguniya etc and other general sector, marma, panchakarma Pattazhi Grama Panchayats. seasonal viral diseases is to be specialties are is to be introduced, X-ray Development at a glance established. A district level unit with all unit, clinical laboratory, pay ward and  Medicinal Plant cultivation Unit emergency medicines with a team of telephone facilities are to be provided An area of nearly 10 acres of fertile medical officers and other required  Government Ayurveda hospitals at 3 land where water for irrigation is available employees to assist them is to be made Ko tt arakkara, Karu nagap pally, (preferably in Thenmala adjacent to forest) readily available on call on any spot at Po ru vazhy, Ku nn ath ur and may be acquired and medicinal plant any time in the district. It should be Nedumpana cultivated for the purpose of manufacturing managed and guided by the District The five Government Ayurveda ayurvedic medicines. Here we can Medical Officer. Hospitals are at Kottarakkara, cultivate the most wanted and most rarely Detection camps for life style disease

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 83 like hyper tension, diabetes and other development and modernization of the research unit. occupation related ailments should be existing institutions.  Taluk/Urban Head Quarters Homoeo conducted at the regional and local body As evident from the concept of Homoeo Hospital levels. It is to be mainly concentrated on sector it is essential to concentrate in the Government homoeo hospital highly populated areas and dwellings of area of providing new institutions. Two Karunagappally and Government homoeo workers like cashew workers, fishermen, Taluk Head quarter Hospital at Kunnathur hospital Punalur are the only functioning I coir workers, agriculture workers etc. In and Kottarakkara, an Urban Head Quarter hospitals atTaluk/ Municipal level. Providing view of this, places like coastal areas, hospital at Paravur, Community Homoeo land and building and other facilitieswill help lakeside areas and other interior areas of Hospital atAnchal, Kadakkal, Mayyanad, the institutions to serve the suffering the district namely Achencoil, Aryankavu, Chavara, Chathannoor, Anchalummood, humanity to the best of their ability. Kulathupuzha, Thenmala and Anchal can Oachira, Vettikkavala and homoeo  Government Homoeo Dispensaries be given preference. dispensaries in 41Grama Panchayats are These dispensaries are providing  Health Tourism the new institutions to be provided. medical care facilities in general and Ayurveda can be effectively marketed  Propo sal f or Developmen t and weekly mother and child, geriatrics and through the fast growing health tourism Mo dern izat ion o f Existing specialist care as per the requirement of concept and can be linked to Tourism as Institutions the area. Improving the existing condition mentioned in Chapter 49; Tourism.  District Medical Office will create greater ambience and will help However the licensing of such facilities in Reviewing the sectoral analysis report, a greatdeal in providing better health care both public and private sectors shallbe done in Government sector it is seen that the facilities at the grass root levels. by the Directorate of ISM. Construction of existing institutions like the District Medical Proposal for Coordinated Functions of pay wards, deluxe rooms and providing Office, District Homoeo Hospital, Taluk Three Systems of Medicine 1 world class facilities are imperative. Hospital in Karunagappally, Municipal While thinking about better community General development proposals in view Hospital in Punalur, 31 rural and 6 urban health, the present approach of watertight of up-gradation of existing Government dispensaries has to be developed and compartmentalisation of the three systems Ayurveda hospitals modernized to bring out their full potential of medicineis detrimental to easy and early This basically includes up gradation of to the maximum benefit and delight of the achievements. In Kerala, health institutions number of beds in District Ayurveda suffering humanity. from primary health centres to district Hospital, Kollam, Government Ayurveda The central controlling unit of the hospitals of the three systems of medicine Hospitals at Paravoor, Thalavoor, Ayoor, Department of Homoeopathy in the District have already been transferred to the Kottarakkara,Karunagappally, Poruvazhy, is currently functioning in the first floor of LSGIs. The functions and functionaries are Kunnathur and Nedumpana and District Homoeo Hospital. To carry out its also transferred. The LSGIs have to work Government Ayurveda Dispensaries at wide range of activities with maximum out locally suitable action plans considering Kannanalloor, Kottamkara, Srayikkad, effectiveness the district medical office is to the infrastructure support and human Thrikkadavoor, Kuzhikkalidavaka, be provided with land, building and other resource in these three systems of Chavara and Vadakkevila. infrastructure facilities. medicine. For example some LSGIs can 1.7.3. Homeopathy System of  Kollam District Homoeo Hospital take up initiatives in housing the three Medicine This major referral unit of all Homoeo systems of medicines under common roof 2 Providing Institutions with supportive institutions in the district shall be equipped so that the patients can access disciplines infrastructure facilities: with minimum bedstrength of 100 providing of their choice. This will also strengthen  Providing New Institutions OP/IP medical care facilities in general as the coordinated treatment efforts of the To bridge the major gap identified in well as in pediatric, gynecological, geriatric, three systems of medicine and ultimately the sectoral analysis report ie, “ lack of life style diseases, pain and palliative, improve the quality of health services institutions” new dispensaries in 41 mother and child health care. Separate delivery mechanism. panchayats, community homoeopathy wing for mental health research is also 1.8. Drinking Water hospitals in 13 blocks and 3 taluk/urban provided. Mental health, de-addiction and The District Drinking Water and head quarter hospitals has to be started in rehabilitation center in separate block with Sanitation Policy 2021 aims to provide a phased manner. Lab facilities attached to in the corporation limit under the control of sufficient drinking water and sanitation all hospitals, computer with internet District research unit with minimum bed facilities, vehicles to carry out mobile clinics strength of 10, shall function. Additional at the outskirts are necessities that cannot block and pay wards shall function as per be over looked. Existing institutions shall the requirement. Full-fledged lab and be uplifted and modernized for achieving updated diagnostic facilities shall render 3 their full out put. their services. Specialty clinic for thyroid, To fulfill the aim, activities are being cancer, allergy, arthritis, occupational and proposed on yearly basis from 2008 to life style diseases shall function in different 2021 for infrastructure development. This parts of Kollam Corporation under the is done by providing new institutions, control of District hospital and District Water tank - Asramam, Kollam

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facilities in the district while assuring can be achieved through soil conservation achieving 100% water supply coverage sustainability of water resources in the measures. These works are to be by area with 70 – 100 lpcd supply level of district. In line with the policy, a series of executed by Soil Conservation Dept. potable water by 2021 is satisfied. The proposals for source improvement, water Surface water sources to be improved proposals include supply schemes and proposals for through soil conservation can be prioritized  Rural Water SupplyScheme toAyoor in I sanitation are drafted. based on the outcomes of analysis of Edamulakkal Grama Panchayat - Source Proposals for Source Improvement severity index and water scarcity. The improvement  Prop osals f or Imp rovemen t of common LSGIs whichare severely affected  Water Supply Scheme to Kadakkal Ground Water Sources: by water scarcity, distance to water source Grama panchayat for extension of water One major source of drinking water in >0.5 Km and insufficient water supply supply pipe lines Kollam District is ground water. The number facilities are given top priority.  Water Supply Schemeto Kummil Grama of existingtube wells itself is an indicator for  Proposals for Rain Water Harvesting Panchayat -Extension of water supply this. However the over exploitation of the It was reported that the rain water pipe lines ground water has created an imbalance harvesting can be adopted at very remote  Water Supply Scheme to Chithara between withdrawal and recharging of areas and isolated pockets where it is very Grama Panchayat - Extension of water ground water. This situation has resulted in difficult or uneconomical to provide safe supply pipe lines the exhausting of ground water source. drinking water through the conventional  Water Supply Schemeto Nilamel Grama Hence now it is the time to think about and traditional methods. The proposal is Panchayat - Extension of water supply replenishing of ground water. Coastal areas to provide rainwater harvesting units for pipe lines of Kollam districtmainly depends on ground eligible families or clusters where no other  Water Supply Scheme to Kadakkal water sources. Once the water supply source of water is available. In Kollam such II Grama Panchayat -Rehabilitation of schemes based on river water is highly isolated areas are rare and hence existing damaged pipes implemented in these Grama Panchayats, it rain water harvesting system as role  Water Supply Scheme to Kadakkal is possible to isolate some areas where the source of water is not required on a Grama Panchayat -Construction of number of tube wells can be reduced to a community level. However such schemes OHSR minimum and the existing tube wells can be canberesortedincombinationwithother  Water Supply Scheme to Kadakkal, used for the recharging of ground water by sources and also in source of water in Kummil, Nilameland Chadayamangalam connecting them to the aquifer. emergency situations. The proposal Grama Panchayats - Augmentation of  Prop osals f or Imp rovemen t of includes selection of beneficiary and the existing scheme Surface Water Sources in General: construction of rainwater harvesting units  Water SupplySchemetoElamadu Grama  Proposals for Check dams for the individuals. Panchayat - Extension of water supply It was reported that the availability of  Proposals for Non conventional pipe lines fresh water from rivers will be in a threat Sources of Water  Water Supply Scheme to Ummannoor due to over extraction and steps to ensure Thevastareaofbackwatersavailable Grama Panchayat -Extension of water the sustainability of the river sources is the in Kollam district can be converted into supply pipe lines need of the hour. It is required to provide fresh water lakes with artificial means of  Water Supply Scheme to III check dams and reservoirs at possible separation with seawater, after necessary Chadayamangalam Grama Panchayat locations acrossAchencovil river, Kallada techno-economic feasibility studies, EIA, - Source improvement River and Ithickara river to safe guard the geographical and morphological studies.  Augmentation BAWSS to Kundara and interest of public drinking water system. Proposals for Water Supply Schemes adjoining Grama Panchayats and The priority areas include Velinallur 22 LSGIs including Neendakara, augmentation of RWSS in Ezhukone (Atturkonam in Ithikkara River), Kulakkada Chavara, Panmana, Oachira, Clappana, Grama Panchayat (Madathanampuzhakadavu in Kallada Karunagappally and Alappad Grama  Augmentation ofARWSS to Kulakkada River, Nedumpana (Kundumon in Ithikkara Panchayats under TEAP and Elampalloor, and Pavithreswaram in Kulakkada River), Chathannur (Kattachal in Ithikkara Kottarakkara, Melila, Kundara, Perayam, Grama Panchayat River), Kalluvathukkal(Aduthala in Ithikkara East Kallada, Kareepra, Kulathupuzha,  Augmentation BAWSS to Kundara and River), Mylom (Andaman Kadavu in Eroor, Ittiva, Anchal, Alayamon, Kallada River), Kulathupuzha (Mylammodu Pavithreswaram and Mylom under in Kallada River), Edamulakkal (Peringallor NABARD Schemes and Kollam in Ithikkara River), Chadayamangalam Corporation under KSUDP will satisfy the (Poongodu in Ithikkara River), Poruvazhy criteria of achieving 100% water supply 3 (Edakkadu in Pallikal River), Punalur coverage by area, with 70 – 100 lpcd Municipality (Muttathukadavu in Kallada supply level of potable water by 2021. River) and Sooranadu North (Parakkadavu The remaining LSGIs are targeted for in Pallickal River). source improvement, rehabilitation and  Proposals for Soil Conservation extension of pipe lines etc. There are new Improvement in surface water sources proposals as well, so that the target of Water tank under construction - Mayyanadu

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adjoining Grama Panchayats,  RWSS to Kalluvathukkal Grama Source improvement and extension of improvements to existing schemes and Panchayat – Source improvement, pipe line proposal for mini water supply scheme rehabilitation and extension of pipe line  WSS to Thalavoor Grama Panchayat – for Neduvathoor Grama Panchayat  Proposal for conservation of New proposal  Augmentation of JBIC assisted Water Sasthamcotta Lake  WSS to Pattazhy Grama Panchayat – supply scheme to Meenad and adjoining  Water Supply scheme to Poruvazhy Source improvement and extension of I Villages (Kerala Water Supply Proposal) GramaPanchayat–Source improvement pipe line for Pooyapally Grama Panchayat and extension of pipe line  WSS to Pattazhy VadakkekaraGrama  Augmentation of RWSS to Velinalloor  Water Supply schemeto Sooranad North Panchayat – Source improvement and Grama Panchayat Grama Panchayat – Source extension of pipe line  Augmentation of JBIC assisted Water improvement  WSS to KaravaloorGrama Panchayat – supply scheme to Meenad and adjoining  Water Supply scheme to Kunnathoor New proposal Villages (Kerala Water Supply Proposal) Grama Panchayat– Source  RWSS to Vettikkavala Grama Panchayat for VeliyamGrama Panchayat improvement –Augmentation works.  RWSS to Thrikkovilvattom Grama  Water Supply scheme to Mynagappally Proposals for Sanitation  Proposals for Sewerage System Panchayat – Source improvement, Grama Panchayat – Source LSGIs coming under Multi Functional rehabilitation and extension of pipe line improvement Zones are considered for proposing new  RWSS to Kottiyam - Perayam in  Water Supply scheme to Sasthamcotta sewerage system. The design population Mayyanadu (Part), Adichanallur (Part) Grama Panchayat – Source is takenas the proposed populationof 2021 and Thrikkovilvattom (Part)Grama improvement and extension of pipe line as given in Annexure 12 and 13 of IDDP Panchayats– Source improvement and  Water Supply scheme to Sooranad 1 for arriving at sewerage plant capacity and rehabilitation SouthGrama Panchayat – Source other details.  RWSS toMayyanad Grama Panchayat improvement and extension of pipe line – Source improvementand extension of  Proposals for Integrated Low Cost  Water Supply scheme to Thevalakkara pipe line Sanitation (ILCS) for Urban areas Grama Panchayat – Source  RWSS to Kottamkara Grama Panchayat In areas where the sewerage system improvement and rehabilitation – Sourceimprovement, rehabilitation and cannot be covered, there is scope to cover  Water Supply scheme to extension of pipe line the households and other public places Thekkumbhagom Grama Panchayat –  RWSS to Munroe Island Grama under ILCS. For this the urban local body Source improvement and rehabilitation Panchayat – Source improvement and has to prepare Detailed project Report and  Water Supply scheme to Thazhava rehabilitation submit to the GOI through GOK. The Grama Panchayat – Source  RWSS to Thrikkaruva Grama Panchayat funding is purely based on the DPR. improvement and extension of pipe line – Sourceimprovement and rehabilitation  Proposals for Community latrines  Water Supply scheme to  RWSS to Perinadu Grama Panchayat The community latrines are to be ThodiyoorGrama Panchayat – Source – Sourceimprovement and rehabilitation constructed in habitats where individual improvement and extension of pipe line  RWSS to Panayam Grama Panchayat latrines are not feasible. LSGIs have to  Water Supply scheme to 2 – Source improvementand extension of identify such places and community latrines Kulasekharapuram GramaPanchayat – pipe line have to be constructed. Source improvement and extension of  RWSS to Thrikkadavoor Grama  Proposals for Ecosans pipe line Panchayat – Source improvement, As mentioned in the sectoral analysis,  Water Supply scheme to West Kallada rehabilitation and extension of pipe line the water logged areas in Grama Panchayat – Source  RWSS to Paravoor Municipality – Source Thekkumbhagom, Chavara, Neendakara, improvement and extension of pipe line improvement, rehabilitation and Thevalakkara, Panamana, Trikkadavooor, extension of pipe line  ARP- ARWSS to Pathanapuram Grama Thrikkaruva, Mynagapally, Karunagapaly,  RWSS to Adichanalloor Grama Panchayat –Extension of pipe line West Kallada, East Kallada, Perayam, Panchayat– Source improvement and  ARP- ARWSS to ThenmalaGrama Munroe Thuruth and hilly areas of rehabilitation Panchayat – Source improvement Thenmala, Piravanthur and Aryankavu  RWSS to Chathannoor Grama  ARP- ARWSS to Ariyamkavu Grama are areas where Ecosans are suggested. Panchayat– Source improvement and Panchayat – Source improvement and  Proposals for Information, rehabilitation extension of pipe line Education and Communication (IEC)  RWSS to Poothakulam Grama  R.W.S.S. toVilakkudi Grama Panchayat Awareness creation is a continuous Panchayat– Source improvement and – Source improvementand extension of process for keeping the sustainability of 3 extension of pipe line pipe line sanitation and also to address new  RWSStoChirakkara GramaPanchayat–  R.W.S.S. to Piravanthoor Grama challenges in this realm. The essential Source improvement and extension of Panchayat – Extension of pipe line areas inviting immediate attention are solid pipe line  U.W.S.S. to Punalur Municipality – and liquid waste management.

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Other Proposals linkages of the concept with the  Qu alit y Mon it orin g Pro gram - development concepts of other ‘production Setting up of Labs sectors’ and the detailing of the major In order to ensure safe water supply a proposals planned with a perspective to close monitoring of the quality of water the year 2021. I being used by all class of consumers shall As per the District Development be in built with the system. It is expected Concept, a broad transportation network that the recent proposals under is derived and which is further elaborated Bypass (Kallumthazham - Mevaram), Kollam implementation in Kollam District will ensure for theentire district to achieve the objective the supply of adequate quantity of water defined in the Policy Statement. of the Main Central (M.C.) road (SH 1), for the majority of the District population. Roads the 30.3 Kilometres long portion of the After achieving quantity standards the The ‘Proposed Road Network’ consists Thiruvananthapuram – Shenkotta (T.S.) question of quality will arise. Hence it is of roads classified under National road (SH 2), the 13.80 Kilometres long necessary to set up a comprehensive Highways, State Highways, Primary portion of the Punalur – Muvattupuzha laboratory for testing and confirming the roads, Secondary roads and Tertiary (P.M.) road (SH 7), the 7.05 Kilometres presence of any pollutant/contaminates roads. long portion ofAdoor – Sasthamkotta road including heavy metals, pesticides and  National Highways (NH): (SH 37), the 7.30 Kilometres long portion chemicals in the water being supplied. National Highways provide inter-state of the Ayoor – Punalur road (SH 48) and The proposal includes establishing a and inter-district connectivity. It is proposed the 23.50 Kilometres long portion of comprehensive laboratory for testing the to upgrade the standards of National Varkala - Parippally – Madathara road (SH water and waste water parameters. The Highways to meet the future requirements 64). II beneficiaries are the entire population in by providing a Right of Way of 30 metres, The State Highways proposed are: Kollam District. The unit can be established with 4-lane carriageway of lane width 3.75  Nilamel – Ayoor – Kottarakkara – at Kottarakkara, a multi functional zone, metres and service roads of 3.75 metres Kulakkada road equidistant from all parts of Kollam District. each. The LSGIs enroute are at Nilamel,  Rep lacin g railway crossing for The existing National Highways in the Chadayamangalam, Edamulakkal, Alappad, Clappana, Oachira and district are 57 kilometres of the Ummannoor, Vettikkavala, Melila, Karunagappally Kannyakumari - Salem NH -47, 5 Kottarakkara, Mylom and Kulakkada The railway crossing in the LSGIs of kilometres of the NH -47 Bye-pass and 81 Grama Panchayats. Period of Alappad, Clappana, Oachira and kilometres of the Kollam – Thirumangalam implementation is from 2007 – 2012. Karunagappally are of MS casing pipe NH -208. The National Highway newly  Ayoor – Anchal – Punalur – which may last for 10 to 15 years as per the proposed is the NH -220 (Kollam – Theni) Pathanapuram road estimate of railway authorities. Hence it will whose alignment within Kollam district is The LSGIs enroute are at be required to replace them by 2021. The yet to be finalised. Edamulakkal,Anchal, Karavaloor, Punalur, three railway crossings under this works  The alignment recommended by IDDP Piravanthur and Pathanapuram Grama are at Erezha, Krishnapuram and Oachira. for the Kollam – Theni NH -220 is: Panchayats. Period of implementation is III Through the implementation of the Kollam (Chemmamukku) – from 2007 – 2012. proposals in the drinking water sector, at Kannanalloor – Kundara – Chittumala –  Pariappally – Nilamel – Madathara road the cost estimated on rates prevailing at Kadapuzha – Bharanikkavau – Adoor. The LSGIs enroute are at 2008, it is envisaged that sufficient quantity The LSGIs along the alignment Kalluvathukkal, Nilamel, Kadakkal and of water in the supply level of 70 to 100 locations for the proposal are Kollam Chithara Grama Panchayats. Period of lpcd can be made available to the Corporation and Thrikkovilvattom, implementation is from 2012-2017. population of Kollam district by 2021. Elampalloor, Kundara, Perayam, East  Kulathupuzha – Madathara – Chithara With all the discussed interventions in Kallada, West Kallada, Sasthamcotta, road the sector of sanitation 100% coverage of Mynagappally, Poruvazhy, Sooranad The LSGIs enroute are at HHL, public latrines and appropriate waste North Grama Panchayats. Period of Kulathupuzha and Chithara Grama management system will become possible implementation is 2012 – 2021. Panchayats. Period of implementation is by 2021. This will directly improve the  State Highways (SH): from 2012-2017. health standard of the district. It is implied State Highways provide inter-district as  Bharanikkavu –Adoor road that special provisions shall be provided well as intra-district connectivity. It is The road passess through the for the drinking water and sanitation proposed to upgrade the standard of the Poruvazhy Grama panchayat. Period of Implementation is from 2007-2012. 3 facilities in the Multi Functional and Special State Highways tomeet future requirements Development Zones. and for easy upgradability, by providing a  Primary Roads (PR): 1.9. Infrastructure Right of Way of 30 metres with 4-lane Primary roads are proposed to provide st The development proposals carriageway of 3.75 metres each. connectivity between 1 Order Nodes and encompasses the concept developed for The existing State Highways in the Junctions. The Right of Way proposed for infrastructure facilities in Kollam district, the district are the 36.70 kilometres long portion primary roads is 21 metres with 4-lane

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 87 carriageway of 3.75 metres each. Ittiva,Anchal, Yeroor and Thenmala Grama station and Karunagappally station are The proposed Primary roads are: Panchayats. Period of implementation is proposed.  Tangassery Harbour – Paravur – from 2012-2017. Work on the gauge conversion of the Chathannur road  Tertiary Roads (TR): Kollam - Madurai Metre Gauge line to The LSGIs enroute are at Kollam Tertiary roads are proposed to provide broad gauge is going on. With completion corporation, Mayyanad Grama panchayat connectivity between 3rd Order Nodes and of this proposal the tourism potential of this I and Paravur municipality. Period of Junctions and other roads. The Right of route can be utilised in a better way. implementation is from 2007-2017. Way proposed for Tertiary Roads is 12 Improvement of facilities and development  Chathannoor – Velinalloor –Ayoor road metres with 2-lane carriageway of 3.75 of the Kundara station, Kottarakkara The LSGIs enroute are at Chathannur, meters each and two-wheeler tracks on station, Punalur station and Thenmala Adichanallur, Pooyappally, Velinalloor, either side. station are proposed. Edamulakkal and Elamadu Grama The proposed Tertiary roads are: Feasibility of railway links connecting panchayats. Period of implementation is  Bharanikkavu – Kottarakkara – Tangassery Harbour and KMML at from 2007-2012. Pooyappally – Kurissummoodu jn. road Chavara to the main line can also be  Kottiyam – Kannanalloor – Kundara – The LSGIs enroute are Sasthamcotta, explored to facilitate easy transhipment of Bharanikkavu – Karunagappally road Poruvazhy, Kunnathur, Pavithreswaram, cargo from these locations. The LSGIs enroute are at Mayyanad, Kulakkada, Mylom, Neduvathoor,  Inland Navigation Adichanalloor, Thrikkovilvattom, Kottarakkara, Ummannoor, Veliyam and The proposed Inland Navigation Elampalloor, Kundara, Perayam, East Pooyappally Grama Panchayats. Period Network consists of the portion of the Kallada, West Kallada, Sasthamcotta, of implementation is from 2012-2017. Kollam – Kovalam State Waterway from Mynagappally and Thodiyoor Grama  Kottarakkara – Mylom – Pattazhy – Ashtamudi Lake to Nadayara Lake via the 1 panchayats. Period of implementation is Pathanapuram road Kollam Canal, Eravipuram Lake, Paravur from 2007-2012. The LSGIs enroute are Kottarakkara, Lake and Maniyankulam Canal. There is  Secondary Roads (SR): Mylom, Pattazhy Thekkekara, also the Kollam – Kottappuram National Secondary roads are proposed to Vadakkekara and Pathanapuram Grama Waterway No.III from Kollam Boat Jetty via provide connectivity between 1st Order Panchayats. Period of implementation is Ashtamudi lake, Chavara canal, Kannettil Nodes and Junctions and 2nd Order Nodes from 2007-2012. canal and Kayamkulalm canal. and Junctions. The Right of Way proposed  Anchal – Kulathupuzha– Thenmala road Development of the National Waterway for Secondary roads is 16 metres with 2- The LSGIs enroute are Anchal,Yeroor, No.III opens up possibility of transportation lane carriageway of 3.75 metres each with Kulathupuzha and Thenmala Grama of cargo and passenger service boats. It provision for 2.25 metres wide parking Panchayats. Period of implementation is also offers immense possibilities for bays near junctions and settlements. from 2017-2021. attracting tourists with the Ashtamudi lake The proposed Secondary roads are:  Railways being the centre of lake Tourism.The main  Chavara – Sasthamkotta road Kollam district is catered to by the industrial centres like KMML and IRE can TheLSGIsenroutearePanmana, Ernakulam – Thiruvananthapuram broad make use ofthe waterway for transportation Thevalakkara, Mynagappally, West gauge double line permanent way which of raw materials and finished products. Kallada and Sasthamcotta Grama is fully electrified within the district. Further In order to improve the water transport 2 panchayats. Period of implementation is developments in this route can be addition infrastructure in Kollam, it is imperative to from 2012-2017. of further branchlines to facilitate operation construct new boat jetties along the  Paravur – Varkala road of Suburban trains using EMUs in the navigation routes. Such jetties are The road passess through Paravur Kollam Jn. – Thiruvananthapuram Central proposed at Kappil, Paravur Municipality. Period of implementation is sector. Asiding to the Tangassery Harbour Thekkumbhagom, Kuttoor, Maniyankulam, from 2007-2012. needs to be provided for movement of Mukkam, Thanni, Eravipuram, Thomas  Paravur – Parippally road cargo in containers. Improvement of Stephen Co., Kachikkada, Mundakkal, The LSGIs enroute are Paravur facilities at the railway stations and Kochupilamoodu, Chamakkada, Olayil Municipality, Poothakkulam and development of Kollam junction, Paravur kadavu, Thevally, Thoppilkadavu, Kalluvathukkal Grama Panchayats. Period Mammoottilkadavu, Kavanad, of implementation is from 2007-2012. Sambranikodi, Chavara Thekkumbhagom,  Kannanalloor – Pooyappally – Ayoor IRE, KMML MS Plant, Panmana, road Ponmana, Vattakayal, Kattilkavu, The LSGIs enroute are Kannettilkadavu, Panikkarkadavu, Thrikkovilvattom, Nedumpana, Parayakadavu, Pattathilkadavu, 3 Pooyappally, Velinalloor, Elamadu and Srayikkadu, Alumkadavu, Amrithapuri, Edamulakkal Grama Panchayats. Period Azheekal, etc. In addition to the above boat of implementation is from 2012-2017. jetties, the existing facilities at Chavara  Kadakkal –Anchal – Chengamanad road Thekkumbhagom, Guhanandapuram, The LSGIs enroute are Kadakkal, Anchukannara railway bridge, Punalur Arinalloor, Munroethuruthu, Prakkulam and

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Ashtamudi need to be improved. basin with theAshtamudi lake can facilitate junctions can be prevented/controlled by The navigation channels need to be this. providing bye passes at the junctions so dredged regularly to maintain the Large capacity storage tanks need to that onlythose vehicles that needto turn necessary depth for easy movement of be provided for distribution of potable water off to a byroad approach the junction and vessels. Beautification of the banks of the at the Harbour and surrounding areas. all the other vehicles can bye pass the I water bodies and canals with proper Operation of heavy machinery, cargo junction withoutpassing through it. maintenance is also proposed. Wayside handling equipment, yard lighting, pumps,  Road widening for avoiding traffic blocks amenities like Coffee shops, Restaurants, etc. essential at the port area requires – Most of the roads in the district are not Hotels, Resorts and Shopping Centres are setting up of an electrical substation at the wide enough to have sufficient capacity proposed along the banks of the navigation port area. to handle thepresent traffic. Considering routes.  Kayamkulam Harbour: the presentrate of growth oftraffic, it will  Harbours The estuary of the Kayamkulam Lake not belong before the traffic on the roads  Neendakara Harbour: is situated 26 kilometers north of comes to a standstill. Roads have to be Basic standards to maintain hygienic Neendakara and is the boundary of the widened to meet a projected traffic conditions in fishing harbours have come Kollam and Alappuzha districts. The new volume, 15 or 20 years in the future. up in International markets, especially in harbour proposed at this location is  Providing Grade Separated roads, European countries. This necessitates intended to provide safe landing and improving geometry – Intersections of modernisation of Neendakara fishery berthing place for mechanized as well as major roads are hot spots for accidents harbour to equip it to meet the stringent traditional crafts. The harbour will provide and pollution. It is necessary to properly European quality standards. Such a an operating facility for mechanised fishing design these intersections by providing proposal is in pipeline with financial boats from Alappuzhawhich are dependant grade separated roads wherever II assistance from NABARD.At present there on the Neendakara port now. The location necessary to redirect heavy vehicles to is no cargo handling facility available at of the harbour, work of which is ongoing, a higher level so that the exhaust from Neendakara. The present facilities need is ideal as it is situated quite close to the them are taken away up into the to be improved upon to enable cargo NH -47, enabling quick transportation of atmosphere. handling from the port. the perishable sea food.  RoadsideArboriculture –It is well known

 Tangassery Harbour:  Housing that greenery absorbs CO2 from the The Tangassery fishery and cargo As per the analysis, there are certain atmosphere and releases Oxygen. This harbour will be the centre of all critical LSGIs with specific housing issues natural cleansing agent may be put to development activities of Kollam City within including absolute housing shortage, good use by planting thick foliageby the the next 10 years. The infrastructure kutcha houses, Houseless SC/ST and side ofroads to take careof the pollutants facilities being developed for the Harbour Houseless BPL. The priority LSGIs are and also give a pleasing environment will take the lead in improving the listed based on LSGIs coming common in for those travelling along the road. commercial activities in Kollam. These the above aspects.  It may be proposed that KSRTC buses infrastructures include a coastal road Sectoral Linkage Analysis running on localschedules are converted connecting the harbour to Paravur and The Infrastructure Development to CNGby theyear 2011and conversion III thereon to NH -47 (This coastal road can proposals derived from the District of all KSRTC buses are completed by be extended to the North to meet the NH - Development Concept has been ‘tested’ 2021. 47 at Sakthikulangara), and railway siding for compatibility with the proposals of the  Redirection of vehicle exhaust – Multi- to connect the harbour to the Ernakulam – ‘Production Sectors’. It can be seen from axle trailer trucks may be provided with Thiruvananthapuram broad gauge double the sectoral linkage analysis above that an exhaust pipe that is directed upward line permanent way (This would make it out of the 188 suggested locations related just behind the cabin so that the fumes easy to transportcargo containers by freight to the 6 main ‘Production Sectors’, only 14 are directed away from lower level. trains avoiding the congestion of urban are not having direct linkage with the Interchanges for Coastal Road roads). A more economical means of proposed road network. Even in these 14 Transport of cargo by road will be transportation of cargo would be by inland LSGIs, it is possible to provide connection mainly along the coastal road which is water transport. Connecting the harbour from a proposed road from a neighbouring planned as having separate lanes for LSGI which need to be detailed in the Local trucks carrying the cargo and other Development Plan (LDP) of the concerned vehicles. Interchanges will have to be LSGIs. Thus there is more than 92% provided at thoselocations where the cargo success inthe planning of the road network trucks may have to move off the coastal 3 for the district. road to the National Highway or any other Since environment sector has to be road. These interchanges will have to be given special attention specific measrures designed in such a way that it does not are suggested to control the effects due to hinder the movement of traffic in the lanes environmental pollution such as: for other vehicles.Atentative layout of such Break water - Thankassery, Kollam  Bypass to junctions – Congestion at an interchange is designed.

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For the successful implementation of group of road users. This can be achieved ecologically conserving the forest land and the proposals suggested above, support with the support of the Education settlements, flora and fauna and making a from the following sectors is imperative. Department. greener non forest land and the various  Motor Vehicles Department The proposasl are detailed as follows. proposals evolved in line with the policies  Kerala State Road Transport Corporation In the detailing of the proposals, more are briefed here under.  Kerala Private Busand Lorry Operators specific design details have been worked Proposals for Ecological Conservation I  Social Forestry Department out and presented. Layout and cross  New Fish Sanctuary at Kulathupuzha:  Pollution Control Board. sections of the proposed classifications of Present stage of the fish population in Road safety is an issue of prime roads are designed and the rough costs of the Kulathupuzha river adjoining the importance to be addressed with the each of the proposed alignments are also Sastha temple is under threat and urgent highest priority. Several accident ‘black worked out. protection and conservation measures are spots’ have been identified during the For working out the cost of the needed. There is ample scope for sectoral analysis of the existing proposed roads the following factors have declaring this area as a fish sanctuary. Infrastructure facilities in the district. These been considered.  Management of Protected area in are listed road-wise below.  Cost of LandAcquisition Shenthuruni Wildlife Sanctuary:  NH 47  Cost of Carriageway construction Shenthuruni Wild Life Sanctuary is  Kannettil Bridge near (Bitumen Macadamand Asphaltic coming under theAgasthyavanm Wild Life Karunagappally Concrete) Circle. Area is being managed as  Chavara jn. and Chavara bridge  Cost ofre-locating existing structures protected area under a Management Plan.  Sakthikulangara  Cost ofimprovement of Junctions The proposal is for the development of  Chinnakkada  Improvements of geometrics like sharp Eco-Tourism in the area. 1  Kappalandimukku curves, steep gradients, etc.  New Bird Sanctuary at Karali,  Thattamala jn.  Road Safety measures like road Kandanchira and Polachira:  Mevaram jn. markings, road signs, etc. All these areas are destinations of  Mulluvila jn.  Pollution control measures like Bye pass migratory birds. The 17th Asian Waterfowl  Ayathil jn. to congested junctions, grade – Census carried out by a group of bird-  Kottiyam jn. separated roads,roadside arboriculture, watchers in January and February has  Thirumukku near Chathannur phased conversion of buses, lorries and stressed the need for protecting 1,200  Kalluvathukkal jn. trucks to CNG fuel. acres of wetland in Polachira, Kandachira  NH 208  Widening or reconstruction of existing and Karali at Kollam in Kerala which are  Kallumthazham jn. bridges and culverts home to a number of migratory birds.  Elampalloor jn.  Protection works like drains, retaining  Development of Mangrove areas:  Kundara Pallimukku walls, etc. Though fairly good patches of  High embankments of ROBs  Shifting of utilities like power lines, mangroves are seen towards the inner  Kottarakkara Market jn. transformers, telecommunication cables, corridors of the estuary (Kayamkulam  Kottarakkara Pulamon jn. water lines, etc. Lake) 300 m away from the coastline,  Punalur town The success rate of the infrastructure mangroves are absent along the shoreline. 2 The above mentioned accidents black development concept as shown in the In the Ayiram Thengu area, mangroves spots need to be scientifically analysed and sectoral linkage analysis is indicative of the are restricted to a small preserves (4-5 ha treated reduce accidents. fidelity of the concept to the overall District area) dominated by Lumnitzera racemosa, Road safety consists of three E’s; viz., Development Concept. The utility of the Rhizophora mucronata,Avicennia marina Education, Engineering, Enforcement. It is proposals are further emphasised by the and Aegiceras corniculatum. Other lake of vital importance to impart proper fact that none of the proposed alignments shores are devoid of mangroves, though education on road safety to the road users are un-utilised. occasional mangrove elements are found (drivers and pedestrians) through Housingisanareawhichcallsfor distributed here and there and they may conducting of awareness classes, visual immediate attention from socio-economic not qualify to be considered as a normal media and leaflets/booklets. This can be pointofview. mangrove stand. From the environmental carried out with the help of Motor Vehicle The biggest impediment to the Department, SHGs and NGOs. There is a successful implementation of the proposed very high rate of accidents among drivers alignments will be the availability of funds (especially of two-wheelers) in the age and land. These resources would be well group of 18–25, causing fatalities and allocated and utilised to meet the 3 injuries resulting in severe physical requirements of a20 year perspective plan. handicaps. It would be worthwhile to think 1.10. Forest of imparting road safety at the High School The development policy is that Kollam and Higher Secondary School level in has to be made rich in Bio diversity by order to reduce accidents to this specific ecionomically developping while Mangroves - Asramam, Kollam

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The identified area is located in Achancoil Division the site is at Aryankavu Mannarappara Range in Piravanthoor Grama Panchayat. Konni Division has site Grama Panchayat. at Piravanthoor Grama Panchayat.  Co nsolid at ion o f Fo rest Schenthuruni Division’s sites are in Bo un daries f or Protect ion and Thenmala and Kulathupuzha Grama I Management of Forests: Panchayats. Thiruvananthapuram Division Areas where demarcation and has sites in Kulathupuzha Grama consolidation of forest boundaries in Panchayat. Forest land - Thenmala Punalur Division come in Pathanapuram,  Government Land / Public Lands: Piravanthoor, Alayamon, Kulathupuzha As per Kerala conditions, it is difficult to point of view more congenial areas has to and Eroor Grama Panchayats. Those in increase the forest area since thereis acute be brought under mangrove vegetation Thenmala Division come in Thenmala, shortage of lands. Hence in order to either by planting in suitable govt. lands or Kulathupuzha and Aryankavu Grama achieve 33% tree cover, the only by acquisition and protection of mangrove Panchayats. Achancoil Division has areas possibility is to afforest all available areas. in Aryankavu Grama Panchayat and Konni Government lands like road purampokes, Planting of mangrove seedlings may Division has areas coming in Piravanthoor Revenue purampokes, Government office be carried out every year along all the Grama Panchayat. Schenthuruni Division compounds, areas with LSGIs, school / eight tributaries of the Astamudi lake by has areas in Thenmala and Kulathupuzha college compounds etc and to encourage planting 1000 seedlings every year with Grama Panchayats. Thiruvananthapuram planting in private lands.As per Panchayat active participation of the LSGIs and NGOs. Division has areas in Kulathupuzha Grama RajAct, 1994, 5% of the plan outlay needs  Completion of Forest Working Plan: Panchayat. to be spent on environmental protection II Punalur, Thenmala, Achancoil,  Conservation of Species: works. So suitable areas need to be Shenduruny and part of Thiruvanthapuram The agriculture sector has identified under each Grama Panchayat and Konni are the Forest Divisions recommended the conservation of species for implementation of the proposal. coming in Kollam District.All the above such as arrow root, kolinchi, etc. for the  Private Holdings: Forest Divisions have approved working subsistance of the tribal population. The Homesteadplantingalsowillbe plans except Thenmala division and are forest sector also can take care of this encouraged. The ongoing programmes managed as per the provisions as laid aspect. like Ente Maram Padhathy, Nammude down in the working plan. Preparation of Proposals for Greening Non Forest land Maram Padhathy, etc are expected to meet Working Plan for Thenmala Division is on As mentioned in the Sectoral analysis, this objective. the last stage and it is expected that according to the National Forest Policy a  River Bank Management: Thenmala Division also will get the working minimum of 1/3rd of the total geographical As mentioned in sectoral analysis banks plan approved soon. area should be under forest cover. In of rivers are collapsing year after year  Prevention of Forest Fire through Kerala it is reported that only 27 to 28 % of since there is a depletion of vegetation on people’s participation the total area is under forest cover. In the banks. Hence in order to protect the The objectives include order to achieve the target as envisaged banks and to check soil erosion, a green III  To control forest fire with aview to protect by National Forest Policy, more areas have vegetal cover with suitable species such andconserve bothnaturalandplantation to be brought under tree cover. Several as reeds, bamboos etc. are the need of forest. programs are in practice such as the hour. Other local species such as  To improve productivity of forest by Entemaram Padhathy, Nammude Maram Thespesia populnea, Punna, also can be reducing the incidentsand extent of forest Padhathy,Vazhiyora thanal etc to bridge planted. Forest Dept. can raise required fires. the gap of 5%. The first two programs are number of seedlings of bamboo, and other  To devise, test and demonstrate implemented with the whole hearted site specifically suitable species and plant principles andtechniques of prevention, support and involvement of the student them through participatory approach along detection and controlof forest fires. community in the district. The program the river banks with the active participation  Orientationandtraining ofstaff andthepublic started in the year 2007 and is proposed of local people and local self governments. through training courses / awareness to continue with the distribution of seedlings  Bio shield along Sea shore: classes designed to prepare them for to new entrants to the Vth standard every Agriculture sector recommends the participation in theforest fire management. year. The above programmes are planting of one row of cashew trees along The requirements are expectedtobridgethegapof5%within a the coast of the district. The forest  Wireless communication sets period of 5 years. department has already implemented one  Fire fighting equipments 3 Punalur Division has sites in programme named “Harithatheeram” to  Creation of the fire lines Pathanapuram, Piravanthoor, Alayamon, protect the inhabitants of the coastal area  Construction ofwatch towers Kulathupuzha and Eroor Grama by planting few rows of casuarina. This  Training and demonstration Panchayats. Thenmala Division has sites began during the year 2007 continued  Research and publicity in Thenmala, Kulathupuzha and during 2008 also by planting in the  Participatory Forest Management Aryankavu Grama Panchayats. For remaining area available for planting.

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Proposals for Economic Development Conservation of Water Bodies Corporation and Neendakara Grama In the forestry sector main thrust is for Kollam is rich in aquatic bio reserve panchayat. conservation and hence the scope for comprising of Lakshadweep sea in the  Conversion of hanging toilets to various activities for economic west, two of the only three Ramsar sites in eco san toilets/bio toilets development assumes secondary the State viz. Ashtamudi back water and Hanging toilets can be seen importance. However without affecting Sasthamcotta fresh water lake, three Rivers everywhere along the banks of Ashtamudi I conservation aspect, proposals like viz. Kallada, Itthikara and Achankovil Lake. The human excreta is directly promotion of alternate species of timber for rivers, two major kayals viz. Paravur and disposed in the lake. This unhygienic furniture, value addition to minor forest Edava-Nadayara kayals and a number of practice has to be stopped for improving produce, handicraft with bamboo / reeds, fairly large and small size kayals and ponds the water quality of the lake and to promote raising medicinal plant nurseries and like Thodiyur Vattakayal, Maruthady tourism through the lake. plantations, multiplication and propagation Vattakayal, Kanetti kayal etc. Eco friendly toilets like eco san toilets of seedlings, improving the productivity of  Ashtamudi Backwater: and bio toilets shall be promoted while the existing plantations etc. are needed. One of the Ramser sites in the district, giving proposal for replacing the hanging The implementation of the the Ashtamudi back waters, has an area of toilets. Through eco san toilets the waste is recommendations is expected to bring 34 sq.km and is subjected to abuse in many converted into bio fertilizer and through bio about the developments envisaged. The ways in the environmental point of view. toilets methane gas can be utilized in limiting factors for implementation of the Special thrust is given to the backwater by kitchens. The suggested locations are at recommendations are the paucity of funds earmarking it into the Aqua-Bio Reserve Kollam Corporation, Neendakara, and the delay in obtaining sanction from Zone. For saving the backwater from Chavara, Chavara South, Kundara, the Central Govt. Since the Forest quality deterioration mainly due to pollution Perinad and Mundrothuruth Grama 1 Department falls under the Concurrent List the following proposals are put forward. panchayats. any major activity in the forest area needs The conservation of Ashtamudi back  Water qu alit y mon it orin g of prior approval from the GOI. A better co- waters include prevention of direct Ashtamudi Lake ordination of other Departments such as discharge of waste water through public Toidentify thevariations in the chemical Agriculture, LSGIs etc. is essential for the drains of Kollam Corporation, providing characteristics of the lake, intensive successful completion of the proposals. effluent treatment plants for sea food monitoring of the lake by collecting and Thereby forest resources of the district can preprocessing plants (peeling sheds), analyzing water samples during monsoon, be optimally utilized for the development of conversion of hanging toilets to eco san pre monsoon and post monsoon periods the sector by 2021. toilets / bio toilets, water quality monitoring is required. An extensive study 1.11. Environment of Ashtamudi lake and modernization of incorporating about 50 sampling stations According to the district Environment coconut husk retting units. have to be planned and carried out to find policy, by 2021 Kollam has to become an  Prevention of direct discharge of out the water quality, its variations and the eco friendly district through the abatement waste water through public drains eutrophication status of the lake. The of pollution, efficient use of environmental of Kollam Corporation monitoring has to be continued till 2021 so resources by protecting and conserving Most of the hotels, restaurants, that the effect of implementation of the critical ecological systems and resources hospitals, clinics, markets and other proposals detailed elsewhere can also be 2 including wet lands and green open establishments consuming water are assessed and corrective measures taken spaces without being detrimental to discharging the waste water directly or up. traditional economic activities.As identified indirectly into the Ashtamudi lake. Indirect  Modernization of Coconut husk in the sectoral studies and spatial analysis, method is mainly through storm water retting units as far as the bio physical environment of drains and nullahs maintained by LSGIs. It There are several coconut husk and Kollam is considered, conservation of is envisaged to prevent such discharges fibre retting units functioning at the banks water bodies, abatement of air pollution, completely by 2009. The suggested of Ashtamudi lake at Thevalakkara, controlling land pollution and waste location is at Kollam Corporation. Chavara, Thekkumbhagam etc. management are the critical aspects.  Providing effluent treatment plants Traditionally such units are located at the fo r Sea foo d preprocessing banks of the back water because the raw plants(peeling sheds) material needs to be soaked / retted in There are about 50 numbers of fish water for 3-4 weeks before defibring it processing units in Kavanad, Neendakara mechanically. A golden colour indicating and Sakthikulangara area. Most of the solid high quality of the fibre is attainable only and liquid wastes are directly entering the after soaking. However the water gets 3 lake as there are no treatment facilities. polluted after each soaking. Recently there Providing the minimum required treatment is a trend in the business to bring the coir for such preprocessing units for meeting fibre from Tamil Nadu for soaking/retting. the standards by 2010 is envisaged. The The reason attributed for such a practice Industrial air pollution - Kollam suggested locations are at Kollam is water scarcity.

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So modernization of the coconut husks earmarking it into the Aqua-Bio Reserve incorporating conservation of the lake retting /defibring units around Ashtamudi Zone. The proposals for the lake without affecting thetraditional industry. The lake with the help of M/s. Hindustan Coir, a conservation includes, providing municipal suggested location is at Paravur coir research organization under Govt. of solid waste treatment facilities, construction Municipality. India is proposed. The technology of fencing along the boundary of  Proposals for Other Water bodies: I promoted by M/s. Hindustan Coir is based Sasthamcotta lake, providing basic 20 meter buffering using natural on the bleaching capacity of castor oil when amenities like latrines, facility for laundry fencing with locally available plants for all sprinkled on coir fibre. In this process there etc., banning of sand mining and ground major water bodies in the district proposed. is no need for soaking in lake water and water recharging. This is proposed to be completed by 2015. thus avoiding water pollution. The sprinkling Drinking water and Sanitation sector The suggested locations are at Kollam is carried out on land.Another technology suggests the following conservation Corporation, Sasthamkotta, West Kallada, patented by the Regional Research measures. East Kallada, Puthur, Adichanalloor, Laboratory also helps in avoiding soaking  Prevention of further encroachment Nedumpana, Edamad,Anchal,Alaymon, the huskfibre in lake water. Units are to be  Prevention of pollutionincluding solid and Kottarakkara, Mylom, Pathanapuram provided with effluent treatment plants liquid waste Grama Panchayats. attached to the soaking tanks. The  Prevention of silting Conservation and Regeneration of suggested locations are at Kollam  Total echo system protection Mangroves Corporation, Neendakara, Chavara,  Promoting oftourism potential Regeneration is proposed to be done Chavara South, Thevalakkara,  Patrolling by planting 3 - tier vegetation all along Thrikkadavur, Thrikkaruva and The proposal is to be implemented waterfront. The vegetation includes kandal Mundrothuruth Grama panchayats. during 2008 - 2011. II along waterfront, kandal associates as a  Sasthamcotta Lake:  Coastal Zone Regulations: second layer and third layer as thick Another Ramsar site in the district, the Since the coastal line is bamboo fencing. Sasthamcottta fresh water lake, has an environmentally very vulnerable, the The planting of kandal seedlings may area of 373 ha. From the Sectoral studies existing Coastal Zone Regulations are to be done on muddy soil in the area between it is seen that the largest fresh water lake of be strictly followed by the LSGIs.After the low tide line and high tide line after Kerala is getting polluted due to demarcation of High Tide Lines, restriction demarcating low tide line with locally anthropological activities in and around the of industrial andconstruction activities shall available “Nari kallu” or dry rubble or lake. Discharge from towns like be strictly observed. The suggested even sand bags according to availability. Bharanicavu and Sasthamcotta, open locations are at Paravur Municipality, The proposal is to complete the programme defecation at the banks of the lake, Mayyanad, Kollam Corporation, by 2011.The suggested locations are at discharge from poor quality latrines, retting Neendakara, Chavara, Alappad, Kollam Corporation, Neendakara, of palm leaves in the lake, laundry activities Clappana and Panmana Grama Chavara, Chavara South, Thevalakkara, at certain kadavs, use of fertilizers for panchayats. Mandrothurathu, West Kallada, plantation crops etc. are observed to be  Paravur Kayal: Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, Panayam affecting quality of the lake water. Some of Thereisanurgentneedforthe and Kundara Grama Panchayats. III the above discharges reach the lake only conservation of Paravur Kayal from Conservation of Sacred groves in the form of surface run off during rain. encroachment and pollution due to various Sacred groves face various threats in As per Article 2.2.11, the water quality of human activities. Direct discharge of waste the light of lack of land for human the lake has not deteriorated at any water tothe lake is envisaged to be stopped settlements and lack of interest among alarming level. Remedial measures shall by 2009. Hanging toilets are to be totally be adopted for preventing it from replaced by ecosan / bio toilets/septic tanks people for agriculture. Eroding community deterioration. by 2009. The coconut husk retting being values are alsocatalyzing the fast extinction The main problem faced by the lake is carried out in the kayal, is also intended to of sacred groves. A proposal is made here the water level depletion. Therefore be stopped by modernizing the retting for conserving the sacred groves. The special thrust is given to the lake also by operation by the end of 2011.The suggested locations are at Poothakkulam, suggested locations are at Paravur Paravur Municipality, Adichanalloor, Municipality, Mayyanad and Poothakkulam Elampalloor, Nedumpana, Panmana, Grama panchayats. Kalluvathukkal, Thevalakkara, Thrikkovil-  Edava-Nadayara Kayal: vattom, Chavara, Kollam Corporation, Since a portion of the lake at Nadayara Chavara south, Mayyanad, Thazhava, Oachira and Mynagappally Grama 3 is exclusively used for coconut husk retting, there is air pollution and water pollution. Panchayat. While undertaking programs to conserve The programme includes protection of the lake, due consideration is to be given the groves, planting of indigenous species, to the people engaged in traditional coir soil and water conservation and Sasthamcotta lake side conservation industry. So a proposal is made participating approach to restoration.

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Abatement of Air Pollution that scientific control measures for reducing through the roads. From the sectoral studies it is seen that air pollution from cashew processing units  Laying standards for each type of the most critical pollution in the district is air are planned and insisted for vehicles andobserving strict adherence pollution. implementation. of the standards. Out of 666 industrial units creating air  Air / Noise pollution from vehicles  Change over ofdiesel and petrol engine pollution, majority is located in Kollam Most of the roads in Kollam town are to electric engines wherever possible. I Corporation (79 units). No units are congested. Similar situationis faced in other  Revamping traffic system to reduce traffic located in 5 LSGIs. The health studies also major towns like Punalur, Kottarakkara, blocks andtraffic jams. corroborate the same by finding that the Kottiyam, Karunagappally etc. i.e in the  Promote construction of upper roads to most critical health issue in thedistrict other Multi Functional Zone. Traffic produces a bye pass cities and towns than epidemics is respiratory diseases. It lot of noise and air pollution.Adiesel jeep  To regulate honking of horns at sensitive is seen that the air pollution is high in or truck produces more noise than a petrol areas. Multifunctional and Special Development car. A very old or badly maintained  Providing insulation, window shielding Zones. The location specific proposals in automobile produces more noise than a etc. to hospitals and school buildings this regard include litigation measures for new and good conditioned vehicle. An existing near roadsof considerable traffic, air pollution from Kerala Minerals and Metal engine running at a less speed is less noisy  Regulation of amplifiers and loud Ltd., air pollution from cashew factories, than those running at higher speeds. As speakers at religious centres and public Air/Noise pollution from vehicles and far as the carcinogenic effect of particulate programs. modernization of brick manufacturing units matter emission from vehicles is Awareness programmes projecting the by providing pucca hood system with concerned, a diesel car is equivalent to 24 necessity of controlling noise. chimney and exhaust fan. petrol cars and 84 CNG cars. Conservation of Hillocks 1  Air pollution from Kerala Minerals Air pollution and noise pollution due to Hillocks are mostly spread over the and Metal Ltd. traffic can be abated by various town eastern part of the District. The porous KMML is one of the major air polluting planning techniques like construction of nature of the laterite increases the water chemical industries in the district which is barrier walls, allowing single lane traffic, holding capacity of hillocks. In the valleys in the Panmana Grama Panchayat of isolated traffic for heavy vehicles, of hillocks it can be ensured that there is Special Development Zone. Pollution constructing smooth roads etc. For this, the presence of water throughout the year. control facilities provided in the factory is innovative plan is proposed by Infra Streams normally originate from hill satisfactory. But there are occasional structure sector is suggested. The valleys. Under water flows is maintained emission of chlorine and other toxic gases suggested locations are at Kollam by hills. Most of the sacred grooves are in outside the company premises due to Corporation, Punalur Municipality, hill slopes. The sacred groves also add to power failures, valve leaks, process Kottarakkara, Karunagappally, the biodiversity of hills. The hillocks in the control failures etc. During such failures Chathanoor andAnchal Grama panchayat. district are at present in a phase of disaster people living in the nearby areas are  Mo dern ization of b rick caused by soil mining from the hills. The affected most and get hospitalized some manufacturing units by providing transformation of hillocks into plain land has times. Upon the insistence of Pollution pucca hood system with chimney become a speedy affair. The large scale Control Board, the company management and exhaust fan laterite stone mining is followed by soil 2 has initiated to install continuous air A proposal is made here to modify the extraction. To prevent the collapse of the pollution monitors for the existing chimneys. emission system of existing 150 no. of wire eco systems of hillocks, some drastic action Decentralized control systems are also cut brick manufacturing units operating in is urgently needed. New law has to be being installed. Kunnathur, West Kallada, Mylom, enacted for this awareness program is  Air pollution from Cashew factories Kulakkada and Pavithreswaram, another effective measure to conserve the Majority of cashew processing factories Kottarakkara,Adichanalloor, Nedumpana, hillocks. The proposal is suggested in all of Kerala are located in Kollam district, Poovatoor, Thazhava, Sasthamkotta, East the LSGIs. numbering about 700. Most of the units are Kallada, Mynagappally, Sooranad South, Controlling Land Pollution located in populated areas basically in Multi Sooranad North Grama panchayats. The significant land area identified in Functional Zone. It is a labour oriented Abatement of Noise pollution the district as affected due to pollution is industry. The Board prescribes no control A proposal is made for the control of that around the factory of M/s. Kerala measures other than to provide specific noise to be within the permissible limits and Minerals and Metals Ltd, Chavara. heights for the stacks. But thethick emission to be implementedby 2015. The suggested Hence a proposal is made here for coming out from the roasting plants and locations are at Kollam Corporation, bringing back the soil and water quality of borma units has now become intolerable Punalur, Kottarakkara, Karunagapally, the affected area. The suggested locations 3 to the public. Presence of phenolic Mayyanad, Chathannoor, Anchal and are at Chavara and Panmana Grama compounds in the emission was identified Paravoor Municipality. panchayats. The main activities to be by the board earlier.A lot of complaints are The following regulatory measures are undertaken are received on air pollution. to be implemented.  The southern canal from the National In these circumstances it is high time  Phasing out of old vehicles from plying Highwaysideupto theTSCanaltobe

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made leak proof by cement construction. Hence centralized treatment and The area is having no overburden and  Provide more efficient treatment plant in disposal systems for the waste generated hence no developmental work is required. the factory of KMML. in Kollam Corporation, are proposed. The area is demarcated into different  Undertake recuperation works in the  Municipal Solid waste management blocks. Deposits from the surface to about affected area after testing the soil and in other LSGIs: 7.5 meter can be tapped. Mean time the I water. Centralized treatment and disposal beach wash deposits can be wiped away Waste Management systems for the waste generated in all other giving chance for further deposition by the  Municipal Solid Waste Management LSGIs except Kollam Corporation, waves.Alternateblockshavetobemined. in Kollam Corporation: Sasthamkotta, Mynagappally and West To remove the mineral sand up to its fullest As in any other part of Kerala, Kollam Kallada LSGIs are proposed. depth mechanized mining methods are district is also faced with problems related  Management of waste generated suggested in a block whereas in the to improper handling, transportation, based on the proposals of other neighboring blocks manual methods are disposal and storage of municipal solid sectors: used for the collection of beach washings. wastes. The key issues related to the As per animal husbandry sector there It is proposedto dredge around 400000 different activities of the solid waste is a proposal for slaughter houses and an tons in a single block for the first five years. management system of Kollam Corporation abattoir. For theseinbuilt treatment facilities In the meantime by manual methods are the following. shall be provided for the waste generated around 150000 tons of beach washings  Segregation of waste at source is not here.Also as per agriculture sector there can be collected also. Mineral recovery started. are proposals for primary and secondary plant by suction dredge is suggestive for  No notified places of primary collection agriculture markets which are also linked the opencast mining in the existing area. points. So wasteis dumped almost every with fisheries and animal husbandry. The However, in the other potential areas II where. waste generated inthe primary markets may in Alappad, Panmana, Chavara and  No proper collection / removal by be managed by the concerned LSGI. For Neendakara Grama panchayats where transport vehicles arranged. Leachate the waste generated in the secondary mining is not being done, special at primary collection areas creates market at Kottamkara inbuilt treatment rehabilitation programme will have to be pollution problems. facilities shall be provided for the waste implemented. As mentioned in the  Existing waste dumping yard at generated. population studies, the coastal belt is Kureepuzha is unscientifically managed. With the implementation of the above having high population density the issue Leachate pollutes the nearby drinking said proposals, it is envisaged that the of rehabilitation would be a sensitive one water sources and finally reaches people of Kollam district will be able to have and have to be specially considered. Ashtamudi Lake. a better environment by 2021 in all Rehabilitation may be done in a  Crude dumpingcreates breeding ground respects. The air they breathe will be phased manner and two alternatives are for mosquitoes,pests and rodents. cleaner and water pollution problems can suggested. The system proposedis a decentralized be contained effectively. The Ashtamudi Alternative I : Complete rehabilitation treatment and disposal facility for the Lake will regain its glory and attract more programme municipal solid waste generated in Kollam tourists. Sasthamcotta Lake will serve more Phase 1 – Prevent land transaction III Corporation. This proposal is intended to people with drinking water without its water Phase 2 –Alternate livelihood for the improve the entire system by 2011. level getting depleted so fast as of today. people (Inland fishing, Industrial work etc.) The scenario with regard to the 1.12. Mining and Geology Phase 3 – Alternate housing for the management and handling of Municipal According to the district Mining policy, people (near by LSGIs) Solid Waste is by 2021 Kollam has to optimally utilise the Note: Heritage sites etc. may be  Segregation of waste at source is not mineral resources of the District with due exempted started. regard to environmental, economical and Alternative 2: Make shift arrangement  No proper collection / removal are social impacts. programme arranged. As identified in the sectoral analysis, The mineral resource area is made  Leachates from dumping areas create mineral sand, china clay and ordinary sand settlement free by shifting the people to pollution problems. are the three major mineral resources neighbouring LSGIs followedby mining and which can be commercially utilized in the reclamation of the land and reshifting of the district. Thus the proposals include the people to their own lands. extraction of the same in a phased manner. Presently the mining area use strip Proposal for Extraction of Mineral sand mining methodology. Considering the 3 The potential areas for mining include environmental impact, rehabilitation of the Alappad, Panmana. Chavara and Neenda- mined areas including intensive re- kara. The heavy mineral deposit of Kollam, vegetation with ecologically similar species one of the best of its kind in the world, is a and re-contouring of land to its original strategic mineral which needs to be exploited shape, including dunes, management of

Sea side waste disposing - Kollam without adverse environmental impact. groundwater resources etc. are proposed.

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Rutile, Zircon, leucoxene, Sillimanite Proposal for Extraction of China Clay and Monazite are the major co -products As mentioned in the Sectoral analysis, from the mineral processing of beach sand the China clay deposits in Kollam is part of deposit. the tertiary sedimentary formations of The minerals can give value addition Kerala, which includes also. The mineral processing facility  Kundara: (exploited by M/s. Kerala I provides a multiple product mix of relatively Ceramic Ltd.) theDepartment of Mining high purity and value viz. Ilmenite, Rutile, and Geology had proved a reserve of Zircon, Sillimanite, Monazite etc. Each 0.75 million tons mineral product caters as feedstock to a  Mulavana: a reserve of 1.6 million tons Clay mining - Kundara chain of products of higher value added was proved some of these would be so huge to attain products and finds specific applications.  Velichikala: a reserve of china clay of 4 interest in national level. The utilization of Most of the products separated from the million tons was proved. existing potential of ordinary sand etc. beach placer deposits are in increasing The deposits of china clay are which are under utilized can also satisfy demand and are feed stock for value added available at Perayam (in Sub Zone 4 of the immediateneeds of the districtto certain products. The value addition of ilmenite Special Development Zone) and extend. Thus it is expected that, the under- (US$80 per MT) to synthetic Rutile is nearly Nedumpana (inAgro allied Development utilized potentials can be optimally utilized 6 times (US$480 per MT) and to Titanium Zone). by the district by 2021. Dioxide pigment is more than 20 times The best varieties are useful in paper 1.13 Education (US$1700-1800 per MT). Titanium sponge and textile industries and the other ones As per the sectoral analysis, there are and metal produced from Titanium can be used in rubber, plastic, insecticide, certain areas of concern in the education 1 Tetrachloride is of strategic importance with paints, medicines, ceramics, etc. sector in Kollam. Based on the sectoral very high value addition (US$12000- Mining will be carried out by open cast analysis and district development concept 14000 per Ton). mechanized means. It is proposed to split the district education policy has been Production of Synthetic Rutile is now-a- the mining areainto different blocks. Mining carved out.As per the policy Kollam has to days considered as an intermediate stage has to be carried out in each block by increase the coverage and quality of of value addition with huge quantities of forming different benches. The overburden education and preclude spatial disparity in waste rejection. The production capacity of will be suitably developed to avoid the distribution of higher educational TiO2 pigment in the country is very small contamination of the clay. The topsoil and institutes and establish technical institutes when compared toother countries, although laterite overburden generated will be to support the economic activities of the India has rich resources where as other stocked and will be utilized for back filling district. In tune with the policy a series of developed countries with large TiO2 plants the mined out areas. proposals are drafted for the education have relative negligible resources. Proposal for Ordinary Sand sector. A new Synthetic Rutile plant of The Kallada river is supplied with capacity 135,000 TPY will be setup to meet sediments in the upstream by the tributaries the demand. Synthetic Rutile production present. The Thenmala dam in the river process will be environment friendly with course blocks these sediments. The 2 neutral iron oxide as by-product. Company rejuvenating tributaries increase sediment is also exploring the possibility of value yield to the reservoir. This creates siltation addition from the by product iron oxide to of sand in the reservoir area. The balance convert it aspig iron or iron pelletsso as to of the components of the tidal sedimentary transform the industry to a zero effluent load depends on the distribution of company. The mining activities and mineral appropriate source area within the Government Model Boys HSS - Kollam processing capacities also will be catchment and on the hydrological process correspondingly increased with dredge that transports sedimentsand solutes to the Proposals for increasing coverage of mining so as to exploit the mineral wealth streams. These areas are thus rich Education of Chavara deposits. resource area for sand/clay. These  New Educational institutions in the KMML is also considering to set up a resources if quantified and exploited may educationally back ward areas 1000 TPY Titanium sponge plant thereby not result in serious ecological imbalance New educational institutions should be the country will become one among the 5 whereas it will help to increase the storage started in the educationally back ward countries who manufacture this strategic capacity of the reservoir also. Thus the areas (Eastern part of the District) under metal. KMML aims at an overall expansion proposal aims at sediment budgeting in the special schemes of central Govt. to start 3 of the mineral industry with focus on various areas of the reservoir. new educational institutions specifically for sustainable development without It isobvious that though thereare only socially and economically back ward environmental degradation.Atomic Mineral a fewtypes of mineral deposits in the district society. The suggested locations are at Division is the major agency to be linked which can be extracted for commercial Aryankavu, Kulathupuzha, Yeroor, here. purposes, the revenue generated from Alayamon, Ittiva and Karavaloor.

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 Arts and Science Colleges in the  Training Programmes to Teachers to be started preferably at Punalur or Central and Eastern parts The Training Programmes at present Kottarakkara. More Arts and Science Colleges are are not effective. The DIET (of  Law College in Government sector proposed in the central and eastern parts Kottarakkara) sponsored Training As per sectoral analysis there is a need of the district. GovernmentArts and Science Programme can be improved for starting a Law College in the district. So I Colleges with Post Graduate studies are systematically. Institutions like Institute of it is proposed to start a law college, at proposed at Kottarakkara Grama Management in Government (IMG) / Kollam Corporation. Panchayat and Punalur Municipality. Other Kerala Institute of Local Administration  En gineerin g Colleges in proposals are (1) a Junior College at (KILA) can be taken as model for re- Government sector Kulathupuzha Grama Panchayat and (2) structuring DIET. Analysis reveals that there is urgency a Government College at Oachira.  Incentives to Students and Parent of starting some institutions for higher  Literacy Mission Programme Counseling studies in Kollam. Hence establishing Immediate stepstoidentifyilliterates and As per analysis the percentage of Engineering Colleges in the govt. sector to organize massive drives to educate them children enrolled in Standard I that are proposed preferably at Kottarakka and are proposed at Alappad, Thenmala, completes higher education is less than 10 Punalur. identified problem areas. Non-formal in Kollam district. Improving quality of education should be provided in coastal education through effective means is areas and hilly regions of the District suggested as a remedy. (especially coastal areas such asAzheekal,  Co nt in uing Ed ucat ion t hrou gh Cheriyazheekkal and tribal area of Local Libraries Achankovil) through local reading rooms Education is a continuous process. II and through service of unemployed There should be opportunities for the educated youth. Non-formal education dropouts at various levels to continue their centres can be opened in every Panchayat. studies. Even though there are many Proposals for Increasing Quality of schemes for continuing education through Education: Universities only a few make use of them. TKM Engineering College - Kollam The percentage of drop out in all levels Therefore, providing facilities for Prop osals to establish t echn ical of education, beginning from Pre-Primary continuing education through local libraries institutes to support the economic to Higher Education can be reduced if in each village is proposed. activities: quality education is imparted to the  Parallel Colleges  A Fisheries Research institute is students. The problem of drop out is not As per analysis it is found that there proposed in coastal region at too much in Kollam District. However it is are no rules at present to restrict or Valiyazheekkal / Cheriazheekkal. noticed as per analyses that drop-out is regulate parallel educational institutions. It  A tourism study centre may be started higher in the case of SC/ST pupils. is proposed to provide adequate legal integrating touristcentres of Thenmala, Interventions such as lump-sum grant and framework for the functioning of these Achenkovil, Manalar etc. monthly stipends are not giving full results. institutions. 25% of the pupils in the district  A Forest Research Institute is proposed III So itis suggested to givespecial counseling are getting education through parallel at Thenmala, to pave way for to the parents of SC/ST students. This will institutions. A special scheme can be conservation of forest with optimum help decrease the percentage of drop out developed in favour of these institutions utilisation of the forest resources. of SC/ST pupils. by utilizing them to give quality education Proposals for Skill Development:  Independent Pre-primary Education among economically backward children.  Improvement in Vocational Higher Pre-Primary institutions areto be made Proposals to preclude spatial disparity Secondary Education independent. Then only it can be made in the distribution of higher educational The proposal is for improvement of effective. The attitude of starting Pre- institutions: Vocational HSS Education. More number primary schools attached to the existing  Government Nursing College of Vocational Higher Secondary Schools institutions is to be discouraged. Proposal is to start Nursing Colleges are proposed in the district at Kottarakkara Anganvadies are to be started at every and Para-medical institutes in Kollam and Punalur regions. Around 10 VHSE ward preferably under centrally sponsored district. AGovernment Nursing College is Schools and 20 ITI/ITC can be schemes. The areas in the eastern part of suggested in the campus of High School established. Vocational Institutions are to the district, which are comparatively for Girlsat Kottarakkara. be started at all Panchayats in the eastern backward, need Pre-Primary institutions to  Medical college in Government region so as to address the growing unemployment problem. 3 educate poor children meanwhile keeping Sector them healthythrough nutrition programmes. People from the eastern regions of the Others: For materialising these Pre-Primary district and majority of people in the  Global level Education schools have to be started (where there is Pathanamthitta District do not have sufficient In this age of globalization, education noAnganvady) at all Grama Panchayats/ facilities for higher order health care. To has become a vast area. Each educational Municipalities. address this issue a medical college need institution has to improve to the world level.

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There are a few institutions which maintain problems for accommodation. Panchayat One among the major proposals is for international standards in Kerala. But such can construct quartersfor them in those starting more institutions including technical institutions are not reachable to the majority places. Also unemployed youth can be education facilities in the eastern part of of our population. It is time to have trained to take classes in primary and the District that are educationally backward. educational institutions of international high schools in the eastern area if a An important aspect of education status in standards in Kollam district also with teaching staff is on long leave. For this, a the District is that almost 70% of the I provisions for ensuring free education for panel of trained personnels may be institutions are located in the Kollam economically backward but bright students prepared by each LSGI and a mere Corporation area or along to the National  Specific Proposals for LSGIs: phone callcan save a number of school Highways. So, all kinds of institutions are As mentioned in the sectoral analysis days. required in Kottarakkara, Kunnathur and of education sector, there are anumber of  Panchayat canconstruct garbage plants Punalur Taluks. The second aspect is activities which can be taken up by the in every school to keep the school improvement in quality of education. In LSGIs using both their Plan fund and own surroundings clean. A social forestry order to raise the quality of education in fund. Detailed surveys may have to be scheme can be implemented by the the District more effective training to the conducted by the concerned LSGIs in this Panchayat in every school. teachers is needed and thus the proposal regard.  Panchayat can deploy primary health to start a training institute like IMG/KILA.  Facilities to providedrinking water in all centre staff including doctor in every Third point is the opening of various higher educational institutions are to be under month for consulting the pupils in the education centres in the disciplines of taken by the LSGI. In this case, the schools. medicine, engineering, law, mining institutions have to be fixed as per the  Counselling centers can be established technology, forest research, fisheries sectoral analysis of drinking water sector. for the benefit of students in every research etc. 1  Electrification ofalleducational institutions panchayat. Satellite linked education programmes may beentrusted to LSGI. Herealso the  Note book manufacturing center can be like Edusat and UGC channels can be institutions have to be fixed as per the established along with a text book depot made available to all the schools and sectoral analysisof power sector. based on the priority fixed as per the colleges in the District with help of NCERT/  A chain of libraries in Primary Schools sectoral analysisof Industries sector. SSA etc. NCC, Scouts and Guides and for the benefit of students is to be  Places of worshiplike temples, churches National Service Scheme can be established by the LSGI.A mini theatre and mosques can be renovated with implemented in all schools and colleges for attached to it, exclusively for exhibiting Panchayat fund andpupils can be taken imparting discipline among students. children’s films,educational films, science there to study the historical and cultural 1.14. Social Welfare, Women and films and other good films is to be importance ofsuch places. (Thiscan be Child Development established bythe LSGI. done once in every year as an According to the district social  Conveyance facilities for the students can excursion). Here also the priority has to development policy, by 2021 Kollam district be arrangedby the Panchayat for all the be fixed as per the sectoral analysis of has to provide better health, social status educational institutions inside a tourism sector. and security to women and children, panchayat. This could overcome  Scholarship schemes for the top rankers adolescent girls, mentally and physically shortage of pupils in schools which are in every class can be instituted. challenged and aged. A network of 2 located in remote areas in villages.  Annual literacy, sports, games and arts proposals are drafted in tune with the policy Facilities for commuting physically competitions can be conducted by the which include proposals for welfare of handicapped pupils to schools are to be Panchayat. Mini stadium can be women, children, adolescent girls, the birds arranged by the LSGI. In many villages constructed in every Panchayat for the with broken wings and the old aged. there are no motorable approach roads benefit ofsports and games. The gist of policy level intervention to schools. Panchayats can undertake  Special allowance schemesto pupils who required to maintain resource equality constructing approach roads. join N.C.C / N.S.S / Scout and Guide between men and women through spatial  Distribution of uniforms to at least BPL etc. canbe introduced. plans is that ‘inclusiveness of should carter pupils.  A student’sinsurance scheme covering to the needs of all vulnerable sections of  Semi permanent shed for eating noon- all students in the LSGI can be instituted. meals canbe constructed.  Scheme of educational loans for higher  In costal areas a number ofschool days studies can be introduced. are lost due to flood, sea-erosion etc.  LSGIs can adopt poor and orphan The Panchayat in costal areas can children till theycomplete the +2 course. construct permanent camp to help the  In theeastern areas of the district, there 3 children continue their studies during are a lot of Tamil laborers in the such times. plantations. They do not send their  In the eastern part of the district the children to schools. Such children can teaching and non-teaching staff posted be given special classes and night in remote areas has to face a lot of classes by the Panchayat. Oldage home - Anchalummoodu

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the society including disabled, old and work life balance: Areas need to be to them through Anganwadi centers to infirm, children both school going and redesigned to make current residential improve nutritional status. toddlers, women.’ spaces and new residential areas for The following diet practices and habits The linking those who have the work that can be done near or within should be adhered to during pregnancy resources with those who will provide the home spaces. Women worker in shrimp viz. I services for the vulnerable needs to be or fish packagingunits need differently  Include leafy vegetables in daily diet specified as under: designed change roomstodrape sarees  Consume foodcontaining micro nutrient  Each local developmentplan must have or bathe or for lactation. Construction and and iodized salt the provision of women owned property other workers need crèches near work  Ensure personal hygiene and regular for the productive woman population of or near schools so that they can combine exercise the area. The Plans shall earmark care of differentage children while going Also education on awareness ofAIDS, spaces where services, livelihoods and or coming back from work. STD and other contagious diseases is housing units should be subsidized for  Design aspects to cater safety issues: required. ownership of women. Contracts for Design of lanes, lighting and planning  Lactating mother buildings, public toilets, work sheds, areas with more foot fall ensures many  Nursingmothershouldbegiven parking spaces or vending areas given public eyes toprevent secluded condition nutritional supplementation with energy under women management / lease / that foster violence. rich food which contains vitamins and commercial use / ownership in such  Women owned/ use right / only spaces: minerals and counseled on the areas should necessarily be transferred Special spaces need to be set aside for importance of breast feeding through to another women group only. use rights incommercial areas for women anganwadies.  Environment regeneration like water workers groups or women  Supplementary feeding (double ration) II harvesting mechanism,horticulture and entrepreneurs. Commercial and should be given to them for six months other programmes offered should be residential buildings needto set specific from anganwadis monitored for equal distribution between plots and builtinfrastructure offered at a  Propagate the importance of breast men and women for livelihood. Special subsidy for being sold or leased or given feeding through audio visual media projects should be awarded to women for use rightsof women only. regularly groups for management and restoration  Increased role of women in  Creating awareness about personal of water sheds, forest and backwater/ neighborhood care and workers hygiene and creating healthy family coastal areas resource regeneration. placements. atmosphere Project ideas in this respect may  Build infrastructure for working class and  Women headed families (Widows, include the following. neighborhood services managed by Deserted):  Gender disaggregated data collection to women groups suchas women resource  Welfare Schemes: ascertain gap andconsultation to develop centres, safe migration centres, homes Health, Education - Strengthening charter for how to make ownership equal for the distressed, deserted like the Widows/Deserted component of ICDS: between men and women through widowed / old-age citizens / disabled, Widows and women deserted by their government grants under 10% women etc.An areaspecific approach is needed. husbands are often ignored by society or III component and planning 10% of newly For example panchayats likeAlapad and forced to live a shadowed life due to built infrastructure to be used and Karunagappally could have specific prejudice and social customs. It is the controlled by women alone. programmes for women workers in coir responsibility of a cultured and refined  Re-development of an area to set aside and cashew industry. society to bring them to the main stream of built infrastructure for proportionate  Public utilities building and maintenance life and consider them as dignified human percentage of productive women in the contracts and care services near work beings. The ICDS Services envisage the area and residential areas can be managed over all development of women through:  Shelters would be the integral/ central by women and other local groups.  Involvement in social activities through part of such plans which will take care of Proposals for the Welfare of Women anganwadies. housing for disabled, old and women Mothers  Giving access toMedicare with the help workers who need transit  Welfare Schemes ofAnganwadi workers. accommodation. Separatespaces should  Health and Nutrition, Education –  Organising mothers meetings, in which be earmarked/ created for migrant Strengthening mother component of various health and nutrition subjects are women, women in distress, deserted or ICDS: The components of the scheme discussed. widowed, old-agecitizens, disabled, etc. include:  Teaching them to use locally available 3 Needs ofwomen entrepreneurs, working  Pregnant mother leafy vegetables, fruitsto check anemia. women, and disable friendly road and Special care is needed to a woman  Organising literary classes handled by transport system wherein the issue of when conception is confirmed. Medical Angawadi workers or “Preraks” to make insecurity will not arise etc shall also be care and advice will be gotfrom the nearest them understand their rights. addressed. PHC and from the PHN’s house visit.  Social Development Schemes:  Design for needs of women andmen for Nutritious supplementary feeding is given The women empowerment

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 99 programme seeks to create a general personnels andAnganwadi workers. rate. It is suggested that a total literacy awareness in women through ensuring  Conduct health and nutrition education campaign andAnganwadi based literacy information specific to equality of social in angnwadi periodically. programmes or functional literacy status, legal rights, like those to property  Give awareness about AIDS/ programmes have to be started in and inheritance, constitutional safe guards Tuberculosis andother epidemics. Aryankavu, Elamadu Kulathupuzha, and on different development programmes  Introduce Self Help Programme, which Thenmala, Chithara, Nilamel, Clapppana, I / issues of concern to women. is cheap and effective Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Thodiyur, The proposals include,  Intensify source reduction (Mosquito) Thevalakkara, Poruvazhy, Nedumpana,  Activities ofGroup- for Development activities to check dengue, Chickun Poothakkulam, Velinallur Thrikkadavur,  Culturalactivities guinea, Malaria. Etc. Kottamakara, Throkkovilvattom Grama  Awareness creation against alcoholism,  Social Development Schemes: Panchayats by 2015 and other LSGIs by money lenders Improving the quality of people’s life is 2021.  Providing of Safe drinking water the signal function of the government. As per the sectoral analysis, the  Providing of Sanitation Though health is a state subject,the central atrocities against women are more in  Providing ofAdult education government too initiated several schemes Kundara police circle area. It is suggested  Developing laws and safeguards for relating to various aspects of health care that functioning of ‘Jagratha Samithy’ women as part of its national planning process. (Chairman – LSGI President, Convener –  Traditional Social practices The proposals include, ICDS Supervisor, Members-Circle  Providing access tosavings and credit  Provide opportunity to continue Inspector of Police, Social workers etc.) in  Regular health check up for women education these areas are to be made effective. Legal cashew workers.  Introduce them tothe field of I.T. literacy towomen in this area to make them 1  Providing creche facilities for NREGA  Challenge traditionsand social taboos aware of their rights shall also be given women workers.  Create link between community and through Anganwadis. Functioning of national arena women grievance redressal cell has to be  Integrated ChildDevelopment Schemes made effective in this area. Training for  Women Empowerment Programme Self Help Groups for intervention against  Convergent Services atrocities at home etc. shall also be given.  Gender, Development and In such events SHG members can directly empowerment intervene in the matter meeting at a third  Skill Development. party’s home by restricting the person who Employment Schemes: is creating issues. Strict enforcement of In spite of the considerable special rules for women has to be done. improvement in the status of women, they As per thesectoral analysis, the suicide NREGA women workers - Kundara still comprise of largest section of deprived by women is more in Punalur police circle  Uneducated/ Unemployed Women: population. It is widely recognized that area (Pathanapuram, Punalur Municipality, Education and economic development women as a group and poor women in Piravanthur(part), Pattazhy, Pattazhy will help women emerge from their cocoons particular have been adversely affected Vadakkekkara, Karavalur, Thalavur, 2 and shed all shackles of slavery. Even by the process of growth, economic Vilakkudy) and Kadakkal police circle area. today women are trying to tread her own transformation and development. Lack of This area has to be made free from path and establish herself as an individual capital is a serious constraint to the illicit liquor. Special intensive programmes in her own right. development of women in rural areas who have to be conducted to remove the  Welfare Schemes: find little or no access to credit. backwardness and improve family welfare Health-Strengthening uneducated / The proposals include, so as to reduce emotional instability and unemployed women component of ICDS:  Self employment,economic activities and personality disorder. This can be done poverty and illiteracy pose the greatest training through IRDP, TRYSEM, through Anganwadis. Presently this is hazards to public health. Malnutrition and DWCRS. being coordinated by Excise Dept. and the lack of hygiene, sanitation, safe drinking  Credit linkage to women’sgroups through linked agencies are LSGIs, Education water and civic consciousness render the NABARD, RMK. Dept., Dept of Collegiate Education and vast majority of the masses disease-prone.  Strengthening women’s participation in Kudumbasree. 80% ofthe rural women receive no medical agricultural development, dairy Another major issue among women is aid. The health strategies of ICDS services development, agro services and small health related.As per the sectoral analysis, look at preventive and curative care to scale business sector. more cases of anemia are reported in Multi 3 women.  Employment generation for women Functional Zones, which could be due to The proposals include, through JRY and EAS. fast food culture. Wide propagation to  Access to modern medicine to under  Specific Proposals: include leafy vegetables having iron privileged As per the sectoral analysis, women in content, in the diet is the major suggested  Intensify the house visit of health the eastern belt are having low literacy solution.Awareness programmes through

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Anganwadis, audio visual media etc., are  Health and Nutrition, Education,  Awareness to parents of mentally/ phased as follows. Counseling - StrengtheningAdolescent physicallyhandicap’sthroughanganwadi. The proposals can be integrated to the Girls Component of ICDS including  Counseling service. proposals of Health sector. Nutritional and Health Education Social Development Schemes: Proposals for the Welfare of Children (NHED): Adolescent population Proposals include, I Welfare Schemes: constitutes around 20% of Kerala’s  Early detection of child-hood disabilities  Health and Nutrition, Education - population while it is 16% in Kollam. and communitybased rehabilitation Strengthening Children component of Millions of girls in India are denied the  Social acceptance sympathy/empathy ICDS including nutritional and health right to be born and if they are born, denied  Protection from exploitation / abuse education (NHED): ICDS provides a the right to lead a life of dignity.Hence  Starting of specialschools for educating package of servicesfor the development intervention are required for the welfare of mentally retarded of Children. Adolescent girls. The proposals in this  Counseling to the parents. Proposals on Health Service include; respect include: Employment Schemes:  Periodical health check-up ofAnganwadi Proposals include, Support for establishing small children by health personnels.  The right to be born - Sex determination enterprises for  Effective referred service  The right to live – in a healthy family  Making paper bags / cover  Hundred percentage coverage for atmosphere.  Toys making for physically handicapped: immunization with the help of community  The right to Nutrition - Anganwadi  Painting works  Implement strictly earlydetection of child- Supplementary feeding.  Paper bags / cover hood disabilities and community based  The right to health - Access to health  Cycle repairing rehabilitation programme through ICDS. Service  Running small shops II  Special care for primarycomplex.  The right to learn – Free and Old Aged Proposals on Nutrition include; compulsory education Welfare Schemes:  Supplementary nutrition andready to eat  Counseling service-throughAdolescent As per analysis increasing proportion food through anganwadis Girls clubs attached to Anganwadi of old aged in the population is another  Foodcontaining micronutrients, vitamins centers. major problem identified by Human and minerals.  Social Development Schemes Resource Sector. Increased longevity,  Usage of iodized and iron fortified salts This scheme is for victims of health facilities, falling birth rates and other for cooking food in anganwadis. Molestation, Natural Calamities, Riots etc., contributing factors have increased the Proposals on Education (Non-formal and Orphans including Security: share of aged in the population. All the Pre-School) include Proposals include developed and developing countries are  Non formal pre school education should  Moral support and protection from witnessing this phenomenon. This is very be madescientificand systematic suitable community much visible in India, particularly in Kerala to developing countries.  Rehabilitation State as well as in Kollam District. Due to  Use of audio visual media.  Counseling services the limited employment opportunities,  Improvement of infrastructure facilities of  Adoption, intervention programme people are induced to leave their native III anganwadies. Proposals for the birds with broken wing places in search of job to far off places  Harnessing the service of well trained (Mentally and physically challenged) leaving their parents. Consequently these pre-primary teachers. Welfare Schemes: aged parents are left lonely in the fag end  Pleasant and clean atmosphere in  Strengthening birds with broken wing of their life. Therefore it is essential that anganwadi. component of ICDS andAsraya: Mental specific welfare scheme for the old aged  Social Development Schemes retardation (Synonyms-Mental are implemented. Victims of molestation, natural deficiency, Mental handicap, sub  Strengthening old age homes calamities, riots etc., and orphans including normality, amentia) is a state of arrested Old age homes provide care and Security: Rape is the only crime which man development of the mind existing from protection to neglected aged people. can commit against women and not vice birth or from an early age. Proposals include versa. The ultimate victims of riots or It has been estimated that about 5% of  Good respite service natural calamities are women and children. all babies born are retarded to some  Geriatric care Proposals include degree.  Counseling service  Moral support and protection from Proposals include,  Entertainment (music/games) community  Provide supplementary nutrition from  Spiritual awareness 3  Rehabilitation nearest anganwadi centers.  Horticulture  Counseling services  Periodical visit to the patients (Mentally  If healthy, encouragingdonation of eye  Adoption, intervention programme retarded or handicapped) home by As per proposals of health sector, bed Proposals for the Welfare of Adolescent health staff anganwadi worker and strength of the pain and palliative clinic at Girls provide the medicaland moral support. district hospital is to be raised from 6 to 15 Welfare Schemes:  Asmall pensionto the family. which will strengthen this proposal.

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Health care  Strictenforcement oflaw against road rule Low Development Thrust (Thrust 3: CI The well being of the older persons is violators Range 58-111). Accordingly these the goal of the national policy, on older  Making available Emergency Medical anganwadis may be provided with facilities persons which will be achieved by securing Service System (EMS) covering in a phased manner. The required land, them their place in society so that they live Ambulance service, Emergency medical can be purchased by the concerned LSGI this phase of life with purpose, dignity and technicians service, Good Samaritan or obtained as donations etc. The Buildings I peace. laws etc and Services can be provided by the LSGI The proposals include  Speedy and effective communication utilising State/Central Fund or by NGOs.  Constitute geriatric clinicin all hospitals  Cyber crimes can be checked by  Training Prog rammes f or  Constant health care  Strengthening the provisions of I.TAct Functionaries:  Physiotherapy  Constituting State Cyber Rules and The functionaries include Anganwadi  Counseling service Regulations (including control of cyber worker / helper,Anganwadi supervisor and To help the elderly, offer them cafes and internet service providers etc.) child development project officer. Following protection from abuse and exploitation and  Strengthening the existing High Tech training programmes are suggested: create opportunities for them to improve Crime Enquiry Cellof the Police Dept.  Anganwadi worker / helper level: the quality of their lives.  Up-grading status of High Tech  Pre school training Other Social Challenges Crime Enquiry Cell and District  Health and nutrition Other social challenges include Crime Enquiry Cell through giving  Organization skills antisocial activities, suicides, dowry, powers for case registration and  First aid accidents, drug addiction, female feticide, investigation  Anganwadi supervisor level: hiv positive children and white slavery.  Providing adequate qualified  Pre school training 1  The antisocial activities can be reduced manpower and infrastructure  Health and nutrition by facilities including building, updated  Hygiene and sanitation  Strict enforcementof law software, hardware etc.  Training for resource persons  Timely information to police  Through imparting regular  Capacity building  Crime alert system – Public and International/National/State level  Child developmentproject officer level community trainings to thelaw enforcing officials  Developmental activities  Suicides could be checked by in particular by incorporating private  Health and nutrition  Social Justice internet service agencies like  Women empowerment  Employment, education facilities and Yahoo, Google. Microsoft etc. and  Capacity building economic growth. Social community site providers  Management skill  Sustainable developmentin all sectors  Facilities for ensuring international  Disaster / crisis management  Intervention programmes – e.g. cooperation including that of Police The trainings presently given once in Identification of at-risk families/persons, Depts. and service providers of 2 years should be given every year. depression patients, alcoholism, other countries  Participatory Intervention: psychiatric illness,terminal illness  Awareness programmes at Schools,  In case of dowry, the consultative Colleges and alsofor the public etc. 2 committee constituted by Parliament in  Control measures at institutions including 1980 has suggested the creation of Line Depts. , LSGIs etc. having link to dowry prohibition officer’s post in each cyber space through monitoring facilities, district to be assisted by a team of five adequate securitymeasures etc. social workersand with police forces. But  Restricting improper usage of mobile it took more than 25 yearsto implement phones through proper verification of the suggestion. Thus dowry can be addressby mobileserviceproviders, State Anganwadi - Asramam, Kollam reduced by level coordination of mobile service  Continuous awarenesscreation through providers with lawenforcing agencies etc. Presently awareness on various media Bett erment of Services t hrou gh subjects to the beneficiaries are given in  Service of dowry prohibition officers Aganwadis the Anganwadi centres. But these  Refusal of bridegroomswho insists dowry  Provision of Infrastructure facilities: programmes are not fruitful as only a few by brides Based on the analysis of cumulative are able to attend the programmes. So,  Timely information to police index of facilities inAnganwadis conducted participatory interventions is the best solution to tackle the issue i.e. to conduct  This should be included as apart of legal in the sectoral analysis, the LSGIs has 3 literacy been classified into those where there is the programmes at the work places,  Accidents can be reduced by High Development Thrust (Thrust 1 A: schools etc. of beneficiaries.  Education at school level on good driving Multi Functional Zone and Thrust 1B: CI The proposals include, practices Range 146-178), Medium Development  Conducting awareness programmes in  Better road facilities Thrust (Thrust 2: CI Range 112-145), and industries.

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 Forcing the owners of industries/ Special Development Zones (Paravur population. The BPL population receives Commercialestablishments/Government Municipality, Mayyanadu, Chathannur, the opportunity to get wage employment offices etc. to send the beneficiaries for Kalluvathukkal, Kunadara, West Kallada, and to engage in lease land farming activity major programmes conducted. East Kallada,Perayam, Elampallur, Ochira, by forming groups (both men and women).  The Industries Dept. shall insist this Clappana, Kulasekharapuram, Alappadu, The paddy processing centres are I to entrepreneurs while re- Panmana, Chavara, Thevalakkara, intended at Kadakkal, Sasthamcotta, registration. Mynagapally, Sasthamcotta, Neendakara Kottarakkara areas which are nearer to  The district administration, including and Karunagapally) with the support of the major paddy areas. There are possibilities the Jilla Panchayat President, Kerala Water Authority. As per Article 3 of for setting up such centres in cluster District Collector and Mayor, Kollam Chapter 41; Drinking Water, specials such approach by BPL SHGs with the support Corporation shall conduct as flanges, reducers etc. for providing of LSGIs. continuous dialogue with the hydrants are proposed to be installed in The BPL population can be organized management of concerned these LSGIs. and motivated to engage in this field of factories, companies, commercial The development proposals in the vegetable cultivation supported with in a establishments etc. social sector envisage the well being of large scale, provided marketing facilities  LSGIs shall insist Commercial women, children, adolescent girls, old aged as mentioned in Agriculture sector establishments insistto participate in and the birds with broken wings by proopsals. Areas for intensive vegetable such ventures while remitting building providing timely health and nutritional cultivation for improving productivity are taxes during license renewals. services, and by organizing educational mentioned inAgriculture sector proposals.  Facilitating orders of Government. programmes, awareness programmes and Also small scale industrial units are to  Awareness through visual media at the self help group activities. There is a lot of be promoted for processed tapioca II time of festivals/ Melas etc organised at victimization, fear and exploitation in our production including starch, chips tourism centers as mentioned inArticle society. The frightened need assurance, manufacturing etc. in traditional areas with 2.5.6 of Chapter 49; Tourism. the harassed need protection and the special thrust to Kadakkal, Kulathupuzha, Proposals for Fire and Safety deprived and less fortunate fellow beings Kalluvathukkal,Anchal and Poothakulam. As far as fire and rescue services are need someone who will listen to them. A This proposal ishelpful for ensuring income considered two proposals are given. “Cry out for help” should be heard. generation activities for BPL in this field.  Mo dernisation of Exist ing Fire 1.15 Poverty Reduction Sesamum cultivation can be taken up Stations: As per the District Development Policy, by the BPL groups as an intercrop in lease As mentioned in analysis all the 7 fire the present BPL population has to be land farming areas in Onattukara region stations existing in the district require urgent brought above the poverty line whereby viz. Clappana, Oachira, Kulasekhara- modernization including own buildings, the BPL population has access to better puaram, Thazhava, Mynagappally, recovery vehicle etc. employment opportunities and infra- Thodiyur, Thevalakkara, Chavara,  New Fire Stations: structure facilities both in rural and urban Panmana, Sooranad South, Sooranad At least 8 more fire stations will be areas by 2021. North, West Kallada, Sasthamcotta, required in the district by 2017. The The strategies for the same include Kunnathur and Poruvazhy Panchayats. III suggested locations for the fire stations are  Reducing absolute poverty to less than Apiculture activity can be undertaken as follows. Here the Multi functional zones 5% in thedistrict through eliminating the by BPL families (Both individual and are also given priority. deprivations and incapability of the poor groups) as a promising income generating 1. Sasthamcotta with respect to activity. Apiculture is to be implemented in 2. Velinallur (Oyur)  Food and Employment 39 Panchayats of ZoneA, B and C referred 3. Kottamkara  Land and house 7.1. Processing of Honey into various 4. Chathannur  Drinking water and Sanitation edible items can be encouraged and such 5. Kottarakkara  Knowledge and Skill etc. small and medium enterprises also can be 6. Anchal This can be achieved only if the on- initiated in the area. 7. Kollam Corporation (Eravipuram) going and committed projects and The areas identified for coconut 8. Anchalommodu (Thrikkadavur) programmes on poverty reduction and cultivation and rehabilitation includes Sub The period of implementation is 2009 rural development are integrated to the Zone 4 of Special Development Zone – 2017. development proposals of production and including Panmana, Chavara,  Proposal for Hydrants: service sectors suggested in other Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Clappana, It is also proposed to provide fire chapters of this report. Following Kulasekharapuram, Oachira, 3 hydrants in Multi Functional Zones (Zone interventions are suggested in this respect. Mynagappally and Sasthamkotta and Sub 1 - Kollam Corporation, Kottamkara, Proposals for Food and Employment Zone 1 of Special Development Zone Thrikkovilvattom, Elampallur, Panayam,  Intervention in Agriculture sector: including Poothakkulam, Kalluvathukkal, Mayyanadu and Zone 2 - Punalur The revival of paddy cultivation has Paravoor Municipality and the selected Municipality, Karunagapally, Chathannur, been identified as the major area of areas from Zone B and C. When the Kottarakkara, Neendakara, Anchal) and intervention for supporting the BPL production of coconut increases, there will

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 103 be an increase in the opportunity of a unit. In the areas mentioned in Animal cashing in on such products is directly developing coir producing units. The husbandary sector proposal, the units can attached to the emotions that evokes in the revival of once popular traditional coir be established by individual beneficiaries customer. In other words the products production in these areas will benefit the as subsidiary source of income. The BPL whether they are utility products or other poor. Further there is scope for poor families shall be given preference in such items they should have some unique families to enter into enterprises ventures. Similarly backyard duck units, features which attract demanding I undertaking value addition of coconut oil homestead quail units, goat rearing units customers. Therefore production units and products. If a mechanism for proper and piggery units etc can be started by the which cater such market can be set up. collection of the husk is developed in these poor in the areas mentioned in respective It was found that there is ample scope areas facilitated by the community based articles of Animal husbandary sector for starting a BIO Medical Equipment social net work of the poor, there is another proposal. Manufacturing unit at Chathannoor possibility of revitalizing the coir co-  Intervention in Industries sector: Panchayat. In the context of emerging operative societies and it will provide new As per Industries sector proposal, it is private hospitals in Kollam, it is possible to employment opportunities for the poor. proposed to set up 12 micro food organize activity groups which could Banana can be cultivated as lease land processing units,7 in Agro Development render service support as well as farming by the poor in the areas mentioned Zone and 5 in Agro-allied Development production of various materials for the use in Agriculture sector proposals, provided Zone. of hospitals, for, e.g. Power laundry, the inputs and crop insurance support are Also there is ample scope for starting Cleaning services, production of surgical extended from Govt. side. micro enterprises in Multi Functional Zones. cloths, cleaning materialsetc. This can give The forward and backward linkages In the sectoral analysis it was found direct employment to100 BPL families. including general trainings, skill trainings, that there is scope for starting curry powder Another avenue of employment 1 entrepreneurship trainings, bank loans, units and flour mills. SHG members who generation for the poor is starting some procurement measures for raw materials, have capabilities of entrepreneurship can enterprises for looking after the regular marketing support and business counseling be organized to activity groups in this area. health check ups and administering of supports have to be ensured through the The success of such the venture depends medicines, provided that the entrepreneurs development departments such as Rural upon the standardisation and branding of are properly trained such ventures will be Development, Agriculture, Industries, the products in the district.All the units may effective only if there is supportfrom NGOs, LSGIs, Kudumbasree,other agencies such be motivatedto work as partof a consortium health sector and the LSGIs. as Development Corporations for the which take care of the activities from raw As per analysis, there is scope and Backward population, banks, training material procurement to marketing. demand for value added coir products. It institutes etc. In the new era of fashion, there is scope is proposed to set up mechanized coir yarn  Intervention in Animal Husbandry for setting up of garment making units for manufacturing units instrategic locations at sector: ready made apparels such as shirts, ladies Chavara, Clappana, Karunagappally, As per Animal husbandary sector garments, baby garments, under garments Kulasekharapuram, Munroe Island, proposal, there is scope for development etc. in a cluster based approach. Ithikkara, Oachira, Panayam, Panmana, Perinadu, of large scale dairy farms in the Grama Mughathala and Kottarakkara Blocks areas Thekkumbhagom, Thevalakkara, Panchayats of Kunnathoor, Poruvazhy, are ideal for setting up of such units in the Thrikkaruva and Thrikkadavoor Grama 2 Sasthamcotta, Kulakkada, Kalluvathukkal, context that these areas were once famous Panchayat of Kollam District. If continuous Nedumpana, Pavithreswaram, Mynaga- for traditional handloom industries. This supply of raw material can be assured, ppally, Ezhukone, Kareepra and intervention may open up new 1000 BPL members can be assisted with Adichanallur ofAgro-allied Development opportunities for the revival of traditional financial support by the LSGIs, Govt. and Zone and medium scale dairy farms in the handloom industries as well as direct financial institutions for setting up such units. Grama Panchayats of Thazhava, employment for atleast 2000 BPL families As per analysis, it is proposed to set Sooranad north, Sooranad south, during the next decade. up two separate units for the manufacture Elampalloor andThodiyoor ofAgro-allied In the industries sector it was found of Screw Pine and Straw picture products Development Zone. Dairy development is that, there is scope for Manufacturing of in Thazhava and Thrikkadavur a remunerative activity which can be taken Bamboo Based Products and Handicrafts Panchayats respectively. Novel and unique up by poor families either individually or in items in Pirvanthoor, Kulathuppuzha, utility products have to be developed with group. Thenmala and Aryankavu Grama high dexterity and skill in order to attract Necessary measures to make the dairy Panchayats located in the eastern part of both domestic and export market and BPL development activity sustainable, such as the District. But the BPL family members members can be organized as clusters to ensuring the availability of feeder at traditionally engaged in these activities and work in thissector.Appropriate and modern 3 affordable cost etc is required. the artisans who posses the skill have to training has to be imparted to the Another area of intervention is be capacitated by imparting know how of prospective entrepreneurs. Sufficient R backyard poultry development. There is new machine based processing and skills and D has to be carried out by concerned opportunity for setting up 1000 numbers of for producing value added products which institutions for product development. Here small scale poultry units of 10 hens each in ensures quality even for export. The the availability of screw pine has become

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a threat. Hence LSGIs has to take up offer immense potential for Capture highlighted. This has to be propagated activities for the cultivation of screw pine in fisheries in the District. Hence there is a among the women of poor families through private as well as public land utilizing the remunerative opportunity by setting up in discussions in neighborhood groups of opportunities of watershed development Net Mending Units by fisher women SHGs Kudumbasree. Service of trained health programmes and NREGP.Similarly Straw this area. volunteers of Kudumbasree NHGs can also I picture making enterprises can also be Proposals for Accessibility to Land and be utilized for the same. The members of developed in household cluster based House NHGs can cultivate leafy vegetables in their approach in Thrikkadavur and adjoining In the perspective of poverty reduction homesteds. areas. non accessibility to land and house are The women empowerment  Intervention in Fisheries sector: considered as two important risks. By 2010 programme seeks to create awareness in In the fisheries sector there is a all the poor who do not have land and women through IEC and capacity building proposal for Carp Seed Rearing Units in house has to be covered. Providing land in various subjectssuch as legal protection, small ponds/tanks in SGHs among BPL can to the landless should be a time bound legal literacy, skill development, danger of be motivated to take up these activities in agenda for all LSGIs, especially for alcoholism, gender development etc. The their own/ leased land. As per Fisheries Chavara, Thekkumbhagam, Thazhava, best platform for educating the women sector proposals, there is a proposal for Pathanapuram and Thrikovilvattom Grama especially poor women on such matters is fresh water fish culture where also SGHS Panchayats, where the issue is critical as Kudumbasree. Regular classes of legal can be motivated to take up activities. per analysis. literacy can be imparted to the volunteers Another area of intervention is ornamental As part of EMS housing programme, of Kudumbasree, in association with District fish culture. all the LSGIs have to provide houses for Legal ServicesAuthority (KELSA). The gap Also as per studies there is ample the houseless poor by 2010. Providing in various skills of the women has to be II scope for value added fish products. SHGs houses for the houseless poor should also assessed atLSGI level as part of their Local in coastal belt covering mainly Kollam be a time bound agenda for all LSGIs, Development Plan and systematic and Corporation, Chavara, Neendakara, especially for Oachira, Thazhava, effective trainings has to be arranged in Alappad and Karunagappally Grama Thevalakkara, Alayamon and Aryankavu association with training institutions which Panchayats can be organized to take up Grama Panchayats where the issue is have good track record. The proposal for such micro enterprise activities. Ensuring critical as per analysis. ‘strengthening birds with broken wing’ marketing strategies facilitated by fisheries While implementingthese schemes SC/ component of ICDS and Asraya can also Dept. and MATSYAFED is also a pre ST families, destitutes, and families with be linked here. requisite for the success of such ventures. differently-abled members, women headed As per analysis, the employability As per analysis, there is potential for families etc should be given priority in the among the educated youth, especially the dried fish product making units in Paravoor, LSGIs having concentrations of such poor and marginalized, is below the Mayyanad, Kollam, Neendakara, families as mentioned as per analysis. required standard. It is fact that the soft Thekkumbhagom, Thikkadavoor, Prop osals for Inf rastructu re and skills of educated youths of the poor and Thrikkaruva, Panayam, Chavara, Service facilities marginalized families are below the Alappadu and Karunagappally. As part of poverty reduction the critical required standards insisted by employers III Modernised enterprises can be setup by intervention required is that infrastructure now. In order to overcome this handicap activity groups formed by poor families in and service facilities has to be provided to quality assured employability the said area. those areas where BPL families and BPL enhancement trainings has to be imparted As per analysis, fish vending, retail SC/ST families live in groups and in urban by LSGIs. outlet for fresh and processed fish, slums. As per Infrastructure sector Proposals for empowerment activities processing groups, fish booth, ready to eat/ proposal, around 65% of the SC through Kudumbasree ready to cook fish product makingunits etc. population are settled in colonies. ST Kudumbasree has entered into a new are some areas which can employ people are also settled in colonies known phase of reduction of poverty through considerable woman labour. There is as ‘Oorukottams‘ which are located in the various initiatives under the three paths potential for ready to cook / ready to eat eastern part of the district especially in viz social empowerment, economic fish product making units in Kulathupuzha, Aryankavu and Thenmala empowerment and women empowerment. Karunagappally, Kollam, Paravoor, Grama Panchayats. As mentioned in Govt. has prescribed a new by-law for Thrikkadavoor, Neendakara, Alappadu Infrastructure sector anslysis, there are 71 Kudumbasree and the newly elected and Mayyanad. The enterprise can be listed slums in the district. By dovetailing system is put in place. This has setup by activity groups formed by capable the Centraland State funds withLSGI funds strengthened the CBOs of women and 3 and interested members of poor families of the issue has to be addressed fully by provided sufficient freedom for a leap the said area, after obtaining appropriate 2013. ahead. New evaluation and monitoring skills through trainings. Proposals for Social Development mechanism is also derived under the aegis As per analysis, the coastal seas, As per analysis of social welfare sector, of LSGIs which ensures objective based extensive net work of brackish water area the importance ofincluding leafy vegetables development. In view of developing the and the rivers and inland water bodies in diet of pregnant and lactating women is managerial capabilities of women, new

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 105 initiatives on participatory gender self be achieved by the interventions made in Strengthening of Distribution Side to learning is being piloted. In the coming all sectors of development. The schemes co pe u p with Fu tu re Power years this will be extended all over the and programmes which are chalked out Requirements state and which will tangibly enhance the for socio-economic development should To meet the future requirements of capabilities of women for interacting with therefore get some space for the power, following are the proposals in the societies, advocating by themselves for economically weak and challenged distribution side. I their rights, and even bargain for their families in the society. We have to give In the year-2011, 844.40 Mu eligible stake in governance. The voice to the voiceless through specially consumption is expected. To meet this, prevailing social security issues can be planned programmes. A pro-poor 3097 Km HT line, 22054 Km LT line, 3137 tackled through this organizational set up. approach has to be developed in the transformers etc. are required. The For e.g. the implementation of Rastriya society, especially among those who lead additional expenditure expected in this Swasth Bheema Yojana (RSBY), the the systems and activities. To conclude, regard is Rs 8205 lakhs. insurance scheme is being coordinated the efforts of Poverty reduction should be For the year 2021, 1226.10 Mu through Kudumbasree network. initiated come jointly by the Govt. power consumption is expected in this In the area of economic development, Departments, LSGIs and various other District. To meet this requirement, 4496 new initiatives of enterprise development agencies in a dedicated, time bound, Km HT line, 32023 Km LT line and 4556 have been started. SAMAGRA – mission mode so that tangible results are transformers are required additionally comprehensive enterprise development manifested by 2021. during the period 2011-2021 at an based on the natural, human and financial 1.16 Power investment of Rs 26413 lakhs (Table 3.2). resources has already been piloted all According to the district power policy, So a proposal of 11 KV (2009-2011), over the state. In Kollam district such Kollam has to be equipped to provide 100KV transformer (2009-2011), LT 3 1 enterprise development initiatives have quality power for the existing and proposed phase (2009-2011), LT single phase been started at Nedumpana, Poothakualm, economic activities of the district by 2021 (2009-2012) and conversion (2009-2011) Perinadu and Sooranadu South Grama and has to give more emphasis on non are suggested in Kollam District. The cost Panchayats and in Mukathala Block conventional energy sources in the requirement for the proposals would be Panchayat under the leadership of domestic and commercial sector. The Rs.902.9, 935, 73.03, 513.62 and 707.55 Panchayat Raj Institutions. Here, the proposals of power sector are briefed here lakhs respectively. threats in theareas of product development under. Proposals on Transmission Side and marketing are addressed in order to Non Conventional Energy Resources To meet the above future requirement ensure sustainability and economic  Energy from Bio-Mass: of power, there are various proposals on feasibility of enterprise. In the area of Solid waste disposal is a problem being transmission side in addition to the ongoing marketing, new avenues are provided to faced by all the growing local bodies. and committed works. The future entrepreneurs by Kudumbasree. Monthly Hence bio gas plants of capacity to development proposals are listed below. markets provide opportunity to consume approximately 10tons out of solid During 2009-2010, 110KV substations entrepreneurs to sell their products. In the waste are proposed in the urban areas are proposed at Enathu, Pathanapuram coming years, such markets will be opened (including proposed urban areas) of the and Kollam Corporation. The proposal of in all Blockcentres. Kudumbasree facilitates District. Bio-gas plants are proposed in upgradation of substation at Karunagapally 2 entrepreneurs to exhibit and sell their and around the Kollam Corporation, is to be implemented during 2010-2011. products in various fares. Tie up with dept. Punalur Municipality and the Grama Kundara-Sasthamcotta 110 KV Double stores is made for providing visibility to the Panchayats of Karunagappally, Circuit feeder is to be implemented during products of the poor. Govt. has provided Kottarakkara and Chathannoor. These 2010-2011. The proposals of upgradation sufficient funds to open designer shops in plants shall serve the immediate of Edamon 220 KV substation to 440 KV all LSGIs which will materialize by 2011. surrounding local bodies also, with respect during 2011-2012 and upgradation of Some products have been identified for to disposal of solid waste. Edamon Ayoor 66 KV line to 110 KV during branding and packing so that the  Others: 2009-2010. The proposal of evacuation entrepreneurs can increase their stake in There is a proposal for electrification of power from Achankovil New Hydro the emerging global market. It is expected of un-electrified houses. It is suggested that Electric Project by constructing 110 KV line that at least 20 products will be branded whereever there is no possibility of (2009-2010) will cost around Rs 10.5 and marketed by Kudumbasree Kollam by extending electric lines or cables such as crores. 2011. in deep forest areas, solar energy shall The Figure 3.5 gives the proposals These initiatives will ultimately add to be provided. on transmission side. the various sectoral development Table.3.2. : Proposalsfor strengthening distribution side 3 proposals and in turn generate better results for efforts of poverty reduction in the district. Reducing the incidence of poverty in the district is not at all an easy job. It can

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peculiar cultural background of Scheduled Tribes, new houses should be in consonance with their tradition and characteristics. They should not be shifted from their original living environment as I they find their livelihood from such environment. A system of financial assistance through grants is proposed. Rehabilitation of Landless Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Families A scheme for providing land to the landless is a vital and prestigious project to be undertaken.  Landless Scheduled Caste Families: There are about 5500 landless SC Families in the district and the number is Fig.3.5. : Proposals on transmission side increased by 5% every year due to Linkages with other Sectors 1.16 Scheduled Castes and multiplication of families. The landless The major sectors requiring additional Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Caste families are mainly power are Industries and Agriculture. The policy of the sector is the socio concentrated in Kollam Corporation, Power requirements of SC/ST sector will economic development of Scheduled Chithara, Kulakkada, Mylom and II be met with high priority. It is expected that Castes and Scheduled Tribes to bring Pavithreswaram Grama Panchayats. The 90% of the power requirement can be met about social equity in terms of education, suggested locations include all the Grama during 2008-2009 itself. employment and social status. To remove Panchayats with emphasis to Chithara, Only one generating station, (Kallada these disparities by 2021 urgent and Elampalloor, Mayyanad, Pavithreswaram, Hydro electric project) exists in the District concrete positive action is required. Vettikkavala, Kulakkada and which generates 60MU of power annually, Proposals for providing Shelter to the Kulathupuzha, Punalur, Paravoor which is only a small percentage of the Ho useless Sch edu led Caste and Municipality and Kollam Corporation. total power consumed in the District. Scheduled Tribe Families Provision of land to about 8200 families is Therefore for providing quality power for  Ho useless Sch ed uled Caste proposed by 2021. the existing and proposed consumers of Families:  Landless Scheduled Tribe Families: the District, in addition to be conventional In Kollam district there were 5870 The problem of rehabilitation of sources of generation like Hydel, Thermal Scheduled Caste houseless families in the landless ST families is not so severe, as etc, non conventional sources like solar, year 2004. Every year there is an increase they are generally seen only in Aryankavu wind etc are also to be utilized. For certain of 15 to 20% houseless families. Every and Thenmala grama panchayats. It is parts of the District where conventional year around 2000 families are being proposed to provide land to the landless III methods of distribution of electricity is not assisted to construct residential houses by ST families identified (8 in number) as well feasible due to topographical constraints, various agencies. Still the problem is acute as the landless families additionally added emphasis has to be given for non in Kollam Corporation, Chithara Grama to the existing list. conventional sources like solar energy, panchayat in Chadayamangalam Block; Proposals for Educational Assistance wind energy etc. Solid waste disposal is a Elampalloor and Mayyanad Grama The SC and ST Development problem being faced by all the growing panchayats in Mukhathala Block; Department earmark more then 70% of local bodies. Hence, more emphases has Pavithraswaram, Vettikkavala, Kulakkada their budget for educational development to be given to bio-gas plants as a means of and Mylam Grama panchayats in of SCand ST pupils. Financial assistance safe disposal of waste during the meantime Vettikkavala Block and Kulathupuzha in the form of lump-sum-grant, monthly generating energy. Grama panchayat in Anchal Block. In all stipend, hostel facilities etc are being Also there are certain local level issues these LSGIs the proportion of Scheduled provided to them from pre-primary level to be addressed at local level itself like Caste population is high. By 2021 the onwards. voltage drops, lack of infrastructure etc. number of houseless people shall have to The student’s dropout from these These will be tackled at locally. be brought down through integrated efforts sections is comparatively high and hence Over and above the proposals of SC/St department, Local Govts. etc. appropriate remedial measures are to be mentioned a culture and awareness  Ho useless Sch ed uled Tribe 3 taken in this respect also. among the consumers which is to be Families: The proposals include strongly advocated for conservation of Houseless among Scheduled Tribes  Pre-Primary Schools: energy to the maximum extent possible, is concentrated in Kulathupuzha, Chithara, Improvement of facilities in the pre- and the importance of end use efficiency Piravanthoor, Thenmala and Aryankavu primary schools run by SC/ST department. has to be educated. Grama Panchayats. Because of the The suggested locations are the Grama

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Panchayats of Oachira, Thevalakkara, for boys and for girls, are proposed in the Kollam Corporation, Thrikkadavoor, East central and eastern part of the district. Kallada, Elampalloor, Kalluvathukkal, Drinking water Programme Kulathupuzha, Kadakkal and West Kallada. In certain parts of the District, drinking At least one nursery school need to be water is not available round the year. started, in those blocks where there is no People have to spend more time to fetch I such schools under SC Development water from distant places. The affected Department, so as to minimize scarcity of areas are mainly located in the eastern schools for SC children. and hilly parts of the District, where large  Setting up of new Nursery Schools Pre-matric hostal - Kunnathoor water supply schemes are not feasible. Mini It is proposed to set up of new pre-  General Intellectual Backwardness water schemes are advisable in such primary Schools are in Oachira,  Inadequate facilities in their households location. Interventions are required at all Karunagappally, Chavara,Anchalumoodu,  Lack ofparental attention the LSGIs in eastern part of the District and Chittumala, Mukhathala, Ithikkara,  Lack of special consideration at the the Coastal LSGIs. Sasthamcottah, Anchal Blocks and in school Electrification of Un-electrified Houses Kollam Corporation. Besides it is suggested These problems are to be properly Consumption pattern of electricity is that the pre-primary schools run by the addressed at the first year itself so as to considered as a yard stick of development General Education Department can be equip them to pass the course. The or backwardness. Quite a large no of SC expanded to include all the Scheduled students, especially from poor families shall and ST houses are still not electrified, Caste and Scheduled Tribe pupils with out be given proper guidance to equip them to though electricity has reached their door separate fund. steps. So the thrust should be for a shift get admission to professional courses. 1  Pre-metric Studies:  Degree and Post Graduate Courses from electrification ofcolony to electrification  Primary Schools As part of general education around, of individualhouses, as most ofthe colonies As far as SC/ST students are 30% of those who pass Higher Secondary are electrified, but a large no of individual concerned, primary schools are available course join for degree course in various houses are not electrified. at walkable distancemaking the enrollment subjects. Now a days, various new SC and ST Development Departments of SC and ST Children in Primary Schools courses have been introduced which are and KSEB together have taken a board almost 100%. Regular provision of job oriented. But most of the SC/ST initiative to electrify individual houses for lumpsum grant and monthly stipend are students are not aware of such courses which data ofunelectrified houses are being proposed. because of lack of information or guidance. collected with the help of SC promoters  High Schools A special centre, needs to be set up to give and local bodies.A clear picture would be In Kollam district 12274 SC students information and guidance to them regarding available only after compilation of such are studying in 230 HS‘s. Almost all the various modern courses. data. The goal is to provide electricity to Gramapanchayats have at least one high  Vo cation al and Prof ession al all SC and ST Households by 2010. school. So, SC students may have a high Courses The electrification of unelectrified SC/ school with in a radius of 6 Kms. Here also SC and ST students are entitled to 10% ST houses is given high priority by the regular provision of lump-sum-grant and reservation in all vocational and Power sector also. Wherever there is no 2 monthly stipend are proposed. professional courses. Most of the SC/ST possibility of extending electric lines or  Post - Matric Studies: students undergoing vocational and cables, as in the case of deep forest areas, On completion of S.S.L.C students are professional courses got admissions in solar energy shall be provided. offered different courses according to their reservation seats. Those who get Reduction of unemployment choices. Majority of them go to HSS or admission on merit are very negligible. So Unemployment among SCs and STs is VHS courses. In almost all the Post - matric to improve their competitive efficiency, it is proportionately very high when compared courses seats are reserved for SC and proposed to set up three coaching centers to their counterparts in non SC/ST ST students in Government and aided for entrance examination with an average category. institutions. in take of 150 students. Moreover, one In Kollam district around 25000 For Plus 1 course, 20% of the total nursing college exclusively for SC students educated SC and ST youth got their names seats are reserved for these two is also proposed, since new career registered in employment exchange. communities; (15% for SC and 5% for ST), avenues are opening up in nursing field. Following three pronged approach is in VHS course total reservation is 12% Post-Matric Hostels and other facilities required tomitigate the problem: with respective reservation of 8% and 4% Because of the diversification of  Improving competitive efficiency and for SCs and STs. So almost all the SC/ professional and vocational courses, a thereby exploiting the opportunity 3 STstudents who seek for admission to these large number of SC/ST students are available in the employment market. courses will get admission. coming from distant locations. They are Modern erais the era ofcompetition and Majority of SC/ST students who joins compelledtoresideinprivatehostels survival of the fittest is the slogan. So Plus I or VHSC fail at the final examination where the hostel charges are high. without competitiveefficiency none can because of the following reasons. Hence two more Post matric hostels, get employment

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 Posts reserved for SC/ST should be filled Organising Awareness Camps 1.17 Tourism up atthe right time itselfand reservation One of the major hurdles which According to the district Tourism Policy, should also be the provided in private development departmentsface is ignorance by 2021 Kollam has to optimally utilise its sector. among the scheduled caste population on natural resources, art, culture and heritage  Imparting entrepreneurialability to setup schemes for their development. Hence and showcase the district as a slice of I self employment ventures on their own. awareness camps, distribution of Kerala- God’s own Country and as a model Bringing down SC and ST BPL families palmphlets etc. is to be arranged. responsible tourism destination for all to Zero Level Scheduled Caste and Scheduled seasons. Anet work of proposals (Figure BPLSC/STfamiliesaretobeassisted Tribe people are facing so many 3.6) covering all tourist attractions of the so as to raise them APL. This is a very developmental as well as educational district is found. gigantic task and an integrated effort of problems. It is the duty of the state to Proposals based on Type of Tourism LSGIs, Rural Development/Agriculture/ address these problems in a phased  Back Water Tourism Proposals: Animal Husbandry/Fisheries/Industry/SC manner. The sectoral analysis report has  Asht amud i Backwat er Tou rism and ST Development Departments is pointed out certain specific problems for Terminal Complex at bo at jetty required. which urgent action is needed.Accordingly Kollam Besides, the self employment schemes certain concrete suggestion has been As identified in the analysis, Ashtamudi implemented by LSGIs, Rural stemmed up and appropriate proposals is one of the major backwater tourism Development/ Industries/SC Development destinations in the State. The project have been crafted as part of preparation Departments have a very novel self envisages setting up of a state-of-the-art of IDDP. employment scheme which gives the Houseboat terminal complex at Kollam The sectoral and spatial analysis of SC largest subsidy for individual enterprises Boat jetty, the major transit point in the II and ST sector reveals that substantial in the State. Individual projects costing up backwater, to serve it as a facilitation progress has been made in their life to Rs 3 lakhs shall be considered for complex with international standard and through various Govt. programmes. assistance and maximum subsidy of Rs.1 features. The suggested location is at However, there are serious distortions in lakh shall be given. Joint venture projects Kollam Corporation. some developmental areas such as costing up to Rs.10.50 lakhs can be  Beautification of Kollam Canal – education, engagement in business and considered and maximum subsidy of Ashtamudi to Eravipuram (Phase -1) industry and possession of land and other Rs.3.50 lakhs can be given. Intensive As mentioned in the sectoral analysis, campaign is tobe conducted to propagate assets. These are to be properly in order to develop Kollam Canal not just various self employment schemes and to addressed, for which certain concrete as a waterway but as a tourism corridor, induce SC and ST youths to undertake proposals have been included. Major as well beautification measures have to be self employment ventures. thrust has been given to education sector. taken tomake it more tourist attractive. The Providing Healthy and Hygienic living At the same time providing land and core purpose of the project is to revitalize Environment constructing dwelling houses also is given the grassroots on the shores from Around 60% of the SC population is much importance. To inculcate Ashtamudi Lake to Eravipuram. The living in colonies which are located in urban entrepreneurial ability in these vulnerable project aims to landscape both sides of the III slums, coastal areas and other neglected groups, starting of self employment canal banks into a tourist attraction besides areas where the environment is unhygienic ventures has been proposed. In order to promoting organic cultivation of high and unhealthy. Because of these they are improve the quality of life of SC/ST people, yielding variety of all common trees and more vulnerable to contagious and co-ordinated effortsof different departments plants viz Pinapple, Pappaya, Mango, infectious diseases. So their living and integration of various schemes are Cashew, Vegetables and other fruit bearing environment should be made hygienic, inevitable. plants by utilizing the entire vacant land otherwise it would pose a great threat not only to their health but also to other groups. The following suggestions are made in this regard:  Provision for latrines to all SC and ST families.  Provision for supplying safe drinking water( without contaminationof waste and other disposals) 3  Provision for proper disposal of waste water and other hazardous waste materials.  Intensive awareness campaign on maintenance of hygiene in their surroundings. Fig. 3.6 : Proposed tourism network

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along the canal bank. complex etc.  Development and beautification of  Beautification of Kollam Canal – The  Smart waterway terminal cum Water Thangassary Break water Beach Prop osal fo r setting u p of sports Centre The project aims at developing Kaayaloram-Responsible Tourism The project aims at activity based Tangassery as a Heritage beach of Kollam. project for Ashtamudi and Paravur tourism to explore the potential of growing The century old lighthouse and the Backwaters (Phase - 2) demand for backwater based tourism, historical links associated with Tangassery I ‘Kaayaloram’ –Achain of lakeside huts rivers etc. It also aims to develop the are still untouched in the tourism scenario. to encompass multipurpose facilities to potential of unseen backwater / river The breakwater could be a major receive tourists under the franchise of locations which have connectivity to the attraction. A journey through the Kerala Tourism to reconnect the life and villages, highways, historical places etc. breakwater is interesting. Visit to the landscape of Backwaters. Proposal is for Water sports centers are proposed at lighthouse and the panoramic view from setting up of Kaayaloram-Responsible Thanni, Mukkam, Vattakayal, Edava, there is much enchanting and has become Tourism Project- for Ashtamudi and Nadayara, Kallada and Kennetti. a source of attraction among the tourists. Paravur Backwaters. The suggested This project is basically meant for the The Fort of Tangassery which is now taken locations are at Kollam Corporation and development of infrastructure facilities to over by the ASI has a strong historic Paravur Municipality. suit the requirements for the promotion of connection. In order to tap the historical as The core purpose of the project is to various water sports, pleasure boating, well heritage potential of Tangassery, the revitalize the grassroots on the shores and adventure aqua sports etc. As part of the development of Beach is the need of the islands ofAshtamudi lake and Paravur lake proposal, water pavilions are proposed in hour. by linking them to offer some activity based certain locations to promote boat races  Development of Thirumullavaram tourism so as to help them to earn an conducted by various organizations. and Mundakkal Beach 1 additional income out of it, thereby Introduction of variety Pleasure Boats, The proposal envisages the reconnecting the life and landscape of our Floating Boat jetties, Floating restaurants, development of basic amenities at backwaters. The project aims to set up Aqua-Adventure facilities, Water pavilions Thirumullavaram and Mundakkal lakeside huts attached to their residential etc are also envisaged. Beaches. The components are basically plot for providing facilities for angling,  Beach Tourism Proposals: landscaping, lighting, beach umbrella, life dining, resting and recreation. Replacing As mentioned in the sectoral analysis, saving equipments, Pay and Use toilets, the existing toilet units with bio-toilet unit there are a number of potential beaches in seating, Tourism Information Centre etc. with quality sanitary wares to ensure the district including Kollam, Thangassary, Thirumullavaram and Mundakkal are minimum standard forms part of the project. Thirumullavaram, Mundakkal Paravur and the two prominent beaches having potential Promoting organic cultivation of high Pozhikkara. In order to make the coastal for pilgrim tourism promotion. Basic yielding variety of all common trees and belt more attractive following proposals are amenities are much lacking at both the plants viz Pinapple, Pappaya, Mango, suggested. places. Lot of pilgrim tourists (domestic) Cashew, Vegetables by utilizing the entire  Development and Beautification of are visiting these two beaches during the vacant land within the compound is also Kollam Beach month of July / August.Accessibility is very aimedat.Theprojectaimstoensure The project aims at developing one of good because both the beaches are economic, social and environment the major domestic tourism hubs of Kollam located in the Corporation area. The beach 2 responsibility through tourism. district, the Kollam beach. The objective is at Thirumullavaram is a picturesque one  “ Paithrikatheeram” -Preservation of to develop facilities and services and to and unique in nature. natural and cultural heritage on the add more attractions to suit the  Under water Marine Aquarium shores of backwaters and beaches requirements of growing domestic tourism The project envisages setting up of an of Kollam demand. The location of Kollam beach is under water MarineAquarium to experience The objective of the proposal is the most ideal because of its close proximity to under water marine life. The suggested preservation of natural as well as cultural Kollam town. The excellent road location is at Kollam Corporation. heritage on the shores of backwaters and connectivity and sufficient area for future The technical know how in connection beaches from Kannettil to Ayiramthengu. development are major features of the with the setting up of the aquarium has to As the shores are part of the Kollam – Beach. Most importantly, the Beach is be availed in consultation with the Fisheries Alappuzha backwater cruise channel, it ideally located at the opposite side of the Department and Central Marine Research has tremendous potential in developing upcoming Water Sports Centre at Organizations etc. The idea is to ensure tourism by setting up all the basic amenities, Kochupilamoodu enroute the proposed free movement through an artificial glass without compromising the preservation of Coastal Road connecting Kollam Paravur. chamber which provides visual life of the natural as well as cultural heritage. The The water sports center is one of the key sea – marine life- to a certain extent. The 3 main components are renovation of boat attractions along the T.S Canal passing land based terminal, attached to the coastal jetties, signage, road development and parallel to the Beach. Considering all the area, can act as entry point cum facilitation lighting and landscaping, parks, tourist key developmental aspects it is proposed centre. facilitation centres, pavilion for boat races, to develop the Kollam Beach as a key  Beautification of Paravur Beach introduction of pleasure boats/water sports attraction of Kollam. This project aims at the development

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of beach tourism. Beautification of Paravur preservation of our rich natural resources, widening and protection of the T.S canal, Beach and introducing Eco-friendly floating which are diverse in nature. The ponds, construction of boat jetty/boat service for cottages in the backwaters is proposed. high-ranges, mangroves are a few. In tourists, home stay facilities, back water/ The scenic coastal line and the close order to augment the tourism attractions in canal bank roads development, tourist proximity of backwaters along with the sustainable manner and scale, information centre, developing Website, I National Waterway channel passing preservation of such natural resources are look out area near Malappuram mosque, through Paravur, make the location an most important and inevitable. Eco-tourism heritage museum near Puttingal temple, ideal spot for the development of tourism. is planned at Chittumala chira, Muttara Elephant rides, Angling platforms at As part of Tsunami Rehabilitation Plan, it Maruthimala andAyiramthengu which are Paravoor and Nadayara back waters, has been decided in principle to develop the potential precincts identified in the Way side traditional restaurants etc. are and beautify beach from Kappil to Paravur. Sectoral analysis. suggested. Once the beach is developed under the  Dest in at io n Develop ment  Destination Ashramam above scheme, it will be attracted by more Proposals: The project envisages preservation of people. Moreover, the project for the These arespecific tourism destinations Ashramam and Ashtamudi area by construction of coastal road connecting identified for converting the district from a revamping and landscaping the entire Paravur – Thangassery is in pipeline. All mere transit tourism destination to a area comprising the Adventure Park and these infrastructure interventions will responsible tourism destination. Children’s Park atAshramam. definitely add the need of tourism facilities.  Development of Tourism hub at The components are mainly Accommodation facilities have to be Perinad – Village Tourism Facilitation beautification and landscaping of the improved in tune with the future complex Ashramam area with due importance to requirements. A major tourism hub identified in the preserve the natural attractions. Major II  Development of Pozhikkara Beach District Development Concept is at Perinad. revamping of Children’s Park is The project envisages landscaping The project envisages setting up of a envisaged. The Adventure Park will be and developing of Pozhikkara Beach Village Tourism Facilitation Complex to revived as a eco-tourism zone with more as a tourist attraction. ABeach Facilitation promote village tourism. The center will adventure activities in association with Centre cum Children’s Park may also be act as Gateway of Village tourism. National Adventure Foundation. The set up at Pozhikkara. The components of the proposal are vacant land surrounded by the Guest The components of the proposals are state-of-the-art Village Tourism Facilitation House and Parks will be converted as a landscaping, lighting, seating, walkway, Complex to showcase the attractions of Green Exhibition Ground. kiosks, basic amenities etc. The dilapidated backwater villages, village festivals,  Destination Sasthamkotta building owned by the PWD buildings may culture, traditional crafts, etc. The basic The proposal is to preserve the natural be converted as the Beach Facilitation amenities like Dormitory, Pay and Use attraction of the lake and to promote its Centre. As Pozhikara is one of the most toilets, Kiosks forATM, TravelAgency, Tour heritage value as a tourist attraction. scenic location, the proposed components Operation, Souvenir shops etc. will also The proposal envisages the will bring more attraction, thereby more be included under the project. preservation of lake with landscaping and tourists, especially domestic tourists will  Destination Paravur beautification in eco-friendly manner. The III visit the place. The tourism sector in Paravoor is components consist of walkway, organic  Deep sea fishing cruise terminal depending on the sea coast and back cultivation, solar lighting, bio toilets / complex at Neendakara waters. Paravoor is included in the coastal treatment plants for waste disposal, The project envisages setting up of a tourism circuit of Kovalam–Varkala-Kollam mandapams, kiosks for organic fruit/ terminal complex for deep sea fishing -Alappuzha. Therefore the concentration refreshment parlour, boat jetty, fishing cruise with all basic amenities. The of tourism activities will be in the coastal pavilion etc. suggested location is at Sakthikulangara. area and Paravoor- Nadayara back water  Poothakulam village tourism The proposal can be linked with deep sea area of Paravoor. Being an The project aims to exploit the potential fishing tour proposal of fisheries sector. environmentally sensitive area, of village tourism with the participation of The components of the proposals are environment friendly tourism is the policy Poothakulam Grama Panchayat. The state-of-the-art facilitiesfor boarding fishing suitable to the tourism sector of Paravoor. objective is to develop village tourism boats, Information center, Sea-food Hence large scale tourist complexes are considering the pond as the center of Restaurant, MarineAquarium, Route map not suitable. Local level infrastructure attraction. and other basic amenities for the tourists development, giving importance to the The project envisages the as well as crews. The basic amenities like natural beauty, should be promoted for preservation of the pond and to incorporate 3 Dormitory, Pay and Use toilets, Kiosks for tourism development.Apart from proposals some basic amenities and services viz. ATM, Travel Agency, Money change, in Articles 2.2.5 and 2.2.6, adequate beautification and landscaping of pond, Souvenir shops etc. will also be included advertisements regardingtourism potential, settingupapark,introductionofpleasure under the project. road and rail facilities to reach Paravoor Boating, Angling, lighting, signage,  Eco Tourism Proposals: and facilities for staying in are to be Children’s playing equipments, Boat Jetty This project aims at conservation and provided. Construction of road signs, etc. The total project cost is expectedto be

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Rs. 20 lakhs and out of this Rs 10 lakhs will and Kadavur. Model facilitation cum walkway, signages, road, etc so as to be supported by the Department of Tourism exhibition centre may be set upat the above explore its tourism potential. Development under the scheme – ‘My village-Tourism locations to showcasethe unique craft form of such a circuit will certainly contribute a friendly village’. and to facilitate sales and marketing of premium tourism product of Kollam.  Cultural and Traditional Tourism products to the tourists. The centre will Conservation, preservation and adaptive  Museum at Thevally palace provide authentic demonstrations of reuse are the major strategies.All the listed I The projectaims to have a Museum of various processes involved in the craft heritage precincts in the district are to be Heritage and Historyof Kollam to showcase making and will contribute in raising the conserved. our rich past in a most appropriate manner economic status ofthe local people involved  Special Cultural Activities and scale. It is proposed to house the in that industry. The suggested locations In order to revive the traditional art museum at the Thevally Palace, due to its are at Thazhava and Kadavur. forms, folk arts, classical arts etc. of Kerala, in-depth linkage with the formation of The components of the project include a traditional cultural festival is planned Kollam. The project is to convert the setting up of a facilitation centre having under the title-Utsavam-. A calendar of Thevally palace as a museum of History facilities for demonstration of the process, variety traditional art forms has been and Heritage ofKollam with due importance display of articles, sales room, charted out for each district and it will be to the History of Kerala. accommodation for craft workers, basic conducted in two venues near to a tourist At present the NCC wing occupies the amenities like toilets, ATM, Communication/ destination. The department of tourism and Palace. The location of the Palace is Courier centre, Packing unit, etc. In DTPC in tie up with the private sector, line strategic, as it lies on the shore ofAshtamudi addition, it is proposed to improve the basic departments etc. and under the guidance Lake. The Archeology Department of infrastructure facilities required for the of Local Governments shall organize the Kerala may be entrusted to prepare a promotion of the craft workers in their festival. 1 detailed project on the subject matter. The respective locations. Walkways connecting  Health Tourism restoration of the palace building has to be houses engaged in craft making, lighting, Health tourism facilities can be incorporated in the project report. renovation of work shed for the craftsmen, established in both public and private  Houseboat Construction yard cum signage, route map, branding support, sectors. The tourism hub at Perinad will Museum of Traditional crafts at promotion and publicity etc are also be a major hub for health tourism facilities Alumkadavu planned as part of the proposal. as well. As mentioned in Health sector, The proposal envisages setting up of  Interpretation center for History and Ayurveda can be effectively marketed a ‘Houseboat Construction Yard cum Literature through the fast growing health tourism Museum of Traditional Crafts’ at The project envisages showcasing the concept.Also as mentioned in analysis, it Alumkadavu. The objective is to showcase rich historical heritage of the place is suggested that the Directorate of ISM the traditional houseboat making practices Mayyanad. An interpretation center cum shall have licensing control over the as a tourism product and make it a centre facilitation unit will serve its purpose to approval of such facilities. for tourist attraction. A houseboat terminal reconnect the past of Mayyanad. State of  Pilgrim Tourism: complex is also proposed under this project. the art audio-visual aids could be set up to  Pilg rim Cen tre Inf rastructu re A demonstration centre for exhibiting the ensure effective dissemination of Development art of making kettuvallams and a design information and interaction. Mayyanad may The project envisages the creation of 2 centre for making of variety souvenirs are be projected as a center for history and basic amenities for tourists by wayof setting also planned under this project. The village literature of Kollam where one gets complete up of Pilgrim Facilitation Centers. Cultural – Alumkadavu – will also be form part of information on about the eminent heritage is having strong sense in tourism the project and a village route map will be personalities of Mayyanad. promotion. The diverse festivals and prepared connecting all the houses of The components of the proposal will temple rituals are having tremendous traditional artisans and their work place to be state-of-the-art facilities for the display/ potential in marketing tourism. However ensure tourist visits. documentation of history/literature/archives basic amenities are lacking at may such  Handicraft villages etc. A facilitation complex for rest and locations. In order to manage the crowd, The proposal envisages promotion of reading has also to be included. Audio/ of both local and out station pilgrims, it is unique handicrafts of Kollam – Screw pine video facilities also are to be set up at the inevitable to have some quality basic craft and straw picture craft at Thazhava center. Proper study for the documentation amenities at such centres, to meet the is also inevitable before setting up the requirements of pilgrims. Pilgrim Facilitation center. Centres are planned in association with  Development of Heritage Precincts the office bearers of the concerned temple/ The proposal envisages proper church/mosque. 3 documentation of all the natural and cultural  Prop osal fo r the Pro mot io n of heritage precincts in Kollam and to initiate Festivals of Kollam restoration and preservation activities The proposal aims at complete along with minimum interventions for documentation of festivals of Kollam to House boat - Kollam creating basic amenities – lighting, showcase the cultural contributions of

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Kollam. Afestival calendar comprising of all relevant data and schedule of events will be prepared in this regard. A festival facilitation center will also be launched to ensure proper facilitation to the visiting I tourists at each festival venue. The components of the proposal include documentation of festivals, preparation and compilation of data, printing of brochures etc. It is planned to create a website exclusively for the festival calendar/highlights, souvenirs, CDs of festivals etc. The locations are as follows. Gateway 1: KSRTC Jetty- Gateway 2: Thoppilkadavu Jetty- Sambranikodi Jetty- Veerabhadra Temple- Pattam Thuruth Church- Monroe Island- Palliam Thuruth Island. The Vellimon area in the Tourism hub as mentioned in previous chapter will be linkedto this circuit. II Palliam Thuruth Island is proposed to Fig. 3.7 :Ashtamudi lake tourism circuit be developed as a hub of this lake cruise tourism circuit as shown in Figure 3.7. destination private-public partnership is a destination (For e.g. Paaramparya festival, The Fisheries sector proposes a base must. The private sector occupies major Boat race atAshtamudi, Folk art festival, station with kayal patrolling facilities is role in marketing and promotion of a tourist etc) Department of tourism will provide fund proposed for the Marine Bio Reserve destination. for marketing such events within the area. This facility will also be included in As suggested inArticle 3.2 of Chapter national boundary. The LSGIs can take the Palliam Thuruth Island along with the 26, a Calendar of major tourism events part in marketing by bringing all relevant hub. Though the circuit bypasses the shall be prepared. The primary objective details from grass root level including Reserve area, tourism activity will be totally is to make awareness among the stake documentation of the assets / resources prohibited in the marine bio reserve area. holders as well as clients about the both natural/cultural etc. The same may Further, the boats used in this particular destinations. Brochures, leaflets, Travel be brought to the notice of DTPC and local circuit will be only those having in-boat Marts, Road shows, Publications, level promotion shows/festivals may be engine facilities and kerosene powered Advertisements in print/visual medias, Farm chalked out and later this will become a engines will be prohibited. trips, Shopping Festivals, Events, part of state level ad campaigns. III Proposals for Marketing and Promotion Pilgrimage, CDs, website, Portals etc are Proposals for Private investors The essence of every industry is its the various sources of tourism marketing. The major part of the development of Marketing and Promotion. As a service Aggressive marketingwith the participation tourism lies in the private sector. The role industry and being an intangible product, of all stake holders are to be carried out in of Government is to act as a catalyst for the the survival of tourism is possible only a time bound manner so as to attain development of tourism with the active through aggressive marketing and optimum and comprehensive growth. Here participation of host community. The promotion. The campaign of God’s Own the role of Dept. of Tourism is to conceive schemes, strategies and action plans for Country is the marketing campaign being marketing strategies in tune with the the development of tourism are planned used by the Kerala Tourism to position international trends and focus. Priorities with an objective to encourage private Kerala among theTourism world. Similarly will be fixed by the Dept. of Tourism in investment in tourism. There is extensive each district has to concentrate on promoting destinations /regions etc. At network of private sector ranging from Tour identifying its unique selling proposition present, thethrust is being givento promote Guide/Tourist Taxi Driver to Star Category (USP) in tune with the state marketing Malabar in the tourism map. Aggressive Hotel/entertainment firms. The campaign. Kollam is blessed with Marketing campaigns of Kerala Tourism Government is giving assistance to the Backwaters, Hill stations and Beaches. consist of all tourism products irrespective prospective investors in terms of financial of district boundaries. The role of DTPC is subsidy, tax exemption, concessions, 3 The diverse festivals,Art, cultural/historical resources of Kollam make it a real slice of to identify new destinations / new concepts/ single window clearance, marketing Kerala. The logo –Kollam-God’s Own new products/ indigenous festivals/art support, classification, certification, basic Capital is one of the most deserving forms etc and collect authentic details and infrastructure facilities etc. The following captions to market its tourism potential. In proposals. Festivals and events may be are the on going schemes of Kerala tourism order to ensure effective marketing of a organized by DTPC so as to promote the to attract investors and unemployed youth

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam Development Proposals Volume III - Concise Report 113 towards tourism which can be improved. the visitors to the Gods Own Capital by state government contributes matching 1. Home stay classification scheme making Kollam a complete destination for contribution on the basis of size of agri GDP 2. Tourism investmentsubsidy for Hospitality all seasons. of the state and the potential yield gap. / tour / travel / houseboat / entertainment 1.18 Finance A new urban governance culture is / handicrafts/ Restaurant etc. The Development Proposals of required. Attempts are made to develop a 3. Classification scheme for Ayurveda Finance Sector discusses mainly the municipal bond market and FIs are I Centre sources of funds for the various creating a pool of money to fund this bond. 4. Green Farms Scheme development sectors for implementing the JNNURM, is also providing subsidies/ 5. Grihasthali scheme proposals suggested. Based on sectoral grants ranging from 35 to 60% of project 6. Vazhiyoram – Way side amenity Centre analysis, settlement analysis, spatial cost to municipal bodies by levying user 7. ‘My Village Tourism Friendly Village’ analysis and the district development charges. scheme – for LSGIs only concept, all the development sectors have Venture proposals of technocrats with 8. Town square developmentscheme – for carved proposals in a 20 year perspective. high technology which are new and high Corporation/Municipality The finance sector attempts to identify the risk are financed by venture capital funds. 9. Pilgrim Facilitation Centre scheme financial resources to implement these Developing a long term debt market is As far as private investment is schemes. a crucial element in infrastructure finance. concerned Dept. of Tourism is occupying Sources of Fund for Sectoral Proposals A qualitative change in the entire financial lead role in sanctioning incentives/ There are different sources to raise environment is required. concessions/single window clearances/tax funds required for infrastructure Any financial institution, while holidays etc as per the state policy development. Capital structure is financed considering proposals of infrastructure guidelines. by long term sources which consist of debt finance, looks into whether the work would 1 The DTPC is doing district level liaison and equity. Long term debt consists of loans lead to desired objectives, appraises for works in tune with the guidelines of the from term lending institutions and technical feasibility, financial viability and Dept. of Tourism. The role of DTPC may commercial banks. Debt also consists of economic benefit done. Total costs and be redefined in two ways. Consultancy funds raised through issue of debentures. total benefits are weighed. For bridges assistance may be provided on the scope/ While it is difficult to raise equity capital, it is etc, the data on actual vehicular traffic will feasibility of a tourism product/property fairly cheap compared to cost of borrowed be collected and converted into standard development etc. The second thing is funds from financial institutions (long term) passenger per unit based on a table. preparation of a Land Bank concept. Such and the commercial banks (short term) for Travel time saved can be converted into a land bank would be ideal and easy for working capital purposes. man days and value arrived. Saving on potential investors to locate the land To meet long term requirements of vehicle operating cost can also be worked required for the development. The funds, securities are issued to public (issue out. Then there are players like IL and FS complete details ofpotential sites along with of capital) by firms in the corporate sector to support infrastructure development. IL owner’s details, extent, survey and maps and public sector. Securities represent and FS(Infrastructure leasing and financial may be prepared made available for claims on a stream of income or particular services Ltd) is one of India’s leading presentation before the prospective clients. assets. Long term debts can be raised infrastructure development and finance DTPC can act as a facilitator between the from developmentfinancial institutions (DFI) Companies. This company is promoted 2 client and the land owner. Consultancy like SFC, SIDBI, IDBI, TFCI etc. NABARD by CBI, HDFC, UTI with broad based assistance may also be provided with also supports infra developmental schemes share holding including of SBI, LIC, Abu relevant projections and figures regarding under RIDF. Dhabi InvestmentAuthority etc. IL and FS the trend oftourism in district/state/national Applicants can raise external provide the complete array of services scenario. The LSGIs can co-ordinate in commercial loans from any internationally, including development, finance, materializing the land bank concept in recognized source including CBs, export management, technology and execution. association with DTPC. Local level credit agencies and suppliers of Other independent source of funds: clearance for various issues relating to the equipment, foreign collaborators, foreign  Grant funds from InternationalAgencies. investment may also be streamlined by equity holders and international capital  Loans from ADB,World Bank etc. LSGIs in association with DTPC. markets subject to the rules of SEBI issued  Raising loans from LIC/ HUDCO/ IDBI/ It is expected that the proposals will from time to time. ICICI indeed bring up the tourism industry in the Lease finance is a cheap and flexible  Municipal Bonds district. It may be noted that all the means of financing as compared to term There is a need for financial proposals are carved giving due loans from financial institutions. Here the intermediary to pool the projects of various consideration to the ecological aspects. lender books to the cash flow from the departments. 3 This makes Kollam district a model specific assets or collection of assets in The Bond Bank can be formed at responsible tourism destination. Through which their funds are invested. Co financing national level as a SPV or as subsidiary of the implementation of these proposals in a with NABARD is another source. the Financial Institutions. time bound manner by 2021 better service Under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, FDI could be permitted through and infrastructure facilities will be given to the GOI will provide substantial amount if Financial Collaborations, Joint Ventures,

Integrated District Development Plan, Kollam 114 Volume III - Concise Report Development Proposals

Table 3.3 : Different Proposals submittedbythe departments and thesources identified

I

II Capital markets, Private placements or guarantee. the potential to provide ‘innovative’ and preferential allotments. Focus under JNNURM schemes has adoptable ideas from players across the Enabling public - private – partnerships clearly shifted to implementation of projects industries. It can expose an organization and government citizen partnership. and reforms, which include revamping of to novel ideas if practices and data across In st it ution s in Kerala su pp orting procurement/ contracting, tendering industries are understood with meaningful infrastructural development: procedures, standardization of pre- insights and contextual inferences.  KURDFC (Kerala Urban and Rural qualification criteria etc. Public Private Partnerships: Development FinanceCorporation Ltd). Pooled finance mechanism has the The key to make PPP acceptable is to Incorporated in 1970 as a private Ltd. objective of helping urban local bodies to create an environment where PPPs are Co. subsequently converted into public reduce the cost of borrowings and seen to be a way ofattracting private money Ltd. Co. restructuring of costly debt. Bonds issued into public projects and not putting public  Kerala SustainableUrban Development under the pooled finance development resources into private projects. Project. fund scheme will be eligible for tax breaks. Suggestions on Sources of Fund:  Kerala State Transport Development This facility can well be structured to satisfy The different proposals submitted by III Corporation. both infrastructure funding needs of local the departments and the sources identified Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal governments and the investment criteria of are given below (Table 3.3). Mission schemes like UIDSSMT, BSUP etc. investors. As the Indian economy embarks on the are encouraging States to innovate new Pooled financing can facilitate process of globalization, it has become all funding mechanisms, which may prove decentralization by providing financing the more important that our financial markets beneficial in turning around urban mechanism to local governments so as to remain healthy, strong and efficient. The infrastructure. Pooled finance development decrease reliance on state level financial sector reforms have provided a fund (PFDF) and credit rating of local guarantees and subsidies. The facility solid platform to launch the next phase of bodies by the urban development ministry would also stabilize revenue streams and reforms after learning lessons from the past. – have put the states to serious task. PFDF create an opportunity to tap the local capital The different sources of finance described would help even smaller urban local market for infrastructure financing. here canbe utilized by thevarious agencies bodies leverage market funds for improving Cross Industry benchmarking: to suit to their requirements, to successfully infrastructure without the need of state Cross-industry benchmarking holds implement their proposals by 2021

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