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Polyurethane-Polybenzoxazine Based POLYURETHANE-POLYBENZOXAZINE BASED SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Numan Erden December, 2009 POLYURETHANE-POLYBENZOXAZINE BASED SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS Numan Erden Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ _______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Sadhan C. Jana Dr. Sadhan C. Jana _______________________________ _______________________________ Faculty Reader Dean of the College Dr. Kevin Cavicchi Dr. Stephen Z.D. Cheng _______________________________ _______________________________ Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Robert A. Weiss Dr. George R. Newkome _______________________________ Date ii ABSTRACT Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have attracted much attention from academic and industrial researchers due to strong potential in biomedical and consumer applications. Some of the limiting factors of these materials are low recovery stress (RS) and shape recovery (SR). Fundamental studies have focused on the improvement of RS and SR values using primarily two approaches. The first utilizes the nanocomposite route by which a few weight percentages of nanofillers are added to SMPU in order to increase the modulus and consequently to obtain enhancement in recovery stress. Although successful in the case of SMPU with amorphous soft segments, the nanofillers caused reduction in crystallinity of crystalline soft segment leading to deterioration of shape memory properties of SMPUs. In the second approach, chemical additives are added which either chemically bond with SMPU chains or form a separate phase and offer much stronger modulus than the soft and hard segments of SMPU. This second approach was followed in the current study. Polybenzoxazine (PB-a) was incorporated into a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) formulation, anticipating that it would play a similar role to hard segment and improve the shape memory properties. It was found that benzoxazine monomer formed miscible blends with the prepolymer derived from 4,4'- methylenebis (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and poly (tetramethylene) glycol (PTMG) with average molecular weight of 650 g/mol. This allowed chain extension of prepolymer using 1,4-butanediol (BD) as in the synthesis of regular polyurethanes. The benzoxazine was later polymerized into polybenzoxazine (PB-a) by thermal curing at 180 °C in 3 hrs. The results of this study showed that both RS and SR increased with the addition of benzoxazine. A specimen with 17 wt. % benzoxazine produced the best RS and SR values with 13 MPa and 93%, respectively compared to RS of 6.8 MPa and SR of 72% for polyurethane. The deformation conditions were also found to exert significant influence on RS and SR values. Both stretching rate and stretching temperature increased the RS values. However, higher heating rates caused a reduction of the values of RS. iii The stress relaxation experiments were carried out to establish a correlation between the deformation conditions and the values of RS. It was found that specimens with 9 wt. % and 17 wt. % benzoxazine experienced high degrees of stress relaxation. Consequently, the RS values of these specimens, although higher than polyurethanes, were somewhat compromised. Furthermore, an investigation on surface morphology revealed that the specimens had different levels of hard and soft segment phase separation. iv DEDICATION Dedicated to my parents; Casim and Şükriye Erden for their everlasting affection and love... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge all my friends from both my work and social surroundings for their motivating words and sincere wishes. Research fellows of my group and the small Turkish community in Akron are those whom I am deeply grateful. I would like to extend my thanks to the committee members, Dr. Kevin Cavicchi and Dr. Robert Weiss, due to their kind efforts upon reviewing this thesis. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks for my advisor, Dr. Sadhan C. Jana. This study could not have been a complete work without his professional support. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE SURVEY .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Shape memory effect (SME) ................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Parameters for characterization of SMPs ...................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Shape memory effect in alloys .................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Shape memory effect in ceramics ............................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Shape memory effect in polymers .............................................................................................. 15 2.2 Classification of SME in polymers ..................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Thermal activation ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Activation by light ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Activation by electric/magnetic field .......................................................................................... 21 2.3 Shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) ............................................................................................. 22 2.3.1 Basic information on polyurethanes ........................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 SMPU blends .............................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.3 SMPUs with different co-monomers .......................................................................................... 26 2.3.4 Chemically crosslinked SMPUs.................................................................................................. 27 2.3.5 SMPU nanocomposites ............................................................................................................... 27 2.3.6 Shape memory alloy (SMA)/shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) composite ......................... 29 2.4 Polybenzoxazine ................................................................................................................................. 30 vii 2.4.1 Synthesis of the benzoxazine ...................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Polymerization .......................................................................................................................... 322 2.4.3 Distinguishing properties of polybenzoxazines ........................................................................ 333 2.5 Earlier polybenzoxazine/polyurethane work .................................................................................... 344 III. EXPERIMENTAL ............................................................................................................................... 388 3.1 Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 388 3.1.1 Raw materials for synthesis of polyurethane ............................................................................ 388 3.1.2 Raw materials for benzoxazine ................................................................................................. 399 3.1.3 Preparation of PU/PB-a systems ................................................................................................. 40 3.2 Characterization methods ................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.1 Thermal characterization ............................................................................................................ 45 3.2.2 Characterization of mechanical properties .................................................................................. 45 3.2.3 Spectroscopic analysis ................................................................................................................ 46 3.2.4 Analysis of morphology .............................................................................................................. 46 3.2.5 Characterization of shape memory properties ............................................................................. 46 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Thermal properties .............................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Thermomechanical properties
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