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RESEARCH AND PRACTICE JOURNAL Has been published since 2011, quarterly ISSN 2222-9345

Founder № 4(24)/2 FSBEI HE «Stavropol Supplement, State Agrarian University» 2016 EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman of editorial вoard TRUKHACHEV V. I. Rector of Stavropol State Agrarian University, Corresponding Member of RAS, Doctor in Agriculture, Doctor in Economics, Professor Editorial вoard: BANNIKOVA N. V. Doctor of Economics, Professor BUNCHIKOV O. N. Doctor of Economics, Professor GAZALOV V. S. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor DZHANDAROVA T. I. Doctor of Biology, Professor DYAGTEREV V. P. Doctor of Biology, Professor ESAULKO A. N. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor ZLYDNEV N. Z. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor KVOCHKO A. N. Doctor of Biology, Professor KOSTYUKOVA E. I. Doctor of Economics, Professor KOSTYAEV A. I. Doctor of Economics, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences KRASNOV I. N. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor KRYLATYKH E. N. Doctor of Economics, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy Sciences KUSAKINA O. N. Doctor of Economics, Professor LYSENKO I. O. Doctor of Biology, Associate professor MAZLOEV V. Z. Doctor of Economics, Professor MALIEV V. H. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor MINAEV I. G. Ph. D. in Technical Sciences, Professor MOLOCHNIKOV V. V. Doctor of Biology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences MOROZ V. A. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences MOROZOV V. Yu. Ph. D. in Veterinary Sciences, Associate professor (vice-chairman of editorial board) NIKITENKO G. V. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate professor OZHEREDOVA N. A. Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Associate professor PETROVA L. N. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences PETENKO A. I. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor PROKHORENKO P. N. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences RUDENKO N. E. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor SANIN A. K. Managing Director of Publishing Center «AGRUS» SKLYAROV I. Yu. Doctor of Economics, Professor SYCHYOV V. G. Doctor of Agriculture, Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences TARASOVA S. I. Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, Professor KHOKHLOVA E. V. Ph. D. in Pedagogic Sciences, Docent

Agricultural Bulletin of Stavropol Region is on the list of leading peer-reviewed journals and publications approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and contains the main scientifi c results of doctoral and Ph.D. theses. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 2 Journal A

СONTENTS

Adamchevskaya V. Nagy H. LOGISTIC COMPLEX AS AGROTOURISM REVIEW ON THE HISTORY OF HUNGARIAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM ...... 4 BATH/SPA CULTURE ...... 53

Áldorfai G. Narkūnienė R. THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TOURISM ANALYSIS OF TOURISM RESOURCES CARRYING CAPACITY ...... 7 OF EASTERN AUKŠTAITIJA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . . .57 Bjeljac Ž., Petrović M., Terzić A. GASTRONOMIC EVENTS AS A PART Nedelcu A., Štetić S. OF TOURIST OFFER: RURAL TOURISM – DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY OF SERBIA ...... 10 OPPORTUNITY FOR RURAL AREAS AND COMMUNITIES. PRAHOVA COUNTY Cvijanović D., Vuković P. CASE STUDY ...... 61 PERSPECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF SMEDEREVO ...... 14 Oláh I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANIMATION Czabadai L. IN THE TOURISM OF HUNGARY ...... 65 A METHODOLOGY FOR POSTIONING TOURISM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 17 Osychenko M. V., Skripkin V. S. THE METHOD OF INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL Elfi mova Y. M. QUALITIES EDUCATION AND REGULATION PROSPECTS OF TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE LOAD ...... 68 AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMY. . . . .21 Ozaeva I., Ivolga A., Varivoda V. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM MARKET: Ferens E. CURRENT STATE AND PROGNOSIS ...... 70 CITY BREAK TOURISM IN EUROPE ...... 24 Parlińska M., Petrovska I. Ivolga A. G., Radishauskas T. A. COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY: THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN TOURISM: IMPLEMENTATION IN POLAND ...... 74 COMMUNICATION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS «AGRI-» Petrović M., Bjeljac Ž., Vujko A. AND «RURAL» TOURISM...... 27 ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF AN AGRITOURISM DESTINATION – Kłoczko-Gajewska A. A THEORETICAL APPROACH ...... 77 THE NETWORKS OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL VILLAGES AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – Sidelnikova K. 81 BASIC FACTS AND SOME QUESTIONS ...... 30 PRICE AS THE MAIN FACTOR OF Kostić M., Milićević S., Nedeljković I. RURALTOURISMDEVELOPMENT ...... 81 RESEARCH OF TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION Topa Z. OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT ...... 33 THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTING A «SUPERHIGHWAY» BETWEEN LONDON Levushkina S. V., Miroshnichenko R. W. AND NEW YORK ON RUSSIAN TOURISM...... 84 KEY FACTORS OF REGIONAL INNOVATION Vasile A., Bazgă B., Smoleanu A. CLUSTERS AND THEIR INTERACTION ...... 37 IS AGRO TOURISM INSTRUMENT Lutsuk S. N., Tochov Y. M., IN VALUING AGRICULTURAL Tolokonnikov V. P., Dyachenko Y. V. AND RURAL COMMUNITY’S POTENTIAL IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIES?...... 87 DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS HYALOMMA Ungureanu A. END GENUS DERMACENTOR TICKS IN ECOSYSTEMS OF STAVROPOL REGION ...... 42 THE IMPORTANCE OF BALNEARY TOURISM. CASE STUDY VALCEA COUNTY...... 91 Milićević S., Kostić M., Đorđević N. Bujdosó Z., Szűcs C., Kovács G. GREEN HOTELS’ FUNCTION IN SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT . . .45 VIABLE USE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND GREEN ENERGY IN TOURISM ...... 97 Nagy A. HEALTH TOURISM IN HUNGARY ...... 49 gricultural 3 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Adamchevskaya V. LOGISTIC COMPLEX AS AGROTOURISM DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

Abstract: sustainable development of rural territories Key words: agrotourism, rural areas, rural tourism, one of the main goal in the modern time and the main health, sociocultural and spiritual effect, heritage, tour- important role in this process plays diversifi cation of ist fl ow of consumers, logistic systems, travel agencies, economy including agrotourism. To develop agrotourism transport systems, logistic complex. in region necessary to start with logistic development and creating of logistic complex.

Adamchevskaya V. – Postgraduate student of the Department of Socio-cultural service and tourism, Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Tel.: 8 (8652) 355980 E-mail: [email protected]

grotourism is rather young type of tourism and It is capable to infl uence process of overcoming is positioned as rather inexpensive alternative of economic, tourist, social and spiritual crisis of the A to tourist resort rest using resources of rural Russian province through the realization of power- areas as farm animals, birds and plants, natural, ful and rich capacity of the rural region on the ba- cultural, and historical resources. Resorting to the sis of development of agrotourist sector of the North international practice, it should be noted that forma- Caucasus. Besides, agrotourist services win popu- tion and development of agrotourism is large-scale larity among city dwellers more and more. In many action for expansion of a part of agrarian sector from countries, agrotourism is one of the perspective di- the sphere of production to a services sector. The rections of the industry of rest, which allows vacation- conducted scientifi c researches, experience of for- ers to spend time in picturesque and environmentally eign countries and of number of the Russian regions friendly corners of rural areas with big advantage for demonstrate that agrotourism is an innovative type health and for the minimum cost, to be beyond the of tourist activity. The concept of agrotourism be- habitual high-comfortable ordinary. Development of comes synthesis of various defi nitions accepted in agrotourist sector in North Caucasus region can and foreign countries where it is accepted to call the rest has to become an important point of economic, so- in rural areas like agrotourism, green or rural tour- cial, cultural and spiritual growth of the region. The ism. It should be noticed that also the direct produc- socio-cultural and spiritual effect because of activi- tion activity practices within agrotourism: revival and zation of local creative resources, preservation and development of various national and art crafts, tra- development of national, natural, historical, cultural, ditional handicraft trade, production of environmen- and spiritual heritage, increase of a self-assessment tally friendly foodstuff. A objective of agrotourism – of local communities, emergence of positive social to give an impulse for the development of certain prospect has to become the most important result rural settlements, increase the level of the income of development of what agrotourism in the North of their inhabitants, suppression of a migration fl ow Caucasus. from rural settlements to the city by the organiza- Important component of agrotourist sector is the tion of new specifi c sector of local economy. Russia physical process connected with movement of peo- possesses agrotourist appeal, which hasn’t been re- ple in space and that is why it is necessary to use alized yet. Russian agriculture endures the diffi cult technologies of logistics. Movement of a tourist fl ow period today, every fourth resident of the village is of consumers to vacation spots and movement in out of civilized labor market here, and the number of vacation spots is characterized by relative stabili- the unemployed makes about 4 million people. ty, behind an exception a swagger – major circum- The North Caucasus is one of outstanding agrar- stances (for example, failure of work of transport ian subjects of the Russian Federation, holding the systems). Therefore, the material streams and serv- special geographical and historical position in its ice streams prevail. In general, studying of the ma- structure. It is 10,5 % of the population of Russia terial and accompanying streams in logistic systems from which 44,4 % – country people live. However, in the tourism industry allows carrying out optimi- unlimited resource opportunities of the region for zation of the existing systems and improvement of agrotourism development are used insuffi ciently be- quality of customer service at all stages of rendering cause of poorly developed infrastructure now. service. Management of streams, both in agrotour- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 4 Journal A ist sector of the region, and at the level of separate increase of reliability of functioning on macro – and rural locations in the sphere of tourism represents microlevel. On the other hand the operated part of a diffi cult process. As a result, of introduction of lo- complex and the entering human streams making it gistic approach through design and improvement of possess stochasticity or uncertainty of indicators, so logistic systems in the industry not only in tourism, therefore problems of the operating part of a com- but also in particular in agrotourism, reliability and plex include decrease in uncertainty of the streams safety of functioning of systems of movement of hu- entering into this system, by rendering high level of man streams increases. Thereby there is a process service of a tourist fl ow of consumers at all levels of of formation of a logistic complex which at the right management. Besides, for decrease in uncertainty it and well-planned organizational process is capable is necessary to carry out systematically the complex to act as the mechanism for agrotourism develop- analysis of the operated part of a complex. Thus, the ment. Feature of management of stream processes most important component of tourist service in the in the sphere of tourism is that people at the same course of rendering services in places of rural rest is time are both objects of management, and objects accommodation of clients on tourist agrocomplexes, of service as at the macrolevel (at the organization their food, rendering excursion services. The total of movement of human streams to vacation spots), impression at a tourist fl ow of consumers depends and at the microlevel (coordination of work of the on many factors which part is the accuracy and time- different enterprises in vacation spots in relation to liness of performance of separate logistic operations vacationers). Therefore, there is a problem of pro- in the course of supply of tourist agrocomplexes of viding a complex of services in reasonable price to a different format and level, or at the organization them at introduction of the concept of logistics in ac- of excursions. Use of logistics at the macrolevel as- tivity of agrotourism. Use of technologies of logistics sumes increase of accuracy and timeliness of cargo in a logistic complex allows: to create uniform sys- and people delivery to the destination by different tem of formation and movement of a tourist product; types of transport by means of the logistic concept to reduce time intervals of formation, advance and “exact in – term”. realization of a tourist product; to reduce time and to So for the successful formation and develop- increase quality of service in the course of providing ment of agrotourism it is required to approach in tourist service; to satisfy various inquiries of a tourist details with multilaterally studying to the creation fl ow of consumers. of a logistic complex, which will be comprehen- sively supported and invested. In addition, inter- Conclusion est of travel agencies of different level in the offer When forming a logistic complex in the sphere of of this type of tourism is necessary. Professional the address of tourist products it is necessary to al- managers are needed in concrete villages, who locate the operating and operated part of a complex. are ready to develop appropriate programs, to The operating part of a complex (subjects of logis- provide conditions of reception of tourists in the tics) are tour operators who form a tourist product Russian remote place on condition of require- and coordinate work previous and the subsequent ments of quality. in relation to them participants of process of render- The most important advantage of agrarian tour- ing services. The operated part of a complex partial- ism is his fast payback. In comparison with other ly includes travel agencies, transport systems and a sectors of the tourist industry (which are especial- tourist fl ow of consumers. A problem of logistic man- ly connected with development of large-scale hotel agement in the sphere of agrotourism is the effec- enterprise and infrastructure), the microeconomic tive organization of activity of a logistic complex and model of rural tourism isn’t so expensive.

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UDК 338.48

Áldorfai G. THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY

Abstract: In our globalised world regions are not are needed which can be transformed in a way that they always able to satisfy the needs of the locals, because could provide newer, more valuable resource, stimulating they cannot compete with larger international companies. the economic development of a region. However, certain Thanks to new principles and priorities (such as provincial- regions, and the regions’ specifi c sectors, services have ism), there are new groups of factors appearing in the glo- very limited capacities. balised economy. It is a common characteristic for these During the globalisation proves the local values gain more factors that they are strongly tied to the local spaces. Dif- and more highlight, as success factors. It is one of the great- ferent forms of spatial specialisation (e.g. tourism) could est determinants of local economic development actions (and mean very effective ways to improve the situation of set- therefore, of tourism development) that how much the local tlements and regions. These are based on previously rec- actors can be involved in the phases of the actions, and how ognised resources, which were used in traditional ways, much long-term impact these actions can have on the men- but these ways are not suffi cient for further development. tality of the locals, since participation must be encouraged not Hungarian economy is in a diffi cult situation nowadays, only on shorter-, but longer terms, too. However, the capaci- because rural areas have lost their basic functions, and ties and abilities of these people are limited. because the «Hungarian-identity» has also faded. One Tourism and local spaces, therefore, are tied together, way to solve this problem could be to rediscover our roots, and they both have potentially huge impacts on each oth- preserving the traditions, improving the quality level of our er, which must be considered and measured. products, supporting community-strengthening- and other types of local initiatives. Therefore, special local resources Key words: tourism, capacity, resources, measuring.

Áldorfai G. – Ph. D., Szent István University, Institute of Regional Economics and Rural Development, Páter Károly Street 1 Gödöllő, Hungary E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion not brought spectacular results so far in many of the The tourism is a World issue. In the beginning of regions. [1]. the 21th century in the developed part of the Globe Tourism has become one of the main income the tourism has become the part of the daily life it generator sectors of the (local) economy by today, means the useful spending of the leisure time. As the and academics investigate this phenomenon as tourism is an inter-industrial economic issue it could well. As one of the most signifi cant element of lo- highly contribute to the several part of the econo- cal economic development, tourism usually appears my [4]. The strongest connection of the tourism is as one of the breakout points (hot spots for devel- with the accommodation services and the recreation opment) for rural areas, but it does not necessarily services. It is a fact that the tourism is one of the based on solid ground (for instance, due to the lack most important industries. There are some countries of professional assessment of the local resources). where the tourism gives the main contribution to the Utilizing tourism potential typically appears in rural GDP. The tourism is able to generate direct effects areas as a “tool of last resort”; therefore, when at- to the domestic economy and indirect effects to the tempting to develop this sector fi rst it is crucial that cultural and social dimension [2]. the decision makers have complete knowledge of The impotency of the tourism is the external capi- the local potentials. tal which can come to the local community. It is a fi - The goal of this investigation is to map opportu- nancial and social-mentally refreshment of the area. nities of rural economies, especially in tourism, and The fi nancial refreshment means that from outside that to create models for the long-term directions, the community gains money – it is given “new en- based on calculations and indicators. ergy” into the system. The social-mentally refresh- Tourism, as an economic activity, has strong con- ment means that the community gets new inputs, nections to its surrounding environment. The dimen- ideas. They will not be isolated from the global econ- sions of this environment play a key role in determin- omy and they can integrate to the global circulation, ing the situation and development opportunities of which helps them to increase their potential. The tourism. Also, similarly as its environment affects tour- long term objective of the EU is to continue the sup- ism, tourism has an impact on the environment, too. port of the less-developed regions and to help them The fi ve main dimensions to take into catching-up with the developed ones, though it has consideration:Economic environment; gricultural 7 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 – Social- and cultural environment; should be improved, however, it is necessary to de- – Political environment; fi ne an optimal limit for ensuring sustainable tour- – Technological environment; ism, economies, society and environment. – Natural environment [3]. There is no universal methodology for evaluat- Due to the strong relationship between these di- ing sustainable development; however, the Bellagio mensions and tourism, the planning procedure re- Principles can help us understand its directions: garding to this sector of the economy needs to be – future image and goals to set the direction of very complex and comprehensive. For instance, eve- development; ry tourism development activity needs some kind of – holistic perspective; resource, potential, which the activity can be based – basic elements; upon. To identify these elements a very thorough – appropriate quantities; analysis must take place in the selected area, inves- – practice-oriented approach; tigating not only the more obvious opportunities, but – openness; also the latent ones. Successful development actions – effi cient communication; can only be carried out in areas, settlements, where – broad participation; there are potential tourist attractions, which are capa- – constant evaluation; ble of attracting people to visit the area; therefore, the – institutional capacities. role of the preliminary analysis is crucial. Many academics stated that carrying capacity is primarily an ecological concept; to be exact, it is Results about the relationship between the population and Investigation the impacts and potential develop- the nature. Others believe that carrying capacity is ment opportunities for tourism have been one of the the quantifi cation of the number of those visitors who primary subjects of international literature. As the do not endanger the local resources and society. positive and negative impacts of tourism have be- After these defi nitions we can see that there are come more and more obvious, a new type of tour- two basic component of tourism carrying capacity: ism has started to form, which could mean a rad- one is the state of the biological-physical environ- ical reformation of the entire sector. In the 1960s, ment, and related to that, the tolerance level of the even before the creation of the concept of sustain- ecosystem. The other one is the recreational lev- able tourism, academics and researchers had start- el of tourists. However, other academics, such as ed to identify its negative effects on the society and Coccossis-Maxe, O’Reilly and Pearce defi ne three the economy, and this process contributed to the basic types (Table 1), which are different in name, connection of negative impacts and the capacity of but they are rather similar in their meanings. special units. At fi rst the ecological limits were in- vestigated; then the cultural and economic factors Table 1 – The types of tourism carrying capacity followed. By today, tourism carrying capacity is among the key factors of sustainable tourism. 1. types/cat- 2 types/ 3 types/cat- The capacity of regions is essentially the extent egories categories egories of the ability of a region or settlement to maintain Coccossis- physical- socio-cul- political- tourism (the measure of the ability how much tour- Mexa ecological tural economic ism impact the area can deal with), without being social and O’Relly ecological economic damaged. In the tourism-related literature this con- perceptual cept is very similar, albeit somewhat narrower, being perceptual/ related to a specifi c sector. environ- Pearce physical psychologi- mental According to the WTO, the tourism carrying ca- cal pacity is the maximum guest number of a region, which can appear there at one time, without causing Source: The author’s own editing any types (physical, economic, socio-cultural, envi- ronmental) of damage, or which causing the dissat- Establishing the “quantities” of tourism (guests, isfaction of the guests. visitors, their effects on the destination) an area can Based on the defi nition of Mathieson and Wall, tolerate without any degradation is one of the most tourism carrying capacity is the maximum number of important questions during the defi nition of carrying guests who can use a certain regions without caus- capacity. Therefore, several studies discussed the ing irreversible changes in the physical environment, optimal visitor number per time period and per spa- or unacceptable degradation in the quality of recrea- tial unit. However, before anybody could do that, it is tional experience. necessary to take the special characteristics of the However, Lindsay stated that carrying capaci- destination into consideration (i.e. the preliminary in- ty depends on many different factors, such as the vestigation must analyze the types of factors affect- quantity of resources, the guest number, the type of ing the carrying capacity, which can be very different utilization, local planning and management, and the in certain regions). attitude and the behavior patterns of tourists. In my The categories of carrying capacity: opinion the combination of these elements create a – The ecological component refers to the im- natural barrier; the abovementioned factors can and pacts on ecological systems and resources. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 8 Journal A

These impacts are typically diffi cult to predict, any development activity the possible economic, so- therefore, it is not easy to tell how much of cial and environmental impacts, either negative or these can be tolerated by the investigated re- positive, must be taken into account. Unfortunately, gions; it is very diffi cult, because certain development pro- – Physical endowment refers to the built envi- grams can have different effects in different regions, ronment, to infrastructure and its character- based on the forms of tourism and the local charac- istics, capacities. Built environment typical- teristics. Local endowments, potentials, the cultural ly has a limited capacity, while infrastructure differences of the locals and the tourists, their differ- can be improved indefi nitely, although these ences in economic development level all affect car- actions require signifi cant fi nancial resources, rying capacity. which endangers the fi nancial background of tourism development actions. Furthermore, Conclusions such projects can pose a threat for the envi- It is the development activities’ typical problem ronment, as well; that predicting their impacts is a very diffi cult task, – The social carrying capacity consists fi rstly of since the impact will be realized only after the (tour- the tolerance level of the locals, and secondly ism) development programme points are carried of the quality of experiences tourists can gain. out. Furthermore, measuring the impacts is some- It is the most diffi cult task to defi ne the maxi- times impossible or overly diffi cult – in this case only mum and minimum values of the abovemen- qualitative analyses can lead to results. The nega- tioned factors, because they depend on the tive effects of development projects, however, can stakeholders’ value perception; only be countered by thorough planning and strict – The economic component refers to the impact measures from the management, and by a well-de- on the local economy; it is about how signif- veloped monitoring and evaluation methodology. icant the tourist sector can be within the lo- Tourism carrying capacity is an indicator being cal economy until a point when this increased very diffi cult to measure and therefore, to monitor; role endangers the preferred economic activi- however, it is not impossible. There are ways to es- ty in the region. tablish minimum and maximum values for calcula- It is a basic problem that there is not universal tions, which can serve as limits to warn the deci- defi nition, indicator system or methodology to calcu- sion-makers about the extent and the impacts of the late tourism carrying capacity. However, it is a very development projects in order to avoid environmen- important factor to be considered, because during tal or social degradation.

REFERENCES:

1. Káposzta J., Nagy H. Eligible regions of 3. Puczkó L., RátzT. Aturizmushatásai, Aula – Structural and Cohesion Funds in the EU in Kodolányi János Főiskola, Budapesti Köz- 2000-2006 and 2007-2013 programming pe- gazdaságtudományi Egyetem. Budapest, riods: New elements and research in spatial 1998. economy / J. Káposzta // Research Institute 4. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- of J. Selye University, Komárno, 2009. ISBN tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 978-80-89234-72-1. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- 2. Nagy H., Káposzta J.A new challenge to be iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. faced: Regional inequalities, Bulletin of the № 1. С. 62-65. Szent Istvan University Gödöllő, Hungary, 5. The impacts of the global economic crisis on 2004. ISSN 1586-4502. P. 163–173. selected segments of the world trade in com- modities / E. Horská, L. Smutka, M. Maitahc : Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silvicultur- ae Mendelianae Brunensis.Vol. 60.2012. № 7. P. 101–110. gricultural 9 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Bjeljac Ž., Petrović M., Terzić A. GASTRONOMIC EVENTS AS A PART OF TOURIST OFFER: A CASE STUDY OF SERBIA

Abstract: Gastronomic events have been an impor- search, the gastronomic event was presented as the part tant part of the tourist offer of some state. They, through of economic events. The main goal of this research is to the culinary techniques and gastronomic specialties, rep- determine the potential of traditional culinary events to en- resent the tradition, folklore and customary practices, as hance the overall tourist offer of destinations, based on well as economic potential. They can become an inde- the Serbian case study. pendent tourist attraction, thematic route, but also the el- ement of the intangible cultural heritage. Within this re- Key words: gastronomy, events, tourism, Serbia.

Bjeljac Ž. – Petrović M. – Senior research associate, head of social geography Research associate, department, Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijić Serbian Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijić SASA Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +381112636594 E-mail: [email protected] Terzić A. – Research associate, Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijić SASA Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction memorable gastronomic experiences.” It is impor- Gastronomy is becoming an important attribute tant to note that these experiences also have the in the development of niche tourism, and has a spe- power to modify our eating and drinking preferences cial contribution in tourism development of destina- and tastes as well as imbue us with experiences of tions. The results of several international studies re- the culture that we are visiting [8, 9]. veal that gastronomy plays a major role in the way Through gastronomic tourism permeate the other tourists experience the destination, and indicate that forms of tourism, such as rural and agritourism, as some travelers would return to the same destination well as cultural and event tourism, etc. Gastronomic to savor its unique gastronomy. tourism connects two important economic activities, On the famous tourism fairs in the world, the gas- tourism and agriculture. Through agriculture (espe- tronomy is among of the most important tourist at- cially food production sector) tourism is also linked tractions of a country, beside the natural and cultur- with some branches of the light industry. As one of al resources. As a promotional tool the gastronomic the most important aspects, that combines gastron- delights are usually served at stands of national or- omy with other forms of tourism, stands out event ganizations or presented through tourist promotion- tourism. Events represent the richness of culinary al fi lms. They, during the fi rst decade of the 21st traditions and jointly with some local differences cre- century became an independent tourist attraction. ate a special national cuisine. In fact, gastronomy Gastronomy, is pulling the massive tourist fl ows to- can play a pivotal role in the marketing of some tour- wards destinations, whereas the gastronomy is re- ist destinations, such as gourmet or culinary holidays garded a primary motive of visit [1,13, 10,6,12]. to Asia, Italy, and France; wine regions in Tuscany It was Long M. L., who fi rst coined the term «cu- and Provence, the Barossa Valley inNapa Valley in linary tourism» in 1998 to express the idea of ex- California, Normandy in France, Emilia Romagna in periencing other cultures through food and, inciden- Italy and La Mancha region of Spain are renown as tally, wine. Gastronomic tourism is defi ned as «an cheese lovers destinations, etc. activity of exploration and discovery of culture and Culinary skills in food production are recognized history through food, which affects the formation of by the UNESCO, considering the fact that on the in- unforgettable experiences»[11], but also as «visits ternational list of intangible cultural heritage. A signif- of tourists towards primary or secondary food pro- icant number of traditional food-making techniques, ducers, food festivals, restaurants for producing and such as Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine- serving of food and certain destinations for tasting making method, Gastronomic meal of the French; and/or experiencing local gastronomic specialties, Traditional Mexican cuisine, etc. (www.unesco.org) making the food the primary motive of travel»[7]. As the regional gastronomy tourism niche mar- Wolf (2002), however, defi nes culinarian and gas- ket intensifi es, and as more professionals begin to tronomy tourism as “travel in order to search for, and understand its role within their tourism industry, we enjoy prepared food and drink ... and unique and will see more gastronomy tours, more food-orient- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 10 Journal A ed travel guidebooks, more focus on travel in epi- According to the available sources, in Serbia, at cure magazines, and more itineraries that celebrate the moment, about 2500 traditional tourist events is food and drink as an integral part of the travel ex- organized annually (www.manifestacije.com). About perience [8]. In fact, Serbia is also internationally 321 economic folkloristic events, that are the base renowned for its food. The recent activities of the for creation of traditional gastronomic events, are National Tourist Organization of Serbia are marked organized each year. These events are based on, with the strong promotion of gastronomic sector in or they include in their main programme, the agri- Serbia. In 2012 the promotional activities had gas- cultural or food-making tradition, represented in the tronomy as the main theme and the tourist publica- multicultural customary practices of the population tion «Soul Food Serbia» was printed. The tourism that live in Serbia (Serbian, Hungarian, German, marketing campaign was successfully promoted on Romanian, Bosnian, Croatian, Slovakian, and oth- International Tourism Fair in London (2012). ers). They show the wealthy culinary tradition, that dates for a several past generations. In Serbia, gas- Classifi cation of gastronomic events tronomic events are ranked among the most popu- In order to enhance the tourism product of des- lar and highly visited events. Depending on the rank, tination, different events are organized with the aim from local to international, these events visit from of presenting the agricultural products, improving several thousand to several hundred thousand visi- the production conditions and increasing the over- tors each year. all profi t, and so on. With appropriate entertainment, Concerning the gastronomic events dedicated artistic or ethnographic program the market place- to fruits and vegetables and products that are proc- ment of the gastronomic delights is achieved. The essed from it, we have singled out some most im- main objective is to connect the end consumers of portant events. Among them are the events dedi- agricultural products and representatives of indus- cated to raspberries, watermelons, plums, cherries, tries that use these products as a raw material. If on apples and others. Namely, we single out for the this occasion the program that presents to the public example: The Raspberry Days in Valjevo; Days of the old traditions of food-making process take place, Watermelon in Rivica; Days of the Plum in Blace and then such events have a signifi cant place in tour- Osečina; Days of Cherry in Prokuplje and Mali Iđoš; ist industry. Moreover, it can also present the local Days of Apple (Palić, Bela Crkva), etc. [3]. There tradition and folklore, or some educational and pro- are also events that as separate present the prod- fessional meetings in the fi led of agriculture can be ucts made from fruit, especially brandy («rakija») organized, along with some entertainment or mar- (the brandy from apples, plum, mulberry, etc.). Such keting programs. Gastronomic events are the part events are the Brandy fest that place in Čajetina, of economic tourist events (economic – folkloristic) Šabac, Kovilj, Pranjane village, and beer festivals in [2,3]. Belgrade, Zrenjanin, Pančevo. According to the general content, the event can Events dedicated to grapes and wines are usu- be dedicated to wine, beer, fruits and vegetables, ally organized in September and October, as well meat and dairy products, honey products and other as in February (wine feast of St Trifun, on 14th of agricultural products. They are usually the part of February). These events have a long tradition – with the ethnographic and tourist events, important ele- interruptions lasting from the second half of the 19th ments of every folklore festival (through the presen- century [2]. Given that the viticulture is one of the tation of folk customs, rituals, old crafting and trading most developed agricultural sectors in Serbia, wine- ways, etc.) [3,4], but they also represent an impor- growing regions have been connected creating an tant part of rural, eco-tourism, hunting and fi shing attractive tourist destination in Serbia – Serbian tourism sector. Wine Routes. Given the Serbia has great river systems, some Gastronomic tourism in Serbia special gourmet events connected to the fi shery Rural areas in Serbia consist about 85 % of the are taking place – such as Alas evenings, fi sh ket- state territory. On that territory lives over 40 % of to- tles, etc. (Danube, Drina, Morava river, etc.). As tal Serbian population, inhabiting 4537 settlements. part of the ethnographic events, harvesting fes- The Republic of Serbia has about 5,06 million hec- tivities dedicated to the old, traditional way of do- tares of agricultural land, of which about 71 % is used ing business and the ritual preparation of bread (in intensively (in the form of arable land, orchards and Subotica, Sombor, Kragujevac, etc.) are organized. vineyards), while 29 % of the agricultural area con- Moreover, some gastronomic specialties and cook- sists of natural grasslands (meadows and pastures). ing techniques are presented in the Parliaments of Participation of agriculture in overall employment in national folklore and craftsmanship that are held all Serbia is 21.3 %. The most developed branches of around Serbia, such as Bridgants (“hajduk”) eve- agriculture are livestock breeding (pig, poultry, cat- nings, Herdsmen days and other similar events [5]. tle) with about 43 % and farming (wheat, corn) with Gastronomic events which include the preparation 42 %, followed by horticulture and viticulture (plums, of culinary specialties made of meat, meat and dairy raspberries, cherries, apples, etc.) with about 12 %, products are also widely represented. As appropri- while other cultures are represented by three per- ate we highlight some of them: Pršutijada (in Mačkat cent [13, 15]. village), Bacon festival (in Kačarevo), Kulen festival gricultural 11 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 (Bački Petrovac), Sausage festival (Turija), Grill and Serbia placed on the national list, there are three barbecue festivals (in Vrnjacka Banja and Leskovac, gastronomic specialties (Novi Pazar’s small pies, etc.) and many others. Pirot cheese and Belmuz cheese dish)3. Based on this research, according to the ge- Each of these events are held in tourist destina- ographical1 and economic indicators2 that were tions in Serbia, and mentioned gastronomic prod- evaluated[3], the most representative gastronomic ucts are considered to be an integral part of the events, that present an independent tourist attrac- overall offer of all accommodation facilities and res- tion, were singled out. Those are namely: Grape taurants within those destinations. Moreover, every harvesting days in Vršac scoring the highest 108 region has special local dishes to be offered to tour- points; Beer Days in Zrenjanin received 105 points; ists, which makes it more appealing on the tourist and Dužijanca – harvesting festivities in Subotica, market. got 97 points. These events are placed in the fi rst category of tourist events in Serbia, with high- Conclusion est tourist visitation. In the second category were: Gastronomic tourism in the fi rst decade of the Grape harvest days in Sremski Karlovci which takes 21stcentury is becoming increasingly important. 96 points; Bacon fest in Kačarevo with 94 points; Some experts if the fi eld consider it to be a strong Oplenac grape harvest in Topola, scoring 93 points; motive for the new global tourism trends. In addi- Grill festival in Leskovac with 91 points; Pumpkin tion to the elements of enjoyment and entertainment Days in Kikinda 87 points; Autumn in Smederevo (hedonism and bohemianism), gastronomic tourism and Vintage Days in Palic scoring 80 points each; is closely related to the rural, agro, cultural, event, Sausage days in Turija, 79 points; Wine gardian hunting and fi shing tourism. As such, it is a very im- days in Irig with 78 points; The parish vintage in portant element of the general tourist offer. Event Aleksandrovac got 77 points and Beekeepers Days tourism is a form of tourism that combines gastron- in Alibunar received 74 points. omy with all these elements. Also, the tourist events Beside these events, that were highlighted and take and important place in marketing process and evaluated on the numeric scales, there is a vast are considered to be the best way to promote the number of gastronomic festivities that are consid- gastronomic tourism, or, even more, for market ered to be an important part of the tourist offer of placement of national gastronomic products. All this destinations or even regions. Such gastronomic can be clearly seen in the case of Serbian tourism events are held on annual basis in some smaller offer and the activities of the national and local tour- towns and villages, and we need to mention some ist organizations that place national food and gastro- of them: Days of raspberries in Valjevo, Pork crack- nomic events in the focal point of international pro- lings festival (Valjevo), Days of Hungarian cuisine motional activities. (Kanjiža), Kuglof fest (Sremski Karlovci), Burek fes- tival (Niš), Bean festival (Veliko Gradiste), Cheese Acknowledgment: The paper is supported by festival (Pirot), Banitsa Days (Bela Palanka), Strudel Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Festival (Dolovo), Kulen Festival (Bački Petrovac), Development, Republic of Serbia (Grant III 47007). Karađorđe’s Gourmand Days (Velika Plana), Memorial for mulberry (mulberry brandy, Kovilj), Weifert Beer Days (Pančevo), Apatin Fishermen evenings, Novi Pazar’s small pies, Pirot Belmuz cheese dish (Svrljig), etc. Some culinary products in Serbia were created based on a special tradi- tional skill development that are considered to be a part of the intangible cultural heritage of Serbia. This is compounded by the fact that of the total 28 elements of registered intangible cultural heritage of

1 content, origin of visitors and participants, rank of the event, traditionality (based on the continuity of the event), location (city) of the venue, transport, accessibility and connections, time and duration of the event, the number of visitors and par- ticipants, the artistic quality of the programme, the number of accompanying events, satisfaction of visitors, the organiza- tion aspects of the event (each of those categories was eval- uated on the basis of the Linkert numerical scale, from 0 to 5 points).

2 the impact of capital projects, ecological, economic, media, 3 Novi Pazar’s small pies are interesting dish made of cheese marketing and political impact, stakeholder relations, as well or meat, made in form of small snacks, that are characteris- as evaluating cooperation with tourist organizations are eval- tic for the area inhabited with the Bosnian Muslim minority uated. Each of these categories were rated on the scale from in Serbia. Belmuz dish is a traditional shepherddish made 0 to 4 points, as well as the observed situation immediately of cheese and cornfl our, originating from Eastern parts of before and after the holding of the event). Serbia. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 12 Journal A

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1. Bessière J. Local development and herit- 10. Kivela J., Crotts J. C. Tourism and Gastrono- age: traditional food and cuisine as tourist at- my: Gastronomy’s Infl uence on How Tourists tractions in rural areas / Sociologia Ruralis, Experience a Destination / Journal of Hos- 1998. P. 21-34. pitality and Tourism Research. 2006. № 3. 2. Bjeljac Ž. Privredne turističke manifestaci- P. 354-377. ja u Srbiji, Zbornik radova sa Prvog kongre- 11. Kivela J., Crotts J. C. Gastronomy tourism: a sa Srpskih geografa. Beograd: SGD, 2007. meaningful travel market segment / Journal P. 697-704. of Culinary Science and Technology. 2005. 3. Bjeljac Ž. Turističke manifestacije u Srbi- № 4(2/3). P. 39-55. ji. Posebna izdanja Geografskog Instituta 12. Long M. L. Culinary Tourism: a Folkloristic ’’Jovan Cvijić ’’, knjiga 82. Beograd: SANU, Perspective on Eating and Otherness. South- 2010. ern Folklore.1998. № 55(3). P. 181-204. 4. Bjeljac Ž., Ćurčić, N. Ethnographic events in 13. Todorovic M., Bjeljac Z. Rural Tourism In Ser- Vojvodina as part of tourist offer // Geograph- bia As A Concept Of Development In Unde- ica Panonica, 2005. P. 59-64. veloped RegionsActa Geographica Sloveni- 5. Bjeljac Ž., Ćurčić, N. Evaluating Duzijanca as ca. № 49(2). 2009. P. 453-465. the tourist product of Subotica // 19th biennal 14. Гастрономски туризамкао фактор international congress book «Hotel and tour- регионалног развоја // Економика / ism Faculty for Tourism and Hotel manage- Калењук Б., Ђерчан Б., Тешановић Д. ment» / University Rijeka. 2008. P. 267-278. 2012. № 3. P. 136-146. 6. Du Rand G. E., Heath E. Towards a frame- 15. Стратегија развоја пољопривреде и work for food tourism as element of destina- руралног развоја Републике Србије: за tion marketing / Current Issues in Tourism. период 2014-2020 / Службени гласник № 9(3). 2006. P. 206-234. Р. Србије 85, 2014. 7. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- 16. Development of rural tourism in high-moun- tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- tain areas of Serbia as alternative to depop- lish languages (on phycholinguistic experi- ulation trend / Terzić A, Bjeljac Ž.,Jovičić A., ment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. № R. Jovanović. Scientifi c symposium “Problems 1. С. 62-65. and perspectives of the hilly mountain areas” 8. Hall C. M., Mitchell R. Gastronomy, food and (Serbia, 12-15 september 2013), Geographi- wine tourism. / B. Dimitrios, C. Carlos. Ox- cal society. Macedonia, 2013. P. 443-452. ford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006. 17. Food tourism around the world: develop- 9. Johns N., Kivela J. Perceptions of the fi rst ment, management, and markets / Hall C. time restaurant customer / Food Service M., Sharples L., Mitchell R., Macionis N. Technology. 2001. № 1(1) P. 5-11. Cambourne B. Oxford: Butterwor th Heine- mann, 2006. 18. Food tourism as a viable market segment: it’s all how you cook the numbers / McK- ercher B., Okumus F., Okumus B. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. № 25(2). 2008. P. 137-148. 19. URL: www.manifestacije.com 20. URL:www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists gricultural 13 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Cvijanović D., Vuković P. PERSPECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF SMEDEREVO4

Abstract: Smederevo is located on the Danube River. turbed natural environment as well as the potentials that It is characterized by extremely rich natural and social exist for tourist development. (anthropogenic) resources suitable for the development Hence if we seriously account on Smederevo as a of a large number of different types of tourism. However, tourist destination it must be observed all the standards due to the policies that led to the tourism in the Republic that are prescribed by World Tourist Organization regad- of Serbia after the Second World War, which ignored the ing sustainable development. The basis for sustainable tourism as an industry, as well as the presence of the iron- tourist development should be on the positive mutual re- works, this area has so far been very little represented in lationship between the economy, visitors local community the plans and programs of development of tourism. and environment. In this sense it is important to reduce Today, it is increasingly present tendency to take ad- negative impacts of the ironworks and industry and put vantage of all potential that have destinations in order focus on a sustainable approach not only tourist, but also to maximize effects of tourist development. Considering the overall development of Smederevo. present favorable natural and social resources suitable for The aim of paper work is to show that the natural and development of tourism, the assumption is that it could social resources of Smederevo are suitable for the devel- have a positive impact on the local economy and its mul- opment of tourism industry generated in the light of sus- tiplied effects and synergetic character would connect a tainable development. large number of economic activities. In recent years, great attention is paid to sustainable development. This ap- Key words: tourism development, destination, sus- proach is gaining in importance, bearing in mind the dis- tainability, marketing, management.

Cvijanović D. – Vuković P. – Ph.D., professor, Principal Research Fellow, Ph.D candidate, research assistant, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade Vrnjci Spa Volgina st. 15, 11060 Belgrade Tel.: +381 36 515 00 24 Tel.: +381 11 6892-852 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction – variety of fl ora and fauna in the environment The development of tourist destinations neposrednik; Smederevo requires specifi cation of objectives and – climate that is temperate continental; guidelines (long-term, medium-term, short-term), as – spatial diversity (town, the area around the a basis for determining the possibilities and frame- Danube River, and a large number of typical work for practical action. Hence, the consideration rural ambient units). of resources in light of their practical tourist valoriza- tion is the premise of the development of a common They are undoubtedly a great potential for tour- (general) tourism development strategy, which, as ism development and as such offer the possibility of such, would be the result of three basic: the strat- practicing different: egy of tourist market segmentation, strategy tourist – sports and recreational activities; product differentiation, strategy how to profi ling des- – benefi ts for residence and rehabilitation in na- tination image. ture; – opportunities for development tourism of spe- Natural attractiveness of destinations cial needs: Smederevo 1. Hunting and fi shing tourism; Natural attractiveness of Smederevo signifi cant 2. Water sports; for tourism development are characterized by a high 3. Hiking in nature – close to the city is an at- degree of attractiveness, which certainly should be tractive natural environment; mentioned: 4. Agro tourism andetc. – Danube River; – attractive natural setting; Most of these resources is currently not used, – good geographical and traffic position (lo- or at the very beginning of their tourist exploita- cation on the European corridors 7 and tion. 10);

4 This paper work is result of the project III – 46006 Sustainable agriculture and rural development in terms of the Republic of Serbia strategic goals realization within the Danube Region, fi nance by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 14 Journal A

Society benefi ts for the development of tour- existing offer on the basis of which would be indicat- ism in Smederevo ed prospects of future development of tourism, and Unfortunately, due to the turbulent history of the in general provide the possibility for successful gov- location of the municipality on the Danube River and ernance and management of a destination. neglect of tourism development (generally observed throughout all territory of the Republic of Serbia af- The accommodation and catering facilities ter II World War), in Smederevo have not practically Level of utilization accommodation facilities is created a very bad social conditions for tourism de- under seasonal infl uence, because the largest per- velopment, or it might be fair was to say, they were centage of their usage is recorded mainly in the become spontaneously. summer months. Smederevo do not have adequate Social condition that could be benefi ts for tourism accommodation capacities, not by the number of development include numerous factors that can be beds, not according to their quality. Accommodation divided into anthropogenic and other socioeconomic units on the entire territory of Smederevo are shown factors. Anthropogenic diversity covered: in Table 1. – Smederevo Fortress as the most preserved on the Danube River in Serbia but also as Table 1 – Accommodation facilities in the territory unique historical monument; of Smederevo – numerous cultural and historical monuments Number Number in the whole territory of Smederevo; Accomodation units – development of economy, science, culture, of rooms of beds education, sports and other social activities, Hotel „Car” 33 100 which would represent essential resources Hotel „Hamburg“ 14 29 (potential) for the development of tourism, which, unfortunately, is not the case given the Motel „Zlatnik“ 12 30 current situation; Motel „Jerina“ 22 50 – contents related to the life and customs of the inhabitants; Motel “Na raskrću” 5 16 – folklore as feature and part of the tradition. Source: Tourist organization of Smederevo In seeking to anthropological, demographic, geo- graphic and other living conditions as well as its cul- Catering facilities give a special «stamp» to each tural treasures, as complete and successful tourist destination and represent one of the fundamental valorized at the territory of Smederevo were set up characteristic and its specifi cs. It should make a crit- a large number of events. icism to the quality of catering services at the mu- Existing events (for example: «Smederevo nicipal level, as they are currently also at the very Autumn», which is traditionally held in September low level, which with development of tourism must every year, or numerous events that complement ru- necessarily be replaced. Hospitality development ral tourism) must be placed in its entirety on the ba- should be based on a traditional organically pro- sics of marketing, in order to achieve the full effect duced healthy food, and Serbian traditional cuisine. and long-term impact on the creation of destination This is part of the development tendency at the tour- image and Smederevo its successful positioning in ist market well-known as »slow food« which is be- the tourism market, then development of cultural in- coming more prevalent. stitutions and their manifestations, etc. Here it should be mentioned that the Smederevo Rural tourism as a support for the future sus- included in the Tourist Organization of Serbia (TOS), tainable development which is perhaps one of the most important basis for Agriculture as a primary industry has far-reach- marketing and management of tourist destinations. ing interest in complementary cooperation with all sectors of the economy. So, with tourism too. Level of development tourist infrastructure Thanks to its natural, ecologically-viable and en- The development of the tourism industry is deter- vironmental characteristic, rural environment close mined by degree of level and state of development to the city core are very interesting and promising of the whole economy, both at the tourist destina- area for the development of this type of tourism. tion, and the level of the country as a whole. Trade, Appropriately constructed houses in nature, charac- transportation, manufacturing, public utilities, agri- terized by peace and quiet, represent the real «oa- culture and various branches of industry as well as sis» for people from high urban, industrial centers other activities are located along with lodging and (Belgrade, Kragujevac, Pancevo, Novi Sad, etc.). In catering services, travel agencies and other tour- the past, the development of this type of tourism has ist offer in a specifi c situation, because they are ex- been given only declarative support, but recently it posed to a number of economic and non-economic started with the revival of some ideas. This is con- factors. Extensive development and modernization sistent with the fact that in the late of nineties as are two directions for future tourist destination de- an act of political affi liation it was promoted model velopment. Just in this context, to take appropriate of rural development well-known by acronym CAP measures, it is necessary to have an insight into the (Common Agricultural Policy), which assumes mul- gricultural 15 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 tifunctional nature of European agriculture and its Income will be achieve both by sale, consump- development role in the economy and society as tion of wine, and of all the costs that would have the a whole.The concept of sustainable development tourists during their stay at the destination. The ex- based on natural resources, demographic structure, istence of events serves to create distinctive image which, it should be noted, in the area of Smederevo and create competitive advantage compared to oth- signifi cantly jeopardized with depopulation, de- er destinations on the tourism market. fi ned its target market groups, represent the basis This could be, for example, direct forms of co- and guarantee of success in this form of tourism. operation with other tourism industries (primarily Numerous villages near the city, as well as a posi- to agriculture and trade), which would be practical- tive attitude to the rural tourism development repre- ly achieved multiplied positive effect tourism on the sent basis for further planning. This is in line with the overall economic development. statements that have the upward trends in the West (ie. A “return to sources”, the concept of «health Conclusion food» or organic food production which is the offi cial Smederevo has respectablenatural resources for name, and old customs and crafts, the growing pop- development of tourism. All the more so and tour- ularity of typical contents of ethno – music, folklore, ism must become an imperative of its overall devel- naive painting, etc.). In all this it is necessary to de- opment, especially if we take into account its multi- fi ne the urban planning conditions for the develop- plied effect on the economy. The largest part of the ment of this type of tourism from the state, regional attractiveness of such should be included in future and local authorities. It is important to note that in plans and programs for the development of the mu- rural tourism till the 2016 not evidenced household nicipality, and then in all the modern tourist fl ows, that was engaged in rural tourism activities. both in the Danube region, and Serbia as a whole. Also needed is the education of the local popula- Selective and market-oriented approach based on tion for professional services, to should be the task of the strategic development of the destination, which the tourist organization as well as other government would become the rule, principles of marketing strat- and professional institutions of this kind. Creating egies and sustainable tourism development would quality program in the countryside must not be left to guarantee the long term success. In all of this, cre- the local resourcefulness; it must be the subject of a ativity in making the program stay must be present, serious analysis at all levels, if it expected develop- which certainly increases the chances of success. ment and the effects of this type of tourism. Bearing in mind that most of the municipality ac- Given that the area of the municipality have ideal counted for by agricultural population, agriculture as conditions for growing some types of fruit, as one of a sector would all the more should play it’s undoubt- the specifi c types of tourism that could be develop is edly great and signifi cant role. Sustainable develop- tourism based precisely on them. ment must be present in all planning activities, on Here we primarily have in mind production of that way all resources will be practically preserve. grapes and its built image on the market domestic That is important because on that way it could be and foreign. Frequent price fl uctuations in the market, used in the future. The affi rmation of rural tourism problems related to its purchase, that affect farmers, would solve a number of problems Semedereva. not infrequently, opting for wine producing mainly for It will stopped the negative trends which plagu- their own needs which must necessarily be replaced. ing rural areas (depopulation, aging population, mi- Standardization and well-designed organization gration to urban centers, etc.). Tourism with all rules of production, as well as the branding of wines, the which must be prescribed and implement, would organization of relevant cultural events that would lead to the preservation of the natural environment, be held at the time of harvest, in honor of a wine, because it is one of the preconditions for its devel- would certainly enrich the tourist program of stay at opment. On that way it will has a positive infl uence the destination in a certain part of the year. on a large number of economic activities.

REFERENCES:

1. Cvijanović D., Vuković P. Role and impor- ral Areas Development»: scientifi c papers, tance of marketing in Danube region in management, economic Engineering in Agri- Serbia:monography / Institute of Agricultural culture and Rural Development.2009. Economics. Belgrade, 2012. 4. The competitiveness of rural tourist destina- 2. Cvijanović D. Tourst market in Danube Re- tions / Vuković P., Arsić P. S., Cvijanovic D. // gion: monography / Institute of Agricultural Economic of Agriculture. Belgrade, 2004. Economics. Belgrade, 2014. № 57. P. 47–60. 3. Rural Tourist Destination / Vuković P., 5. City administration of Smederevo. URL: Mijajlović N., Arsenijević Ž. Atractivness and http://www.smederevo.org.rs/OPSTINA- Competitivness as Conditions for Making SMEDEREVO-O-Smederevu_19_1___cir New Brands. International Symposium on 6. URL: http://www.toosd.com/ the topic «Prospect of Agriculture and Ru- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 16 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Czabadai L. A METHODOLOGY FOR POSTIONING TOURISM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: Nowadays tourism is playing a key part The biggest dilemma in several cases that what will be among economic sectors when we are talking about in- the best solution: allocate money for smaller, more disad- tervention points and development possibilities. Therefor vantaged regions or concentrate supports for developed, the examination of tourism is relevant and necessary, it center areas. Another interesting question is whether all raises interesting questions. The European Union and the settlements have enough tourist attractions in order to Hungary also have been offering varied and large-scale having investments or we should really focus on only the support for different tourism purposes. However, the ef- highlighted areas. fective application of these subsidies and the implemen- tation of sustainability are meaning a common problem. Key words: rural development, tourism, settlement.

Czabadai L. – Ph. D., student Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences H-2100 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1. Е-mail: [email protected]

Discussion We could be informed from the Hungarian The Hungarian Central Statistical Offi ce (CSO) Central Statistical Offi ce’s (2014) publication about publishes the ranking of the most visited settlements the achievement of tourism that the number of the in every year based on the number of indigenous indigenous and foreign guests and the number of and foreign guest nights. Therefore I tried to cre- the nights spending by them are also increased. ate an index which takes into account not only the However the foreign guest traffi c shows a huge ter- number f the guest nights but besides several other ritorial concentration because more than the half of factors for example the number of the population. By the guest nights have been spend in the capital and this step we could answer the question that are the further a quarter of the nights have been registrate smaller settlements have a chance two the touas a in the Balaton area [5]. main sector and if so, which settlements are these? These results confi rm the pertinence of the objec- Rely on the result we could defi ne the specifi cally tives from the marketing strategy – we should try to «tourism-profi le» settlements inside of the recrea- decrease the monopolistic role of the capital. The con- tional areas. In this way modifi ed (which are differ- tent of the CSO study from 2015 (which was made with ent from the prevous ones) or new recreational are- similar methodology like the previous one) doesn’t dif- as could be created and the resorce allocation could fer signifi cally from the trends of 2013. According to be more effective. their analysis the number of the indigenous and for- In the marketing strategy of the Hungarian Tourism eign vistors (and guestnights as well) is much more Ltd. confi rms that the tourism became a key sector than the previous year. Henceforward, the half of the of the economy with 9 % share from GDP and 11 % tourists prefer Budapest and the destination of the share from employment. As a future goal they men- quarter of the visitors is the Balaton area [7, 6]. tioned the holding and exceedance of these excellent The two CSO studies based on the number of results and the balancing of the develeopment in geo- the guest nights, defi ne in details the 10 most pop- graphical and time-related meaning.Furthermore they ular towns in Hungary. The range of the most hot- highlighted that it is important to cooperate with other test settelements had been build up by the same 10 sectors, mainly with agriculure in order to evolve in- towns, aside form 1-2 exceptions. If we examine the ternationally competitive services. Budapest and the rankings of the list we could see that sequence is al- Balaton area will stay priority areas, but they will try to most same year by year, so these settlements are offset Budapest-centered situation [6]. really popular destinations. Despite of the increasing of the number of indig- According to the World Tourism Organization: enous and the foreign guest nights, the average du- «destination is a physical scenery, where the tour- ration of stay is stagneted. Is it worth to mention that ist spend at least one night. It contains tourist at- the average duration of stay in the case of foreign tractions, products, related servives, which are guest is longer than the indigenous guests’ stay- needed to satisfy at least the one-day-staying of ing although their number is almost equal – in 2013 the tourist. The destination has physical and ad- 4497 indigenous and 4388 thousand foreign guests ministrative borders which defi ne its management were stayed in commercial accomodations [7]. and it has image and perception. The destina- gricultural 17 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 tion includes several affected, it could capable to First of all I applied normalization6 in order to networking and cooperation thereby it could be a processing the settlements’ values. I’m tried to larger destination» [3]. A competitive destination weight all of the selected eight indicators that the in- assumes the following measurments (on higher dex could meet the expectations. I thought that that standard thanthe competitors): nights spend by the guest is the most determinative – provide satisfaction for the guests; because in Hungary it is very important to increase – gaining profi t for tourist businesses, growth of the duration of stay. Although the “one-night-tour- the area’s tourism; ism” is more typical in the case of indigenous jour- – improving the living conditions of the popula- neys, I gave a larger weight to the foreign guests. I tion in the receptive area; did the same with regard to other accommodations. – protection of the natural environment [4]. In these type of accommodations the number of «The fact that a place in who could generate hap- guest nights by foreigners gives the same weight as iness depends on several things (for example travel- the nights spend in commercial accommodations. I ling experiences, attitude, religion). But those plac- strive not to create a disproportionate dispersion, so es, which could positively infl uence the life quality, I did the weighting in a scale 1 to 4 (the values of the could be identify» [2]. weighting shown in the brackets after the listing). So we could see that several conditions are de- The transformed and simplifi ed formula received fi ne one place’s (settlement, region, country) tourism the following notation in picture 1. supply and attractiveness why tourist are visit it. The ( )( é ) measurment of this is diffi cult to implement main- [  ] ly internationally. Models trying to take into account / indicators which represent sustainability, hapiness é and well-being, however the models don’t consider Figure 1 – The transformed formula of the for example the countries’ specialities. According to indicator’s values by settlement and population the World Economic Forum Hungary could be the of the country compositor of Unitad States of America [3]. «The main conclusion from the models is that the Whereis Té a–h = the indicator’s values by settle- tourism competitveness could be infulenced by any ment, Oé = the indicator’s value by country, f a–h = consituent factor from the tourism system»[4]. the value of the indicators’ weight, Tn = population of The often-mentioned CSO ranking formed the the settlement, On = population of the country. bases of the methodology. My aim was to create an The new ranking created with the help of the in- index which contains the mostly relevant indicators in dex has been illustrate in two ways by the Geomarket relation with tourism and which could help to defi ne program. The aim was to show the difference be- the position of the settlements correlate to the coun- tween the two approaches, so one map has been try level. In order to build up the modifi ed methodol- made without the comparison of population and one ogy I collect the datum in settlement level from the supplemented with it. National Regional Development and Spatial Planning Information System (NSIS). The transformation of Results: an old method (Tivadar Bernát and György Enyedi, Maps on the next fi gures show the main results 1961) gives the bases of the analysis. I compared the of my examinations. Figure 1. shows the role of settlement and country level datum to the number of the tourism at settlement level without comparison the population not to the area. Using eight indicators to the number of the population. According to the instead of one means further changes. In details: notation those areas, which were signed with light – number of foreign guests in other accommo- blue color, the tourism has an insignifi cant role or it dations (2); hasn’t got any role at all. The dark blue-colored set- – number of guest nights by foreigners in other tlements’ tourist attraction is stronger, the sector has accommodations (2,5); a greater signifi cance. The green color means the – number of guests in other accommodations most important potential of tourism, which increasing (1); from the light to the dark shades of green. I missed – number of guest nights in other accommoda- Budapest’s datum from the Geomarket system for tions (1,5); two reasons. Firstly, in this kind of analysis the capi- – number of all foreign guests in commercial tal produced an exceptionally high value, that in or- 5 accommodations (3) ; der to show the correct situation I had to ignore its – number of all guest nights by foreigners in results. The second reason was that the Geomarket commercial accommodations (4); program only works with district datum in the case – number of all guest nights in commercial ac- of Budapest, so the visualization of the values had commodations (2,5); some technical obstructions in picture 2. – number of all guests in in commercial accom- modations (2). É 6 Normalizatipon formula: *100, where É = value É 5 In the case of the last four indicator commercial accommoda- of the settlement, = the lowest value in the sample, tion datum I used own calculations to aggregate the values. É = the highest value in the sample. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 18 Journal A

Figure 2 – The role of the tourism Source: The author’s own edition with the help of Geomarket program, 2015.

Figure 3 – The role of the tourism in comparison to the number of the population Source: The author’s own edition with the help of Geomarket program, 2015.

This fi gure shows the role of the tourism at settle- are selected ( however this statement is true in eve- ment level in comparison to the number of the popula- ry kind of territorial difference studies). We can ex- tion. It could be seen compared to the previous map, perience signifi cant differences between the simple that the categories expand caused to the decreasing and the population based-indexes. Without involv- of the difference between the mid-points. It means ing the number of the population the result will be that the in the case of the population-comparison very similar to the CSO ranking where Budapest, more settlements appear on the «palette of tourism» Hajdúszoboszló, Hévíz, Bük leading quartett de- than without the completion of scaling. Notations work spite of the expanded indicator system is still keeps similarly to the previous logic. On the light blue areas its leading position, however Gyula, Harkány, the importance of tourism is negligible, which situation Zalakaros and Egerszalók lost their posotions. gets improve going from the dark blue colored territo- If we compare the datum to the number of the ries to the green shaded areasin picture 3. population, the ranking of the settlements has Due to this fi gure, we can see technical reasons change. For example Budapest fall back 158 posi- Budapest also fell out from this analysis although its tions from the fi rst place. Hévíz and Bük are still stay ranking dropped signifi cantly (didn’t produce an ex- inthe front of the list, but Hajdúszoboszló has dropp ceptionally high value). in the 24th place. But we can not see any different from the previous facts that the settlements which Conclusions have signifi cant tourism potential take place near by Based on my investigations I made conclusions the Balaton (Balaton Priority Recreation area) and from several aspects. In methodologycal point of concentrated around those areas which own ther- view it does matter what kind of statistical analyses mal water and spas. gricultural 19 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 The curiosity of the results based on the fact es for some reason therefore it would be importatnt that despite of the center-periphery theories there to identify the motivatios, experiences and endow- are existing smaller settlements in disadvantaged ments in order to fi nd fi nd the right directions of the situation (from other point of view) which could ca- future development and marketing strategies. pable to compete with larger town’s attractiveness It is essential to mention that there are a large (for example Márokföld, Mátraszentimre, Hegykő, amount of settlements where the importance of tour- Vonyarcvashegy). These areas are also locat- ism based on the examination is very low. In details ed near by Balaton lake and in the mountains as during the two analyses 1725 settlements received well. 0 valu. In these areas it would effective to generate Compared the settlements (and its location) that the oppsite actions of the abovementioned ones. It I mentioned before with my analyses (that I gave a is important to made it clear for the decision mak- highest weight to the foreign guests and the guest ers that even though the external conditions of the nights spend by them) we could conclude that the tourism (natural environment etc.) are prepared they demand for this kind of tourist destinations is in- couldn’t build on the development strategy on this creasing. Foreign guest feel comfortable these plac- one sector.

REFERENCES:

1. Bernát T., Enyedi G. Y. Production districts of 6. CSO 2014: Report about the output of tour- Hungary. Budapest: Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, ism in 2013. URL: http://www.ksh.hu/docs/ 1961. P. 13–15. hun/xftp/idoszaki/jeltur/jeltur13.pdf. Down- 2. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- loaded on: 2015.08.10. tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 7. CSO 2015: Tourism and Hospitality. 2014. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- URL: http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idos- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. zaki/jeltur/jeltur14.pdf. Downloaded on: № 1. С. 62-65. 2015.08.10. 3. Michalkó G. Blissful trip / MTA (Hungarian 8. Hungarian tourism Ltd. Tourism in Hun- Scientifi c Academy) Geographical Research gary in 2014 (with preliminary data), Bu- Institute. Budapest, 2010. 70 p. dapest, 2014. URL: http://itthon.hu/ 4. Papp Z. S. The competitiveness of tourist documents/28123/8118959/StatElo_2014_ destinations : overview of models and HU_oldalankent.pdf/dda853ce-c385-4- methods / Z. Bajmócy, I. Lengyel, G. Málovics. fa3-ac56-1c271ee102ca. Downloaded on: Regional innovation skill, competitiveness 2015.08.10. and sustainability. Szeged : JATEPress, 9. Hungarian tourism Ltd. Marketingstrat- 2012. P. 225–238. egy 2015-2017. URL: http://szakmai.it- 5. Tőzsér A. Competitive tourist destination: thon.hu/documents/28123/15005854/ Formation of a new tourism-competitiveness MTZrt-Marketingstrategia_2015-2017.pdf/ model / Dr. Piskóti István. Hungury / Univer- eb13a95e-11c4-47e5-b457-d7fdd74a1c97. sity of Miskolc Faculty of Economic Scienc- Downloaded on: 2015.08.10. es. 2010. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 20 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Elfi mova Y. M. PROSPECTS OF TOURISM POTENTIAL AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMY

Abstract: This article includes analysis of problems of Key words: tourist and recreational potential, sustain- development of tourist and recreational potential as a fac- able development, mining and recreational areas, resort tor of sustainable development of the region. This paper infrastructure, strategic industries, the region’s economy. discusses the need to develop the program of develop- ment of the region in which the main directions of develop- ment of the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic can be a well- ness area, mountain tourism, ski sport.

Elfi mova Y. M. – Associate Professor, Candidate of economic Sciences, Faculty of Socio-cultural service and tourisme Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Tel.: +79054453185 E-mail: [email protected]

he sustainability of economic development in a need to develop a program for the development of separate region is the need to create conditions the region in which the main directions of develop- T for sustainable economic development through ment of the Karachay-Cherkessia can be a wellness the effective use of all existing sanatorium-resort area, mountain tourism, skiing sport. and tourist-recreational potential.The fl ow of tourists According to the Federal law «About bases of across the country and in certain regions is grow- tourist activity in the Russian Federation» of 24.11.96 ing every year and in large quantities. Karachay- № 132-FZ, the Concept of the Federal target pro- Cherkessia Republic (further KChR), which occupies gram «Development of domestic and inbound tour- a key position geographically, in the tourist cluster of ism in the Russian Federation (2011-2016)», the the North Caucasian Federal district, Krasnodar re- approved order of the Government of the Russian gion and Republic of Adygeya, has enormous natu- Federation dated 19.07.2010 N 1230-R, issued a ral, cultural and historical tourism resources, tourism decree on approval of the Republican target pro- in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic may be one of gram «Development of tourism in the Karachay- the main sectors of socio-economic development of Cherkessia Republic for the period till 2016» dated the region. August 04, 2011 N 245 [1]. Karachay-Cherkessia Republic is quite rich natu- The full implementation of the Program events ral resource potential due to its location. According will allow to turn KChR in one of the largest centers to the nature of the surface there are three areas in of tourism in the Russian Federation. the country: mountain, foothills, plains. The majority The main objective of the program was the crea- of the territory is occupied by mountains Karachay- tion of favorable economic conditions for the further Cherkessia Republic (about 80 %). In the repub- sustainable development of tourism and the max- lic there is the highest top of the Caucasus and all imum satisfaction of consumer demand for tourist Europe – Mount Elbrus that does the republic by services. a recognizable point on the map of the world. The It is expected for the years 2011-2016 the con- Karachay-Cherkessia Republic has favorable cli- struction and development of new tourism and rec- mate for tourism development, is rich with water, reational and health facilities under this program, land, mineral and other resources. Also in moun- such as an all-season tourist-recreational complex tains of KChR widely known centers of the interna- «Arkhyz» (Arkhyz village); recreation and fi tness tional tourism, mountaineering and mountain ski- complex «Gil-su»; tourist and recreational complex ing – Dombai, Teberda, Arkhyz are located. Also the «Mara» at the pass Gum-Bashi, tourist and rec- Karachay-Cherkessia Republic has rich history and reational complex «Mara» at the pass Gum-Bashi historical and cultural potential. It is promoted by the (stage 2), and in the tract Ran-Sirt, tourist and rec- fact that many nationalities live in the republic, each reational complex in the tract Shaylyk-Sirt, tour- of which has rich history of formation of the people. ist and recreational complex in Hurzukskogo his- It is possible to double the gross regional product of torical complex , tourist and recreational complex the republic, according to the Ministry of Regional at the northern foot of Mount Elbrus, the histori- Development of the Russian Federation only by the cal complex in the Lower Arkhyz museum-reserve; development of tourism in the KChR. Thus, there is the expansion of tourism and recreation complex gricultural 21 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 «Honey Waterfalls», the ski slopes on the mountain two kebab, ski rentals, snowboard , sledges, tubing, Semenov-Bashi (Dombay Village.), tourist and rec- horses, snowmobiles, helicopters and more. reational complex «Garaly». In March 2012 there was the offi cial opening of The total amount of funding for the program the fi rst objects of all-season resort «Arkhyz» – quad amounts to 19877815.5 thousand rubles, which cable car 860 meters in length and two ski lines with is forward-looking and is subject to annual adjust- doubles in the fi rst village resort «Arkhyz-1650», laid ment in view of the national budget possibilities. in accordance with European standards. To fi nance the activities of the program may attract The development of the resort has some social funds as the federal budget and local budgets. The burden, its implementation will contribute to the de- volume of funding for 2014-2016 years of the pro- velopment of transport, services, agriculture and gram after the adjustment is 8127893.81 thousand processing industry KChR further will create about rubles. The amount of funding, designed in 2011, for 10 thousand. Jobs in related and associated sec- a period 2014-2016. It differs signifi cantly from the tors. amount calculated in 2013 for the relevant period. The construction of hotel infrastructure and the The amount of funding in 2011 for a period 2014- ski resort of the fi rst ensemble – village «Arkhyz- 2016 is 42579711 thousand rubles, and the payment 1650». in 2013 was 8437028.5 thousand rubles. Thus, the The concept of ski resort involves the creation volume of fi nancing increased by 4177317.5 thou- of a developed resort infrastructure for a complete sand rubles, which explains the instability of the na- wellness and family vacations. Much attention is tional budget and the ability to adjust for the follow- paid to the development of KChR resort Dombay. ing years. All KChR tourist resources can be grouped Conclusions into several mountain recreation areas, which al- Resorts are one of the main resources of the ready have their own tourist centers, facilitat- KChR, so tourism is recognized as one of the stra- ing transport links with interregional highway tegic sectors of the economy of the region. In recent Maikop– Karachaevsk- Kislovodsk: «Teberda years there has been steady growth of the number – Dombay» in Karachai district and the city of of tourists in the country. So according to the Ministry Karachayevsk; «Nizhny Arkhyz» and «Arkhyz» in of Tourism and Resorts of the Republic of Karachay- Zelenchuk region; «Honey falls», «Uchkeken» and Cherkessia in 2014, tourist fl ow increased by 47 %, «Showat»Malokarachaevskiy in the area; «Mara» the expected results by the end of 2016, provided in the Karachay and Ust-dzhugutinsky areas; by the program: increasing the number of arrivals in «Uzunkol», «Gil-su» and «Mahar» in the Karachay KChR foreign and Russian tourists more than dou- area; «Big lab» in the Urupskiy area. bled in relation to 2012 year, an increase of one and There are a number of large investment projects, a half times compared to 2012 the number of rooms such as all-season mountain resort «Honey of tourism accommodation; an increase of paid serv- Waterfalls» tourist-recreational complex «Mara», ices to the subjects of the tourism industry to the all-season resort «Arkhyz» and resort «Dombai». population more than doubled in relation to 2012; Plan an all-season mountain resort «Honey wa- the creation of additional jobs in the tourism infra- terfalls» are designed to build no less than sixty jobs. structure maintenance and other neighboring sec- On the territory of tourist and recreational complex tors is not less twelve thousand people. was built in the Museum «Karachai yard», a sum- So, it is possible to draw the following conclusion mer cafe on 280 seats. The total investment is about that tourism in general develops in recent years in 195 million rubles. Karachay-Cherkessia Republic steadily and dynam- Tourist and recreational complex «Mara» has ically, in a consequence of what it is recognized as great potential for the development of sightsee- one of strategic industries of economy of the region. ing and recreational activities. Currently, in the ter- When carrying out all major actions for enhance- ritory of tourist-recreational complex «Mara» has ment of management and functioning of all fi elds three towing cable cars (1300 m, 350 m and 220 of activity, the region can reach a worthy position m), equipped ski runs 5 km, mini-hotels, three cafes, among all subjects of Russia.

REFERENCES:

1. Azriliyana A. N. Brief Dictionary of Econom- terials of the 72nd scientifi c-practical Confer- ics: 3rd ed. M. : Institute of New Economy, ence. (Moscow, 14–16 April, 2008) / SSAU. 2009. 1088p. Stavropol, 2008. P. 190–193. 2. Beloglazova T. M., Levushkina S. V. Quality 3. Ivolga A. G., Chaplickaya A. A. The rationale management System: concept, necesserity of for the approach to the concept of sustain- implementation and problems // the State and able development of regional economy : bi- prospects of development of agrarian sec- oresources and environmental management. tor of economy: regional aspect : collection 2014. Vol. 6. № 1–2. Р. 151–154. of scientifi c works. Tr. according to the ma- 4. Ponomarenko N. V., Shaposhnikova T. I. Con- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 22 Journal A

ceptual foundations of local self-government : 8. Crisis management imperatives of economic textbook / N. V. Ponomarenko, T. I. Shaposh- development : monograph / U. S. Avramenko, nikova, L. A. Altukhov, G. Karpenko, V. V. Malt- A. T. Aydinova, K. A. Andiyeva, N. V. Aleksee- sev, N. B. Chernobay, O. A. Radionov, va, K. V. Bagmet, T. V. Vergun, O. A. Voro- I. A. Borodaev, O. N. Kostina, S. V. Levushki- panov, P. V., Gudarenko, R. F., Gudarenko, na, O. V. Shalamova, N. M. Cabal, O. V. Ur- E. A. Egorkin, S. V. Zenchenko, V. F., Ivannikov, banova, V. A. Mozgovoy. Stavropol : AGRUS, K. M. Ilchenko, I. N. Kiseleva, S. V. Levushkina, 2006. 80 р. R. V. Miroshnichenko, O. A. Aharanov, A. V. Pl- 5. Radishauskas T. A. The principles of sustain- yasunova, And E. O. Prilepsky, A. V. Rudneva. able tourism developmentin journal: theoret- Stavropol : SEQUOIA, 2016. 323 p. ical and applied aspects of modern science 9. Introduction to tourism / Trukhachev. A. V., a collection of articles of international scien- Mikhailova K. Y., Elfi mova Y. M. Ivolga A. G., tifi c-practical conference. responsible for the Varivoda V. S., Karnaukhova M. A., Sidel- release.g. SSAU. 2014. P. 144–147. nikova K. A., Andreyanova S. I., Mol- 6. Trukhachev А. V. Methodology for evaluat- chanenko S. A., Radishauskas T. A. Stav- ing the rural tourism potentials: a tool to en- ropol, 2016. sure sustainable development of rural set- 10. The Russian Federation. The Government of tlements // Sustainability. 2015. Т. 7. № 3. the Karachayevo-Cherkessia Republic / Reg- P. 3052–3070. ulation on approval of the republican target 7. Trukhachev А. V. Defi nition «Agricultural Tour- program «Development of tourism in the Ka- ism» In Modern Science // Bulletin of the Nation- rachay-Cherkess Republic for 2016» from 4 al Academy of Tourism. 2015. № 1. P. 11–15. August 2011. № 245. gricultural 23 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Ferens E. CITY BREAK TOURISM IN EUROPE

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the city night visitors. Though, when compared to other city des- tourism in Europe in the years 2012-2015. Firstly, the main tinations they indicate lower growth. Istanbul is ranked at reasons of growthing popularity of this tourism form are third place, however it surprises with the highest growth discussed with special regard to the city break phenom- rate. enon. Secondly city tourism in Europe is presented based on the number of international overnight visitors. Short city visits continue to grow in popularity in Eu- Key words: city tourism, break tourism, phenomena, rope. London and Paris have a signifi cant lead in over- Europe.

Ferens E. – Ph. D., Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Nowoursynowska, 166, 02-787 Warsaw Tel.: 0048 22 5934032 E-mail: [email protected]

Introdaction Factors affecting city tourism Nowadays, one of the most popular tourist desti- Over the last years the city break has become nations are cities, which are characterized by many one of the most preferred form of tourism in Europe, attractive values, like cultural heritage, events, en- what is confi rmed in the study «European City tertainment, shopping centers, restaurants, multicul- Tourism 2015», examining 45 major European cit- turalsociety etc. This led to distinction of an impor- ies and identifying trends in tourism developments. tant form of travelling such as urban tourism. The According to this report there is upward trend in term of urban tourism generally refers to tourist ac- tourism development in Europe, while city tourism is tivities undertaken in urban areas. A signifi cant in- performing the best. crease in the popularity of tourism in the urban areas There are number of factors that contributed to was observed in the early 1980s. It was connected the increasing popularity of city break in Europe. with the need for the city revitalization, the develop- Firstly, the rapid expansion of low cost fl ights be- ment and diversifi cation of cultural activities, the in- tween the cities caused that a wide range of city des- creased people’s interest in the heritage and urban tinations are accessible fast, easy and at lower cost. development, and as well as with the pursuit of new City break trips has benefi ted particular from this, forms of activities and experience [5], [2]. Especially because its short stay nature makes quick and easy big cities and metropolis play an essential role as access a crucial factor in the success of city desti- tourism reception areas, what results from their mul- nations [10]. At this point it is important to mention tifunctionality and high density of diverse cultural re- that EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007 signifi cant- sources in a relatively small area. ly contributed to formally easier entrance to many In the frame of urban tourism a new form of European countries, what in consequence led to the tourist activity, called «city break» can be distin- increase and improvement of transport connections guished. There is no commonly recognized defi ni- between the cities. tion of what represents a city break. However, it is Secondly, there is an increasing tendency of usually defi ned as a «short leisure trip to one city people to take additional but shorter holidays. The or town, with no overnight stay at any other des- number of short-term trips taken by Europeans con- tination during the trip»[6]. This defi nition under- tinues to grow [6]. One of the reasons can be the lines the core of city brake, namely it is a trip “city fact that people have more leisure breaks a year only” and it does not constitute a part of wider hol- in addition to their main annual holiday and they iday. Such distinction is not always clear in tour- have higher discretionary income.The feature of ism statistics and therefore causes problems while city break trips is the short duration, most of them researching the city break phenomenon. Thus, in last between one and three nights. Usually, the at- this study city break trips are investigated in the tribute of city breaks is the secondary nature of the context of city tourism overall. trips. They are discretionary often supplementing a The aim of this paper is to analyze the city tour- person’s main holiday. In this regard they tend to ism in Europe. Firstly, the principal reasons for be short-term as complement rather than replace growth of city break trips in Europe are discussed a bigger trip. However, as some studies show [6], and secondly international city tourism in Europe in city breaks grow in length, with trips of 4-5 nights the years 2012-2015 is analyzed. or longer. Page [4] indicates a number of structural Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 24 Journal A changes among the European population that have ondly they travel with small number of travel parties, positively infl uenced the number of secondary trips usually without children. Most people either travel taking to city destinations. These include: with a partner or with a group of friends [7]. – more holidays; – he availability of public holidays which enable City tourism in Europe «long weekends» outside usual environment; In the last years a continued growth of city tourism – changing family models e.g.: double income in Europe can be observed. The table 1 presents the families have greater disposable income; fi rst ten European destination cities by the number families without children travel more to urban of international overnight visitors in the years 2012- areas; 2015. All listed cities indicated increase in number of – traveling is cheaper, convenient, faster and tourists during the whole researched period of time. more transport options are available. The most visited city in Europe (in the world as well) Some explanation of short duration of city trips is London. In 2015 this city was visited by 18,82 can be also the fact that many people are able to see mln. overnight tourists from abroad. In compari- and experience what they want in a few days [3,9]. son to 2014 the 6 % growth can be stated. The sec- The other factor that plays an important role in ond most popular European city is Paris with 16,06 development of city brake phenomenon is internet mln. international visitors in 2015. On the third place and its constantly growthing role in travel decision there is Istanbul with 12,56 mln. international tourist. making process and booking. People can easy fi nd However, Istanbul has the highest growth rate and information about the place they would like to visit if it continues to grow at the current rate, it will be- and make all necessary bookings. It is not compli- come second-ranked in Europe in a few years. The cated to organize city break trip, typically it consists next city in ranking is Barcelona (7.36 mln. visitors in of just few components, like transport, accommoda- 2015) which is followed by Amsterdam, Rome, Milan tion or entrance tickets, all of which can easily be Vienna, Prague and Munich. booked via the internet. The fastest growing destination cities in Europe Finally, the reason of bigger popularity of city in the years 2009-2015 are showed in the table 2. break tourism relates to people’s changing percep- Four cities are marked by the growth rate over 8 %, tion of urban areas as travel destinations. The city namely: Istanbul, Hamburg and Copenhagen. It is is increasingly perceived as, not just an entry, exit worth to underline that three cities in east-central or transit point, but a desired destination in its own Europe are also among the fastest growing European right [10]. In regard to characteristics of city break destination cities: Bucharest (7,8 % growth rate), travelers studies show that fi rst of all visitors tend to Budapest (7,4 % growth rate), and Warsaw (7,0 % come mostly from neighboring countries and sec- growth rate).

Table 1 – Europe’s destination cities by international overnight visitors [mln]

Destination city 2012 2013 2014 2015 % growth 2014–2015 1 London 15.46 16.78 17.75 18.82 6.0 % 2 Paris 14.29 15.52 15.56 16.06 3.2 % 3 Istanbul 8.82 9.87 11.27 12.56 11.4 % 4 Barcelona 6.91 7.18 7.42 7.63 2.9 % 5 Amsterdam 6.10 6.65 7.29 7.44 2.1 % 6 Rome 6.73 7.04 7.05 7.41 5.0 % 7 Milan 6.88 6.99 7.01 7.17 2.3 % 8 Vienna 5.38 5.55 5.66 5.81 2.6 % 9 Prague 4.92 5.05 5.23 5.47 4.5 % 10 Munich 4.38 4.58 4.79 4.86 1.3 % Source: MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index 2015 Table 2 – Europe’s fastest growing destination cities by international overnight visitors (2009–2015)

Destination city % growth 2009–2015 Destination city % growth 2009–2015 1 Istanbul 10.1 % 6 Bucharest 7.8 % 2 Hamburg 8.6 % 7 Budapest 7.4 % 3 Copenhagen 8.3 % 8 Warsaw 7.0 % 4 Lisbon 8.3 % 9 Duesseldorf 6.9 % 5 Berlin 7.9 % 10 Barcelona 6.6 % Source: MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index 2015 gricultural 25 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 Conclusions During the last years European cities continue to City break trips involve mostly short haul fl ights be the leaders of the European tourism sector. All from neighboring source markets and constitute of the top-ranked 10 cities showed positive year-on- secondary trips that people often use to supplement year growth rates regarding the number of overnight a main holiday. The potential of this form of tourism visitors. London and Paris continue to lead Europe’s lies on the short-term trips, the existence of low cost city tourism, however Istanbul is the fastest growing airlines connections to big cities, affordable prices destination. and availability of booking all necessary compo- nents via internet.

REFERENCES:

1. Hedrick-Wong Y., Choong D. Global desti- 6. Page S. J., Hall C. M. Managing urban tour- nation cities index: tracking global growth. ism. Harlow, 2003. 2015. 7. Trew J., Cockerell N. The European market 2. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- for UK city breaks : insights, 2002. № 14(58). tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- P. 85–111. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- 8. City break motivation – the case of Dublin, a iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. successful national capital / Dunne G., Flana- № 1. С. 62–65. gan S., Buckley J. // Journal of Travel and Tour- 3. Kolb B. M. Tourism marketing for cities and ism Marketing, 2007. № 22 (3/4). P. 95–107. towns: using branding and events to atrract 9. The City in West Europe/ Burtenshaw D., tourists. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Bateman M., Ashworth G. J. Wiley: Chiches- 2006. ter, 1991. 4. Law C. Urban tourism: attracting visitors to 10. The Roland Berger study: European City large cities. London: Mansell, 1993. Tourism 2015. 5. Page S. Urban tourism: evaluating tourists’ 11. Towards an understanding of internation- experience of urban places / C. Ryan. Lon- al city break travel / Dunne G., Buckley J., don, 2002. P. 112–136. Flanagan S. // International Journal of Tour- ism Research, 2010. № 12 (5). P. 409–417. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 26 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Ivolga A. G., Radishauskas T. A. THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN TOURISM: COMMUNICATION AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS «AGRI-» AND «RURAL» TOURISM

Abstract: In the article the specifi city of rural tourism factory answer. The authors follow the idea of separation and agritourism, the results of the analysis of foreign and of concepts of rural and agritourism. domestic scientifi c and practical approaches to the forma- tion of the conceptual apparatus of tourism in rural areas. Among the myriad of defi nitions and scientifi c views on Key words: agricultural tourism, rural tourism, tourist the agricultural tourism has not yet found a fi nal and satis- activity.

Ivolga A. G. – Radishauskas T. A. – Ph. D., Associate Professor, Department of Tourism and Assistant of the Department of Tourism and Service, Service Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Stavropol, Russia E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction At the same time rural tourism includes visit by Tourism currently represents one of the lead- tourists of the rural zone for the purpose of rest and ing directions of socio – economic and cultural life (or) the organizations of entertainments in environ- of many countries and regions of the world. Today mentally friendly (rather residential locations) areas. tourism is one of the most profi table and dynamical- The main motives for the choice of rest as rural tour- ly developing branches of the economy, which has ism can be considered the following: lack of means a strong multiplicative effect on total the activities of for rest in expensive luxurious resort or in hotel; the the various sectors of the economy. The industry of settled conduct of life in the rural zone; need of im- tourism and hospitality should be considered a com- provement for the climatic conditions recommend- plex industry, based on the integrated use of eco- ed by the doctor; big time to carry out proximity to nomic, cultural and natural potential of the territory. the nature and an opportunity in the fresh air, in the Allocate quite a lot of varieties of tourism. wood; an opportunity to eat environmentally friend- Obviously, it is caused by the fact that tourism repre- ly products; urgent need for quiet measured life; an sents open system with specifi c social and econom- opportunity to be acquainted with other culture and ic and technical characteristics. Therefore growth customs. of number of types of tourism is promoted both Sharpley R. in his works believes that the agri- by factors of external environment, and elements tourism is actually only a segment of rural tourism, of the internal environment of tourism («motive – like cultural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, a resource – transport – accommodation – food – marine tourism and other tourism activities in rural knowledge») [1].Therefore streamlining of the con- areas. Generally, rural tourism is seen as a valua- ceptual and categorical framework, including such ble and growing sector of the overall tourism market, directions of research as identifi cation, systemati- representing a signifi cant source of income to rural zation and classifi cation of types of tourism contin- economies [9]. ue to remain actual. First of all differentiation similar Christian M. Rogerson, Jayne M. Rogerson con- on the displayed essence of concepts, but used for sider agritourism as is a subset of rural tourism determination of different types of tourism, and also which encompasses recreational experiences in- determination of communications between them is volving visits to rural settings or rural environments reasonable. One of such types of tourism are agri- for the purpose of participating in or experiencing tourism and rural tourism. activities, events or attractions not readily available in urbanized areas. Among a host of activities which Discussion can be linked to agritourism in developed world set- We agree with Trofi mova S. M. who believes that tings are country accommodation or lodging, farm rural tourism constitutes the special complex type of restaurants and wineries, ranch resorts, leisure fi sh- tourism uniting forms of organized and unorganized ing, the letting of rooms on farms, and the provision rest of tourists in the rural zone for the purpose of of food to travelers [8]. familiarizing with the rural nature, acquaintance to a There is a perception, which is diffi cult not to rural conduct of life, acquaintance with specifi cs of agree that the concept of rural tourism is considered local agricultural environmental management (at the as a synonym of agri – or rural tourism, is quite tra- professional and nonprofessional level) [4]. ditional but not quite correct. It is, in particular, sub- gricultural 27 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 stantiates T. A. Volkova, Natalia Goncharova and tural production and does not show the farmhouse S. H. Margaryan in their article, specially devoted to beyond the family vacation, the defi nition makes ba- the study of the concept of «rural tourism» [3]. This sic reference to living in a peasant family, thereby article notes the typicality of the situation, in which excluding other means of accommodation, even the authors discuss these concepts, and often the within rural areas. However, in the defi nition refers concepts of agricultural and ecological tourism as to “the farm business”, what separates agritourism related and do not require differentiation. Moreover, from rural tourism. this approach is prevalent as theoreticians and prac- Thus, it is possible to allocate passive and ac- titioners of tourism, including rural. tive approaches of activities of the tourist in the rural According to extensive literature (e.g. Hall et zone. The fi rst of them (more traditional), includes al., 2005; Sidali, 2011), rural tourism destination is stay of tourists in the rural zone, for the purpose of based on a complementary tourist product, consist- supervision over daily work of the owner, residents ing of several partial products (e.g. accommodation, of the rural village without any essential participation transport, food, trade, attractions etc.) integrated in in their activities. Such concept can be determined fi nal experience which is offered to visitors. These as «Life-seeing». On the other hand, the concept individual tourism businesses are strongly interde- better known as “life-participation” or in our opinion, pendent and interrelated, so their collaboration is agritourism, represents a new, modern method of condition sine qua non for their further development pastime of visitors in the rural zone in case of which [7,10]. tourists accept active participation in the most part A. D. Chudnovsky in his writings, associating ru- of the agricultural and other works organized by the ral tourism with tourism in rural areas, with the al- owner. location of ethnic, religious, cultural, education- In this regard, Sedali, K. L., Spiller, A., & Schulze, al, health, professional, business, sport, adventure B. are three main characteristics of agritourism in tourism and leisure tourism [6]. Note, however, that the countryside: A. D. Chudnovskii is not explained until the end of 1. An opportunity to satisfy needs of the tourist the separation of work and business of tourism and by practical participation in real life in a coun- their implementation in rural areas seems to us, try family, that is active participation in a pro- though possible, but, in General, unlikely, at least in duction process of foodstuff, drinks, participa- any signifi cant scale. And fi nally, what is fundamen- tion in daily work on a farm, and also in events tally important, agritourism is not distinguished as in local community (religious, economic, cul- an independent type of tourism activity. Similar ap- tural, gastronomic, etc.); proach to determination of this type of tourist activi- 2. An opportunity for some groups of people who ties occurs at M. B. Birzhakov[1], but he calls it rural look for non-standard methods of carrying out tourism and like A. D. Chudnovsky does not allocate free time and who want to gain new knowl- in its structure of agrarian tourism in any way. edge and skills in the fi eld of agricultural in- At the same time, for agrarian tourism which in a dustry; number of the countries with a level of development 3. Chance for the tourists to take care of domes- of rural tourism high today the distinctive features in- tic animals, participate in cultivation of vegeta- herent are characteristic it is exclusive to it and ab- bles, fruits and farming culture in an authentic sent at other types of tourism. Typical such feature rural environment, which is different from those is an opportunity to reduce round cost (to receive a where most of the visitors come from [7]. discount rate and food up to absolute) in exchange for participation of the tourist in agricultural produc- Conclusions tion of the host party. Summing up the results of our research of origin In this regard, it seems only logical that agricultur- and essence of the concept «agrarian tourism» we al tourism (i.e. associated with the production of agri- draw the following conclusions. cultural products and processing agricultural land) is Distinctions of phenomena of rural and agrari- a component of rural tourism. It is believed that ag- an tourism are essential. Rural tourism is the type ritourism organically combines the features of spe- of tourism realized in administrative-territorial bor- cial recreation and tourism, including ecological and ders of the village (i.e. classifi cation by a type by the green. But it is fair to say that these types of tourism tourist of activities for the place of its implementa- can be combined in one trip, and to exist separate- tion). Agritourism represents the tourism type real- ly. Agricultural tourism may not have the features of ized with compulsory use of agricultural production eco-tourism, and they cannot be identifi ed. for the purpose of a recreation, education and active Among modern approaches to the interpretation attraction to traditional forms of managing. of the concept of agritourism should highlight the ap- Between rural and agrarian tourism there can be proach N. E. Cudly who understands agritourism as an interrelation, but it is not a sign of this or that «an organized stay of tourists in a rural family that type, also it is not obligatory. Agrarian tourism is not deals with agriculture and other activities» [5]. This always part of rural tourism and can be implemented interpretation appears to be somewhat superfi cial, on urban areas. because not emphasized the characteristic features The exceptional characteristics of rural tourism of agritourism – participation experience in agricul- are: Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 28 Journal A

– the presence of agricultural (agricultural) pro- territory. However, its impact is signifi cant for agri- duction; cultural enterprises, including farms, etc. Also im- – elements of involving tourists in the process portant the infl uence of agritourism on the preser- of agrarian (agricultural) production. vation and development of human potential in the In the framework of agricultural tourism, the con- region, the development of small businesses. sumer can be presented with a comprehensive tour- The complex of tourist activities carried out in ism product. A key role in the tourism product is the the territory, the agritourism plays a key role in the satisfaction with the educational purposes of the unique regional tourist product, allowing you to cre- tourists. ate and build a positive, unusual experience, form- Agritourism as a form of tourism plays an impor- ing positive and individual tourist image of the region tant role in the socio-economic development of the among tourists.

REFERENCES:

1. Birzhakov M. B. Introduction in tourism: stud- 9. Sustainable development of tourist mar- ies, benefi t. Gerd, 2004. 304 p. ket: international practice and experience 2. Chudnovsky A. D. Tourism and hotel econo- resiistance state agrarian University. 2014. my: textbook. M. : YuRKNIGA, 2005. 448 p. p. 194–198. 3. Elfi mova Y. M., Bistrova G. A. Virtual tour- 10. Rogerson C. M., Rogerson J. M. Agritourism ism – the objective reality of the modern and local economic development in South travel business // Sustainable develop- Africa / C. M. Rogerson, D. Szymańska. ment of touristic market: international prac- Bulletin of Geography / socio-economical se- tice and experience of Russia : collection of ries. Toruń: Nicolaus Copernicus University. scientifi c works. Tr. according to the mate- 2014. № 26. P. 93–106. rials of the II international scientifi c confer- 11. Sharpley R. Rural tourism and the challenge ence. (Stavropol, 09–11 April 2014) / SSAU. of tourism diversifi cation the case of Cyprus / Stavropol, 2014. P. 81–84. Tourism Management. 2002. № 23(3), 4. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- P. 233–244. tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 12. Trofi mova S. M. The territorial organization lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- of rural tourism in the Baikalsk region. Ulan- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. Ude, 2005. 22 p. № 1. С. 62-65. 13. Vlasenko O. V. An agritourism role in reform- 5. Kudla N. Є. Agrotourism: to prospect a roz- ing of rural subsidiary productions: abstract. vitka in Ukran // Mzhnar. Sciences: science, Ulan-Ude, 2008. 30 p. інновації that rozvitok регіонів». Львів, 14. Volkova-Goncharova T. A., Markaryan S. O. 2004. P. 56–63. Social and economic function of rural tour- 6. Radishauskas T. A. The value of the ecologi- ism // Messenger SGUTKD. 2011. № 2 (16). cal state of environment on the development P. 22–25. of the concept of sustainable tourism : book: 15. Food, agri-culture and tourism / Linking local sustainable development of tourist mar- gastronomy and rural tourism: Interdisciplinary ket: international practice and experience perspectives / Sidali K. L., Spiller A., Schulze resiistance state agrarian University. 2014. B. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2011. p. 178–183. 16. New Directions in Rural Tourism: Local 7. Radishauskas T. A. Regional aspects Impacts, Global Trends/ Hall D. R., of modern branding / A. V. Trukhachev, Roberts L., Mitchell M. Hants : Ashgate A. G. Ivolga. Publishing, 2005. 8. Crisis management imperatives of economic development : monograph / U. S. Avramenko, A. T. Aydinova, K. A. Andiyeva, N. V. Alekseeva, K. V. Bagmet, T. V. Vergun, O. A. Voropanov, P. V. Gudarenko, R. F. Gudarenko, E. A. Egorkin, S. V. Zenchenko, V. F. Ivan- nikov, K. M. Ilchenko, I. N. Kiseleva, S. V. Levushkina, R. V. Miroshnichenko, O. A. Aharanov, A. V. Plyasunova, And E. O. Prilepsky, A. V. Rudneva. Stavropol : SEQUOIA, 2016. 323 p. gricultural 29 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Kłoczko-Gajewska A. THE NETWORKS OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL VILLAGES AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – BASIC FACTS AND SOME QUESTIONS

Abstract: The concept of sustainable tourism, con- but there is a fi eld for deeper research and international cerns tourism that basically wisely uses and conserves comparisons. resources in to maintain their long-term viability. The net- works of the most beautiful villages aims at gaining addi- tional income from tourism while taking care of local herit- Key words: sustainable tourism, network, beautiful age and architectonic order. It seems they are successful, villages, income from tourism.

Kłoczko-Gajewska A. – Ph.D., Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Nowoursynowska, 166, Warsaw, Poland Tel.: (+48) 59 340 29 E-mail: [email protected].

Introduction the idea of more sustainable forms of tourism in or- Tourism is often seen as a chance to develop a der to reduce pressure on the environment, socie- region or a country. However, aside from the ben- ties, heritage and culture, while spreading benefi ts efi ts of traditionally understood mass tourism, also equitably, including between hosts and guests»[3]. its drawbacks have to be taken into account [2]. Sustainability has many different aspects – not only Among others, tourism generates direct benefi ts to taking care for natural environment (for example those selling goods and services, as well as indi- through waste disposal, energy effi ciency or light rect benefi ts through the multiplier effect. It also cre- pollution), but also through cultural sustainability (ad- ates labour intense employment, especially for the justing to local architectural norms and preference unskilled workforce, and stimulates regional devel- for native plants) and visitor management strategies opment. As for less tangible aspects, it promotes that do not allow too high congestion of tourists [2]. cross-cultural understanding and is an incentive to The next section will describe a movement that has preserve natural and cultural heritage. On the oth- some features of sustainable tourism. er hand there are some problems with obtaining these positive effects, there are also some nega- Networks of the most beautiful villages7 tive consequences of tourism (especially unregulat- The idea to create a network of the most beau- ed mass tourism). Direct revenues from tourism are tiful villages emerged in France at the beginning of usually seasonal and are lowered by the costs of 1980s. At that time a signifi cant migration from vil- marketing, administration, and public infrastructure lages to cities was observed, which resulted in de- maintenance. Indirect revenues might leak due to population of rural areas. Moreover, rural com- importation of goods and services as well as prof- munities had problems with renovating historical it repatriation. Employment is seasonal, often low- buildings due to the lack of money. One of the may- paid, and part-time. Congestion of tourists and ors, inspired by a book titled «The most beautiful fi nancial disparities might cause cross-cultural con- villages of France», contacted 100 mayors of oth- fl ict. Last but not least, local culture can be modi- er villages mentioned in this publication and offered fi ed and the environment can be degraded by devel- cooperation. In March 1982 66 mayors created an opment of tourist activities. As Marzetti et. al. have association whose aim was to sustain, promote, written, «…mass tourism may be desirable from the and develop beautiful, historical villages with tradi- economic point of view because it increases the lo- tional architecture and natural conditions. Basing cal aggregate income, but from the social and eco- on French experience, similar associations were logical perspective it can be damaging…».To avoid soon created in Wallonia (Belgium) (1994), Quebec costs of the mass tourism, an idea of alternative or (Canada) (1998), Italy (2001), and Japan (2005). small-scale, locally-controlled or sustainable tour- Similarly as in France, the networks in Quebec ism emerged [4]. and Italy were created in order to diminish out-migra- Basically, sustainable tourism can be described tion from the villages. Quite differently, in Wallonia as applying of the sustainable development concept the problem to solve was too high migration into the to tourism sector – «tourism that wisely uses and conserves resources in order to maintain their long- 7 If not stated otherwise, information in this section comes from term viability»[2]. Being more precise, it is a concept the book „Les plus beaux villages : de l'expérience française au développement international – Most Beautiful Villages: «created to critically explore, foster and implement The french experience and other foreign development”s Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 30 Journal A

Table 1 – Basic characteristics of the networks of the most beautiful villages in selected countries

France Wallonia Quebec Italy Japan Number of associated villages (03.2016) 153 24 38 248 49 Number of villages at the beginning 66 11 18 51 7 Year of creating the association 1982 1994 1998 2001 2005 Yearly budget of association (thousand Euros) (2012) 490 320 66 390 166 Share of member fees in the budget ( %) (2012) 63 5 19 80 28 Share of sponsors’ money in the budget ( %) (2012) 10 20 58 20 40 Frequency of assessment visits (2012) every 6 no regula- every 5 3 to 5 villag- every 5 years tions years es per year years Source: own preparation basing on: «Les plus beaux villages: de l’expérience française au développement international – Most Beautiful Villages: The French experience and other foreign developments», Atout France, 2013 and the websites of the as sociations. villages, with a signifi cant pressure to build new (not lages. All of the networks require offi cial application necessarily traditionally-looking) houses which en- containing preliminary description of the village’s as- dangered historical lay-out of the villages. In Japan, sets. If it meets minimal criteria, a group of experts a reform merging small municipalities created a fear visit the village in order to assess the quality of ar- of lowering the number of villages and towns. chitecture, cultural heritage, and plans of promotion. All of the networks of the most beautiful villages Such report is the basis for joining the association. aim to support sustainable development of rural ar- All of the networks carry out regular assessments of eas as well as to preserve architectural heritage in the villages, to fi nd out if the heritage is really cared the villages, however there are minor differences in for. High demands are supposed to ensure quality of the approach between the associations. In Quebec the offer, and membership fee should make them in- and Japan the main stress is laid on preserving dependent from grants. The networks carry out joint landscape and traditional way of life. In Wallonia ed- promotion, among others through printing leafl ets, ucating the society to keep architectonic coheren- preparing websites, presence in social media, etc. ceis one of the important aims of the organization. Most of the networks issue offi cial tourist guides or In Italy the main stress is laid on promoting villages organize fairs of local handcraft. as a tourist destination – the offer includes tradition- As one can see in Table 1, the country networks al food and cultural events. differ according to size, yearly budget, importance of After some time there were more similar as- membership fees, and other features. sociations emerging in other countries, such as In French network it was observed that joining Crete (Greece) (2010), Romania (2011), Saksony the network of the most beautiful villages can raise (Germany) (2011), Spain (2011), and Russia (2014). number of tourists by 10 %–50 %. Five of the country associations created in 2012 an The most popular places face now other prob- association of the world’s most beautiful villages, lems (discussed during the conference «Rural archi- some more are associated members, waiting for be- tecture – European heritage and development po- coming full members8. tential» in Obercunnersdorf, Germany) – organizing All of the country associations have sets of cri- visits in such a way that tourists fi nd peace and si- teria that allow individual villages to join the country lence while the inhabitants keep their privacy and networks. The most important of them are charac- dignity. In certain circumstances the villagers could teristic rural architecture and landscape, followed by feel as items in a museum, which should not hap- low density of the population and number of inhab- pen. There is a signifi cant problem with the wastes itants (the limits differ depending on a country). In and traffi c jams during high season. Canada, Italy, Japan, Spain, Germany, Greece, and Korea a village that wishes to join the network has to Conclusions have a predefi ned number of historical monuments The networks of the most beautiful villages aim or other items of material or immaterial heritage. to preserve historical look of the villages (histori- All of the organizations have a legal form of a non- cal buildings, spatial order, natural environment). profi t organization – both for ideological and practi- It is their offi cial goal and the conditions to join the cal reasons, because it allows them to apply for pub- network support it. Additional incomes from tourism lic funds. Main directions for future development are help the inhabitants to stay there and refrain from decided on by a general assembly. In France and migration. From this perspective they take care of Japan the general assemblies also make decisions the sustainability of the villages. However, there are concerning the sum of member’s fee paid by the vil- some more sustainability issues that need to be tak- en into account. 8 Information from the website. gricultural 31 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 Sofi eld (2003, p.9.), discussing the problem of In some more popular villages there are prob- sustainable tourism in Pacifi c Islands, wrote that lems resulting from the overcrowding of tourists dur- «…without the element of empowerment (of local ing high season. How strong is its impact on the nat- communities) tourism development on the level of ural environment, quality of life of the inhabitants community will have diffi culty achieving sustainabil- and comfort of the tourists? Are there any visitor ity». In the networks of the most beautiful villages management strategies undertaken? the village representatives (often mayors) decide on Some of the networks claim that they observed the directions of the future development, which can visible rise in the number of tourists. It would be inter- be seen as empowerment of the local people. The esting to analyze how much money is left by the tour- question is, to what extent the village inhabitants ists and how much of it is spent again on the local truly participate in the decision-making process. market (is the money not leaking back to the cities). How do their representatives (eg. mayors) consult Probably there is some research on a local scale, with them directions of development? Does it differ but it would be interesting to compare these issues among countries, are any differences within coun- as well as long-term impact on the natural environ- tries visible? What are the problems faced while dis- ment, incomes, and local communities (including cussing with the locals the priorities for future devel- culture and habits) both within the networks and be- opment? tween the countries.

REFERENCES:

1. Trevor H. B. Empowerment for Sustainable 5. Les plus beaux villages: de l’expérience Tourism Development. Amsterdam: française au développement international – Pergamon, 2003. Most Beautiful Villages: The French experi- 2. Weaver D. Sustainable tourism: theory and ence and other foreign developments // Atout practice. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. France. 2013. 2006. 6. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- 3. Advocacy or neutrality? Disseminating re- tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- search fi ndings and driving change toward lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- sustainable tourism in a fast changing world // iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. Journal of Sustainable Tourism / BramwellB., № 1. С. 62-65. Higham J., Lane B., Miller G. 2016. № 24:1. 7. URL: http://www.borghipiubelliditalia.it/en/ P. 1–7. 8. URL: http://www.beauxvillages.be/les-villag- 4. Social carrying Capacity of Mass tourist Sites: es.htm?lng=fr theoretical and practical issues about its 9. URL: http://www.beauxvillages.qc.ca/web- measurement / Marzetti S., Brandolini D. A., site_english.htm Mozetti R. Northampton, 2008. 10. URL: http://www.france-beautiful-villages. org/en/about-us 11. URL: http://www.utsukushii-mura.jp/index. php Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 32 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Kostić M., Milićević S., Nedeljković I. RESEARCH OF TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT

Abstract: The relationship between tourism and the task of all stakeholders in the tourism industry, and the environment can be considered unbreakable, almost sym- responsibility for the quality of the environment is not only biotic, precisely due to the fact that tourism is a major user on the side of tourism offer, but the behavior of tourists as and also a valuator of environmental elements. For the end users also has an important role. This is exactly what development of tourism and its infrastructure, the initial caused the creation of the code of conduct of tourists at a look of nature is disrupted, the landscapes are changed, destination. In this paper, the attention is focused on the deforestation and unplanned construction occur, the soil attitudes of tourists related to taking care of environmental and biodiversity are disrupted, air and water pollution oc- elements, with the aim of determining the level of environ- cur, and therefore tourism is considered to be a big trans- mental awareness among modern tourists. former of the environment. The balance between tour- ism development and preservation of the environment is achieved only by putting the tourism activity under the Key words: sustainable tourism, ethical codes, tour- concept of sustainability. Achieving sustainability is a key ists’ environmental awareness.

Kostić M. – Nedeljković I. – Ph.D., Assistant Professor, BA in Management, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac University of Kragujevac Vojvođanska, 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia Vojvođanska 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Milićević S. – Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac, Vojvođanska 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction entire tourism industry faces the problem of preserv- The development of tourism is certainly changing ing the environment, because precisely tourism as an the environment in which it is developing and these industry is based largely on the quality elements of the changes can be both positive and negative. The same, there is a need to inform the tourists as end us- changes brought by tourism in tourist destinations ers about the method in which they can contribute to are becoming more visible with the advent of mass the preservation of sensitive resources. In this regard, tourism. Tourism development usually brings nega- ethical codes are one of the means for implementa- tive effects that primarily concern degradation of the tion of sustainable tourism, aimed at tourists as end environment. For the development of tourism and its consumers [6]. infrastructure, the initial look of nature is disrupted, Ethical codes are one of the means for implemen- the landscapes are changed, deforestation and un- tation of sustainable tourism at a destination [1]. It is planned construction occur, the soil is disrupted, air a means in the form of short and clear messages that and water pollution occur. Finding a balance between tend to mitigate the negative consequences for the tourism development and preservation of the environ- environment where the tourist activities are imple- ment is a key task of all stakeholders in the tourism in- mented. Their existence contributes signifi cantly to dustry. Sustainable tourism has a key role here, which raising awareness of all stakeholders in tourism, and in a rational way takes care of natural resources and especially tourists, about the consequences which enables them to be used by present and future gen- their behavior, often irresponsible and even with a erations [2]. In order to preserve the sensitive environ- dose of disrespect towards the environment which mental resources, of which tourism largely depends is expected to meet the needs, and decisions may on, it was necessary to put this industry under the con- have on the state of the environment. The most fa- cept of sustainability. The World Tourism Organization mous code published by the American Association of defi nes sustainable tourism as an activity by which the Tourist Agents which was presented to the 10 com- needs of all tourists, as holders of demand and tourist mandments in the fi eld of ecotourism [5]. destinations, are met and satisfi ed, and the possibil- ity that the goals are achieved at the same or even a Research Description and Methodology higher level in the future is thereby not distorted [4]. In A research was conducted for the purposes of the era of mass tourism of the 21st century, when the this paper, in order to determine the level of environ- gricultural 33 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 mental awareness of tourists from the territory of the As for the behavior of tourists at the destination Republic of Serbia. The research instrument was a related to the consumption of water, electricity and closed-type survey questionnaire which contained a waste disposal, respondents gave their answers by set of 23 questions, divided into 3 groups.The fi rst choosing one of the options on a scale of 1 to 4, group of questions related to the demographic char- where «1» was never, «2» was sometimes, «3» was acteristics of the respondents: gender, age, educa- when it was brought to my attention and «4» was al- tion level, monthly income. The second part of the ways. In this regard, to the question how much they questionnaire contained questions related to prefer- took care about water consumption while on vaca- ences of tourists in the choice of destination as well tion, tourists gave answers with the average grade as the means of transport they used when going on of 2.52, while the standard deviation was 1.01, which vacation. Their attitude towards the consumption of indicated the homogeneity of answers. To the ques- water, electricity and waste disposal during the stay tion how much they took care about electricity con- at a destination was also analyzed. How much the sumption, the average grade of tourists was slightly tourists were actually informed about the destina- higher than in the previously asked question – 2.6, tion to which they were going was also signifi cant with a standard deviation of 1.03. When it came for the analysis,and therefore the questionnaire also to waste disposal, the respondents had very posi- included the questions related to the level of infor- tive answers, with the average grade of even 3.8 mation the tourists received on the environment of and standard deviation of 0.57. To the next ques- the destination chosen for their holiday, either per- tion, which related to how many times the tourists sonally or from tourism workers. The third part of the were informed about the environment of the chosen questionnaire related to the attitudes of tourists on destination by agency employees, even 78 % of re- impacts that tourism could have on the quality of the spondents answered that they never received such environment of a destination. information at the agency, while 22 % of them an- The research was conducted on a random sam- swered that they sometimes received such informa- ple, by independent fi lling out of the survey question- tion. Ethical codes of conduct of tourists were com- naire, which was distributed via social networks. pletely familiar to 48 % of the respondents, partially familiar to 36 %, while completely unfamiliar to 16 % Results of the respondents. The study included 50 respondents, whereby the In the third part of the questionnaire, we exam- representation of female respondents was higher, ined the attitudes of tourists on whether and how even 78 %. Analysis of the age structure showed much infl uence (according to their opinion) tourism that the largest percentage of respondents belonged had on the environment of a destination. Answers to the group of 18 to 25 years, even 58 %, from 26 were given in the form of Likert 5 point scale, were to 35 years there were 30 % of respondents, while «1» was strongly disagree and «5» was strongly the remaining 12 % were older than 35 years. When agree. To the fi rst question in this part: «Does tour- looking at the level of education, highly educated ism endanger the nature of any destination?», the tourists had the highest share in the survey – 58 %. respondents gave the average grade of 3.45±1.22, The largest number of respondents, even 70 %, which indicated that tourists were aware that tour- were unemployed. ism could endanger the quality of the environment of In the second part of the questionnaire, where we the destination at which it was implemented. examined the preferences of tourists related to the To the question: «Does tourism contribute to in- type of destination they chose for their holiday, the creased traffi c jams, air pollution and creating in- type of means of transport they used, the attitude to- creased noise?», the respondents gave the average wards the consumption of resources and the level of grade of 3.85±1.54, which indicated their awareness information they received, we came to the following that transport greatly contributed to pollution of this results. The largest number of respondents (72 %) part of the environment. Extremely high average chooses the sea as their holiday destination, and grade and also a low value of standard deviation – the largest number of respondents chooses the bus 4.06±0.74 was given by the surveyed respondents (51 %) as a means of transport to the destination. for the question: «Does tourism provide an incen- When it comes to the factors of attractiveness in the tive for the restoration of cultural heritage?». To the destination, only 6 % of tourists choose a particular question whether public buildings were better pre- destination because of its preserved environment, served due to tourism, the respondents answered 50 % of them indicate the attractiveness at the des- with the average grade of 3.68±1.11. The highest av- tination as the main motive, while 44 % of respond- erage grade of 4.29±0.73 was given by the respond- ents choose the destination according to the price. ents for the assertion that the destination should be To the question «Do you inform yourself about as natural as possible, with limited development, the destination before you visit it?», 74 % of re- which indicated that the respondents were aware of spondents answered that they always informed the negative effects of uncontrolled development on themselves, 22 % were sometimes informed, while the environment. This conclusion is particularly im- 4 % of respondents tried to learn more about the portant from the standpoint of the topic and issue of destination to which they traveled only when it was this paper. Regarding the choice of ecological ac- brought to their attention. commodation at the destination, the respondents Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 34 Journal A gave the average grade of 2.87±0.98, where slightly pointed out to them, meaning that possible inform- more than half of the respondents, 51 %, answered: ing of tourists about the importance of responsi- «When it is brought to my attention». ble consumption of these resources could achieve To the question whether they could character- even better results.As for the attitude towards waste ize themselves as an environmentally responsible disposal, the respondents showed the greatest re- person, the respondents gave the average grade of sponsibility there. However, this data is not surpris- 3.81±0.91, which was a very encouraging data be- ing because sorting and recycling of waste has been cause of the times coming. taken into account the last few years in our country, so it is inevitable that people have already devel- Discussion oped awareness of this. A large percentage of tour- Analysis of the age structure of respondents ists is informed about the destination before the vis- showed that most of them, even 85 %, were under it, which can be used by the creators of tourism offer the age of 35. This result was not surprising given for providing tourist with key information on the state that the questionnaire was only distributed via so- of the environment, possible critical resources, as cial networks where these age groups were primari- well as the methods in which they can have a posi- ly “active”. Therefore, it would be important for future tive impact on its quality, in addition to basic infor- researches to extend this sample and include groups mation about the destination. As the research has of people over the age of 35, given that there is a shown, preserved environment is not the primary presumption that these age structures are in every factor of attractiveness, so it is unlikely that a tour- sense, even ecological, more responsible, more ed- ist will inform himself about this issue. Tourists, even ucated and more aware of the infl uence that tourism 76 % of the respondents, do not receive informa- can have on the environment, whether it comes to tion on the environment by travel agencies that sell positive or negative infl uences. the arrangements.In this way the attitude towards Based on the results of the research, it can be the environment is in the background even before concluded that environmental awareness of the re- the travel. With the introduction of specifi c legisla- spondents is at a satisfactory level, taking into ac- tion by which the tourist brochures would have to in- count that tourists are aware of the fact that tourism clude information related to the environmental situ- can lead to degradation of the environment, as evi- ation and responsibility, the increase of awareness denced by the average grade of 3.45 as the answer of tourists, and hence the behavior of tourists at a to this question. However, this should be taken with destination, would be certainly affected, at least in reserve, given that the majority of respondents take some percentage. the price or attractiveness at the destination as the The research showed that tourists were also factor of attractiveness in the destination, while only aware of the positive aspects of the tourism activity. a small percentage of them are opting for a desti- High average grades of respondents indicated their nation because of the preserved environment. This confi dence in tourism as an industry that contributed raises the question whether tourists, although aware to the restoration of cultural heritage and protection of the negative consequences of tourism, also be- of public buildings. have in an environmentally responsible manner to- wards the environment, given that the quality of the Conclusions environment, as the factor of attractiveness in the The results of the research conducted for the destination, is in the last place for them, and to a purposes of the paper indicate that the awareness very small percentage. The reason for this may be of tourists on the environment is at a satisfacto- the fact that a large percentage of respondents is ry level. This is certainly encouraging, but should unemployed, 70 % of them, so it is logical that the not stop the efforts to make the level of aware- price is what defi nes the choice and not a quality en- ness even higher, and it is necessary to continu- vironment, unfortunately. The economic situation of ously work on raising environmental awareness of Serbia also causes the fact that tourists are not able tourists, by all means and at all levels. A positive to travel on holiday on several occasions during the effect on the awareness of tourists can be easi- year, and therefore the choice of the sea as a des- ly achieved with examples of good practice, be- tination is a logical consequence.Stimulation of vis- cause presenting only negative examples leads its to protected natural resources, which usually has to accepting the inevitability of endangerment of an educational character, would certainly contribute the environment, but also gives an excuse to do to a greater desire of tourists to learn about the en- nothing today regarding the preservation of its key vironment and contribute to the preservation of the elements. Constant education of all stakehold- same. ers in tourism, from organizers to tourists, about The research related to the behavior of tourists the methods for minimizing the negative effects of at a destination gave encouraging results, having in tourism activities, a better policy of state author- mind that the issues related to consumption of elec- ities regarding the tourism development, encour- tricity and water had high average grades. It was aging hoteliers to behave responsibly towards the interesting that regarding these two questions the environment, is the only way to preserve the sensi- most respondents answered that they took care of tive natural resources, in order to make them avail- the consumption of these resources when it was able for future generations. gricultural 35 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 REFERENCES:

1. Stojanović V. Turizam i održivi razvoj / 5. American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA). University of Novi Sad. Department of Code of Ethics (2016). URL:https://www.asta. Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, org/About/content.cfm?ItemNumber=745 Faculty of Science. 2011. (28.02.2016.) 2. Possibilities for the development of ecot- 6. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism – GCET ourism in Serbia / Kostić M., Milićević S., (2016).URL: Vulićević I. 2016. № 81. 131 p. 7. http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global- 3. The Case for Responsible Travel Trends and code-ethics-tourism (28.02.2016.) Statistics. Washington : D. C., 2015. 8. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- 4. Tourism and the Sustainable Development tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- Goals / UNWTO. 2016. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. № 1. С. 62-65. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 36 Journal A

UDК 330.3

Levushkina S. V., Miroshnichenko R. W. KEY FACTORS OF REGIONAL INNOVATION CLUSTERS AND THEIR INTERACTION

Abstract: The article outlines and describes the basic hardware themselves clusters and life cycle of the base functions of the state in relation to the national system of and system innovation. innovation. Selected forms of state infl uence on innova- tive entrepreneurship. The criteria effectively-STI regional Key words: national innovation system, innovation innovation system. Considered multi-stakeholder compo- and entrepreneurship, innovation cluster, a public-private sition of the parties of an innovation cluster. The features partnership, the composition of the cluster participants, of interaction of participants of innovative clusters created the business sector, academic and University sectors of by naturally-evolutionary, at different stages of life cycle of science, small and medium business.

Levushkina S. V. – Miroshnichenko R. W. – Candidate of legal Sciences, associate Professor, Professor of Ph. D., Associate Professor, Department of State and Municipal chair «Management» of the Management Stavropol state agrarian University North-Caucausus Federal University Stavropol, Russia Stavropol, Russia Tel.: +79187758857 Tel.: +79289712614 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

he national innovation policy of any state tiontion are complementary and as a whole form the should be aimed primarily at legal regulation state mechanism of activation to innovative activi- T of innovative activity; development of effective ties of the enterprise to be indispensable sector of measures; increasing of innovative activity of partici- the economy. pants of market relations; development of innovation Obviously, that national innovation system in- infrastructure; using economic and fi nancial state`s cludes a strong regional component, caused by the instruments of innovation support; formation of a following objective factors: modern competitive innovation centres of the Fed- – the presence of the distal regions (the bor- eral, regional, sectoral value [3, p. 21]. der, the Siberian regions, etc.). World prac- Therefore, it used to allocate the following gen- tice shows that than more distance of the eral functions of the state in relation to economic region from the center, than fewer oppor- system: regulating, administrative, organizational, tunities to lobby it`s interests, lower oppor- distribution, control, protective, analytical, motiva- tunities for the business sector to achieve tional, informational, regulatory, normative -legal, in- commercial success through political lobby- stitutional [9, p. 93]. These functions could be made ing. Because of this mostly these type of re- in relation to the innovation sector of the economy. gions are strong and know its` advantages, Modern mechanism of the formation of favorable given the opportunities provided by the re- environment for innovation and business should be gional market system, but not the confi gura- based on the totality of state` functions in their spe- tion of political forces; cifi c modifi cations. – the presence of the depressed regions, the State regulation and support of innovative busi- business sector which are more ready for in- ness are necessary due to the existence of “fail- novation. In these regions there are an urgent ures” in the market of innovations and «know-how». need to overcome the crisis due to the reaver- These “failures” are related to the fact that innova- age sales of modern technological solutions, tions have the property of public benefi t, and innova- reduce costs (while maintaining the structure tion carry a high degree of risk. All external stimulus of industrial production) or as alternative cre- to the development of innovative processes in the ating good new products and businesses in fi eld of entrepreneurship are contributing actively to their production (in parallel to the withering reorient production activity of economic entities, tak- away of production activities, which launched ing into consideration the innovative nature of last [1, the enterprise in crisis, or, at least, not al- p. 219]. The process of state stimulation of entrepre- lowed to smooth the negative effects). On the neurship to innovation activity is impact on business other hand, in those regions where the struc- structure, which takes into account their real needs, ture of industrial production is able to provide aspirations, interests, objectives and behavioral mo- business entities a stable income and to cre- tivation. ate conditions for the socio-economical distri- These forms of state infl uence on innovative en- bution and political stability, the propensity for trepreneurship as support, regulation and stimula- innovation will be signifi cantly lower; gricultural 37 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 – the existence of signifi cant differences be- lic authorities and the private sector jointly imple- tween regions in terms of a prevailing indus- ment projects, on mutual agreement on the distribu- trial specialization. tion of designated tasks and possible risks [10]. The Consequently, the effi ciency of the regional inno- term PPP describes a relationship in which resourc- vation system should be determined [6]: es of public and enterprise sectors are used owls lo- – capability to generate new knowledge and tech- cally to achieve mutually benefi cial goals. As one of nologies, including ability to implement scientif- the forms of PPP decided to consider the creation ic-educational and innovative potential; of an innovative infrastructure (clusters, incubators, – developed institutions and channels of trans- technology transfer offi ces, etc.). fer and commercialization of over-time tech- The multi-stakeholder composition of the partici- nologies that integrate activities of all partici- pants of the innovative cluster can be classifi ed ac- pants in the innovation process; cording to the structure of the model “triple helix”, – high innovation activity of the business sector; highlighting the part of cluster participants in the fol- – systematic and effi cient support for innovation lowing key categories: and entrepreneurship activities by federal and – «state» (public authorities and local self gov- regional authorities; ernment offi ce); – the presence of clear strategic orientation of – «business» (commercial organizations of var- regional innovative development, which har- ious forms of ownership regardless of the on- monized in the framework of strategy for so- going economic activity); cio-economical development of the region. – «academic sector of science» (the organi- Practice shows that innovation mechanism of de- zations which carry out educational and re- velopment of management system is used effective- search activities, as well as entitled to con- ly in some Russian regions, but not all regions of the duct business activity in the framework of the our country recently years,. It should be noted that goals and objectives defi ned by the Charter). the majority of Russian regions cpould be charac- The above group of participants of innovative terized by minor processes of innovative activity of clusters enter into formal and informal relations in- their socio-economical development at the moment. volving Ki-Bryden institutional organizations, as well According to the Institute for statistical studies and as two – or three hundred-Ronni management proc- Economics of knowledge HSE in 2013, the most in- ess. This kind of relationship stands for-my to reduce novation-active region was Moscow. Similar conclu- transaction costs of participants of the innovative sion has been obtained by the group of authors – cluster, which in his framework is signifi cantly below composers of a rating of innovative development of the market forms of institutional organization [12]. subjects of the Russian Federation due to results The study of the innovation cluster as a dynamical of calculating the «index of innovative development system leads to conclusion that the priority of rela- of subjects of the Russian Federation (RRII)» dur- tions with different composition of constituent entities ing the reporting period. The four leaders divided the of the cluster is determined by the life cycle base and capital with the of Tatarstan republic, Kaluga region C systematic of innovation speakers technology-in- and St. Petersburg. Among the progressive devel- tegrated education [4, p. 50]. So, at the stage of gen- oping of innovative regions: the Chuvash Republic eration of innovations when the priority should rela- (RRII – 0,4707), region f Sverdlovsk (0,4695), region tions «the state and academic sector of science», at of Nizhny Novgorod (0,4685), region of Novosibirsk the stage of innovation – the relations of «academic (0,4684), region of Tomsk (0,4623)[7, 17] etc. and WU-Zowski science sector – business sector», These four leaders was Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, at the stage of commercial of the organization of in- Tatarstan, region of Nizhny Novgorod in 2015[8]. novation – the relations «business – state». Overall, the results of the above studies have shown In addition, innovation cluster goes through sev- that the value RRII as leadership in the ranking of eral stages of the life cycle. Swedish scientists T. the region (city of Moscow, RRII = 0,5908) exceeds Anderson (Andersson) and S. Swag (Schwaag) the value of the marginal rating (Ingushetia, RRII = identifi e the following stages of the life cycle: «prak- 0,1694) 3.48 times, and there by testify to the une- la-ster»(sinter), emerging, developing and cluster ven innovative development of Russian regions. which is availableto transform [13]. In modern conditions the interaction of private Participants of innovative clusters also create and state sectors is essential for effective resource education-governmental, evolutionary, programmes allocation, including the innovation sector. From the at different stages of the clusters` life cycle and the position of the enterprise, the public authorities are base and system innovation (fi gures 1-4). called upon to form the most favorable conditions for The participants of the sinter (fi gure 1) operate, development of entrepreneurial sector. The state’s as a rule, provided and implementing their industri- position, the latter is in the process of its activities al and commercial purposes within home`s region. implementation of the goals, objectives and inter- The state participates in the activities of Universities, ests of the population, increasing welfare, employ- Academies, scientifi c organizations, enterprises of ment, economic, environmental, security, etc. In the small and medium businesses, large enterprises General case of public-private partnership (PPP) by regulating and supporting their activities through should be viewed as a partnership in which the pub- specifi c mechanisms. In the next phase of devel- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 38 Journal A opment, agents of market relations begin to form boundaries of infl uence. The government actively co- partnerships with each other to enhance the com- operates with the business Universities, Academies mercial effect of its activities. State participation in to create demand innovation and know-how, and the the emerging clusters is expanding. The bodies of business sector with the academic and University sec- Federal and regional authorities also engage with tor of science at the stage of their implementation. market participants in the partnerships, the related A Mature cluster (fi gure 3) is outside its region General innovation objective. which is attracting new participants and creating the At the stage of cluster development (fi gure 2) to framework of the cluster of new enterprises and or- attract new participants of its home region, is able to ganizations. The government actively cooperates increase its profi tability and expand in the future the with all members of the cluster, and at the same

Figure 1 – Interaction of participants of the agglomerate and the emerging innovation cluster created naturally-the evolutionary different stages of the life cycle of the base and system innovation Source: author’s

Figure 2 – Interaction of participants developing innovative valve-stera created naturally-the evolutionary different stages of the life cycle of the base and system innovation Source: author’s gricultural 39 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 time with different priority relations depending on the projects to greater extent could be the source of in- stage of the life cycle of an innovative product creasing the innovative potential of the region-based The transforming cluster (fi gure 4) is character- and the country in General. ized by large numbers of participants and the rela- Composition in addition to the participants1 key tionships between them, in pursuit of shared goals. of the innovation cluster is accepted to allocate fol- The stategives priority to the relationships and lowing groups[5]:

Figure 3 – Interaction of participants of a Mature innovation cluster, co-created naturally-the evolutionary different stages of the life cycle BA-crisis and systemic innovation Source: author’s

Figure 4 – Interaction of the participants in transforming innovation cluster created naturally-the evolutionary different stages of the life cycle of the base and system innovation Source: author’s Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 40 Journal A

– complementary facilities for operating facil- propriate composition of institutions that will focuse ities «core» (industrial parks, technoparks, on benefi ts to perform such functions as institutional business-incubators, etc.); competition and innovation. The set of formal and – service facilities, indirectly providing function informal institutions entry constitute the institution- operation objects «kernel» (organization in- al environment, the effectiveness of which is deter- frastructure, fi nancial, technological, indus- mined by the provision of high density and intensity trial, transport, construction, telecommunica- of transactions with the participation of innovation- tion, energy, environmental, social, etc.); oriented economic entities, reduction of costs for the – additional objects are implicitly providing func- protection of intellectual property rights, in the rele- tion operations of«kernel» (fi nancial, invest- vant scientifi c and technical information, costs, the ment, service-con-sultation, legal, insurance, conclusions of contracts, negotiation with the partic- leasing, factoring, venture, marketing, social, ipation of innovation-oriented-bathrooms of market charity, etc.). agents, the costs of market monitoring of process To implement the innovative potential of the in- and product innovation[2, 11]. The effectiveness of novative strength of the cluster’s relationship with the institutional environment increases in the case if his actors fully must to refl ect the structurer as ap- the actions of formal and informal institutions.

REFERENCES:

1. Andersson T., Schwaag S. The Cluster S. V. Levushkina, R. V. Miroshnichenko, Policies Whitebook // IKED. Malmo, 2004. O. A. Aharanov, A. V. Plyasunova, And 2. Aleksandrova A. I. the Role of the business en- E. O. Prilepsky, A. V. Rudneva. Stavropol : vironment in the innovative development // prob- SEQUOIA, 2016. 323 p. lems of modern Economics. 2013. № 3 (47). 10. National standard «Territorial clusters» 3. Burkov A. V., Murzina E. A. Integrated ac- (Requirements) / Association of clusters and counting system for small businesses as a technology parks.[Electronic resource]. URL: way of combining the accounting and tax ac- http://nptechnopark.ru/upload/StandClust. count of incomes and expenditures Dov // pdf Innovative development of the economy. 11. The fundamentals of innovation. Lecture 2012. № 8. P. 104–116. notes. 2007. [Electronic resource]. URL: 4. Elfi mova Y. M. Main criteria of evaluation http://files.lib.sfu-kras.ru/ebibl/umkd/43/u_ of innovative projects at the enterprise // lectures.pdf Simulation of production processes and the 12. The rating of innovative development of sub- development of information systems : col- jects of the Russian Federation. Issue 3 / lection of scientifi c works. Tr. according to L. Gokhberg, M. NAT. University «Higher the materials of the III international scientifi c school of Economics». M. : higher school of conference. (Moscow, March 29–30, 2012) / Economics, 2015. SSAU. Stavropol, 2012. P. 178–181. 13. Rating of innovative regions. For the purpos- 5. Elfi mova Y. M. Main directions of develop- es of monitoring and management: version ment of innovative policy of the enterprises // 2015-1.0 / the Association of innovative re- Actual problems of Economics, sociology gions of Russia. [Electronic resource]. URL: and law. 2011. № 1. P. 47–49. http://i-regions.org/fi les/fi le_47.pdf 6. Gorshkov V. A. Innovation economy: a region- 14. Folomeev A. N. Innovative investing / al model / V. A. Gorshkov. Vestn. Chelyab. A. N. Folomeev, V. G. Reva-call. SPb.: state University. 2004. S. 8. № 1. Science, 2001. 7. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- 15. Saringer L. New model of investment part- tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- nership between the state and the private lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- sector // REZH. 2004. № 9-10. P. 41–52. iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. 16. Allieva T. V. codifi cation of state-tion of regu- № 1. С. 62–65. latory control as an effective function of state 8. Napolskih L. The institutionalization of inno- management // New University. Series: law vation clusters // New University: «Economics and Economics. 2013. № 8 (30). P. 41–45. and law». 2014. № 2 (36). 17. Allieva T. V. Problems and development 9. Crisis management imperatives of economic strategies of state control as one of the development : monograph / U. S. Avramenko, most effective functional controls // technol- A. T. Aydinova, K. A. Andiyeva, N. V. Alekse- ogy Innovation management and law. 2012. eva, K. V. Bagmet, T. V. Vergun, O.A. Voropanov, № 1–2. Р. 50–59. P. V. Gudarenko, R. F. Gudarenko, 18. Andersson T., Schwaag S. Cluster policy the E. A. Egorkin, S. V. Zenchenko, cluster policies whitebook // IKED. Malmö, V. F. Ivannikov, K. M. Ilchenko, I. N. Kiseleva, 2004. gricultural 41 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDK 576.895.421 (470.630)

Lutsuk S. N., Tochov Y. M., Tolokonnikov V. P., Dyachenko Y. V. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS HYALOMMA END GENUS DERMACENTOR TICKS IN ECOSYSTEMS OF STAVROPOL REGION

Abstract: This article describes some of the ecologi- Key words: ticks, genus Hyalomma spp. and Derma- cal characteristics of two genus of ticks – Hyalomma spp. centor spp., distribution, abiotic factors. and Dermacentor spp., the most common in the Stavropol region. Ticks belong to the major groups of parasitic arthro- pods vectored the dangerous animal and human infec- tions. For many microorganisms ticks are biological hosts [6].

Lutsuk S. N. – Tolokonnikov V. P. – Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor, Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, professor of Department head of Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Sanitary of Parasitology, Veterinary Sanitary Inspection, Anatomy and Inspection, Anatomy and Patological Anatomy named after Patological Anatomy named after Professor S. N. Nikolsky Professor S. N. Nikolsky Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Stavropol, Russia Tel.: 8-(8652) 28-67-38 Tel.: 8-(8652) 28-67-38 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: fvm fvm-@ yandex.ru Dyachenko Y. V. – Tochov Y. M. – Pf. D. in Veterinary Medicine, Docent of Department Doctor of biological Sciences, of Parasitology, Veterinary Sanitary Inspection, Anatomy and Head of the Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Patological Anatomy named after Professor S. N. Nikolsky Research Institute for Pest Control Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Stavropol, Russia Tel.: 8(8652) 26-03-12 Tel.: 8-961-452-57-38 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

tudies of ticks in Stavropol region have been The fauna of Dermacentor Koch, 1844 in Central sporadiced since 1980. Changes were made Pre-Caucasian region was represented by following S in the socio-economical situation contributed species: D. marginatus (Sulzer, 1776); D. reticula- to the spread of genus end species of ticks to new tus (Fabricius, 1794) (= D. pictus Hermann, 1894); areas, environmentally favorable for them. Also, D. niveus Neumann, 1897 (= D. daghestanicus in the Stavropol Region it was founded 6 genus, Olenev, 1929) (Table 1); the shares of D. margin- 14 species of ticks in 2000 [5, 3]. Ticks were rep- atus was 14,8 %, D. reticulatus – 2,8 %, D. niveus resented by the following genus: Boophilus, Hyal- 0,01 %. of the total ixodid number. lomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Rhipiceph- Dermacentor margipatus inhabits grasslands of alus, Ixodes. plains and mountains; it is wide spread in the steppes Among ticks, inhabiting in Stavropol region, and forest-steppe landscapes. After the winter dia- Dermacentor shows the high abundance and di- pause D. marginatus activated in March and April, in versity, as well as wide host ranges among domes- some years in mid-February during thaws, with two tic and wild animals. Studies of ixodids of North peaks of activities in spring and autumn (fi gure 1). Caucasus started by Belavin, Nikolsky (1937) [1], up Spring peak is from a third decade of April to the sec- to 1980-thies the host ranges, seasonal variability ond ten days of May; the autumn activation is from in the host attacks activities of common species the the third decade of August till middle of October. The genus Dermacentor were already revealed. main hosts are cattle, sheep and goats, horses, do- At the end of XX century the favorite environment mestic carnivores. The number of the D. marginatus conditions led to population increase of Dermacentor attacks on humans was 4.1 %. The share of this spe- and consequently to the epizootic and epidemic sit- cies taken from the humans, was up to 10 %. uation of their vectored diseases. The goal of our Dermacentor reticulatus is much less repre- survey was to estimate the recent distribution, host- sentative species than Dermaceptor marginatus, parasite relationships, seasonal activities and san- inhabiting the wet meadows and shrubs in the for- itary signifi cance of the ticks belonging to the ge- est-steppe and foothill provinces of the Stavropol nus Dermacentor in all administrative areas the Territory. Activation of D. reticulatus was detected in Stavropol Territory, based on original materials col- the fi rst decade of March and April (fi gure 2). Early lected during 2000-2014. activation after winter diapause is to be explained by Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 42 Journal A the species tolerance to low positive temperatures, 7 comparing to other tick species. The main hosts are 6 wild big mammals, because of scarcity of domestic animals passing the ticks habitats in early spring. 5 4

Indexofabundance 3 6 2 5 1 4 0 3 july may june april march 2 august january october february december november 1 september 0 Figure 2 – Seasonalactivity ofadultD.reticulates

july (average of the observations in the last 7 years) may june april march august january october february december november september To reveal the optimum environmental conditions Figure 1 – Seasonalactivity ofadult D.marginatus for the tick’s activation, the meteorological parame- on host-animals (average of the observations in the ters for 7 years (2000–2006) were compared with the last 7 years) abundance of D. marginatus. These ticks were acti-

Table1 – The percentage of the genus Dermacentorticksin the Stavropol Territory

Number Number D. marginatus D. reticulatus D. niveus № Name districts of points of ticks Numb % Numb % Numb % 1 Alexandrovski 15 653 305 46,7 6 0,9 0 0 2 Аndropovski 17 3129 1417 45,3 39 1,2 0 0 3 Аrzgirski 8 1287 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0 4 Аpanasenkovski 9 2512 4 0,2 0 0,0 0 0 5 Budennovski 16 1871 26 1,4 2 0,1 0 0 6 Blagodarnenski 14 2821 99 3,5 6 0,2 1 0,04 7 Grachevski 6 1765 600 34,0 0 0,0 0 0 8 Georgievski 20 15380 1412 9,2 96 0,6 0 0 9 Иzobilneneski 16 3236 1180 36,5 220 6,8 0 0 10 Ipatovski 18 3435 265 7,7 0 0,0 0 0 11 Кrasnogvardeiski 15 1698 112 6,6 1 0,1 0 0 12 Кochubeevski 15 2224 931 41,9 63 2,8 0 0 13 Кiurski 17 5414 12 0,2 1 0,0 0 0 14 Кirovski 10 1528 199 13,0 25 1,6 0 0 15 Levokumski 13 1869 5 0,3 0 0,0 0 0 16 Мineralovodski 17 2237 511 22,8 77 3,4 0 0 17 Neftekumski 15 6690 18 0,3 1 0,0 6 0,09 18 Novoalexandrovski 25 1294 452 34,9 12 0,9 0 0 19 Novoselicki 3 1205 11 0,9 2 0,2 0 0 20 Petrovski 12 1553 169 10,9 7 0,5 0 0 21 Predgorni 15 1811 1312 72,4 71 3,9 0 0 22 Sovetski 10 4636 36 0,8 1 0,0 0 0 23 Stepnovski 8 1507 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0 24 Тrunovski 9 1507 130 8,6 2 0,1 0 0 25 Тurcmenski 15 2995 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 26 Schpakovski 12 2052 417 20,3 664 32,4 0 0 27 Stavropol 3 3964 415 10,5 407 10,3 0 0 28 Кislowodsk 5 4887 2417 49,5 7 0,1 0 0 29 Piatigorsk 6 1795 247 13,8 534 29,7 0 0 30 Nevinnomyssk 1 821 234 28,5 95 11,6 1 0,12 31 Geleznowodsk 1 415 18 4,3 2 0,5 0 0 32 Еssentuki 1 333 105 31,5 157 47,1 0 0 gricultural 43 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

indexofabundance indexofabundance

12 0,8 10 0,7 0,6 8 0,5 6 0,4

4 0,3 0,2 2 0,1 0 0

Figure 3 – Seasonalactivity ofadult Н. marginatum Figure 4 – Seasonalactivity ofadult H. scupense (average of the observations in the last 7 years) (average of the observations in the last 7 years) vated at the average temperature of + 2.07 °C and the Territory are cattle and sheeps, for larvae and average amount of rainfall of 47.2 mm. The number nymphs – the bird of Corvidae (rooks) family. of ticks reached its peak on hosts at the monthly av- Activation of adults H. marginatum in the region is erage air temperature of +7 or 8 °C, and the average observed in the early spring, in late March – early amount of rainfall of 56.2 mm. Autumn activation was April, the emergence of the larvae – in early July, the recorded at the average air temperature of +15.3 °C, nymphs – in the third week of July (fi g.3). and the average amount of rainfall of 58.2 mm. The peculiarity of biological development of H. A special role are played by ticks of the Hyalomma scupense is activation of adults in the cold season genus, which is one of the main vectors of preservation (winter); development is only onehost cycle. The and transmission of the Kongo-Crimean hemorrhagic abundance peak in cattle falls was in the last days fever in the territory of the Russian Federation [2, 4, 7]. of January and February (fi gure 4). The main hosts In the Stavropol region Hyalomma spp. was represent- of all phases of H. scupense are cattle, sheeps and ed by three species: H. marginatum marginatum (Koch, horsesin the Stavropol Territory. 1844), H. scupense (Schulze, 1918), H. anatolicum There is next dependence of H. marginatum anatolicum (Koch, 1844). Ticks of Hyalomma genus in parasitism on abiotic factors. The ticks imaginal the Stavropol Territory are spreaded mosaic, with the phase appears on the animals (cattle) at the aver- dominance of individual species depending on climatic age monthly temperature of +10.5 °C and the av- conditions, landscape and geographical features of the erage monthly rainfall of 47 mm, with a longitude areas in which they live. The dominant species are H. of 13.3 days hours. Peak of parasitism of this spe- marginatum, H. scupense, and H. anatolicum species cies at hosts is observed at the monthly average is sporadically occur in the east of the region. temperature of 16.9 °C +, and the amount of pre- H. marginatum is twohost tick. The main host for cipitation of 34.7 mm, the longitude of the day 14.7 imaginal stages of H. marginatum in the Stavropol hours.

REFERENCES:

1. Bellavin V. S., Nikolsky S. N. Dermacentor 6. Environmental Management in regional ag- marginatus in the North Caucasus / Proceed- riculture based on the methods of econom- ings of the North-Caucasian Research Sta- ic-mathematical modeling / Sahnuk T. I., Sa- tion. Pyatigorsk, 1937. № 1. P. 69–70. khniuk P. A., Levushkina S. V. // Polythematic 2. Litvin V. Y., Korenberg A. Natural fociality network electronic scientifi c journal of the Ku- of disease: development of the concept by ban state agrarian University. 2011. № 72. the end of the century. Parasitology. 1999. P. 105–116. № 32 (3). P. 179–191 7. Iksodofauna city of Stavropol / Koshkina N. A., 3. Pavlovsky E. N. Natural focality of disease Kolesnikov V. I., Vasilchenko M. N. Russian transmission due to landscape epidemiology parasitological magazine. 2014. № 1. P. 7–8. zooantroponozov. M. : Science, 1964. 211 p. 8. The epidemiological situation of the Crimean 4. Ticks of Stavropol / Lutsuk S. N., Toсhov Y. M., hemorrhagic fever in the Russian Federation Dyachenko Y. Stavropol, 2012. 111 p. in 2012 and the forecast for 2013 / Volynki- 5. Toсhov Y. M. Carriers of the virus Crimean- na A. S., Kotenyov E. S., Maletskaya O. V., Congo haemorrhagic fever in the Stavropol Zaikina I. N., Shaposhnikova L. I., Kulichenko region. Medical Parasitology and parasitic A. N. Problemy osobo opasnich infecii. 2013. diseases. 2005. № 4. P. 32–34. № 1. P. 30–35. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 44 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Milićević S., Kostić M., Đorđević N. GREEN HOTELS’ FUNCTION IN SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: Tourism is economic activity which highly way. New concept in hotel business is green hotels with depends on and at the same time greatly uses clean and operating based on reducing the negative effects of tour- healthy life environment. Sustainable development, re- ism on life environment. Using energy and water more spectively controlled usage of natural resources and sav- rationally, these hotels not only save the environment but ing environment, is set as the highest priority in tourism also achieve considerable money savings. The basic goal development. In order to achieve sustainable manage- of the paper is to put attention to the signifi cance of green ment of tourism development, it is necessary that hotels hotels and their role in the sustainable management of are built and function in the manner that is the least harm- tourism development. ful for the environment. In the era of intensive competitive- ness, hotel industry management must constantly seek for the new ideas in order to satisfy the needs of diverse Key words: green hotels, sustainable development, segments of consumers, and to secure their loyalty in that tourism.

Milićević S. – Đorđević N. – Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hotel Management Master’s student, Demonstrator, and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Faculty of Hotel Management University of Kragujevac, and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Vojvođanska, 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia University of Kragujevac E-mail: [email protected] Vojvođanska, 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] Kostić M. – Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac, Vojvođanska, 5 A, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Concept of sustainable tourism develop- Tourism is a complex socio-economic phenom- ment: enon, which causes multiple and positive, but also Tourism development is conditioned on the qual- negative effects on economy, society, and life envi- ity of life environment, its natural and cultural val- ronment. In negative aspect, constant increase in ues. Natural values, such as river banks, seas and number of tourists throughout the years puts great- lakes, mountains, caves, relic and endemic types er pressures on ecological sustainability of tour- of plants and animals, swamps, sunrise and vivid- ist destinations. In 2015 alone, a number of 1,184 ness of landscapes, can only be valorized by tour- million international tourists was registered [20], ism [15]. However, as a signifi cant user of natural while predictions are that world tourism will reach resources, tourism can also have negative effects a number of 1,8 billion tourists by the year 2030 on life environment which are refl ected in: deple- [18]. In a positive sense, tourism can contribute to tion and degradation of soil, making landscapes region progressment and developing of ecological unsightly, water and air pollution, jeopardizing bi- consciousness. Also, proper management of tour- odiversity, excessive energy consumption, waste ism development can contribute to maintenance of generation, increased noise making, climate chang- ecological, economic, and socio-cultural resourc- es [7]. Tourism can also negatively affect the soci- es of a destination. Necessity of sustainable tour- ety and culture by putting a series of socio-cultur- ism development has infl uenced in appearance of al pressures on them [10]. For tourism to properly innovations in hotel management. One of them is contribute to overall development, it is necessary to green hotels – ecologically conscientious subjects be planned and managed along with regarding the that promote and practice energy effi ciency, con- concept of sustainable development [14]. Very of- servation and recycling, while providing their guests ten sustainable tourism is defi ned as the seeking for healthy, sustainable and clean services [4]. These a balance between environmental, economic, and hotel objects, that operate using sustainable devel- socio-cultural aspects [17, 16, 13]. Ecological sus- opment principles, can be certifi ed according to in- tainability implies compatibility of development with ternational standards. preservation and maintenance of basic ecological processes, biological diversity and biological re- sources; economic sustainability implies economi- gricultural 45 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 cally effi cient development and resources manage- ting measures include: Use of compact fl uorescent ment in the manner that they will be available for lights (saves energy); Reuse of linens (saves water, future generations to use, while socio-cultural sus- detergent, energy and greenhouse gases); Low-fl ow tainability implies compatibility of development with shower systems (saves water and energy); Local culture preservation and value system of the peo- products (save transportation costs); Installation ple that are affected by that development, as well of green roofs (saves energy); Installation of solar as permanent preserving, and expressing the local heaters or other renewable energy source (saves community’s identity [5]. energy) [3]. With a goal to create a friendly relationship be- Hotel can become a green hotel by meeting tween tourism and life environment, innovative tour- the conditions of some of numerous certifi cations ism products are made. Increased consciousness such as: Green Key, LEED, Green Globe 21, Malta of the importance of life environment protection ECO certifi cation, TripAdvisor GreenLeaders, VDR has enforced not only development of sustainable Certifi ed Green Hotel, etc. Certifi cation and label- tourism, but also a new tourism form – ecotourism. ling schemes offered internationally, nationally, or Ecotourism can be defi ned as a responsible travel locally by industrial organisations, governmental to nature which preserves life environment and in- and non-governmental institutions are increasingly creases the benefi t of local residents [6]. I.e. eco- popular [1]. The purpose of international programs tourism is an ecologically responsible travel and a for certifi cation of accommodation units mainly re- visit to natural regions, in order to enjoy and respect lates to developing consciousness of owner, staff, the nature, with enabling of protection and reducing and clients in the matter of the necessity for life the negative effects of visitors along with useful ac- environment preservation, application of certain tive engagement of local residents [12]. Ecotourism technologies, knowledge, and procedures in order is rapidly developing nowadays, and hoteliers use it to make development and business sustainable. as a chance to improve their business. By owning a certifi cate, green hotels get an ad- vantage in tourism market over hotels which don’t Concept of Green hotels: put green policy into practice. For example, hotels, A new ecological trend of hotel management – that are LEED certifi ed, achieve 26 % less energy green hotels – has emerged in the recent years. consumption, 33 % less carbon dioxide emissions, Green hotels concept implies the hotels which 30 % less water consumption, and make 50–75 % spend resources more rationally and are oriented less waste than classic hotels [11]. Also, they sig- towards the life environment preservation. By ap- nifi cantly contribute to creation of a green brand, plying modern methods of hotel management, and and making of trust. Special emphasis in ecologi- keeping pace with ecological standards, green ho- cal certifi cations is put on communication and ed- tels reduce energy and water consumption, and ucation. Green hotels, by offering advices for ec- carbon dioxide emissions; they take care of sol- ological practice, can help their guests to apply id waste degradation and increase recycling of all them even at home [22]. waste materials [9]. Their main goals are oriented towards [4]: Examples of green hotels’ management – fi nances – to reduce expenses; The first ever green hotel was launched by – users – to attract new visitors (ecotourists) the InterContinental Hotels Group in the year and to develop loyalty; 2008. This was the world’s first 100 % ecological- – employees – to achieve synergy and to make ly -friendly hotel. Their green features to name a educational programs in order to engage them few included: giving away non-perishable food to in realization of green policy of hotel manage- charities, use of solar panels on rooftops, a rain- ment; water harvesting system to supply water to toi- – processes – to reduce negative effects on life lets, wind power to generate electricity for the ho- environment; tel, recycled glass windows, furniture and fixtures – brand – to make brand more valuable and to made entirely from recycled materials, household make image more prominent, to create green waste to provide heat and water just to name a brand. few [2]. IHG provides «IHG Green Engage» pro- Green policy principles are put to work beginning gram – an innovative online system, with all ex- from architecture of green hotels alone to hotel man- amples and ideas for making a hotel green, is agement. While making hotel design, it is necessary available for all hotels within the group. The pro- to carefully choose its location in order to minimize gram involves the following activities: Measures negative wind effects on the object and to gain op- energy, waste and water use; Recommends over timal solar benefi ts. Green materials, that are recy- 200 Green solutions to reduce the impacts our clable or are mostly made from recycled content, energy, waste and water use have on the envi- should be used, and materials that use natural re- ronment; Supports hotels to create environmental sources and pollute environment (toxic materials) action plans and targets; helps hotels achieve en- should be avoided [8]. Having management like this, ergy savings of up to 25 %; Make hotels more cost- hotels not only preserve life environment but also effective and ultimately allows us to improve the lessen the expenditure. Some of popular cost cut- value of service we offer our guests [24]. Special Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 46 Journal A attention of InterContinental San Francisco hotel Conclusions is put on sustainable transport. Public transporta- Applying the concept of sustainable tourism im- tion is used by more than 95 % of the hotel’s staff, plicates minimizing the negative and maximizing reducing the carbon dioxide emitted by commut- the positive tourism effects on environment and ing. Its concierge team is pleased to show guests available resources. Aiming to successfully devel- through the green transportation recommenda- op and manage tourism, it is necessary to keep the tions for travel about town as well [23]. high quality level of life environment. Therefore, Hilton group also developed a successful green building a friendly attitude towards the natural and management policy. Hilton is the fi rst global hos- cultural resources has a crucial signifi cance for pitality company to be certifi ed ISO 50001 for the future of tourism industry. Contemporary tour- Energy Management, ISO 14001 for Environmental ism market is characterized by the increase of ec- Management. Since 2009, Hilton has reduced ener- ological consciousness, sustainable development, gy use by 14.5 %, carbon output by 20.9, waste out- and innovations that keep up with the trends like put by 27.6 % and water use by 14.1 %. DoubleTree ecotourism as the new form of tourism. Concept Resort by Hilton Phuket – Surin Beach designed a of green hotels represents one of the innovative hydroponics farm to be an educational center. They trends which includes tourism development while use the farm to teach students how to build and man- respecting the principles of sustainable develop- age a hydroponic farmstead. Additionally, the hydro- ment. This concept allows hotel companies to gain ponic vegetables and herbs are used in the hotel’s advantage in competitiveness. Reasons for ho- restaurants [21]. tels becoming green are increase in number of so- In 2015, Serbia got its fi rst green hotel. Radisson cially responsible tourists and positive economic Blu Old Mill Hotel Belgrade is the fi rst hotel to get effects of sustainable management. They signifi - Green Key which guarantees that hotel promotes cantly contribute to the realization of sustainable sustainable tourism development and actively par- tourism development by implementing reduce, re- ticipates in life environment preservation. The ho- use, and recycle principles, which lessen the pres- tel features a system for water saving and a system sure on natural resources. With their management, for economical use of electrical energy. Also, guests they give a good example of a socially responsi- are given the possibility to recycle, and for cleaning, ble company and affect development of ecological hotel uses chemical means that are environment consciousness. friendly [25].

REFERENCES:

1. Bohdanowicz P. Responsible resource man- 8. Jovičić D. Menadžment turističkih desti- agement in hotels: attitudes, indicators, tools nacija / University of Belgrade : Faculty of and strategies. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Geography. Belgrade, 2011. Technology, 2006. 9. Lehr V. A. Designing Eco-hotels and HPAC 2. Fukey L., Issac S. Connection among Engineering. 2001. P. 28–33. Green, Sustainability and Hotel Industry: 10. Milićević S., Jovanović D. Uštede u hotel- A Prospective Simulation Study, International skoj industriji – zeleni hoteli /Proceedings Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Hotelska kuća 2013 – The impact of the glo- Economic, Business and Industrial bal tourism fl ows on the quality of hotel busi- Engineering. 2014. № 8(1). P. 296-312. ness. Zlatibor,2013. P. 327-334. 3. Graci S., Kuehnel J. How to Increase Your 11. Milićević S., Đorđević N. Glavni gradovi kao Bottom Line by Going Green, Green hotels & turističke destinacije / Hotel and Tourism Responsible Tourism Initiative. 2011. Management. 2016. № 4(1), P. 21-30. 12. Minić N., Vušković V. Principi menadžmenta i 4. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- projektovanja zelenih hotela : Ecologica. Vol. tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 20, № 70. P. 291–295. lish languages (on phycholinguistic experi- 13. Pavlović S., Jovanović B. Komplementarnost ment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. № eko i etno turizma na primerima zlatiborskih 1. С. 62-65. sela : collection of papers / University of 5. Hays D., Ozretić-Došen Đ. Greening Hotels – Belgrade: Faculty of Geography. Belgrade, Building Green Values into Hotel, Tourism 2009. P. 165–180. and Hospitality Management. 2014. № 20(1). 14. Pforr C. Policy-making for sustainable tour- P. 85–102. ism in F. D. Pineda’sSustainable Tourism / 6. Hrabovski-Tomić E., Milićević S. Razvoj tur- C. A. Brebbia, M. Mugica. England: WIT izma Vrnjačke Banje na principima održivog Press, 2004. P. 83-94. razvoja.Teme, 2012. № 2. P. 775–771. 15. Popesku J. Menadžment turističke desti- 7. Jovanović V. Tematski turizam / Singidunum nacije / Singidunum University : Faculty University : Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality of Tourism and Hospitality Management. Management. Belgrade, 2015. Belgrade, 2011. gricultural 47 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 16. Stojanović V. Turizam i održivi razvoj / 22. Hilton Worldwide Preserving Environment. University of Novi Sad : Department of URL: http://cr.hiltonworldwide.com/environ- Geography, Faculty of Science. 2011. ments, (05.02.2016). 17. Vera Rebollo J. F., Ivars Baidal A. I. Measuring 23. Impact Green Hotel Association. sustainability in a mass tourist destination: Communicate and Educate: Impact. Pressures, perceptions and policy respons- Tampa, 2009. URL: http://greenhotels.com/ es in Torrevieja. Spain, 2013. № 11(2/3). pdf/09SepImpact.pdf, (02.02.2016). P. 181–203. 24. IHG – News. URL:http://www.ihgplc.com/in- 18. Sustainable tourism: An overview of the con- dex.asp?PageID=57&newsid=2574&rssfeed cept and its position in relation to conceptu- =ihgplc&utm, (27.02.2016). alisations of tourism /Journal of Sustainable 25. IHG Green Engage System.URL:http:// Tourism / Hardy A., Beeton R. J. S., www.ihgplc.com/index.asp?pageid=742 Pearson L. 2002. № 10(6). P. 475-496. (08.02.2016). 19. Tourism Highlights / UNWTO. Madrid, 2015. 26. Radisson Blu – Responsible Business. 20. The Case for Responsible Travel Trends and URL:https://www.radissonblu.com/en/re- Statistics // Center for Responsible Travel. sponsible-business, (01.02.2016) Washington: D. C., 2015. 27. URL:http://green.hotelscombined.com/ 21. World Tourism Barometer / UNWTO. Madrid, Pages/MainGreen/Downloads/green-hotel- 2016. whitepaper.pdf (15.02.2016). Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 48 Journal A

UDK 338.48

Nagy A. HEALTH TOURISM IN HUNGARY

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to give a brief over- culture, maintenance of public buildings, in addition to its view on a special fi eld of tourism in Hungary, namely traditional use in health tourism. In my paper I intended to health tourism. Tourism, in general, has played signifi cant give information about this specifi c fi eld of tourism and its role in the economy of the country for long and it still has potentials, as well as its integration into the tourism devel- potential. Hungary is in a favorable situation, since it has opment strategies of Hungary. rich thermal water resources all over the country. Despite of the fact that there are unexploited resources, there are Key words: thermal baths, tourism, healing, wellness several attempts to use thermal water in agriculture, horti- hotels.

Nagy A. – Szent István University, H-2100 Gödöllő, 1 Páter Károly str. Tel.: +36 28 522 000 E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion mg/liter in the European Union. Thermal water wells Some of the water supply of the Earth can be giving water with over 30 degrees Celsius can be seen on the surface (rivers, lakes, seas), some can found on more than 80 % of Hungary’s territory. Out be found under the surface. The temperature of such of the 1300 registered thermal wells, approximate- water varies. The temperature of water under the ly 20 % serves bathing. Nearly 150 types of water surface is measured by geothermal gradient, which have been qualifi ed as healing water [4]. shows in how many meters the temperature of the Though healing waters are various and each type water increases by 1 degree Celsius. The European is benefi cial for different illnesses, they have similar average is 33 meters, that is 18 meters in Hungary, effects due to the heat and high ion content. Water so we can reach thermal water from shallow, which has positive effect on primarily rheumatic problems is a unique character in Europe [2]. Thermal water when the acute status is over. Pain due to arthritis is known as natural water with minimum tempera- can be signifi cantly reduced with the help of healing ture of 30 degrees Celsius. As the water comes to water of high Sulphur content. Apart from it, now- the surface through different stones, it dissolves adays it is mainly used to heal certain cutaneous various minerals. In mineral water, one liter contains and gynecological diseases as well as post-opera- over 1000 mg dissolved ingredients, or certain bio- tion treatments. In the past, it was commonly used logically active materials above the limit defi ned. In for drinking cures and to treat stomach- and intes- the case of drinking water, it was modifi ed to 500 tine illnesses, but it is not so usual nowadays [4].

Figure 1 – Thermal water quality in Europe Source: http://vilagbiztonsag.hu/keptar/displayimage.php?pid=22606 gricultural 49 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 Mineral water and healing water have been used This specifi c tourism sector has a lot of special for long. Our ancestors have known that water can advantages compared to other types of tourism: heal while bathing and/or drinking. Water is a vital – the negative impact of seasonality is more element, representing 60–70 % of our body weight. moderate; However, there are some illnesses which cannot be – the average length of stay is longer; healed with water, moreover, drinking healing water – the effi ciency of capacity-use is higher; is forbidden. – expenses per units are 30-35 % higher than in At present, in Hungary there are: other fi elds of tourism. – 1,289 thermal wells; 2. A great advantage of Hungarian health tour- – 385 settlements have lakes with thermal/heal- ism is that we have bath culture of centuries and our ing water; baths are famous and well-known even internation- – 13 healing places; ally (KPMG 2002). Hungarian people also tend to – 62 certifi ed hotel for healing purposes; visit thermal baths. Four rural cities out of fi ve most- – 62 certifi ed healing bath (including 9 in Buda- visited ones are also bath cities (Hajdúszoboszló, pest); Siófok, Hévíz, Zalakaros). In addition, the baths and – 5 healing caves; wellness hotels in the capital also have high number – 81 certifi ed wells of mineral water and 315 of tourists. certifi ed wells of healing water; 3. Similarly to international trends, having healthy – 5 healing mud resource; lifestyle, the need to preserve our health condition – 1 mofetta (dry bath). as well as the demand for preventive activities and Based on the rich thermal endowments of services show upward trend in Hungary, too. Hungary, it is among the top fi ve: Japan, Iceland, Italy, 4. Demographic changes in most of the devel- France, Hungary. At the moment, the settlements oped world greatly infl uence both the Hungarian certifi ed as healing places in Hungary are as fol- population and the most important sending coun- lows: Balf, Bük, Kékestető, Lillafüred, Balatonfüred, tries to Hungary. (e.g. according to estimates, by Debrecen, Eger, Gyula, Hajdúszoboszló, Harkány, 2050, one in two people in Germany will be over 5). Hévíz, Parád, Zalakaros. Such tendencies are expected to increase the de- Economists and tourism experts say that ther- mand for different preventive, healing and post-op- mal- and healing water-based health tourism should eration touristic services. play much more important role in the national econ- 6. International trends in transportations (spread- omy in the decades ahead. Several national, region- ing of low-cost fl ights) may develop wellness- and al and local strategies and development concepts healing tourism further, since due to such factors defi ne the development of healing- and wellness shorter stays and trips may be more attractive. tourism as a priority. It is based on various factors, 7. Due to the returns on the investments into international and national trends as well as on the health programs at workplaces, more and more available natural and social conditions. Hungarian medium and large scale companies tend

Figure 2 – Thermal and healing baths of Hungary (green – national baths, red – baths with regional and local signifi cance) Source: http://www.jgypk.u-szeged.hu/tamop13e/tananyag_html/wellness/geotermikus_adottsgaink.html Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 50 Journal A

Figure 3 – The changes in the number of healing (blue) and wellness hotels (red) in Hungary between 1999 and 2010 Source: Boros et al., 2012 to learn and recognize the role of wellness and other (UNESCO-world heritage, near the Lake Balaton is preventive programs in the revitalization of the work- a unique natural value and heritage). The crater lake force [3, 1]. is based on a real geyser with 38 degrees Celsius. Based on the abovementioned, it can be seen Similar can only be found on Iceland. Its area is of that health tourism, wellness tourism have great po- 4.44 hectares, thus it is the largest warm-water lake tentials both on the national and international mar- in the world with healing character. ket. However, we should see that there are signifi - Souther-Transdanubia is compared to the na- cant territorial inequalities not just because of the tional average, this region has the least healing wa- imbalanced natural resources, but because of the ter and bath. One of the most popular ones is in different approaches of settlement to this young Harkány which is based on water with special heal- form of tourism. ing characteristics which can only be found in Izrael or Mexico [2]. Thermal centers and regions of Hungary Budapest is the largest healing place is the capi- Results: tal itself, which got the name of bath city in 1934. In this chapter I intended to highlight the main Budapest is a unique city, since there are no other tendencies regarding health tourism in Hungary. On capitals in the world which have thermal baths. Figure 3 it can be seen that hotels called healing ho- In Northern HungaryMiskolctapolca has its own tels (offering health services) gradually spread in the unique attraction, since it has thermal-, cave- and country in the fi rst decade, however, the increase in lake baths at the same place. The temperature of the number of wellness hotels was much more sig- the water in the cave bath is 29 degrees Celsius. nifi cant. In 6 years, it jumped from 20 to over 100. It Hajdúszoboszló is well-known worldwide. The water has to be mentioned that the legislation for wellness was found in 1925 while drilling for oil and it comes hotels was passed in 2003, so data is available spe- from 1090 meters deep. cifi cally for this type only since 2004. The difference Southern-Great Plainis the region is also rich in between the trends of the two types of hotels can be thermal water, some of its baths are even interna- explained by the difference in their services as well tionally well-known. One of the most-visited destina- as the market trends. The Figure also proves that tions is Szeged, which is called as the city of baths. tourism, especially health tourism has been increas- The fi rst bath in the city was a steam-bath. At the ingly important sector in the economy. Due to the beginning of the 20th century, water with hydrogen- conventional health services in the healing hotels, carbonate and high iodine content was found. Gyula which are popular among foreign guests as well, the is one of our youngest bath cities. Six wells provide average rate of occupation of such hotel rooms has the water for the bath, located next to the castle. The been higher than that of the wellness hotels over the temperature of the water is 72 degrees Celsius. past decade. Western-Transdanubiais region also has long- lasting bath-traditions. Settlements near the Conclusions Western border of Hungary are often visited by Based on the abovementioned, we can see that Austrian or German tourists. The thermal bath in Hungary has various favorable natural and geopo- Mosonmagyaróvár was established in 1966. The litical conditions to develop tourism, including health water comes from 2000 meters deep, it is 74 de- tourism. The last decade saw successful health grees Celsius. It is among the top fi ve in Europe tourism tendency in Hungary, since both the supply because it has various benefi cial effects on health. and demand conditions have expanded. The devel- Bükfürdő, which is popular even among foreign tour- opment of the sector is due to the macroeconomic ists, gets the water from 1282 meter under the sur- and social factors, the quality of healthcare servic- face, thus creating the most important touristic prod- es, medical science as well as the health-conscious- uct of the region. The water in Bükfürdő was also ness of the population. Health tourism in Hungary found while searching for oil. The Lake of Hévíz is a competitive and important sector even on the gricultural 51 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 international market, since there are only a few velopment of health tourism not only in Hungary, but countries in the world with similar favorable natural globally. Thus further expansion of the sector can be conditions. The spread of health- and environment- expected. conscious lifestyle also promotes the dynamic de-

REFERENCES:

1. Ács Pongrác-Laczkó. Tamás Területi 5. Az egészségturizmus szolgáltatásai és különbségek a hazai egészségturizmus menedzsmentje / Boros Sz., Mondok A., kínálatában, Területi Statisztika 11. évfolyam Várhelyi T. Szolnoki Főiskola, 2012. ISBN: 3. szám / Központi Statisztikai Hivatal. 978-963-89339-4-2. Budapest, 2008. ISSN 0018-7828. 6. Effi ciency of Hungarian regions in using 2. Bezselics Ildikó. Gyógyfürdők és egészség- the development funds for touristic purpos- turizmus Magyarországon. 2010. es / Káposzta J., Nagy A., Nagy H. Regional 3. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- Economy. South of Russia. 2014. № 4:(6). tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- P. 33–39. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- 7. Hungarikumok területi jelentőségének vizs- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. gálata, különös tekintettel a pálinkára / № 1. С. 62-65. Káposzta J, Ritter K, Kassai Zs.Tér és 4. Zopcsák László. Worksite wellness / Társadalom, 2015.№ 29:(4). P. 139-154. Országos Pécsi Wellness Konferencia, 8. URL: http://www.jgypk.uszeged.hu/ előadás. Pécs. 2007. tamop13e/tananyag_html/wellness/geoter- mikus_adottsgaink.html 9. URL: http://vilagbiztonsag.hu/keptar/display- image.php?pid=22606 Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 52 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Nagy H. REVIEW ON THE HISTORY OF HUNGARIAN BATH/SPA CULTURE

Abstract: Hungary is a widely well-known and popu- related to thermal water and spas. In my study I wanted lar touristic destination for not only European tourists but to give a brief overview on the history of spas in Hungary tourists from all over the world. The supply in tourism is to highlight their signifi cance in the tourism sector of Hun- quite broad, since Hungary is rich in natural resources, gary. cultural traditions, and it has very favourable geopolitical conditions, being in the center of Europe. However, most Key words: baths, spas, thermal water, health tour- of the touristic attractions and activities are based on and ism.

Nagy H. – Ph. D., associate professor Szent István University 2100 Gödöllő, 1 Páter K. str. Tel.: +36 28 522 000/1099 E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion Hungary can be considered as a thermal-water The key to Hungary’s thermal culture is its loca- empire on which spa culture of thousands of years tion on the Carpathian Basin. The earth’s crust is are built. In addition to our unique natural endow- very thin here, allowing water to rise easily to the ments, the architecture of our baths and spas are surface. Thus it is a land of more than 1,000 hot also among our national heritage and treasure. We springs. Since ancient times, and all though the are lucky because we can enjoy bathing in thermal History of Hungary, the hot water bubbling up all water both in summer and winter, even in snow. The across this region has been put to good use for its healing effect of thermal springs has been used benefi cial effects. The ancient Romans prized the over the years. In the antique age, on the territory healing effects of Hungarian thermal waters and de- of Pannonia (which is on the Western part of today’s veloped bathing culture in Hungary more than 2000 Hungary), Roman settlers built baths which were the years ago. During the Turkish occupation in the 16th centers of social and cultural life at that time. The century, the Turks added their own beautiful Turkish history of Hungary cannot be separated from that of Baths, some of which are still in use today. Spas are the Roman Empire since Transdanubia, Pannonia located in big cities and smaller towns throughout were the province of Romans for 400 years, thus the whole country. Some are simple thermal baths the signs of Roman bath culture can be witnessed in serving the local community, others are larger com- Hungary. The most important ruins of bath are locat- mercial baths. All the major spas and baths in the ed in the Northern part of Budapest, in Aquincum. In country offer thermal pools, leisure pools and some Roman times spectacular private and public baths kind of family fun areas (kids’ pools or slides of all could be found there. lengths and shapes) and some count themselves The fi rst Hungarian settlers also preferred to cre- as Aquaparks, though they all feature thermal wa- ate their settlements near thermal springs. According ter pools[3]. to notes and memories, they knew the positive ef-

Figure 1 – Ruins of the Roman bath in Aquincum, Budapest Source: http://budapestcity.org/03-muemlekek/03/Romai-tabor-nagyfurdoje/index-hu.htm gricultural 53 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

Figure 2 – The ancient Rudas Spa, Budapest Source: http://magyarfurdokultura.hu/

Figure 3 – Király/König Bath in Budapest Source: http://www.kiralyfurdo.hu/ fects of spring water but they did not use them for Baths developed further in the Ottoman Empire, bathing. It was used only for washing their horses. the Turkish built many baths in different part of the King István ordered 8 bath slaves in his letter dat- country, like in Buda, Pécs, Szeged, Esztergom, ed in 1015 to Pécsvárad Benedictine Monastery. In Szolnok and Eger. Due to the 150 years of Ottoman Buda, next to the hot water springs, knights settled occupation, we have beautiful baths nationwide. In down in 12th century who took care of ill people and Pécs, there are only the ruins remained, but in Eger who built hospitals and baths. Near the Gellért hill in and Buda we can admire them in their beauties. The Buda, where the hospital of Princess Erzsébet was Király, the Rudas and the Veli Bej Baths offer a jour- located, the pains of leprous people were alleviated. ney in time and exotic adventures. The construction Apart from these, there were several other baths in of the Király (King) Bath was started in 1565. It is the country serving as centers of cultural life. special because it does not have direct hot water Baths got really famous under the reign of basis/resource. The Turkish built it far away from the Zsigmond of Luxemburg and Corvin Matthias. It was springs so that they could bath even during attacks partly because at that time Buda was the headquar- within the walls of the castle. The water has always ters of German-Roman-Empire, thus several for- come from the area of Lukács Bath. After reoccupy- eign travelers visited the emperor Zsigmond. At the ing Buda (in 1796), the owner of the bath was the time of Matthias, the bath culture fl ourished again. König family. They rebuilt and renovated the bath, Numerous memories from that period are about huge which was named after the family. In the World War spa castles and small baths. They also mention that II, the bath got damaged and it was fully renovat- the temperature of the Buda spring water is so hot ed in 1950. Later, Christians also used the water of that people cannot put their hands in. According to the springs and they built hospitals in their surround- historical records, a roofed corridor linked the Rácz ings. spa and the royal castle of Matthias. Miklós Oláh, After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the the bishop of Esztergom, in the early 1500s, already bath culture of Hungary fl ourished further both in wrote detailed information about the recommended the capital and in the countryside. Balatonfüred and use of hot springs. Unfortunately, there are only a Hévíz have become popular baths, while in Parád, few records from the same period about the baths in in the late 1800s, the fi rst healing bath was built. the countryside. Baths have become the centers of social life all over Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 54 Journal A

Figure 4 – Széchenyi Bath, Budapest Source: http://budapest.varosom.hu/latnivalok/furdok/Szechenyi-Gyogyfurdo.html

Figure 5 – Gellért Spa, Budapest Source: http://www.gellertfurdo.hu/ the country. Moreover, due to the development of After the conciliation between Austria and medicine, they offered healing for many illnesses. Hungary, the development of baths continued. It Tourists, at that time, spent 6-10 weeks in baths. was when the experiments on the effects of hot wa- Men and women were bathing separately, usually ter treatments started to spread along with physi- specifi c time was dedicated to each gender. otherapy. It was also the fi rst time for analyzing the The Széchenyi Bath, which is like a diamond of chemical content of mineral water and for using it the capital, was opened in 1913. in gastronomy. Later, as the medical science was In addition, spas in secession style were also built developing, the range of possible treatments was in the capital, for example the Gellért Hotel and Spa. broadening. Some of the baths built after the concili- By the 18th and 19th century, scientifi c research- ation are now on the territory of neighboring coun- es on baths have reached Hungary, too. In 1839, tries. Lajos Tognio professor started to make a survey on It was also the same period when beach life the healing water reserves of Hungary as well as on started to become fashion among people, especial- their chemical ingredients. At the beginning of the ly near the Lake Balaton. Guests usually spent 4-6 19th century, baths were the scenes of even nation- or even 8-10 weeks at baths. Doctors usually pre- alistic events and the meeting points of artists. It is scribed cures of 20-40 days, but it could be expand- proven by the fact that the third stone-theatre of the ed to even 60 days. Men and women still had bath country was built in Balatonfüred [4]. in different times. gricultural 55 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

Figure 6 – Hajdúszoboszló Bath Source: http://hajduszoboszlo.hu/gyogyfurdo

The World War I caused signifi cant depression in has a long history in spas and baths. Baths and spas the life of fl ourishing baths in the countryside. In addition have always played important role in tourism, espe- to thermal water coming up naturally, more and more cially in health tourism. It is getting even more sig- baths are built on water coming up due to oil searching nifi cant nowadays because high quality treatments, activities. For example, the bath of Bükfürdő, Zalakaros better conditions of rehabilitation are required by and Hajdúszoboszló was created in that way. the ageing population. Health-consciousness is be- Since the middle of the last century, not only coming more and more popular approach in the those visited baths who needed the treatments but Hungarian society, thus the target group of health also those who wanted to relax. Thus both the hab- touristic services expands and more emphasis is put its and the society of bath visitors also changed. By on prevention. As the rate of employees in the busi- the second half of the 20th century, visiting baths ness sphere is increasing, the demand for short rec- has become a mess activity, though the time spent reation and wellness holidays is increasing. in baths shortened [4]. According to the National Tourism Development By the beginning of the 21st century, bath/spa Concept [2], Hungary should be the most popular des- culture was given a swing in Hungary; it is one of tination of Europe in some fi eld of health tourism by the top priorities in the tourism development strate- 2024. The concept also defi nes the top priorities in tour- gy. Several baths have been expanded, some of the ism development, including the innovative and complex national monument baths have been renovated and development of health tourism. One concrete objective some new have been built recently because the pre- is to create touristic products based on complex medi- vention and the regaining of health in natural ways cal services at bath destinations. In order to encourage are getting more and more popular and baths have the domestic tourists to visit the world famous spas, the key role in this regard. government introduced several incentives in the past few years. Moreover, due to effi cient marketing activi- Conclusions ties, increasing number of foreign tourists visit the spas Due to the rich thermal water reserves, Hungary of Hungary, making the country more popular.

REFERENCES:

1. Effi ciency of Hungarian regions in using 4. URL:http://zalakarosi.5mp.eu/web. the development funds for touristic purpos- php?a=zalakarosi&o=WRŐV6VTqQU es / Káposzta J., Nagy A., Nagy H. Regional 5. URL:http://hajduszoboszlo.hu/gyogyfurdo Economy. South of Russia. 2014. № 4:(6). 6. URL:http://www.gellertfurdo.hu/ P. 33–39. 7. URL:http://budapest.varosom.hu/latnivalok/ 2. Nemzeti Turizmusfejlesztési Koncepció, Erőt furdok/Szechenyi-Gyogyfurdo.html adó Magyarország 2014-2024. Budapest, 8. URL:http://magyarfurdokultura.hu/ 2014. 9. URL:http://budapestcity.org/03- 3. URL:http://spa.gotohungary.com/about-spa- muemlekek/03/Romai-tabor-nagyfurdoje/in- culture-of-hungary dex-hu.htm Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 56 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Narkūnienė R. ANALYSIS OF TOURISM RESOURCES OF EASTERN AUKŠTAITIJA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: Aim of this article – to prepare an analysis medium tourist potential districts are Utena and Anykščiai of Eastern Aukštaitija region’s tourism resources in the districts. Assessing the complex, all the Eastern Aukštaitija context of sustainable development. The objectives are to region districts (Anykščiai, Ignalina, Molėtai, Utena, Zara- perform an analysis of the tourism resources in theoretical sai) fall into the middle of the tourist potential of the area. terms in in the context of sustainable development and to Eastern Aukštaitija region has all the assumptions to use perform the SWOT analysis of sustainable development the existing tourism resources and tourism services to of the Eastern Aukštaitija tourism region. Aim is achieving compete successfully in the tourism market. analyzing the scientifi c literature and document analysis performing the SWOT analysis. Tourism resources are treated differently in different districts – high tourist po- Key words: tourism resources, region, region com- tential districts are Ignalina, Molėtai and Zarasai districts, petitiveness, sustainable development.

Narkūnienė R. Master of Recreation and Tourism Management.Utena University of Applied Sciences, Maironio str. 7, Utena, LT-28142 Lithuania Tel.:+370 389 50337 E-mail: [email protected]

ourism is one of the most promising and dy- Aim of this article: to prepare an analysis of namic business in the world. It covers about Eastern Aukštaitija region’s tourism resources anal- T 8 % of global investments, 7 % of the world’s ysis in the context of sustainable development. gross national product, accounts for about 400 mil- lion work places. According to tourism statistics, an- The objectives of the article are: nually more and more tourists from all over the world 1. Perform an analysis of the tourism resources visited Lithuania. Expenditure of foreign tourists and in theoretical terms in the context of sustain- day visitors in Lithuania were 4.2 billion LTL in 2013 able development; [9]. 2. Perform the SWOT analysis of sustainable Relevance of the topic development of the Eastern Aukštaitija tour- Tourism resources are important for the devel- ism region. opment of tourism and tourism resources, is one Aim is achieving, analyzing the scientifi c literature of the main factors of tourism competitiveness. and document analysis, performing the SWOT Tourist abundance and tourism business depends analysis. from tourism resources. Tourism development is not possible without suffi cient high-quality and dis- Survey methodology: tinctive resources. Natural and cultural tourism re- 1. Analysis of scientifi c literature. The article ana- sources create favourable conditions to develop lyzes different Lithuanian and foreign scientifi c litera- attractive tourism products. Various objects of cul- ture: Baležentis A., Žuromskaitė B., Grecevičius P. et tural heritage and natural resources are important al., Vitkienė E., Porter M., Charles R. Goeldner J. R. for local and international tourism. Sustainable de- Brent Ritchie, Cole S. author’s books and articles; velopment of the region is very important because, 2. SWOT analysis is a simple and highly effective according to M. Porter, regional competitiveness tool for resource analysis carried out in the context and strategic development opportunities depend of sustainable development. on the development of resources and the environ- It is also used statistical data analysis, compari- ment, in which the company providing the com- son, synthesis and generalization. petition. One of the most important tourism com- petitiveness factors is the development of tourism 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM resources. RESOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF The research problem: tourism resources, status SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT of tourism resources and attractiveness, attraction Tourism resources are named as objects or ter- opportunities of tourist fl ows are often analysed in rain with tourist interest. According to the Tourism the scientifi c literature, feasibility studies and other Law of Lithuania Republictourism resources – inter- documents, but has been forgotten the context of esting for tourism objects or areas, adapted for their sustainable development. using, and recreational resources – natural, cultur- gricultural 57 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 al, environmental characteristics, suitable for organ- 10 000 objects of cultural heritage, with monument izing a full-fl edged physical and spiritual relaxation status [2]. for people[10]. In summary, the natural and cultural tourism re- In the scientifi c literature and legislation are sever- sources create favorable conditions for the creation al types of recreational tourism resources: Baležentis of attractive tourism products. Various objects of cul- A. and Žuromskaitė B. distinguish natural (climate, tural heritage and natural resources are important landscape, ecosystems), cultural (urban heritage, for both local and international tourism. arts, archaeological values, traditions, science val- According to the World Tourism ues, folk crafts) and social (potential tourism develop- Organizationdefi nition of “sustainable tourism de- ers with socio-demographic characteristics, abilities, velopment meets needs of today’s tourists and host fi nancial capital, knowledge, health-environment- regions, at the same time protecting the needs and tourist security system, local community interests) increasing their chances in the future. Sustainable tourism resources [1]. In Tourism Law of Lithuania tourism has to maintain a high level of tourist satis- Republicrecreational tourism resources include nat- faction and ensure a meaningful experience for tour- ural recreational resources, cultural heritage and so- ists, raising their awareness of sustainability issues cial environmental effects of complex tourist attrac- and promoting sustainable tourism practices among tion areas (resorts and resort areas, protected areas them. Sustainable development is possible only and other recreational territories), tourism and recre- when all the time maintaining a stable quantity and ational infrastructure, natural health factors [10]. quality of tourism resources (natural, cultural and Tourism resources include a wide range of tangi- human) [3]. Management of sustainable tourism is ble and intangible resources. All of these resources are concerned with controls of tourism resources, which combined into a single system with the task to meet the have ensure same quality and not at lower resources needs of tourists. In Lithuania are very important natu- self-suffi ciency to future generations. Therefore, all ral and cultural resources, which facilitate the develop- stakeholders need to ensure that resources will be ment of attractive tourism products. Natural-recreational not wasted, tourists will not deceive and local resi- resources are important because “it is the natural envi- dents – will not exploited. ronmental features that create preconditions for full hu- Sustainable development of regions is a part of man physical and mental relaxation” [11]. global sustainable development. Sustainable de- There isn’t a single administrative region in velopment – development of the society, providing Lithuania, which does not have any distinctive, al- the ability to achieve the welfare for present and fu- though small, be assessed natural recreational re- ture generations, combining environmental, eco- sources. It is important for the organization of local nomic and social objectives of the society and with- tourism. For natural complex of Lithuania are inhered in the permissible limits of environmental impact. decomposing, a large typological variety and wide Sustainable development is one of the region’s com- range of possibilities. The country has 2,835 lakes, ponents of success [1]. larger than 0.5 hectares and 758 rivers. The total According to M. Porter, the region’s competitive- length of rivers and streams about 60,000 km. Forests ness and strategic development is dependent on cover 28 % territory, 30 % of them – dry pine forests, the development of resources and the environment, which are particularly valued in the tourism sector. in which competitive service providing companies. Most unique natural features with high tourist at- Natural resources, skilled labor force, fi nancial re- tractions are in national and regional parks and re- sources and infrastructure are the most important sorts. The country has 194 parks and 353 natural tourism resources, determining development the monuments, protected by the state, 128 natural re- tourism competitiveness [8]. serves. Operate 5 national and 30 regional parks. In summary, the sustainable development of State parks and reserves include 5243 thousand ha tourism is one of the factors of region’s development area. However, natural recreational resources are and its competitiveness. unevenly distributed in Lithuania. Most of them are coastal, southeastern and eastern regions, in high- 2. THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF TOURISM RE- lands of Žemaitija [10]. SOURCES OF EASTERN AUKŠTAITIJA RE- Cultural tourism resources include a wide range GION IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE of public creative activity [10]: urban heritage, tradi- DEVELOPMENT tions and folk crafts, science values, archaeological Eastern Aukštaitija region consists of Utena, values, technical, creative values. Anykščiai, Ignalina, Molėtai, and Zarasai districts. Lithuanian heritage fund consists of 1817 his- Regional center is the city of Utena. There are 1,002 tory, 2175 archeology, 1190 architecture and 5631 lakes in region area. It is the highest number of lakes art monument. 3400 of them has national and 7200 in comparison with other regions of the country. The of them has local value. Tourist attractions are im- region has many state-protected natural heritage portant in terms of its uniqueness and exclusivity. objects – botanical, geological, hydrogeological, hy- However, these values become tourism objects pro- drographical, hydrological. moting them and dissemination of information about Eastern Aukštaitija region has suffi cient resourc- them, creating opportunities to visit them and to es of natural and cultural heritage for tourism devel- know about them. In Lithuania estimated more than opment. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 58 Journal A

Table 1 – The SWOT analysis of tourism recourses of Eastern Aukštaitija region in the context of sustainable development

Strength Weaknesses • Identifi ed the most important recreational areas; • Resources are unevenly distributed, which • The rich natural environment of the region resources (forests, makes assumptions for tourist fl ows to con- rivers, lakes) and high density and ecological resilience, scenic centrate in certain areas; landscape; • Poorly used recreational and health re- • The region has plenty of natural and cultural heritages objects, sources. adapted for recreational and tourism needs; • A signifi cant part of natural and cultural herit- • One National Park (Aukštaitija National park) and fi ve region- age is not integrated into the tourism sector; al parks (Anykščiai, Asveja, Gražutė, Labanoras and Sartai re- • Objects of the cultural heritage are not in- gional parks) operate and the region. suffi ciently prepared and made available to • Dominating the natural environment, a small degree of urbani- tourists visits; zation; • The part of cultural-historical heritage ob- • Health resources (in Ignalina district). jects is in poor condition. Opportunities Threats • The potential diversity of new tourism forms, related with sus- • Insuffi cient funding to promote the devel- tainable development; opment of the tourism sector; • Better use of tourism resources; • Using of not rational investment for tour- • Using of the region's natural resources, developing tourism ism; products for individual experiences; • Due to poor tourist fl ows regulation may • Growing of eco-tourism demand in the world and in the country decline the quality of the environment; and the available natural resources makes possibility for devel- • Low (passive) tourism marketing. opment all forms of recreation and tourism trends in the region.

SWOT analysis of Eastern Aukštaitija region's Conclusions tourism resources in the context of sustainable de- velopment (Table 1) was performed, based on the 1. The natural and cultural tourism resources fa- Facilities Study of direction investment in tourism cilitates the development of attractive tourism development in the Eastern Aukštaitija region (5) products. Tourism resources are having a fi - and the districts development plans and studies. nancial interest for the tourism industry. They In summary by SWOT analysis, Eastern are also the abundance of tourists and tour- Aukštaitija region has all the assumptions to take ism business, sustainable tourism has a con- advantage of the available tourism resources siderable infl uence on the development of the and compete successfully in the tourism market. region and its competitiveness. According to the principles of integration of sus- tainability into tourism policies, natural and cultur- 2. Eastern Aukštaitija region has suffi cient natu- al resources must be used effi ciently and effec- ral and cultural resources for tourism develop- tively. Consumption of resources does not exceed ment. The region attracts visitors and has the the rate of growth. Sustainable tourism has the op- potential to attract more tourists fl ows. Tour- timal use of environmental resources, which is a ism resources are treated differently in differ- major guarantor of tourist development, essential ent districts – high tourist potential districts ecological processes, and maintenance of natural are Ignalina, Molėtai and Zarasai districts, resources and biodiversity conservation. medium tourist potential districts are Utena Sustainable tourism in Eastern Aukštaitija re- and Anykščiai districts. Assessing the com- gion implemented in protected areas. Much of the plex, all the districts of Eastern Aukštaitija re- natural heritage areas in Eastern Aukštaitija re- gion (Anykščiai, Ignalina, Molėtai, Utena, Zar- gion (5) is maintained and nurtured in Aukštaitija asai) fall into the middle of the tourist potential National Park and fi ve regional parks. The region of the area.Eastern Aukštaitija region has all is the state of protected areas in abundance – the the assumptions to use the existing tourism protected area consists of 147 345,73 ha. It holds resources and tourism services to compete 20.46 % of the region’s territory. The region cov- successfully in the tourism market. According ers an area of major national parks: Aukštaitija to the integration of sustainability principles in National Park, Anykščiai, Labanoras, Gražutė, tourism policies, natural and cultural resourc- Sartai and Asveja regional parks. es must be used effi ciently and effectively. In summary, the Eastern Aukštaitija region has Resource consumption does not exceed the all the assumptions to take advantage of the avail- rate of growth. Sustainable tourism should able tourism resources and compete successfully in make optimum use of environmental resourc- the tourism market. According to the principles of in- es, which is a major tourist development, es- tegration of sustainability into tourism policies, nat- sential ecological processes and support nat- ural and cultural resources must be used effi ciently ural resources and biodiversity conservation and effectively. guarantor. gricultural 59 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 REFERENCES:

1. Baležentis A., Žuromskaitė B. Turizmo 6. Tourism. Principles, Practices, Philosophies / vadyba. Vilnius: UAB «Vitae Liter», 2012. Charles R., Goeldner J., Brent RitchieR. John 190 p. ISBN 978-9955-19-467-5. Willey&s, INC. 2006. 2. Cole S. The Regional Science of Tourism: 7. Turizmas:vadovėlis. Gecevičius ir kiti. An Overview. Regional analysis and policy. Kaunas: kolegijos leidybos centras, 2002. 2007. № 37(3). P. 183-192. 320 p. ISBN 9955-9366-3-0. 3. Vitkienė E. Rekreacija (rekreacijos 8. Портер М. «Конкуренция». Санкт- marketingo tyrimai): monografi ja. Klaipėda: Петербург, Москва, Киев: Вильямс, 2002. S. Jokužio leidykla-sp, 2002. 232 p. ISBN URL: http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/ 9986-31-057-1 europe2020stocktaking_lt.pdf 4. Lietuvos turizmo potencialo įvertinimo, 9. Galimybių studija. Kryptingas investavimas nustatant didžiausias turistinės traukos į turizmo plėtrą Rytų Aukštaitijos regione vietoves ir jų panaudojimo prioritetus, studija / (Utenos apskrities teritorijoje). Vilnius, 2013. Andrulienė R., Armaitienė A., Povilanskas R., 165 p. URL: http://www.lietuvosregionai. Janulienė, R., Dulskis D. Vilnius, 2011. lt/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/URTPGS- 165 p. 20130916.pdf 5. Pažangaus, tvaraus ir integracinio augimo 10. Lietuvos Respublikos turizmo įstatymas. strategijos «Europa 2020» rezultatų apžvalga 2011. URL: http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/ Komisijos komunikatas Europos parlamentui: dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=404344 tarybai. Europos ekonomikos ir socialinių 11. Turizmo statistika. URL: http://www.tourism. reikalų komitetui ir regionų komitetui. lt/lt/atvykstamasis-turizmas Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 60 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Nedelcu A., Štetić S. RURAL TOURISM – DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY FOR RURAL AREAS AND COMMUNITIES. PRAHOVA COUNTY CASE STUDY

Abstract: Both in literature and in practice, special transport which facilitates travel for tourism; the undoubt- attention is currently given to rural tourism. The most di- ed benefi ts that rural tourism offers compared to other verse causes have contributed to this situation namely: forms of tourism in the development of rural communities, the importance of tourism in economic, political and social following the coordinates of sustainable development. sectors; the attention being paid to this form of tourism in developed countries; and local and governmental policy in this fi eld; the explosion of modern communication technol- Key words: Rural tourism, rural area, tourist village, ogies, the unprecedented development of the means of agrotourism, Prahova, wine tourism.

Nedelcu A. – Štetić S. – Assistant Prof., Ph.D, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Full Professor, Ph.D., Faculty of Economic Sciences College of Tourism Romania Belgrade Tel.: +40 744 901 788 Tel.: +381 63 110 63 82 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction traditions, heritage, arts, lifestyles, places and val- The concept of rural tourism is multidimensional ues as have been preserved from generation to gen- and includes a number of constituents, the core of eration, tourists being very well informed in terms of which is the rural tourist community. The three basic culture and folk art, traditions, natural landscapes elements that support rural tourism, specifi ed by the and historic landmarks of the countryside, while World Tourism Organization are: the space (the rural having the possibility of participating in other activi- space without people cannot have products, and the ties in a rural area (spending time in nature, adven- rural space without products cannot meet the hu- ture, sports, festivals, crafts etc.) [7]. man needs as a whole, for recreation, recovery or knowledge) the people (the people without a space Coordinates of rural tourism development and products have only a reduced tourist reception Europe’s rural regions cover more than 80 % of capacity) and the products (which in the lack space the continent and are home to about half of the to- and people do not create effects and can determine tal population. The versatile and sustained develop- local development, having an ephemeral artifi cial ment of the rural environment, the sustainable ex- life)[11]. According to the Organization for Economic ploitation of available resources have imposed the Cooperation and Development (OECD), rural tour- adoption of a code including the guiding principles ism is defi ned as tourism that takes place in rural of balanced and sustainable rural development of areas. A more complete defi nition is provided by agriculture and rural European space, namely the UNWTO, according to which «Rural tourism is de- European Charter of Rural Area (1996). fi ned in the global economy of tourism as the tourism In recent years, rural tourism has developed revaluation of rural areas, natural resources, cultural rapidly in European countries (France, Italy, Spain, heritage, rural buildings, village traditions, products, Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, etc.) or on other land, through labelled and illustrative products of the continents. The subject of reinventing the rural re- regional identity, covering consumer needs for ac- gions and their economies in developed countries in commodation, food , leisure activities, entertainment Europe and the USA is more and more debated. To and various services, for the local sustainable devel- promote rural tourism development, the European opment and the positive reaction to the needs of re- Commission has given increasing attention to this laxation in modern society, a new city-village social niche tourism market and has decided to change the solidarity». structure of subsidization of economic activities in According to Lane B., rural tourism must be prac- rural areas, focusing primarily on services and tour- ticed in rural areas, to be small in size, to have a ism [3]. traditional nature, to grow slowly and organically, For Romania (a rural area extended on 207,522 linked to local families and representing a complex km², accounting for 92 % of the total surface area, pattern of rural environment, economy, history and where 45.0 % of the population lived), the issue of location [6]. rural development is seen as a way to combat pov- Other authors, such as MacDonald R. and Jolliffe erty in these areas and to develop the country as a L., defi ne cultural rural tourism as the tourism form whole. The rural space must participate in improv- referring to a distinct rural community, with its own ing national economy by exploiting its potential and gricultural 61 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 leading to the welfare of its residents in both spaces, rienced a signifi cant increase from 3,526 in 2000 urban and rural. (distributed in 399 accommodation units) to 34,257 Besides being fashionable, but also through the places in 1,863 rural and agrotourist guest houses important place held in the strategy of Romanian in 2015. tourism, rural tourism can turn into a successful busi- ness, for the increase and very important in the eco- Tourism induced effects in the rural area nomic and social development of rural areas [1]. Some experts believe that the dynamics of re- Thus, according to Bran F., Marin D. and Simon gional or local development is not primarily related T., rural tourism can contribute to «... the introduc- to production factors. The ability of an administrative tion in the domestic and international tourist circuit unit to attract and capture the household income is of various natural conditions and to the revaluation the basis of residential economy, changing nowa- of the heritage of traditional or contemporary culture, days the destiny of several communities, while pro- of the entire cultural and historical potential of rural viding growth opportunities for territories whose pro- areas». The advantages of rural tourism are related ductive economy is weak or non-existent [9]. to the fact that large investments are not necessary Thus, for many communities, there occurs rather for the infrastructure facilities or other facilities, on issue of attractiveness than competitiveness, at the the one hand, in other words no urban agglomera- moment adopting the most appropriate strategies tions are achieved, as is the case of tourist resorts, focusing on the territorial attractiveness, regarding on the other hand. However, this form of tourism of- the services offered to citizens, the quality of life, the fers people with lower incomes the possibility spend- development of the natural and built environment, of ing the free time while on holiday or at the weekend the cultural heritage, etc. Territories that manage to in the picturesque, archaic rural areas, either in the combine the productive economy by attracting and mountains, the seaside or near the Danube valley retaining the residents’ income can be considered and the Danube Delta. the most dynamic ones. In Romania, rural tourism has been seldom prac- Clearly, rural tourism brings many benefi ts to ru- ticed since the 20s of the twentieth century. The study ral areas and communities as follows: on the organization and promotion of tourist villages 1. Economically: in Romania, initiated by the Research Centre for the – tourism creates revenue for the local econ- Promotion of International Tourism in 1972, ended with omy and also for the national budget; by its the identifi cation and selection of all the ethnograph- nature, tourism attracts external capital in the ic areas of 118 rural localities as tourist villages. In local area or community that can lead to pos- 1973, only 13 settlements (Fundata, Șirnea, Rășinari, itive economic benefi ts; Sibiel, Lerești, Rucăr, Tismana, Vaideeni, Hălmagiu, – rural tourism directly creates new jobs in the Bogdan Vodă, Vatra Moldoviței, Murighiol and Sfântu tourism business and indirectly in the related Gheorghe) were experimentally declared as tourist activities offered by other economic operators; villages, of which only two (Lereşti-Argeș and Sibiel- – rural tourism activities support the existing Sibiu) operated in tourism, together with the organi- businesses in rural areas and contribute to zation, operation and guidance frame of the tourism the local economy development (the incomes activity and the tourism promotion in these localities of the tourism entrepreneurs and their multi- [4]. Considers promoting the tourist program Wedding plying effect), to the local community develop- in the Carpathians in the 70s by ONT Carpați in the ment in general (increasing the incomes of lo- tourist villages of Bogdan Vodă (Maramureș), Sibiel cal people); (Sibiu) and Lereşti (Argeș) as a favorable premise for 2. socially and culturally: the development of rural tourism. – maintains an increasing attention in relation After two more decades, the interest in the pro- to the protection and the preservation of cul- motion and development of tourism in rural are- tural heritage; as revives. Several associative forms have tak- – increases the interest in long-term preserva- en shape especially after 1990, such as: the tion of culture and traditions, traditional lan- Romanian Villages Operation Association – known guage or languages; as «Operation Vilagge Roumains», the Romanian – revives traditions, crafts, customs etc.; Federation for Mountain Development (FDRM), the – proposes new markets for traditional crafts National Agency for Rural, Ecological and Cultural and art forms; Tourism (ANTREC), established in 1994 and affi li- – receives positive aspects of visitor behavior ated to the European Federation of Rural Tourism and values; (EUROGITES) in the same year, and the Romanian – offers opportunities for the local community to Agency for Agrotourism (1995). The fi rst households benefi t from the development of new tourism promotedin the rural tourism circuit, after 1990, were structures; in the Moeciu-Bran-Rucăr area (Soare I., Costachie – increases the quality of life of local communi- S., 2013), followed by those in the ethnographic ar- ties; eas of Maramureș, Bucovina, Apuseni Mountains, – slows down and stops the growing process Mărginimea Sibiului and Bârsa. The number of plac- of resident population migration to cities or es in the rural and agrotourist guest houses expe- abroad; Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 62 Journal A

3. environmentally: opment in terms of tourism, which have infl uenced – rural tourism can play a vital role in protecting, the development of the three tourist axes of rural preserving and maintaining both the built and development along Prahova (the mountain and the natural heritage; Subcarpathian sector), Doftanei and Teleajenului – renews the existing infrastructure in line with Valleys, which take over and channel tourist fl ows the sustainable development adapted to rural from Bucharest and Ploiești or from Brașov [5]. We areas. believe that the Northern tip of the Doftanei and Teleajenului axes, the areas of Teşila-Trăisteni and Rural tourism in Prahova Country Cheia-Măneciu-Izvoarele, has not reached at all its Prahova Country (4,715 km², of which 89.3 % is entire range of polarizing features, there existing an held by the rural space), component part of the South obvious contradiction between the tourism potential Muntenia Region, gathers, due to its relief diversity, and its revaluation, as well as between supply and a wide variety of villages with occupations and tradi- demand. tions related to viticulture, horticulture, forestry, veg- Since 2004, another tourism development pole etable and cereals, with activities of processing the takes shape in the South-East Subcarpathian primary products, with specifi c architecture and local area, especially the wine tourism, which compris- customs, all requiring respect and integration policies es the rural settlements located along the «Wine in the new reality, according to the principle promot- Road» theme route; with a length of 58 km travelled ed by the European Union as «unity in diversity». through Dealu Mare winery, the «Wine Route» in- The regions with a favourable framework for the cludes stops at the mansions, the princely courts or development of rural tourism in Prahova county, can the monasteries from the rural localities of Filipeștii be classifi ed into: de Pădure, Florești, Zamfi ra, Bucov, Vărbila, Valea – Main regions with tourist attractiveness and Călugărească, Jercălăi, Ceptura, Gura Vadului, development, with a high attractive anthropo- Tohani or the tourist wine houses (Budureasca, genic potential due to the traditionalism per- Licorna Winehouse, Vadu Săpat, SERVE, petuated over generations: the tourist area Rotenberg, Basilescu, Ceptura) from the winegrow- of Prahova Valley, with the villages of Cor- ing centres where the investment value amounts to nu, Secăria, Talea, Provița de Jos; the tour- over EUR 180 million. This is due to the involvement ist area of Doftanei Valley with the centres of Prahova County Council, the non-governmen- of Teşila, Trăisteni, Șotrile, Brebu, Telega; tal organisations and the tourist networks (APDT the tourist area of Teleajenului Valley where Prahova) in the development of the rural tourism the rural areas of Cheia, Măneciu, Izvoarele, from Prahova [8]. Aluniş and Păuleşti (the only rural locality in Expanding rural tourism in the mountainous area the county with a 5-star hotel, with an accom- of the county, however, requires a thorough reshap- modation occupancy rate of 80 % – Sky Blue ing of rural infrastructure and adequate equipping Hotel & Spa); of the agrotourist households (Table 1). In addition – Secondary attractive regions with a tourist to equipping the agrotourist households and improv- development perspective, where attractive ing the rural infrastructure to expand agrotourism, a anthropogenic elements are more reduced promotional tourism management is necessary, as quantitatively and qualitatively: the Eastern well as establishing tourist information networks that Subcarpathian villages where the villages of could bring the as close as possible the offer to the Ceraşu, Starchiojd, Apostolache and Sângeru agrotourism demand, to promote this type of tour- stand out. ism as educational tourism for the pupils and even Although it has a varied and valuable potential, for the residents of large urban centres that do not Prahova has several generation points for its devel- suffi ciently know the “country life” and activities re-

Table 1 – Prahova County. The accommodation units capacity in rural areas (2012)

Number Number Number of places Unit type of units of places % of the total At the county level Hotels 6 373 5.51 6,764 Hostels 1 21 6.79 309 Motels 6 215 31.71 678 Tourist villas 1 30 3.88 773 Cottages 1 20 4.48 446 Agrotourist guest houses 36 624 100 624 Bungalows 1 8 100 8 TOTAL 52 1,291 13.44 9,602 Source: Prahova County Department of Statistics gricultural 63 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 lated to agriculture, viticulture, horticulture, milk cat- stabilizing the rural population. A well-planned rural tle breeding, grazing, customs and, not least, the ru- tourism can serve as a strategy for the preservation ral traditions. of the environment and that can operate as a new alternative to the current free time activities through Conclusions the various recreational facilities offered. The car- Rural tourism, component of tourism from rying out of tourism in rural areas should be well Prahova county, is a sub-sector with high potential planned and managed, because rural tourism can for development, thus representing an occupation- also be an activity that can adversely affect the de- al alternative for the rural labour force, a way of di- velopment of rural areas. versifying the economic activities in rural areas and

REFERENCES:

1. Brînzan O. Rural Development. Arad: Uni- 7. Lane B. Sustainable Rural Tourism Strate- versity Publishing House «Aurel Vlaicu», gies: A Tool for Development and Conserva- 2006. P. 45–50. tion / Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 1994. 2. Dinu M. Tourism Geography: didactic and Vol. 2. Issue 1–2. P. 12–18. Pedagogic Publishing. Bucharest, 2002. 8. MacDonald R., Jolliffe L. Cultural rural tourism: 3. Drabenstott M. Top Ten Ways to Reinvent evidence from Canada, Annals of Tourism Re- Rural Regions, The Main Street Economist / search. 2003. Vol. 30. № 9. P. 307–322. Commentary on the Rural Economy. Novem- 9. Nedelcu A. Tourism Geography. Bucharest: ber. 2003. University Publishing House, 2015. 4. Glăvan V. Rural tourism-Agritourism-Sus- 10. Otiman I. P. The national strategic food and tainable tourism–Ecotourism. Bucharest: agricultural sector sustainable development Economic Publishing House, 2003. of rural areas in the period 2015-2020-2030 / 5. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- Romanian Academy. Bucharest, 2015. tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- P. 6–10. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- 11. Soare I., Costachie S. Ecotourism and Rural iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. Tourism. Galati:Europlus Publishing, 2013. № 1. С. 62-65. P. 150–157. 6. Ielenicz M. Romania. Tourism potential. Bu- 12. Le tourisme rural: Une solution pour l’emploi, charest: University Publishing House, 2006. developpement local et l’environment / UN- P. 97–98. WTO. Madrid, 1997. P. 26. 13. URL: http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/ (accesed on March 19th, 2016). Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 64 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Oláh I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANIMATION IN THE TOURISM OF HUNGARY

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to give an overview Some experts think that they can be attractions to tourists, on the role of animation in the tourism industry. The topic they can provide various activities for all the age-groups is quite debated, because many believe that animation ac- and people with various interests. tivities only increase the costs of hotels and are not profi t- able activities and their impact can be hardly measured. Key words: tourism, hotels, animation.

Oláh I. – Assistant professor, Szent István University, Hungary, H-2100 Gödöllő, 1 Páter Károly str. Tel.: +36 28 522-000 E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion encourage, initiate people to take part. It also aims In general, animation should help towards real- to offer opportunities for people with similar interest izing holiday wishes and desires. In this respect it to spend time together but not in the frame of tradi- goes beyond being simply a way of occupying or tional free-time activities. It offers active programs spending time, and demands at the very least a prior for families, couples and individuals as well. understanding of what tourists actually want and can Types of touristic animation: achieve: this means knowledge of the motives and – recreational animation; needs of tourists on the one hand, and their abilities – recreational theme-parks; and inabilities, on the other. In places where anima- – aqua parks, seasonal and over-the-year tour- tion is more than just the supply of rooms and organ- istic or adventure parks where the focus is on ization, it is necessary for it to overcome, for some water attractions; tourists, the discrepancies between wishes and abil- – animation with prevention purpose; ities. This can be achieved through well thought out – thermal tourism/ healing tourism animations; planning (what can one do in this hotel, or in this – sport activities (sport-animation) – active, place), through stimulating suggestions for a varied passive; program, through providing helpful examples, and – animation for the soul; through active participation. – cultural animation; Finger et alsummarize the possible effects of ani- – animation in museums; mation as follows: – animation in castles, palaces; – augmentation of contacts; – other cultural animation e.g. festivals, excur- – increase in communication; sions in the nature, eco-trips in natural parks; – greater variety of holiday activities; – other venues: language learning opportuni- – more intensive holiday experiences; ties, thematic routes in literature, music, thea- – increase in fun, happiness and pleasure; tre plays; – development of own initiative; – “scene-animation” – national parks, nature – realization of needs; protection areas; – chance to develop further the experiences un- – gastronomic animation (wine-routes, cheese- dergone [5]. routes, cooking trainings, gastronomic festi- vals); This formulation points to the need for a more – atypical entertainment animations; thoroughgoing understanding of the concept of ani- – prestige-like animation (where tourists are ex- mation, one that does not just see it as an enter- pected to go, e.g. the exhibition of a famous taining service, but also as an educational start in painter); personality development. The programs practiced, – adventure-animation (uninhabited islands, so far, must be qualitatively measured against these disaster tourism, adventure trips and survival goals, even though the intentions behind them have trips (http://www.szallodamenedzsment.ektf. tended to be on a much lower level [3]. hu/dvd/tananyagok/szabadido_menedzs- Animation in tourism includes services provided ment.html). at accommodations, leisure-time centers, sport-fa- cilities or other tourism-related places, whose aim Economic aspects is to offer experience through establishing relation- Animation will incur costs for the company offer- ships among people and participating in games or ing such services, yet it can be deployed success- other programs. Therefore, its primary objective is to fully and profi tably in different areas by framing com- gricultural 65 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 pany policies relating to animation services so as can be also created between guests and the hotel, to achieve specifi c goals: Innovative competitive the guests and the animator as well as guests and behavior can be converted into product policies by guests. In my opinion, the latter one is the most de- creating a new type of product (such as a club hol- sired objective[1]. iday or a sports hotel) that exploits gaps in the mar- ket, because holidays with activities ‘a la carte’ dif- 3. Increasing income fer substantially from the existing package holiday. After am entertaining program, e.g. evening New categories of customer who were not attracted show, disco, club dancing, aerobic or other sport ac- by the previous holidays on offer, can thus be won. tivities, guests become thirsty easily, thus they pre- Better use can be made of the capacity available in fer to stay in the bar, instead of going back to their the poorly booked ‘out of season’ months, through rooms, which may increase both the income of the offering an animation program which makes a ho- bar and the level of satisfaction of the guests [1]. tel stay and the associated activities independent of (The increase in the income may reach even 20- the activities and entertainment available in the holi- 30 %, if animators are all around in the hotel and day resort, and such alternative programs can partly there is no «all inclusive» package available). compensate for bad weather. Success in animation helps to increase customer satisfaction. Two factors 4. Expanding the season are mainly responsible for higher rates of bookings Most of the programs can be realized indoors and lower advertisement costs-fi rst, word-of-mouth when the weather is not suitable, but it is also recommendations (an important factor in tourism) possible to organize programs for typically rainy and second, an increase in the number of tourists weather, so-called«rain-programs»(e.g. rain tours). who re-book a particular holiday. `Guests who par- Fortunately it is not only the summer season is fa- ticipate in an animation program remain in the ho- vourable for animation. In winter, activities like snow- tel and thus increase turnover in the food and bev- ball fi ghts, sledging, excursions, roasting chestnuts, erage section, through higher spending. They also preparing Christmas decorations and gifts are also take advantage of supplementary offers. In addi- popular among guests. In spring, programs related tion to such fi nancial returns, animation can support to Easter may increase the range of programs in ho- marketing goals through achieving a better image tels. Such can be egg-painting, searching for eggs in and position [3]. In order to be successful in busi- the garden as well as traditional Easter folk games ness life, we need to know our competitors and the can also be played. In autumn, leaves can be paint- potential risks. Regarding the competitors, we need ed, excursions to forests can be organized. In addi- to check their product/services, target groups, pric- tion, there is a great demand in that season for ani- es, sales as well as their fame. We need to clarify mators at team-building activities, company events how we are different from our competitors, why we or conferences[1]. are unique or better than others. This can be done Based on the abovementioned, we can state that with the help of competition-analysis [2]. animation activities have a lot of economic and so- Animation at a touristic unit has the following cial benefi ts, which are mutual. They are able to in- economic and marketing objectives that ensure the crease the satisfaction of both parties. Animation success even to the investors[4]. activities do not belong to the traditional tourism services, but as the world changes with the demand 1. Advantage in competition of customers, it is becoming more and more impor- Animation – as a touristic product – is tant part in tourism in some countries. Of course, aUSP(Unique Selling Product), which may bring sig- there are some requirements and necessary con- nifi cant advantage in competition due to its unique- ditions to do such activities successfully and profi t- ness. The more various and more interesting activi- ably: among others for example mature stage in the ties can be offered to the guests, the more special lifecycle of hotels, solvent demand by the tourists, will be our supply, thus the number of guests may experienced tourists, openness to new and active increase. This is in harmony with the latest touristic types of tourism, high quality services, high quality trends, saying that tourists are more and more inter- human resource in hotels, program-packages for all ested in active holidays. They are more interested in ages and all interests. learning new information about various topics, but at Animation is playing increasingly important role the same time they require high quality services [1]. in tourism (especially in the life of hotels and res- taurants/catering companies), since keeping the 2. Attachment of customers/guests guests, attracting new ones, as well as offering new The more satisfi ed the guests are with the serv- experience are among the top priorities nowadays. ices (i.e. the fi rst stage of 4C theory by Kotler works: From such point of view, animation can be a mar- meeting the demand and needs of the custom- keting (PR) tool while offering tailored services to ers), the more confi dent they are about making the guests [1]. right choice in that hotel, camping or restaurant. Therefore, they are expected to choose the same Results place the next time (especially if they feel that they While making an overview on situation of Hungary, can experience something new every time). Links I tried to collect statistical data and concrete infor- Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 66 Journal A mation about the number of hotels offering anima- Conclusions tion services, the number of programs offered, the Based on my research in the tourism trends territorial distribution of hotels with animation activi- in Hungary, I need to conclude that there are two ties, the changes in the length of stay in such hotels, approaches in the practice. One is related to the but unfortunately there is no data collected by the evolution of tourism, meaning that the supply is Central Statistical Offi ce for such. I could only obtain adapted to the changing demand, recognizing that information directly from hotels, which is not suffi - tourism is not a static but a dynamic sector. Such cient for making a national analysis on the sector. hotels proactively work on the creation of new In the fi rst decade of 21st century, there were sig- services and manage to expand the group of tar- nifi cant investments in Hungarian hotels. In 2015 22 get customers by offering services to various age- hotels were opened, out of which only 4 are located groups, fi eld of interest etc. The other approach in Budapest [7]. At the same time, 13 hotels are be- is mainly represented by large, traditional hotels, ing renovated or before construction in Budapest, based on thermal water resources, which provides and additional 18 are expected to open over 2016. a solid basis for the continuous interest by tourists. The latter ones are mainly 4* and 5* hotels, follow- Such hotels are not really interested in introducing ing the recent trends in the sector [6]. Numerous animation activities, since the thermal water is a new hotels have been built in Hungary which faced constant attraction for tourists, which means that the creation of services that are attractive for tourists the motivation to offer animation services is really as a must to survive on the market. In most cases, poor. In my opinion, the latest trends related to the animation seemed to be the solution, because it was traditional, original Hungarian products, so called effective and it did not impose much burden on the hungaricums, should also represent more in the budget. Regarding animation in tourism, we need supply of hotels. It is not because we should be to consider the Hungarian and foreign hotels from proud of such products and attractions, but also different perspective. In Hungary, primarily hotels because tourism in Hungary should focus on mak- around the Lake Balaton offer such services. Only ing the country more popular based on all the his- a few – approx. 10 % – hotels out of the Balaton re- torical, natural and cultural values and resources, gion try to attract tourists with animation services. It including hungaricums [7]. means that most of the hotels with rooms ranging Unfortunately the information about such hungari- from 100 to 200 do not organize any programs for cums by even the Hungarian citizens can be consid- the kids or for those interested in active recreation. ered quite poor. Based on our joint research carried They only offer accommodation and meals, which is out among students, we need to state that most of expected to result the decrease in the number of vis- Hungarian young people do not know what products itors or the rate of occupation on such an expanding and attractions are in the category of hungaricums. and innovative domestic and international tourism Therefore, one really important objective would be market. It can be observed that hotels tend to insist in hotels to create programs related to such attrac- on traditional hotel services and do not feel the need tions so that Hungarian tourists could also get an for a shift to the expansion of the supply. additional benefi t while relaxing on holiday.

REFERENCES:

1. Magyar Márton. As zállodaiés vendé glátós 5. Animation im Urlaub / Finger K., Gayler B., zolgál-tatások fejles ztése azanimációs pro- Hahn H., Hartman K. D. Starnberg, 1975. gram okbeve zetésével.Budapesti Gazdasá- 22 p. gi Főiskola-Magyar Tudomány Napja. 2004. 6. Hungarikumok területi jelentőségének vizs- P. 19–208. gálata, különös tekintettel a pálinkára / Ká- 2. Rofrics Eszter. Azanimáció, minta differen- poszta J., Ritter K., Kassai Zs. Tér és Tár- ciáláshozszükséges marketinges zközbemu- sadalom, 2015. № 29 : (4). P. 139–154. tatása azalakarosi Hotel Karos Spa-pélájánk- 7. Trend riport 2015 a hazai és nemzetközi eresztül, Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola, szállodaipar teljesítményéről. Magyar Szál- Külkereskedelmi Főiskolai Kar, Marketing lodák és Éttermek Szövetsége. Budapest, mesterszak. Budapest, 2004. URL: http:// 2015. 21 p. www.doksi.hu/get.php?order=DisplayPrevie 8. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- w&lid=20489 tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 3. Pomp l W. The concept of animation: As- lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- pects of tourism services: tourism man- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. agement. 1983. Vol. 4. Issue 1. P. 3–11. № 1. С. 62–65. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(83)90045-6. 9. URL: http://www.szallodamenedzsment.ektf. 4. Pomp l W. Turisztikai menedzsment. Buda- hu/dvd/tananyagok/szabadido_menedzs- pesht : Springer, 2000. 332 p. ment.html gricultural 67 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 37.013

Osychenko M. V., Skripkin V. S. THE METHOD OF INDIVIDUAL PHYSICAL QUALITIES EDUCATION AND REGULATION OF THE LOAD

Abstract: the article considers the questions about cal exercises on the development of physical abilities of organization of lessons of physical culture at the Uni- students. versity. The authors focus their attention on improving the methods of education of students` physical quali- Key words: training process, the physical qualities of ties. In the article is the analysis of infl uence of physi- muscular load.

Osychenko M. V. – Skripkin V. S. – Ph. D. in Philosophic Sciences, Docent of Department of Ph.D. in Veterinary Medicine, Docent, Physical Education and Sport Head of the Center of educational Stavropol State Agrarian University process management Stavropol, Russia Stavropol State Agrarian University Tel.: 8 962 4 427731 Stavropol, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (8652) 35-24-92

electing exercises for the education of physi- health status and degree of physical preparedness cal qualities, it is necessary to correlate them of students. S with the fundamental exercises taught in the The account of these features determines the classes and then defi ne their focus on the education content of the exercises and, also,methodology of a physical quality (method of adjoint action). Cho- by which the exercises will be implemented in the sen so exercise will contribute to the improvement classroom. of technology the basic movement and also to raise In the education of physical qualities of students the quality or qualities without which a study can be organized in form of circular training, exercise inten- fully mastered. sity, number of repetitions and duration of rest be- The method of infl uence used in the selection of tween exercises strictly dosed. preparatory exercises. There is recruitment exer- In the complexes of the dosage load can be cise carried out in connection with the main exercise shared, that is, be set equal for the all students taught in the classroom, by its variation, division into group, and individual. General dosage load can be parts, applying different weights and etc. used to perform General developmental and prepar- Recruitment exercises are also carried out by atory exercises, the circular training in the physical the method of directed muscle loads. The essence education class, and individual – in the process of of this method is that the selected exercises, allows applying the actually circuit training classes in the long and the directional impact on one or two mus- sports section. cle groups with a minimum employment of other A permanent record of the load allows the teacher groups. According to this way of thinking we could to systematically monitor the growth of physical fi tness, achieve quite satisfactory results in the education teaches a more precise follow-up exercises, and con- of physical qualities even when two-a-day sessions trol of pulse – to judge how successfully the body in- per week, as the stress on selected muscle groups volved in physical activity adapts to the load. Exercises increases. with individual load allows even weak students to expe- Directional selection exercises for the complexes rience the joy of success when you exercise. is determined by the tasks of physical preparation of The teacher of physical culture systematically car- students. To maintain interest in doing complex peri- ries out pedagogical control over the level of devel- odically, some exercises to be replaced. opment of physical qualities of students given medi- In the process of education of physical qualities cal examinations and the results of the pedagogical should be taken into account as the impact of physi- observations. As you progress through the training cal exercise on the development of certain physical program material, he arranges the tests according abilities, but also how these exercises are perceived to the technique of mastering a variety of motor ac- by students. tions. In addition, to assess the level of development Features of interaction of exercise should be con- of physical qualities of students is required two times sidered when selecting exercises into complexes for during the school year to measure for rapid tests. the education of physical qualities. In order to assess the level of development of In preparation for the lesson, the teacher solves physical qualities of students requires the results of the questions connected with physical activity. the rapid tests each pupil to compare it with the ap- The disage of the load in the education of phys- propriate age and sex norm for the evaluation of a ical qualities depends on the task, age, gender, result. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 68 Journal A

Subject to the General organizational and meth- physical qualities of the individual has its own spe- odological requirements, methods of education of cifi c features. On the other hand, biological (morpho- physical qualities of the individual has its specifi c logical and functional) components or other motor features. They are subject to, on the one hand, bio- skills such as age, sex, skills and other hallmarks of logical (morphological and functional) components the contingent, which is the directed development of or other motor skills, and age, sex, skills and oth- physical qualities. Therefore, the objectives, means er hallmarks of the contingent, which is the direct- and typical features of the technique it is advisable ed development of physical qualities. Therefore, the to consider in the aspect of physical preparation of objectives, means and typical features of the tech- students, specifi cally in relation to each of the physi- nique it is advisable to consider not at all, in the as- cal quality in particular. In addition, known structural pect of physical training of young people, specif- complexity of most of the main physical qualities re- ically, in relation to each of the physical quality in quired specifi c guidance regarding selective-direct- particular. In addition, known structural complexity ed education, typical of all forms of manifestation of of most of the main physical qualities required spe- one or another quality motor. cifi c guidance regarding selective-directed educa- The process of development of physical qualities tion, typical of all forms of manifestation of one or should be implemented in strict accordance with the another quality motor. functionality of a growing organism. The process of development of physical qualities The development of motor skills occurs in the should be implemented in strict accordance with the process of mastering motor actions. But their ef- functionality of a growing organism. fectiveness is not always high. In this regard, in the The development of motor skills occurs in the classroom provides specifi c exercises to develop process of mastering motor actions. But their effec- strength, speed, endurance, agility and fl exibility. tiveness is not always high. In this regard, the les- Systematic assessment of the level of develop- son provides specifi c exercises to develop strength, ment of physical qualities allows to conduct sys- speed, endurance, agility and fl exibility. tematic work with the physically weak students, and Subject to the General organizational and meth- physically well-prepared students aiming for occu- odological requirements, methods of education of pation in the section on sports.

REFERENCES:

1. Osychenko M. V., Skripkin V. S. Theoretical- 4. Ishmuratova R. M. Pedagogical suggestion in methodological aspect of satisfaction of stu- the process of development of physical qual- dents physical recreational activity. Naukar. ities visually impaired girls 11-12 years: PED. 2014. № 3 (23). P. 16–19. of Sciences Saint-Petersburg, 2007. 155 p. 2. Strelnikov R. V. Organization of physical edu- 5. Strelnikov R. V. Organization of physical edu- cation of students based on alternative choice cation of students based on alternative choice of the content classes : PED. Sciences. Vol- of the content classes : PED. Sciences. Vol- gograd, 2009. 148 p. gograd, 2009. 148 p. 3. Trukhachev V. I., OsychenkoM. V., Skripkin M. V. Main components of physical and recrea- tional activities of students // proceedings SWorld. 2015. T. 20. № 1 (38). P. 15–19. gricultural 69 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Ozaeva I., Ivolga A., Varivoda V. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM MARKET: CURRENT STATE AND PROGNOSIS

Abstract: The article refl ects the situation in interna- by environmental and geo-political infl uence. Based on tional tourism market within 3 years. It analyses the total available data, several results and trends were forecast- number of international tourists as well as shows the re- ed. This work includes some fi gures and statistics to prove sults on the regional level. The main tourism issues and the fi ndings and give the clear understanding. their consequences that happened during last three years were highlighted. The purpose of the article is to show the Key words: international tourism, tourism arrivals, trends on international tourism market that were formed tourism market development.

Ozaeva I. – Varivoda V. – Student of the Faculty of Socio-cultural service and tourism Ph. D., associate Professor, Stavropol State Agrarian University candidate of economic Sciences, Stavropol, Russia Department of Tourism and Service Tel.: 8(8652)353980 Stavropol State Agrarian University E-mail:[email protected] Stavropol, Russia E-mail:[email protected] Ivolga A. – Ph. D., Associate Professor, Department of Tourism and Service Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Tel.: 8(8652)353980 E-mail:[email protected]

Introduction Current state The tourism in its modern defi nition starts by In 2013 the general current state of internation- Grand Tour- a trip to Europe that upper-class young al tourism market was positive (5 % growth) [3] men did with a purpose of education and visiting oth- Europe, the most visited region in the world, the re- er places; before the Tour tourism had military and sult of 2013 (+5 % = 563 million of visitors) doubled religious purposes, which was at least at 3000 B.C. the region’s average in 2005-2012 (+2,5 %). Europe First people who started to travel with a leisure pur- has all conditions to lead the ranking: rich cultural pose were Egyptians, and then Greeks began to of- resources, strong health and hygiene conditions, fer major sites and events to visitors, satisfy the de- well-developed infrastructure and Schengen Area, mand of lodging and other services, as we as record which represents high degree of international open- observations – guide books [5]. ness and integration [6,10, 11]. Throughout the years tourism had experienced Asia and Pacifi c had a strongest growth (+6 %) continuing growth and changes and became the in 2013, as well as Africa attracted more arrivals fastest growing economic sector. Tourism is con- (+6 %). nected to other different economic sectors such In 2014 the growth was 4,4 % which refl ects the as agriculture, constructions, telecommunications, sector’s strong and consistent performance regard- transport, etc. It creates many benefi ts, for exam- less the global challenges such as Ebola virus, a ple high employment, however this tight connection slow global economic recovery and geopolitical con- does not allow the tourism to function by itself, which fl icts. This year the Americas took the best result is indicate the importance of a sustainable tourism. by having +8 % growth, which was made mostly by It will help the country or communities progress in North America and Caribbean. Europe had only 3 % a balanced way. Unfortunately, nowadays tourism growth, however it kept its status of the most visit- industry is growing faster than global economy as ed region of the world. Asia and the Pacifi c kept its whole [12]. position by having 5 % growth, in Africa it was only Tourism adapts all innovations such as new tech- 2 %. nologies or management strategies in order to attract The tourism market in 2015 faced different chal- more tourists, increase the capacity of the destina- lenges: international tourists were infl uenced by tion, along with environmental protection, conserva- continued geopolitical confl icts, air crashes. tion of cultural heritage and support of local people The forecast of global tourism is positive, the in- very quickly. creasing number of international tourists is expect- The purpose of this article is to analyze the cur- ed. UNWTO sees the Asia – Pacifi c region as the rent state of international tourism market and fore- most popular destination as it has a signifi cant po- cast its development. tential to receive tourists, they expect the number of Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 70 Journal A international tourist arrivals to be more than doubled rivals in 2015, the biggest market, the UK and the from 205 million to 541 million in 2030. Russian Federation, imposed restrictions on travel- ling to Egypt. The industry never fully recovered to Tourism struggling the peak year of 2010, which was about 15 million For a long time, Paris was named as the most visitors. popular city destination, unfortunately in 2014 due Another destination which is experiencing drop in to the geopolitical confl ict it stepped back on third tourism statistic is Russian Federation. According to place, after London and Bangkok [3]. Signifi cant hit the Travel& Tourism Competitive Index 2015, having the tourism industry of Paris took the 13th November high scores on natural and cultural heritage, health 2015, after terrorist attack in different places of the and hygiene, Russia does not see tourism as a na- capital of France. The fl ight booking felt by 27 % and tional priority. The country does not support the en- hotel revenue decreased by 30-40 %. For country vironmental sustainability and business environ- where 9 % of its GDP and 10 % of total employ- ment. The most common reason why international ment lay back on tourism, the decline was remark- travelers do not travel to Russia is a complicated able. The situation could have been worst if it would visa process and safety & security challenges [2]. have happened not at the end of the year. Even so No doubts, that after such kind of sport evens as the the climate summit brought a thousand of attendees Universiade 2013 in Kazan and the Olympic Winter and visitors in fi rst two weeks of December [4]. Games 2012 in Sochi, the main infrastructure (trans- After another terrorist attack in Egypt, the eco- portation and communication channels, hospitals nomic situation of the country was weak, as Egypt and tourism facilities) were arranged. Unfortunately, tourism depending country, and it had attempts to after political events in Crimea and geopolitical situ- revive the main economic sector after years of politi- ation in the world, tourism transaction supposed to cal turmoil. It is ranked 12 for direct contribution for be harmed in both ways. Regardless this situation employment in 2014, and after the events in 2015, the number of arriving tourists defi nitely goes up. the rank was dropped till the 21th place [11]. In 2014 Due to the fact that Russian Federation is holding the total contribution of Travel & Tourism in Egypt the organization of FIFA World Cup 2018, the re- was 12.8 %, which was expected to growth by 2.9& markable improvement in number of tourists arrived in 2015. Unfortunately, after the loss of 41 % ar- is expected [1].

Figure 1 – The hotel occupancy in Paris after terrorist attack in January (red line) and November (blue line) 2015

Figure 2 – Number of tourists in November and December gricultural 71 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

Figure 3 – International arrivals statistics in Russia Tourism market trends the previous, safety & security, as it is travel facilita- Based on the previous highlights, the actuality of tion, concerning the visa facilitation polices among safety& security on the tourism destinations is clear. the G20 economies. It contradicts to the safe trav- Modern tourism is multifaceted and it is involved a elling, because it increases a lot the tourist fl ow be- lot of different stakeholders, that is why safety & se- tween the destinations, which means that control on curity should be prioritized for any tourism destina- each tourist destination should be stricter [9]. tion. The fi rst time the global tourism experienced According to APEC Leaders the visa facilitation collapse after September 11, when the massive $3.6 should give a boost to the economic, as the capac- trillion industry almost ground to a halt after the ter- ity will increase, all tourist facilities will expand which rorist attacks. In order to avoid the lost over billion is followed by job creation. The research shows that dollars in revenue caused by fear of more terrorist after implementation of new polices Asia – Pacifi c attacks, governments of many countries work on region will receive between 38 – 57 million addition- safety & security programs, as tourism makes a big al tourists, which will infl uence on the employment part of economy in many countries. rate positively, as the total number of new jobs cre- According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, ated is being estimated to 1.8- 2.6 million [10]. it takes 13 months to recover after a terrorist attack, Discovering Asia and Pacifi c regions is another by comparing to recover from disease – 21 months, trend. It has not only hosting possibility, but it is also environmental catastrophes – 24 moths and political a huge outbound market. unrest – 27 moths. WTTC investigated some cases of fast recovery after terrorist attacks in popular tour- Conclusions ism destination: in 2004 Madrid took only one week to Regardless different challenges throughout 3 get the same amount of tourist after the train bomb- previous years, the volume of international trans- ings; the bombings in London 2005 had no notable ef- actions is increasing. Some of the destinations, fect on tourism. However, the context of terrorist at- like Middle East, are losing its position on the glo- tack has big infl uence, the death toll of Madrid bombing bal tourism market due to the geopolitical confl icts. and Indonesian bombing in 2005 was equal but impact Other destinations like Paris or Russian Federation on international arrivals was signifi cantly lower [4]. Of have a strong potential to recover after a regress of course, Madrid is one of the most popular destinations arrivals number. The international tourism market it- in Europe, and the biggest percentage of tourist comes self depends on exchange rates, oil prices, environ- from Schengen Zone. Thus, in my opinion, the time of ment conditions, particularly safety & security. Now recovery depends on the situation of the country. then Asia and Pacifi c are the most developing desti- The next improvement in tourism industry that nations due to positive economy and strong position Ministers of Tourism are trying to apply is threaten on international market.

REFERENCES: 2. Crotti R., Misrahi T. The travel and tourism com- 1. Arrivals R. Russia to see increase in tourist petitiveness index 2015: T&T as a resilient contri- arrivals[electronic resource]//Travelbiznews. bution to national development. 2015[electronic com. URL: http://www.travelbiznews.com/ resource]. URL: http://www3.weforum.org/ news/tourism/item/448-russia-to-see-increase- docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_ in-tourist-arrivals [Accessed 10 Mar. 2016]. Report_2015.pdf [Accessed 10 Mar. 2016] . Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 72 Journal A

3. Elfi mova Y. M., Bistrova G. A. Virtual tour- 12. France Tourism 2015: After ISIS Attacks Par- ism – the objective reality of the modern trav- is, Will The City Of Light Be Able To Recov- el business // Sustainable development of er? [electronic resource] // International Busi- touristic market: international practice and ness Times. URL: http://www.ibtimes.com/ experience of Russia : collection of scientif- france-tourism-2015-after-isis-attacks-paris- ic works. Tr. according to the materials of the will-city-light-be-able-recover-2187294 [Ac- II international scientifi c conference. (Stav- cessed 12 Mar. 2016]. ropol, 09-11 April 2014) / SSAU. Stavropol, 13. Krohnblad A. Origins of tourism and trav- 2014. P. 81–84. el [Power Point Slides]. URL: http://elearn- 4. Elfi mova Y. M. Main directions of develop- ing.swisseducation.com/course/view. ment of innovative policy of the enterpris- php?id=4533 [Accessed 8 Mar. 2016]. es // Actual problems of Economics, sociolo- 14. International tourist arrivals up 4 % reach gy and law. 2011. № 1. P. 47–49. a record 1.2 billion in 2015 / World Tour- 5. Elfi mova Y. M., Khoroshilova E. A. Founda- ism Organization UNWTO //Media.unwto. tions of the competitiveness of the Russian org [online]. URL: http://media.unwto.org/ hotel business // the Strategy for sustaina- press-release/2016-01-18/international-tour- ble development: current issues and trends ist-arrivals-4-reach-record-12-billion-2015 : sat. scientifi c. Tr. in proceedings of the I in- [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016]. ternational scientifi c conference. (Moscow, 15. International tourist arrivals worldwide 20–22 November 2013) / SSAU. Stavropol, 2014 // Statistic[electronic resource]. URL: 2013. P. 85–88. http://www.statista.com/statistics/209334/to- 6. Trukhachev А. Methodology for evaluat- tal-number-of-international-tourist-arrivals/] ing the rural tourism potentials: a tool to en- [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016]. sure sustainable development of rural set- 16. Travel & Tourism Economic impact 2015 tlements // Sustainability. 2015. Т. 7. № 3. Egypt: WTTC[electronic resource]. URL: P. 3052–3070. https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/ 7. Trukhachev А., Ivolga A. Regional aspects economic %20impact %20research/coun- of modern brandingin the book: sustainable tries %202015/egypt2015.pdf[Accessed 10 development of tourist market: internation- Mar. 2016]. al practice and experience resiistance state 17. Why tourism?World Tourism Organization: agrarian University. 2014. P. 194–198. UNWTO[electronic resource]. URL: http:// 8. Special methodological aspects of econom- www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism [Ac- ic analysis for rural territories development / cessed 7 Mar. 2016]. Lescheva M., Ivolga A., Labenko O. // Agri- 18. Количество прибывших граждан cultural Problems Economics. 2014. Vol. 9 иностранных государств на P. 432–440. территорию РоссийскойФедерации- 9. Annual Report 2013: UNWTO [electronic re- Ростуризм[electronic resource]. URL: source]. URL: http://www2.unwto.org/publi- http://www.russiatourism.ru/contents/sta- cation/unwto-annual-report-2013 [Accessed tistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaim- 7 Mar. 2016] nykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-feder- 10. Annual Report 2014: UNWTO [electronic re- atsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/ source]. URL: http://www2.unwto.org/annu- kolichestvo-pribyvshikh-grazhdan-inostran- alreport2014 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016]. nykh-gosudarstv-na-territoriyu-rossiyskoy- 11. Business – Security fears blight Paris tour- federatsii/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2016]. ism a month after attacks / France 24 [elec- tronic resource]. URL: http://www.france24. com/en/20151215-security-fears-blight-par- is-tourism-november-attacks [Accessed 10 Mar. 2016]. gricultural 73 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 631

Parlińska M., Petrovska I. COMMON AGRICULTURE POLICY: IMPLEMENTATION IN POLAND

Maria Parlińska – Iryna Petrovska – Head of Department of Agricultural Economics and Department of Agricultural International Economic Relations, Foreign Member Latvia Economics and International Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Economic Relations, Member of Senate Comission foe International Cooperation, Warsaw University of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw Life Sciences – SGGW 02-787 Warsaw Poland Nowoursynowska Street, 166 Poland Nowoursynowska Street, 166 Tel.: +48 22 5934129 Tel.: +48 22 5934129 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

n period, 2004-2014 Poland was one of the big- Common Agriculture Policy is based on two pillars: gest benefi ciary of Common Agriculture Policy. 1) market policy with support of farmer’s in- I Also in the next years Poland will get the biggest come; amount of grant from Common Agriculture Policy 2) rural development policy[2]. (CAP). Modernization of agriculture infrastructure The policy supporting farmers is to guarantee was important for implementation of CAP in Poland. the more stable income for farmers, as they have So example of Poland can be taken into considera- lower income in comparison with urban inhabitants. tion by other countries as a standard one. Agriculture Financial support of farmers based on system of di- production is very important for Polish economy. [2, rect payments from EU budget (grants for agricul- p.36] ture production). But to receive these grants farm- Common Agriculture Policy began in 1957, and ers should meet standards about animals, animal started offi cially to work in 1962, based on Rome and environmental welfare, plan health, and keep- agreement. To Common Agriculture Market there ing land in good conditions[2]. were included six countries: Belgium, France, The rural development policy provides agricul- Holland, Luxemburg, Italy and Federal Republic of ture competitiveness, supporting land management Germany[1]. and environment, improving economy and living The aim of European Union agriculture policy is conditions in rural areas[2]. to stabilize agriculture market, mechanism of free Common Agriculture Policy is based on the fol- competition and profi t of farmers and producers. lowing rules: Common Agriculture Policy is the most expensive 1) market equality, which means free production economic policy of EU. CAP has the following ob- fl ow, equal prices and regulations; jectives: increasing of agriculture productivity (pro- 2) preferences of community (priority sales for motion of technical progress, development of agri- members and system of protection against culture production); providing fair standard of living import); for agricultural community by increasing their earn- 3) fi nancial solidarity (common expenses of ings; market stabilization; providing availability of CAP); supplies; ensuring reasonable prices[2]. 4) common responsibility of producers [5].

Figure 1 – The CAP post-2013: From challenges to reforms objectives Source: [3, p. 3], DG Agriculture and Rural Development Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 74 Journal A

Figure 2 – The part of CAP expenditures by calendar year Source: [3, p.4], DG Agriculture and Rural Development

Figure 3 – The new greening architecture of CAP Source: [3, p.6], DG Agriculture and Rural Development After Poland became EU member, the econom- Conclusions ic situation of the most agriculture farmers was im- It is not that easy to maintain all requirements proved: increasing profi tability of production, im- needed to enter EU. The most important is not only proving of creating of prices, increasing of export, enter this Union, but also the most important to mod- farmers got grants from CAP [4]. ernize agriculture system in purpose to be able to In charts above there are presented the main implement all reforms of CAP and to be able to ben- description of objectives of CAP reforms (chart 1), efi t from this policy. Involving specialists from Poland distribution of funds (chart 2) and environmental can help to other counties which willing to enter EU performance for more sustainable EU agriculture to overcome all problems connected with reforms of (chart 3). agriculture sector. gricultural 75 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 REFERENCES:

1. Gross A., Czym jest Wspólna Polityka Rol- 4. Poczta W., Hardt L. Skutki integracji Polski z na? URL : http://www.arimr.gov.pl/pomoc-un- UE dla rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich – próba ijna/wspolna-polityka-rolna/czym-jest-wspol- oceny. URL: https://polskawue.gov.pl/fi les/ na-polityka-rolna.html Dokumenty/Publikacje_o_UE/Polska_w_ 2. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- Unii_Europejskiej/9_x.pdf tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- 5. Overview of CAP reform 2014-2020. URL: lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/policy-per- iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. spectives/policy-briefs/05_en.pdf № 1. С. 62-65. 6. Wspólna Polityka Rolna Unii Europejsk- 3. Kundera J., Poland in Common Agricultural iej. Rozwój polskiego rolnictwa. URL: http:// Policy. URL: http://escijournals.net/IJAE/arti- www.cie.gov.pl/HLP/fi les.nsf/0/15B6C3704 cle/view/433 8FDC835C1256E7B00496DB1/$file/ROZ- WOJRO.PDF Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 76 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Petrović M., Bjeljac Ž., Vujko A. ANALYSIS OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF AN AGRITOURISM DESTINATION – A THEORETICAL APPROACH

Abstract: Тhe paper examined the life cycle model of an destination, suggested by Swarbrooke [7]. These are the agritourism destination and its consequences. To achieve key propositions to start an initiative for the local communi- that, authors of the paper used Butler’s model, as one of the ties to involve and actively participate in agritourism devel- most complete and most widely accepted models of a tour- opment. The results provide residents and local authorities ist destination life cycle. According to presented approach, with important community perceptions pertaining to the life tourist destinations pass through the cycle, which consists cycle of an agritourism destination and main characteristics of six basic stages: research, inclusion or participation, de- on the relation local residents – visitors. velopment, consolidation, stagnation and stabilization, and fi nally rejuvenation or fall. In addition, authors presented Key words: agritourism, evolution cycle model, rural main characteristics of life cycle phases of an agritourist area, locals, visitors.

Petrović M.– Vujko A.– Ph.D., Research Associate, Geographical Institute «Jovan Cvijić», Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA) Novi Sad Business School Belgrade, Serbia Novi Sad, Serbia Tel.: +381 11 26 36 395 Tel.: +381 64 914 26 45 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Bjeljac Ž. – Ph.D., Senior Research Associate, Geographical Institute «Jovan Cvijić», Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA) Belgrade, Serbia Tel.: +381 11 26 36 395 E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction ical, private rural households and the local village The effect of global processes on economy community are very poor fi nancially, therefore rural growth is refl ected in direction and intensity of the and agritourism are treated as an entirely new way international and domestic tourist fl ows, as well as of business (Sznajder et al., 2009). As many authors in the development of particular types of tourism, suggest [3, 4, 9, 12, 5], agritourism is a part of rural so called special interests’ tourism. In modern stud- tourism, which takes place on farms and other types ies on the development of the international tourist of rural households, where there is a possibility of trends, agritourism has raised as its very increas- receiving food, beverage and/or accommodation, ing and signifi cant segment. There are many spatial apart from the basic agricultural activity. Moreover, guidelines in the terminology of agritourism and its these authors state that hospitality, with a focus on relation to rural tourism [8, 5, 11]. In the USA, these the local gastronomic offer, may become an integral two types of tourism are actually identical, consider- part of agritourism activities, with specifi c life cycle ing that in most parts of the US there are spacious from introduction, to the fall of the market participa- rural areas, with numerous ranches and farms, so tion. that the narrow notion of rural area according to the European norms is almost non-existent here. On the Results and discussion other hand, among the EU member states, where The life cycle of a service or a product comprises many rural areas also have prominent non-agricul- all the phases through which a service or a product tural functions (e.g. forestry, breeding hunting and passes, from the entrance on the market to the lev- fi shing species, hospitality, craftsmanship etc.), the el on which it is still profi table to keep it in the pro- differences between agritourism and rural tourism duction program [2]. In the sphere of tourism, it is are signifi cant. This is justifi ed by the fact that in necessary to make a difference between the overall many rural areas of the EU the extensive agricul- tourist product, i.e. tourist destination and a partial tural production is almost extinct, but the local com- tourist product, i.e. tourist company. In this relation, munity has found alternative ways of income and in it is necessary to mention that the life cycle of an this way remained in the rural area (e.g. production agritourist economy company directly depends on crafts, traffi c business, numerous types of entrepre- the phase in a life cycle of a destination in which it neurship). Contrary to the aforementioned exam- is formed, but it also works in the opposite direction. ples, in the Eastern European countries, where the The phases of the development cycle of a partial process of deruralisation was very intense and rad- agritourist product are most often observed through gricultural 77 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 fi ve phases, and they are: introduction, growth, ma- ond sub-phase, the phase of participation or turity, satiation and fall of the market participation. inclusion, very obvious is a larger number of The mentioned phases should be understood as tourist visits to the destination. The visitors the approximation of real trends on the market, be- are most often attracted by the fact that it is a cause of the spotted relativity, i.e. unevenness in the new, and still not established rural destination. speed of trends of various products on the market. The local population begins to adapt to tour- However, undisputable is the role of the assessment ism development and increases the number of agritourist product life cycle as an instrument of of local initiatives for tourism development planning in the future. and the enrichment of material basis. In this The life cycle of an agritourist destination passes phase the most outstanding is the season- through phases similar to the above, so it is often al tourist movement, and the impact of tour- called evolution cycle, as well. The reason for using ism is becoming more obvious, which usual- such a term lies in the main characteristics of a tour- ly leads to the inclusion of the public sector in ist destination, and especially in the signifi cance of numerous segments of tourist development in space as its element. Such a cycle takes into con- the destination (e.g. the construction of roads, sideration all the changes of tourist demand mani- tourist signalization, souvenir shops, etc.). festations (various visitors with different needs and 2. The growth phase is characterized by a gener- motives) and the changes of a tourist offer based on al progress, when tourist infrastructure is con- which all kinds of events and/or characteristics of a cerned, and also by the appearance of clear- tourist destination change. ly defi ned market segments, the stimulated Butler has given one of the most complete and marketing activities, but also by the inclusion most widely accepted models of a tourist destina- of legal entities outside the tourist destination. tion life cycle (Figure 1). According to this approach, In this phase, the number of visitors is signifi - tourist destinations pass through the cycle which cantly higher than the number of locals, which consists of six basic phases: research, inclusion or often leads to numerous confl icts between participation, development, consolidation, stagna- these two groups. In a signifi cant amount, the tion and stabilization, rejuvenation or fall [1]. local participation and the local control over 1. The initial phase comprises the phase of re- tourist development is decreased, and there search and the phase of inclusion or participa- are signs of gradual degradation of the condi- tion. The phase of research is characterized tions for a stay. Adequate policy and investing by a small number of visitors, who individu- are necessary, especially by the public sector, ally come to a tourist destination, i.e. without and with the aim to protect the resources for any mediation of a tourist agency or other le- further, continuous development. gal entity. In the destination there is no infra- 3. In the phase of maturity and consolidation, structure or superstructure or they are scarce, there is a decrease in the number of the so the number of visitors is also limited. The coming tourists, even though their absolute contact with the local community is often in- number increases and signifi cantly exceeds tensive, and the total impact of tourism on the the number of residents. Tourist and business destination is small or irrelevant. In the sec- centers are developed as separate units with-

Figure 1 – Tourist destination evolution cycle model Source: Adapted according to Butler (1980) Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 78 Journal A

in a destination. In the development a very tivities directed towards the product or market modi- intensive part is taken by numerous market fi cation of an agritourist destination. subjects, such as tourist and non-tourist facil- 4. If due to fall of the number of visitors and fur- ities from many business spheres (e.g. retail ther decrease of market a destination is no chains, craft workshops for mass production longer able to fi ght with the competition, then of souvenirs, new public services…). Very it gets into a decline phase. When it is estimat- obvious are local attempts to attract visitors ed that it is not profi table for the destination to because the largest part of local economy is make changes of a produce or market in or- tightly connected with agritourism activities. der to refresh or rejuvenate, a tourist destina- During the phase of stagnation, a tourist desti- tion decides to abandon the participation on nation is no longer especially popular with visitors, the tourist market. In the observed moment, even though it already has a recognizable market the role of the local authorities in a destina- position and image. The maximum number of visi- tion should be decisive in the management of tors has been achieved, with total use of all the hos- changes, which involves making a strategy, pitality capacities, which causes numerous social, which would involve investment partnership economic and ecological problems. The change in with a private sector. ownership of a place is very common, and the build- The model of an agritourist destination life cycle ing of new places is rare, with the increase of the lo- suggests that each of the cycle phases has conse- cal ownership of the places. quences concerning: number and type of visitors, The end of evolution cycle means the choice level of contact between locals and tourists, the lev- among several main types of approach: stabiliza- el of changes in a destination and the bearers of tion, limited growth, rejuvenation, fall and distanc- the control on local tourist economy business. The ing from tourist trends (sudden fall). The solution for nature of these relations is shown in the Table 1. this stagnation phase can be the introduction of new According to this model, the development of a des- attractions, the engagement of unused resources, tination initiates problems as a result of the fact that current hospitality facilities renovation or redirection entrepreneurs outside the tourist destination start to of a tourist product or market. This stage is called a take control over the local tourist economy, while the rejuvenation phase. A limited growth or stabilization, contact between locals and visitors becomes more leans on this phase, because it contains certain ac- formal and more institutionalized. Table 1 – Characteristics of life cycle phases of an agritourist destination Stages The Capacity Contact Changes Control Type of number tourists of tourists Research Very Small Low None Local Allocentric small

Participation Local Regional Near- allocentric / Centric Development Maximal Non- High Relevant National / local featureless International

Consolidation The All the Near- highest levels psychocentric point / Psychocentric Stagnation Stably

Decline Small Local High Local mechanical increasing

Rejuvenation New Relicts National / Centric International

Changing High Low Relevant

Source: Adapted according to Swarbrooke (1999) gricultural 79 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 The concept of a life cycle can be observed from tion cycle. For example, one agritourist destination two standpoints [6]. According to thefi rst standpoint, can be in the phase of introduction for young people, it is believed that this concept is extremely useful and for the seniors, it can be in the decline phase as a means of predicting and understanding sales or vice versa. On the other hand, the model of a life trends. Thesecond standpoint supports the thesis cycle of a destination can be very applicable with that life cycle concept of a destination is not useful small, rural destinations, while it is almost inapplica- for predicting because it does not refl ect many vari- ble with the whole country and/or region as a tourist ables that can affect sales and the choice of strategy destination. aimed to gaining a competitive advantage. It can be According to the presented standpoints and the- concluded that it is virtually impossible to defi ne the ses, it can be easily concluded that the model of a precise duration of the whole life cycle and the dura- life cycle of a destination on a micro-level can also tion of its phases. This conclusion especially refers be observed as a life cycle of a place in agritour- to agritourist products, both in a partial and the inte- ism, including all the accompanying development grated form, primarily because of its structure, defi - phases. Leaning on the previously presented stand- nition of certain cycle phases and the defi nition of point that this model can be very applicable on small breaking points between them. and extremely specialized destinations, the conclu- sion points to the opinion that the model is extremely Conclusions useful for planning and predicting in agritourism, in With the mentioned details, the problems with the same amount as in other aspects of tourist ac- the application of a cycle originate from the gener- tivities in rural areas. al overview of agritourist market, i.e. the rejection of the fact that the number of market segments in Acknowledgment: The research was supported a destination determines the number of products, by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological which can appear in different phases of the evolu- Development, Republic of Serbia (Grant III 47007).

REFERENCES:

1. Butler R.W. The Concept of Tourism Area 9. Todorović М., Bjeljac Ž. Rural Tourism in Ser- Cycle of Evaluation: Implications for Man- bia as a Concept of Development in Unde- agement of Resources. Canadian Geogra- veloped Regions: acta geographica. Sloveni- pher, 1980. P. 5-12. ca, 2009. № 49 (2). P. 453-473. 2. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- 10. Todorović M., Štetić S. Ruralni turizam. Bel- tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- grade: Forma B, 2009. lish languages (on phycholinguistic exper- 11. Agritourism / Sznajder M., Przezborska L., iment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. Scrimgeour F. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, № 1. С. 62-65. 2009. 3. Hovinen G. R. Revisiting the destination li- 12. An Overview of Agritourism Development fecycle model: annals of Tourism Research. in Serbia and European Union Countries / 2002. № 29(1). P. 209-230. Petrović M. D., Radović G., Terzić A. // Inter- 4. Miletić R., Todorović M. Ecotourism and national Journal of Sustainable Economies Complementary Activities as a Possibility of Management. 2015. № 4(2). P. 1-14. Including in the Development process // The 13. Development of Farmers’ Perception Scale Development and Potentials of Ecotourism on Agro Tourism in Cameron Highlands / on Balkan Peninsula / Geographical Institute Kunasekaran P., Ramachandran S., Ya- «Jovan Cvijic» Serbian Academy of Scienc- cob M. R., Shuib, A. // World Applied Scienc- es and Arts. Belgrade, 2003. Vol. I. P. 85-93. es Journal (Special Issue of Tourism & Hos- 5. Parra-López E., Calero-Garcia F.J. Agrotour- pitality). Malaysia, 2002. № 12. P. 10-18. ism, sustainable tourism and ultraperipheral 14. Leisure Time in Countryside: The Health As- areas: the case of the Canary Islands. Pa- pects of Agritourism Activities / Petrović M. D., sos, 2006. P. 85-97. Vujko A., Blešić I. // International Journal 6. Petrović M. D. Agritourism in contemporary Scientifi c and Applicative papers. № 8(1 ). scientifi c literature: agroekonomika. 2003. P. 131-136. P. 59-60, P. 94-113. 15. Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (TIAS) as a 7. Popesku J. Menadžment turističke destinac- Tool of Contemporary Analysis in Agritour- ije : Singidunum University / Faculty of Tour- ism / Petrović M. D., Bjeljac Ž., Demirović ism and Hospitality Management. Belgrade, D.Third International Scientifi c-Practical Con- 2011. ference Sustainable Development of Tour- 8. Swarbrooke J. Sustainable Tourism Manage- ism Market: International Practice and Rus- ment. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 1999. sian Experience. Stavropol, 2015. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 80 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Sidelnikova K. PRICE AS THE MAIN FACTOR OF RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: Today rural tourism has to be treated as tioned type of tourism. The article presents the results of an important trend of entrepreneurship development and questionnaire survey aimed at revealing the main factors its diversifi cation in rural areas, as an important trend of infl uencing the rural tourism development. The price was sustainable rural development, as a chance for economic, highlighted as the main factor affecting the consumer de- social and cultural revitalization of rural areas at large. mand. This gives a reason for high relevance of research of the essence and development prospects of the above-men- Key words: tourism, rural tourism, price.

Sidelnikova K. – Assistant at the Department of tourism and service, Stavropol State Agrarian University Stavropol, Russia Tel. 8 (86152) 31-59-26 E-mail: [email protected]

owadays rural tourism is becoming more and of interviewees prefer short-term trips, what is also more often the sphere of great interest. It is favorable for rural tourism development. 67,9 % of N especially popular in Europe, where each respondents consider trip costs as the key aspect country has its own specialization area. For exam- when making a decision. As for seasons, summer is ple, gastronomic tourism is common for France, Italy the most preferable one for 70 % of surveyed, while and Spain, hunting and fi shing – for Finland, while 6,2 % of them pick agritourism. This fact shows a Poland, Hungary and Slovakia are mostly famous for positive trend for the rural touristic sphere as for de- its culture and traditions. Austria is considered to be veloping one. one of the founders of rural tourism. About 10 % of The record form consists of 6 questions refl ect- farms in Austria have offers in agritourism along with ing factor impact on customer demand, where pric- traditional agricultural activities. es represent the primal one. According to the results Study of international agritourism experience of the survey factor ranking is following: 1st place – is a useful way to develop this sphere in Russia, prices; 2nd place – quality; 3rd pace – previous trav- which has helped Central, North-Western and el experience; 4th place – friends’ feedbacks; 5th Kaliningrad Federal Districts to become leaders in place – distance. the rural tourism. As well as any emerging busi- For the effective operation of the agritourism farm ness activity, agritourism fosters plenty of issues and its rapid market penetration the complex of af- to be examined. fecting factors is similar. Among the most signifi cant The aim of our investigation was identifi cation of ones are price reasonableness for agritourism prod- factors infl uencing the tourism development. To de- uct, costs and quality accord, positive image forma- termine the most important one, the questionnaire tion for agritourism farms, marketing development of survey was held among 131 respondents, represent- agritourism services, local government support for ed by 67,2 % of women and 32,8 % of men. The age above-mentioned sphere in the territories [3]. of respondents has the following structure: 67, % of Rural tourism as a business activity can bring in surveyed are under the age of 25, 26 % are between profi ts in the case that there is plain and obvious 25 and 40 years and age of 6,1 % of respondents for clients pricing system for the services offered by varies from 41 to 60 years old. The majority of inter- agritourism farms [8]. In fact, price represents one viewees (67,7 %) is single, 73,3 % of them have no of the key items specifying effi ciency of the others children. Employment to the total ratio of respond- marketing tools for the particular agritourism farm ents is 63,8 %. The biggest part of surveyed repre- (Figure 1). sented by city inhabitants, which can help to reveal Even if the farm offers high-quality product, has customers preferences of urban population. well-organized distribution system, but its prices The questionnaire survey was oriented to reveal do not correspond to reality, it will not be profi table main customer preferences and factors affecting the [5]. The question is at what rate the price should be demand of prospective clients. Thus, the most fre- set – high, middle or low? It is evident, that answer quent factor which keep 57,9 % of respondents from is that price should be set in accordance to the prod- travelling around Russia is price. The next common- uct’s quality. That kind of prices is named as fair or est one is quality, which is reasonable due to the optimum price, which means that it can not be too interconnection between prices and quality, proved high or too low. The more optimum is price level the earlier by the number of scientists. The biggest part more effective are tools for enterprise operation. gricultural 81 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

Main requirements to the price level of the agritourism product

Optimality anddynamics Relative stability

Suitable form of Complexity Appropriate quality of the product presentation

Figure 1 – Main requirements to the price level of the agritourism product

However, achieving the price at this rate is the main pose to add the product content, demand changes problem of agritourism farm pricing policy. and product value as another factors infl uencing the Based on the survey data it is concluded that price for agritourism service. The last one, in our 90 % of respondents are planning to have a vaca- view, is too uncertain to be considered as a price af- tion in summer time. In this case, the effectiveness fecting factor. of rural tourism will be at the possibly highest lev- Obviously, when setting price for a product an el, when hospitality and accommodation services agritourism farm keeper should regard the produc- are offered during the whole year [7]. It requires the tion costs as the initial point. Thus, the fi rst step is to complex of specifi c procedures of pricing for agri- analyze expenses and determine those, which form tourism farm according to peculiarities of each sea- production costs for a product unit. In this particular son, which lead to the change of factors determining case, a product unit is one day of agritourist stay. All range and quality of tourism items. the rest pets are devoted to looking for ways of profi t The common criteria for the vacation costs at maximization. the agritourism farm is client appeal. Today the wide There is a pricing method based on 4 factors: range of prices for agritourism services is observed. product content, material costs, product value and It varies from 400 to 9000 rubles pro person (with competition. The product price is calculated by mul- or without meal option) and depends on the region, tiplying the price set by an enterprise by the ratio of farm arrangements and services range. One more product value determined by our clients to the val- feature of the prices in this sphere is its high varia- ue of competitor’s product determined by his clients. bility and seasonality. The difference between price This method has only one though quite signifi cant ratio in winter and summer periods is twice, while in disadvantage – complicated process of agritour- comparison with spring or autumn it might be even ism product value determination [1]. It is calculated three or more times as large. based on «multivariate comparison with competitor’s Unfortunately, lack of monitoring among agritour- product by determining product’s most important ism enterprises makes impossible to gain the sys- properties and estimating the share of each proper- tematic information about authoritative prices in this ty». This process is time-consuming and technically sector. On the other hand, there should not be any challenging one, so it suits some scientifi c institu- problem in price determination of the whole service tion more than an ordinary agritourism farm keeper. package per day at the exact agritourism farm. The Thus, we may conclude that the main requirement attempts to contact with agritourism enterprise hold- for pricing strategy for agritourism product is its sim- ers by telephone or Internet and get some information plicity and transparency. were in 75 % successful. The gained responses in- The main goal of price for agritourism product cludes the price for one night without meal and other under condition of market economy is to make an options which were offered to be discussed on site. agritourism farm competitive on the market. That The undertaken research was aimed at develop- means: ment of price determination methods, which can be – fi rst, the price should cover expenses for agri- applied in agritourism farm keeper trainings. tourism product production and maintain cer- There is a general pricing formula, where Tourist tain level of profi tability; product price = production costs + realization costs – second, it should refl ect the product quality; + remuneration for the efforts, risks, initiative [6]. – third, it should not exceed competitor’s price Though this approach does not include all the fac- for similar product. tors that can infl uence the tourist product price it can In this case, we propose to simplify the above- be used as a base for product price determination. mentioned method: Russian agritourism mainly uses marketing pric- ing strategy. The idea is that the price for agritourist РMAX = (РB+ РMAX ІD); (1) product is set giving due consideration to the com- where Рmax is maximum estimated price for an agritourism product; petitor prices, agritourism farm location, its proximity ІD – desired share of profi t in price (return on expenses); to popular resorts, attractiveness of the environment РB – basic price level (is based on production costs for a and some other factors [4]. Certain researchers pro- product unit). Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 82 Journal A

The infl uence of competitor prices can be ac- tors. If the optimum price level is higher than the competi- counted by setting the maximum and the minimum tors’ price, than the regarded farm keeper has either too high production costs or too strong aspiration toward sur- price level for a product unit of the same quality in plus profi t. In case the optimum price level is below the other agricultural enterprises of a region. So the for- competitors’ minimum price there is a chance to increase mula of optimum price level for agritourism product the share of profi t in price [2]. on some enterprise is: A prerequisite for using this pricing strategy is a detailed monitoring of pricing on the market of agri- POPT = [PMAX.C > PMAX. > PMIN. C], (2) tourism services. However, under conditions of lack where PMAX.C и PMIN. C are the maximum and the minimum of information on some agritourism enterprises and price for agritourism product of the same level (quality, even their isolation this task does not look like an product range, conditions) offered by potential competi- easy one.

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1. Alikhanov E. V., Kharchenko K. V. Formation 9. Radishauskas T. A. The value of the eco- program for the development of rural tourism logical state of environment on the develop- in the municipal district // The practice of mu- ment of the concept of sustainable tourism in nicipal management. 2012. № 10. P. 70–76. the book: sustainable development of tour- 2. Bespartochny B. D., Gromov A. V. Ecotour- ist market: international practice and expe- ism: Defi nitions and essential characteris- rience resiistance state agrarian University. tics // Proceedings of the South-Western State 2014. p. 178–183. University. 2014. № 4 (55). P. 117–122. 10. Voronin V. G. Area marketing: theoretical ap- 3. Elfi mova Y. M., Khoroshilova E. A. Founda- proaches / V. G. Voronin, Т. N. Tselykh // Eur- tions of the competitiveness of the Russian asian international scientifi c and analytical hotel business // the Strategy for sustainable journal «Issues of modern economics» [Dig- development: current issues and trends : sat. ital resource]. 2011. № 4 (40). 11 p. scientifi c. Tr. in proceedings of the I interna- 11. Trukhachev А. V. Rural tourism as a form of tional scientifi c conference. (Moscow, 20-22 business integration / А. V. Trukhachev. Rel- November 2013) / SSAU. Stavropol, 2013. evant issues of social and economic devel- P. 85–88. opment of North Caucasus Federal District : 4. Elfi mova Y. M. Main directions of develop- collection of research papers. Stavropol, ment of innovative policy of the enterpris- 2011. P. 156–161. es // Actual problems of Economics, sociolo- 12. Yakusheva T. A. The analysis of the envi- gy and law. 2011. № 1. P. 47–49. ronmental effectiveness of payments for en- 5. Elfi mova Y. M., Bistrova G. A. Virtual tour- vironmental pollution: Bulletin of Institute of ism – the objective reality of the modern trav- friendship of peoples of the Caucasus theo- el business // Sustainable development of ry of Economics and national economy man- touristic market: international practice and agement. 2013. № 1 (25). P. 140–143. experience of Russia : collection of scientif- 13. Zlenko Е. А. Techniques of creation and im- ic works. Tr. according to the materials of the plementation of a new tourism product / Le- II international scientifi c conference. (Stav- scheva M., Ivolga A., Labenko O. Easter ropol, 09-11 April 2014) / SSAU. Stavropol, lectures: abstracts of scientifi c conference 2014. P. 81–84. (Nizhnevartovsk, April 18th, 2009). Nizh- 6. Grudeva E. National peculiarities in percep- nevartovsk: Publishing house of the Nizh- tion of the seasons in the Russian and Eng- nevartovsk Humanitarian University, 2009. lish languages (on phycholinguistic experi- P. 134-137. ment data) // Paradigmata poznani. 2017. № 14. Trade liberalization and state support of ag- 1. С. 62-65. riculture: effects for developing countries / 7. Ivolga A. Comparative analysis of agricultural Erochin V., Ivolga A., Heijman W. Agricultur- potentials of Stavropol Region and Republic al economics-zemedelska economica. 2014. of Serbia / A. Ivolga, V. Erokhin, M. Leshche- Vol. 60. P. 524–537. va, M. Jelochnik // Современные проблемы 15. Federal Law dated November 24, 1996 развития национальной экономики: № 132-FZ «About bases of tourist activi- сборник статей к III Международной ty in the Russian Federation» (as amended научно-практической конференции. on January 10, 2003)[Electronic resource]. Ставрополь, 2011. С. 42–52. URL: http://gozpp.ru/fz-132-ob-osnovakh-tu- 8. Moiseeva N. К. Marketing and travel busi- ristskoy-deyatelnosti-v-rf-2. ness: textbook. М. : Finance and Statistics, 16. Strategy 2020: New Growth Model – a new so- 2009. 496 p. cial policy [electronic resource] // URL: http:// www.hse.ru/data/2013/10/30/1283358410/ Стратегия-2020_Книга %202.pdf gricultural 83 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 UDК 338.48

Topa Z. THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTING A «SUPERHIGHWAY» BETWEEN LONDON AND NEW YORK ON RUSSIAN TOURISM

Abstract: As an emerging tourism destination, Russia ism attractions to other regions (thus connecting the sup- has a huge potential on the tourism market. As the larg- ply and demand sides geographically). est country on the Earth, with unique history, cultural and The aim of this paper is to briefl y analyze the possibili- natural characteristics, tapping to the tourism potential of ties and challenges of the proposed highway on Russian the country is a great economic development tool. tourism. In 2015, the construction of a highway connecting London and New York through Russia was proposed. In- frastructure investments are known to stimulate economic Key words: highway, tourism, road construction, ac- growth, and it is also very effective in linking remote tour- cessibility.

Topa Z. – Student, Szent István University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciencies, H-2100 Gödöllő, Páter Károly str. 1-3 Tel.: +36706674048 E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion opment level of the center areas, for example, in In 2015, former Russian Railways head Vladimir Hungary [6]. Regional differences typically originate Yakunin proposed the construction of a highway con- in the fl ow of people, and constructing motorways necting London with New York through Berlin, Moscow, contribute to this tendency – however, it can be a Yekaterinburg, and many other major cities. positive fl ow, not only negative one [5]. The project would involve the building of not The presence and quality of transport infrastruc- only a motorway line, but also, for example, railway- ture is also very important from the perspective of and pipelines, along with other roads in the area. tourism. The majority of primary tourism products According to the plans, the construction of such are not mobile; therefore, the experience gained at networks would create new jobs, even new cities, tourist destinations requires the actual presence of alongside with the development of peripheral re- tourists. gions of Russia. It was emphasised by SACTRA [10] and Earnst The opportunities are many; as transport infra- and Young [8] that the natural assets serving as the structure is a basic component of competitiveness, basis of tourism products are fi xed in space, there- it promotes trade, the fl ow of goods, people, capital fore transport costs can be signifi cant proportions of and services. It also makes regions more accessi- the total costs, depending on the proximity of those ble, thus bringing closer peripheral areas to cent- assets. ers. Jancsik wrote that infrastructure means a basis Distance is a very important factor in location for tourism, which does not only determine the op- theories. If we review the theories of von Thunen tions of touristic development, but their directions, or Weber, we can observe that distance determines effi ciency and volume as well [3]. Abonyiné Palotás the position of places for production and input to also argues that the development of complex trans- each other. However, many researchers have a dif- port infrastructure signifi cantly affects tourism de- ferent opinion about the role of distance. One of velopment, and this statement is true the other way them, György Enyedi wrote that distance had key round as well [1]. role in the classical location and regional econom- We can establish that accessibility is one of the ic theories, but nowadays its role changes, usual- key determinants of tourism, and building transport ly decreases. In his opinion it is true in the produc- infrastructure can potentially improve this sector of tion processes too, due to the changing economic the economy. However, there are other factors to be structure and the technological advancement. He considered during investigating the tourism poten- emphasised that in the information society time and tial. Some of these factors are discussed in the next distance loses relevance, not only, for example, section. sock exchange information, but information stream- ing between companies, in-between companies or Results between companies and the population. Safety and peace are two of the most important However, it was also found that there is a strong determinants of tourism. If the way leading to the correlation between the motorways and high devel- destination the tourists intend to reach is not safe, Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 84 Journal A they will consider visiting other destinations. In order – the lack of hotel and transportation infrastruc- to see the potential success of the area along the ture [2]. proposed highway, the Global Peace Index (based All of these are crucial in the respect of the cur- on the ranking of the Institute for Economics and rently discussed highway. Firstly, tourists arriving Peace [11]) of the countries the highway crosses are from foreign countries expect the local service pro- presented below (Table 1). viders to speak languages other than Russian, at The best value in the ranking was 1.148 (Iceland) least on a minimal level. Visa issues are also very and the worst one was 3.645 (Syria). The majori- signifi cant, since getting to Russia from the American ty of countries are situated among the more peace- continent would be very diffi cult either due to the ful ones; however, Russia, where the majority of the large distances and the possible lack of services new highway construction should take place has the along the highway in the fi rst times. Visa problems lowest value among these countries, which could would make it less possible for tourists to choose prove to be a problem for attracting tourists to the Russia as a tourist destination. The lack of hotel and destinations along the highway. Of course, being transportation infrastructure is an important issue as the largest country on Earth, there must be huge re- well, since missing or low-quality hotels and public gional differences in crime and peace ratings, which utilities or roads would also discourage people from means that the areas crossed by the new motor- visiting Russia. way are not necessarily dangerous just because the ratings of the country are low. Nevertheless, safety Conclusions must be ensured in the affected regions in order to Russia is an emerging tourist destination; with be more attractive for tourists. its large area, rich cultural and natural values, the country has a huge potential in tourism. There are Table 1 – GPI in the countries along the proposed many factors discouraging potential tourists (lan- highway (2015) guage gap, visa issues and the quality level of cer- tain services, infrastructural elements). However, all Countries GPI rank of these elements can be countered on a shorter or Canada 1.287 a longer term. United States of America 2.038 The construction of the proposed motorway would serve this purpose, too. It is important to con- The Russian Federation 2.954 sider, however, that infrastructure is one of the most Belarus 2.173 important element in tourism development, but not Poland 1.430 the only one. Potential tourists need to learn about the possi- Germany 1.378 bilities of the regions covered by the highway: for The Netherlands 1.432 instance, the natural and cultural values, the safety Belgium 1.368 levels and the quality of services. The areas touched by the highway also need United Kingdom 1.685 well-defi ned brands, images. The recent confl icts Source: Institute for Economics and Peace, 2015 in Ukraine resulted in a negative image for Russia [2]. However, people need to see the other sides of The attractiveness of destinations is another im- Russia as well, and the regions need to be easily portant factor. According to the Russian National recognizable on the international market. Although Tourist Offi ce [9], three of the ten most attractive tour- may be a discouraging factor that people generally ist areas in the Russian Federation are possibly situ- do not have extensive knowledge about the farthest ated along the proposed highway. These are: Kazan, reaches of Russia, it can also be an advantage. Lake Baikal and Yekaterinburg. However, even from People are attracted to the unknown and mysteri- the easternmost one of these, Lake Baikal, there is ous places, so the lack of information can be turned still at least 3000 kilometres of Russian territory to into an attractive force by smart advertisement. be covered by this highway, which does not have Naturally, only if there are high quality services cou- highly developed and defi ned tourist destinations. pled with the attractions. On the other hand, Russia has a large extent of There are other factors important for tourism de- forest areas – 49.1 % of the total area of the country velopment as well. For example, building highways was forests [11]. These areas are excellent for hik- follows a typical top-down approach. However, it is ing, observing unique animals and plants, for fi shing, very important for the projects to be legitimate. Ritter or could be the basis of hunting tourism as well. In et al (2013) stated that there is a need for the de- this sense, building a highway in these areas could signing and the implementation of bottom-up local bring about development in tourism. economic development strategies, which are based There are some factors hindering inbound tour- on the local resources, and which connects and co- ism to Russia. According to Dimanche and Andrades, ordinates the local actors. By local participation in the most signifi cant ones are: tourism programs we can ensure that (in organis- – the language gap; ing and implementing events) the development will – visa issues; be legitimate and the inhabitants are not only affect- gricultural 85 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 ed by the changes, but the ones who help forming is only one of the criteria of regional growth (as well those changes, too. as the growth of the tourism sector), because the di- Another very important point is that tourism de- rections of spatial processes cannot be expressed velopment such projects bring not only economic properly by the GDP changes [4]. changes, but social ones as well. It means that if To sum it up: the investment would be exception- the highway is successful, the country level decision al in modern history, and it is very diffi cult to predict makers need to try to predict the changes, to coun- the potential impacts. However, the project holds ter any negative processes. This would be a great many opportunities for tourism, which can be real- challenge, since there are many processes which ised if the construction is supported by careful plan- cannot be indicated by economic indicators. Jóna ning and preliminary assessments. stated that the improvement of economic indicators

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1. Abonyi Palotás J. Közlekedési infrastruk- 7. Hátrányos helyzetű vidéki térségek és helyi túra / L. Veres. Turizmus és közlekedés: fejlesztési lehetőségeik egy észak-mag- Tourism and transportation. Pécs: Pécsi Tu- yarországi példán keresztül / Ritter K., dományegyetem. 2011. 42 p. Nagy H., Tóth T. Lagging behind rural areas 2. Dimanche F., Andrades L. Tourism in Rus- and local development opportunities dem- sia – A Management Handbook. Bingley: onstrated through the Northern-Hungari- Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015. an example / M. Lukovics, P. Savanya. Új 383 p. hangsúlyok a területi fejlődésben: New fo- 3. Jancsik A. A turizmus által hasznosítható cuses in regional development] Szeged : erőforrások tartalma, köre, típusai:The con- Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gazdaságtu- cept, types and categories of resourc- dományi Kar Közgazdaságtani Doktori Isko- es utilised by tourism / Dávid L. Turisz- la. P. 224–242. tikai erőforrások: A természeti és kulturális 8. Earnst and Young: The Importance of Trans- erőforrások turisztikai hasznosítása. Buda- port in Business’ Location Decisions / Na- pest: Perfekt Gazdasági Tanácsadó, Oktató pier University. 2011. 46 p. URL: http:// és Kiadó Zrt. 2005. 26 p. stopstanstedexpansion.com/documents/ 4. Jóna Gy. A területi tőke fogalmi megközelíté- sse10_appendix_9.pdf sei: Conceptual approaches of territorial cap- 9. Russian National Tourist Offi ce: Top 10 Loca- ital. Tér és Társadalom, 2013.Vol. 27. № 1. tions in Russia. URL: http://www.visitrussia. P. 3. org.uk/travel-to-Russia/toplocations. Down- 5. Káposzta J. Területi különbségek ki- loaded: 2016.03.04. alakulásának főbb összefüggései: The 10. SACTRA (1999): Transport and the Econ- main dimensions of regional disparities. omy / Standing Advisory Committee on Gazdálkodásю. 2014. № 58. P. 1. Trunk Road Assessment. 186 p. URL: 6. Péli L. Növekedési pólusok főbb reggionális http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. gazdaságtani összefüggéseinek vizsgálata uk/20090325061432/http://www.dft.gov.uk/ Magyarországon / The analysis of the main pgr/economics/sactra/transportandtheecon- regional development dimensions of growth omyfullre3148. Downloaded: 2016.03.06. poles in Hungary. Budapest : Agroinform Ki- 11. Tradingeconomics: Forest area ( % of land adó és Nyomda Kft. 2013. 135 p. area) in Russia. URL: http://www.tradingeco- nomics.com/russia/forest-area-percent- of-land-area-wb-data.html. Downloaded: 2016.03.04. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 86 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Vasile A., Bazgă B., Smoleanu A. IS AGRO TOURISM INSTRUMENT IN VALUING AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL COMMUNITY’S POTENTIAL IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIES?

Abstract: Rural tourism has become over time a veri- tourist accommodation capacities in rural areas and their table tool in unlocking the potential of rural communities, infl uence in the economic potential of communities, espe- mobilizing resources, shaping rural communities in order cially those in rural areas. to identify new opportunities to increase revenues from fi rst level, other than traditional farming. The main objec- Key words: rural tourism, sustainability, traditional tive of this paper is the analysis on the development of farming, agricultural potential.

Vasile A. – Smoleanu A. – Ph. D., Associate professor MA, Provus Service Provider, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Calonfi rescu Steet, No.2, Ploiesti, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Prahova, Romania B-dul Bucuresti no. 39, 100680, Ploiesti E-mail: [email protected] Prahova, Romania. E-mail: [email protected]

Bazgă B. – Ph. D., National Intelligence Academy «Mihai Viteazul», Şoseaua Odăi nr. 20, sector 1, Bucureşti, Romania E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction ture potential layers and is equally a tool to respond Agriculture constitutes for the areas and rural to future challenges facing rural communities. communities in many European countries the main Rural areas and rural communities related to de- activity of the economy, that people are addicted to fi ne fully capitalized potential in terms of GVA gener- not only to ensure the necessary food and daily living ated by involving the tourism activity of labor resourc- but also source of income for many of them. Although es and farms that can easily diversify their agricultural lately witnessing the diversifi cation of rural environ- tourism activity in practice. In Romania the impor- ment and farming has become multifunctional, it tance of promoting rural tourism as a factor of growth continues to constitute the backbone for activities in was achieved in: Gherasim, 2012; Iorio and Corsale, rural communities. The role and importance of agri- 2010 or Dorobantu and Nistoreanu, 2012 [4, 5, 1]. The culture for rural communities remains indisputable in structure of rural areas varies signifi cantly from one this light, but it also requires identifi cation of viable Member State to another, including the same econom- instruments in increasing the importance of capital- ic space, amplifying the decoupling of socio-economic izing on the potential they have. Tourism and agri- development, infrastructure standards, environmental culture diversity and the existence of numerous inter- quality or the ability to attract resources on the pro- connections can provide for rural areas a better use duction agritourism. Thus in Table 1 and Figure 1 are of available economic potential default supply struc- shown distribution of GVA by type of region, 2011 in tures and level of development of social life in the EUR million and as % of total. villages. Tourism, especially rural tourism can help From Table 1 it can be seen an unbalanced dis- exploit new potentials and create value in Romanian tribution both in terms of the typology of areas (rural, rural communities. Rural tourism can contribute to a intermediate and urban) but also in terms of share signifi cant improvement of sustainable, smart and in- of the three areas in the European economies con- clusive development in rural communities by diversi- sidered. If the EU level more high value of GVA was fying agricultural pluriactivity. The importance of rural created in the urban Regions (5890819 million Eur) tourism as a factor of economic growth in rural are- and the lowest in the rural Regions (1793841 million as has been addressed in a number of papers (such Eur), the same situation is specifi c and with most of as Garrod et al., 2006; Fleischer and Tchetchik, the analyzed. GVA creation in the rural communities is 2005; Fleischer, A., Felsenstein, 2000; Ribeiro and therefore dependent on the evolution of the main eco- Marques, 2002) [3, 2, 6]. nomic, specifi c, sectors, namely agriculture. From this By economic activity, rural tourism in rural areas perspective, we can say that promoting agritourism constitutes an anchor defi ning a considerable poten- activities will constitute a genuine instrument to exploit tial in strengthening the capitalization of the agricul- the agricultural potential areas, particularly print avail- gricultural 87 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 able training resources on the production and conse- tion of regional GVA. Urban areas generate the highest quently increase competitiveness in agriculture and in level of GVA, being also the ones that mobilizes and the countryside. Starting from one of the determining host major industries. GVA distribution can be seen in characteristics of agriculture and rural tourism, and a relatively diminished compared to the EU average of from their anchoring local and regional, in the context GVA in rural areas in developed European economies of globalization, the dimensions of rural acquires new and a relatively above average for the states that joined valences and special meanings. Development of local after 2005. Thus, according to (European Economic value chains will amplify the importance of rural tour- and Social Committee, 2012), agriculture and food sec- ism in rural communities and thus creating well-being. tor in the EU employs around 40 million people in rural In Figure 1 we can notice distribution of GVA by type Europe, forming the backbone of these areas and en- of region in 2011 as % of total. suring high-quality food for 500 million consumers [8]. From this perspective, the role and importance Table 1 – Distribution of GVA by type of region, of agriculture for the European states, including 2011-EUR million- Romania, is quite high, this representing an activity with major implications for rural communities. Intermediate Urban Rural regions regions regions According to the same European document, agriculture is largely a family economic activity for EU 1793841 3557300 5890819 most Member States; four fi fths (80 %) of the work- Belgium 18407.1 62765.8 248659.7 force in agriculture is represented by farm holders Bulgaria 8252.4 11753.1 13318.3 and their families. (European Economic and Social Czech Rep. 38554.9 51485.1 50035.4 Committee, 2012) [8]. Denmark 49488.4 86123 62920.7 1. Rural tourism in the EU-28 and Romania Germany 324406.7 865106.7 1127921 To discuss the role and importance of rural tourism Estonia 4431.6 1158.4 8575 for European economies we have started this analy- Greece 62998 15972.6 104166.5 sis to analyze tourism infrastructure, namely the dis- Spain 63206.1 297828.8 597749.3 tribution of bed-places by type of region. In Table 2 is presented the distribution of bed-places by type of re- France 406597.9 539942 846269.1 gion in Romania and Some EU-28 in 2013. Croatia 16849.2 8492.6 12534.7 From the perspective of distribution of bed-plac- Italy 254484.7 589908.2 568334.3 es by type of tourism infrastructure, it can be seen Hungary 28803.7 22927.3 32128.9 as a general remark a concentration of accommo- dation capacity in the case of densely-populated ar- Austria 96419 65355 108812 eas where there is little natural tourist phenomenon Poland 85550.9 105413.5 134811.3 intensity is high. Rural tourism is a comparative ap- Portugal 41822 20275.1 87134.3 proach which combines two fundamental concepts: Romania 36860.6 47467.2 30622.9 multifunctional agriculture and tourism, contributing in this situation to achieve a high well-being in rural Slovakia 25163.7 20025.5 17206.7 communities and social integration of agriculture-re- Finland 56400 44750 61373.5 lated activities. From the analysis of tourism infra- Sweden 48273.1 187094.2 102081 structure there may be differences in terms of both UK 29044.4 303456.7 1204453 physical approach from the perspective of distribu- tion of tourism infrastructures, as well as the relation- Source: European Commission, 2016 ships with the other sectors of the economy, which requires a framework of appropriate size representa- From the analysis of Figure 1, it can be easily no- tion of this activity. In Figure 2 is shown distribution of ticed signifi cant differences in the creation and distribu- bed-places by type of area ( % of total) in 2013.

100,0 y = 0,0609x + 28,71 80,0 R² = 0,001 60,0 total  of  40,0 % 20,0 0,0 FI IT ES PL PT SE EE EL LT FR CZ SK EU DE LV BG HR RO DK HU UK Rural regions Intermediate regions Urban regions Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ (Intermediate regions)

Figure 1 – distribution of GVA by type of region in 2011 Source: authors based on: European Commission, 2016 Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 88 Journal A

Table 2 – Tourism infrastructure Distribution tion types and ownership structures – Rural Tours in of bed-places by type of region, in 2013 Romania during 2000-2015. Establishments of tour- ist reception are a decisive element in understanding Thinly Inter- Densely- the evolution of rural tourism in the rural communi- Total populated mediate populated areas areas areas ties, especially in this perspective that we only con- sider the accommodation capacities in rural areas. Bulgaria 302,433 99,049 117,026 87,110 The transition to a market economy in Romania Czech 740,671 444,095 132,699 86,358 imposed a signifi cant transformation of the econom- Rep ic paradigm that has affected, as it was natural, the Germany 3,481,558 1,523,512 1,149,311 61,045 cushioning and tourism sector. Table 3 provides the Estonia 55,482 27,767 9,955 815,960 evolution of establishments of tourist reception with functions of tourist accommodation types and own- Spain 3,437,362 1,435,228 1,254,074 n.a. ership structures – rural tourism, 2000-2015. France 5,049,726 2,843,876 1,116,910 748,060 Italy 4,728,180 2,143,824 1,792,182 28,078 Table 3 – Establishments of tourist reception with Latvia 38,400 13,906 8,190 13,130 functions of tourist accommodation types and ownership structures – rural tourism Lithuania 69,287 33,043 16,835 16,304 Hungary 422,039 197,085 131,567 7,570

Poland 679,445 315,070 201,073 107,394 2000 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Total 400 956 1292 1412 1210 1598 1918 Portugal 491,099 130,791 207,263 163,302 Full state Romania 291,244 79,172 114,896 153,045 ownership NA 2 5 5 11 15 16 Finland 254,112 142,676 57,289 34,436 Majority Sweden 805,033 457,710 200,118 54,147 state ownership NA 1 2 : : : 1 Source: authors based on: European Commission, 2016 Full private ownership 399 950 1252 1373 1165 1544 1863 Figure 2 can be seen in a cast with a high degree Coope- of concentration in densely-populated areas where, for rative most of the analyzed states. If we consider for analysis, ownership 1 2 32675 Romania, one can notice that the distribution of bed- public places is 44.1 % in densely-populated areas, compared property NA NA NA NA 3 3 4 to 28.7 % Bulgaria, 17.2 % Poland or 15.9 % France. Full foreign Regarding intermediate areas, in the case of Romania, ownership NA NA 2 2 18 22 22 33.9 % is the distribution of bed-places, compared to Public 38.6 % in Bulgaria, 32.2 % in Poland and 60.4 % in ownership France. From Figure 2 we can easily notice that tour- of national ism is valued higher as generating activity in thinly-pop- and local ulated GVA areas. To fi ll the role and place of rural, sec- interest NA 1 28 30 4 6 7 tion 2 is made a brief analysis of tourist reception with Note: NA – no data available functions of establishments of tourist accommodation Source: authors based on (NIS, 2016a) types and ownership structures for Romania. From Table 3 we can observe a signifi cant evolu- 2. Rural tourism – vector in increasing recov- tion of the establishments of tourist reception with func- ery potential in Romania tions of tourist accommodation types and ownership In order to highlight this section we provided a structures for Romania. If in 2000 there were only 400 brief analysis of the evolution of tourist reception with units, 15 years later they were in number of 1918, of functions of establishments of tourist accommoda- which most were in full private ownership, 399 (2000)

100%

50% Ͳ total  0% of 

% BG CZ DE EE ES FR IT CY LV LT HU MT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE Ͳ Thinly-populated areas Intermediate areas Densely-populated areas

Figure 2 – Distribution of bed-places by type of area ( % of total) in 2013 Source: authors based on: European Commission, 2016 gricultural 89 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

9000000 8000000 Total 7000000 6000000 5000000 Full state ownership 4000000 3000000 2000000 Full private ownership

Number of places-days- Number 1000000 0 2000 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2014

Figure 3 – Tourist accommodation capacity in function by type of tourist accommodation structures by ownership Source: authors based on (NIS, 2016b) and 1863 (2015). Public ownership of national and lo- perspective it is recommended an extension of the cal interest have experienced only syncope. If in 2005 scope of the FEADR to fi nance investments in the there was only one unit, in 2015 they were in number development of rural SMEs that value agricultural of 7, after the period 2007 to 2009 it fl uctuated from 28 potential in terms of regional cooperation between units to 30 units. This situation refl ects the transition to existing companies expanded in rural communities. a market economy and emphasizing private interest in Suitable tourist activities shows initiative of some agro-tourism and rural tourism. In Figure 3 completed companies that brings together rural available re- installation will be presented to this situation, the evolu- sources. Also it is needed a sustainable transfer of tion of overnight stays in tourist accommodation struc- knowledge in order to sustain an capitalizing higher tures, by types of structures and ownership. potential areas through diversifi cation of activities, From the perspective of overnight stays in tour- including travel support and guarantee in employ- ist accommodation structures, by types of structures ment in rural areas and support economic practic- and ownership may notice an increase in this indica- es development in tourism promotion, by stimulat- tor, which entitles to say that rural tourism is a pow- ing the promotion of interests of social partners in erful tool in raising the fence to exploit the Romanian rural areas. potential of agricultural and rural space. Also, since GAV generated at rural communities, tourist accommodation capacities should be pro- Conclusions moted and encouraged to grow, and local authori- Rural tourism is an essential factor in increasing ties must implement and encourage the access to the potential national economic recovery. From this European funds.

REFERENCES:

1. Dorobantu M. R., Nistoreanu P. Rural tourism 7. Ribeiro M., Marques C. Rural tourism and and ecotourism-the main priorities in sustain- the development of less favoured areas-be- able development orientations of rural local tween rhetoric and practice / International communities in Romania. Economy Transdis- journal of tourism research. 2002. № 4(3). ciplinarity Cognition. 2012. № 15(1). 259 p. P. 211–220. 2. Fleischer A., Felsenstein D. Support for ru- 8. Capacitatea de cazare turistica in functiune ral tourism: Does it make a difference?: An- pe tipuri de structuri de primire turistica pe nals of tourism research. 2000. № 27(4). forme de proprietate / Institutul National de P. 1007–1024. Statistica. TEMPO online. NIS. 3. Fleischer A., Tchetchik A. Does rural tourism 9. Comitetul Economic şi Social European / benefi t from agriculture?: Tourism Manage- PAC în perspectiva anului 2020. NAT/520 ment. 2005. № 26(4). P. 493–501. Bruxelles. 2012. 4. Gherasim D. Rural Tourism in Roma- 10. Innoptari in structuri de primire turistica, pe nia / Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition. tipuri de structuri si forme de proprietate / In- 2012. № 15(1). 279 p. stitutul National de Statistica. TEMPO online. 5. Iorio M., Corsale A. Rural tourism and liveli- NIS. hood strategies in Romania / Journal of Ru- 11. Agriculture and Rural Development(2016) / ral Studies. 2006. № 26(2). P. 152–162. European Commission. CAP context indi- 6. Re-conceptualising rural resources as coun- cators. URL:http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/ tryside capital: The case of rural tourism. Jour- cap-indicators/context/2014/indicator- table_ nal of rural studies / Garrod B., Wornell R., en.pdf Youell R. 2006. № 22 (1). P. 117–128. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 90 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Ungureanu A.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BALNEARY TOURISM. CASE STUDY VALCEA COUNTY

Abstract: Romanian balneary tourism is considered condition. The object of researches include mainly bal- a real chance to restore economic growth. In the context neary tourism in Valcea, because this is the only form of a society increasingly globalized, it requires a com- of tourism in our country that relies on a permanent po- plex approach, as balneary tourism must be analyzed tentially, of a high complexity that seems virtually inex- as a very important segment of the national economy. It haustible. must be emphasized that balneary tourism is not only for those with medical problems, but also those who wish to Key words: tourism, touristic accomodation, arrivals regain optimal vitality and physical, mental, and spiritual and overnights stays.

Ungureanu A. – Ph.D., Lecturer, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Faculty of Economic Sciences, B-dul Bucuresti no. 39, 100680 Ploiesi, Prahova, Romania. Tel.: +40 723 561 211 E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction For Valcea, tourism should be a priority and at In the current limits, Valcea county has an area of the same time a real economic potential. Through 5,765 kmp, representing 2.4 % of the country, which the development of tourism services activity has is inhabited by over 405,543 inhabitants. From the grown and the share of staff employed in servic- administrative point of view, Valcea county is com- es is increasing. Four places in the county Valcea: posed of 2 cities, 9 towns and 78 villages. Baile Govora, Calimanesti-Caciulata, Olanesti and County infrastructure includes 2,167 km of public Voineasa, certifi ed as tourist resorts of national in- roads, of which 490 km are in the category of nation- terest and Horezu – commune certifi ed as a resort al roads and 1677 km are county roads. The length of local interest, situates the county (by number of of railway lines in operation is 164 km (Valcea county resorts) as second nationally along with Prahova is traversed by the railway bridge Olt – Dragasani – County. Ramnicu Valcea – Sibiu; the railway closely follows Natural mineral resources available in Valcea the Olt Valley gorge crossing it, thus providing a very resorts and natural factors helps with the treat of attractive route). Railway transport is one of the ac- several ilnesses: respiratory, rheumatism, joint and cesses to spas in the county. traumatic peripheral and central neurological and In the county there are no airports. Air transport digestive, metabolic and nutritional disorders, re- for tourism purposes to Valcea county is facilitated nal and urinary disorders, etc. Relationship between by Sibiu International Airport, located 89 km away tourism and economic development can be seen in from Ramnicu Valcea and 65 km from Voineasa. a double sense. On the one hand economic devel- In terms of demographic, the total population of opment requires a development of industry in the the county is 405,543 inhabitants, of which 40.6 % county, and on the other hand, the tourist activity is live in urban areas and 59.4 % live in rural areas. considered to have a particular impact on the eco- The active population in the county of Valcea is nomic branches. 47.2 % of the total population. Regarding the sector The analysis of the technical, material and of activity it can be noticed agriculture and forestry supply services (40.73 %), industry (32.85 %) and the tertiary sec- To highlight the current situation in which there tor (26.32 %). is capacity for accommodation in resorts of Valcea Looking at the statistics of Valcea county it can county, in the following I tried to capture its evolution be seen that it has a density of 75 inhabitants / km². over the period 2004-2014. A high percentage of urban population is given pri- In the Vrnjci Spaanalyzed period the tourist re- marily from Ramnicu Valcea city, which is the coun- ception experienced an upward trend from 88 in try seat and has a population of 118 890 inhabitants, 2004 to 125 in 2014, as can be seen in Table 1. This and the cities Dragasani (21,047 inhabitants), Baile increase in accommodation establishments regis- Govora (2,871 inhabitants), Baile Olanesti (4,575 in- tered in the last 11 years was due on the one hand habitants) , Brezoi (7,235 inhabitants), Călimaneşti- the emergence of new types of reception and on the Căciulata (8,873 inhabitants), Horezu (7,043 inhab- other hand increasing the number of establishments itants), Ocnele (3,520 inhabitants). of higher category classifi ed. gricultural 91 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 At the end of 2014, in Valcea county, in tourism Following this analysis, we can state that in the were running 233 tourist accommodation establish- period 2004-2014, in the county of Valcea in the ac- ments (representing 3.8 % of those under statistical commodation establishments, the share is owned observation). by resorts. If in 2004 the balneary share in the coun- Looking at the statistics of Valcea county we can ty was 71 %, in 2014 this value experienced a sig- see that balneary tourism is well developed. Of the nifi cant decrease reaching a minimun value for the total of 233 accommodation units, the most estab- period under review of 53.6 %. lishments, 125, are located in the four resorts had Regarding hotels, they are, in number, on the under observation (Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, second position, preceded by tourist boarding hous- Călimăneşti and Voineasa). es and agrotourism. Within Valcea County resorts Table 1 – Accommodation units in Valcea County/Resorts – 2014

Băile County/Resort County Băile Govora Călimănești Voineasa Olănești Hotels 42 41492 Motels 12 ––4– Hostels 5 –2–1 Touristic villas 30 31295 Touristic chalets 6 1–11 Bungalows 2 ––2– Sate de vacanță 2 – ––– Campings and houselet type units 7 1––– Tourist halting places 5 –121 School and pre-school camps 4 ––2– Touristic boarding houses 61 31215– Agro-touristic boarding houses 57 –––18 Totals 233 12 41 44 28 Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR101C

Figure 1 – Evolution of accommodation structures in Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa resorts (2004-2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR101C

Figure 2 – Relative development hotels resorts in all hotels Valcea County (2004-2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR101C Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 92 Journal A stands out with its 29 hotel-type accommodation 2004-2014 was marked by an alternation of increas- units (69 % of all existing hotels in the county). es and decreases in accommodation capacity from The high percentage of hotels can be explained 8,004 in 2004 to 9,382 in 2012 (the highest value by the fact that these units have a complex profi le, a recorded in the period under review), in order to de- higher level of comfort and provide a wider range of crease later at 7,986 places in 2014 (according to services of quality. the Graph 4.). Analyzing the existing accommodation capacity In conclusion, the supply of accommodation avail- at county we can notice that balneary tourism, rep- able in Valcea County have diversifi ed, more addi- resent the strong point for this county in terms of this tional investment in the fi eld must be made based indicator. on a strategy developed at regional and county lev- The situation is entirely different if we analyze the el. The tourist offer should be designed to meet the existing accommodation capacity. Thus, the period tourist demand as well the market.

Table 2 – Accommodation capacity in Valcea County – 2014 (number of places)

Băile Băile Totals Share County/Resort County Călimănești Voineasa Govora Olănești resorts %

Hotels 6437 855 2100 2536 162 5653 87.8 Motels 397 - - 140 - 140 35.3 Hostels 112 - 65 - 24 89 79.5 Touristic villas 580 44 234 216 70 564 97.2 Touristic chalets 136 8 - 10 8 26 19.1 Bungalows 30 - - 30 - 30 100.0 Sate de vacanță 87 - - - - 0 0.0 Campings and houselet type units 501 48 - - - 48 9.6 Tourist halting places 334 - 70 146 72 288 86.2 School and pre-school camps 467 - - 247 - 247 52.9 Touristic boarding houses 1194 32 288 294 - 614 51.4 Agro-touristic boarding houses 866 - - - 287 287 33.1 Totals 11141 987 2757 3619 623 7986 71.7 Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR102C

Figure 3 – Share of accommodation capacity in use – 2014 (number of places) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR102C

Figure 4 – The evolution of touristic accommodation capacity in use, in Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa resorts (2004-2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR102C gricultural 93 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 Analysis of tourist traffi c in balneal resorts in steadily throughout the period analyzed is only a Valcea County negative factor for tourism development. To assist The number of arrivals of tourists recorded tourism in Valcea county is necessary to modern- in balneal resorts (Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, ize the material and technical basis that exists to Calimanesti, Voineasa), in the tourist reception in build new accommodation structures of a superi- 2014 was 148,791, with 9,733 higher than in 2004. or comfort, increase quality of service and last but In terms of share of tourist arrivals in total arriv- not least, to make major investments in transport als in balneal resorts, there is evidence of obvious infrastructure. oscillations. If in 2004 we recorded a share of 64 %, Number of overnight stays in tourist accommo- and in 2006 the maximum value of 73.4 %, 8 years dation was in 2014 of 870.524 overnight stays, of later it drops with 8.5 percentage points, reaching which 816 593 nights spent by tourists staying in ho- 64.9 %. tels. Regarding tourism accommodation balneal re- By types of tourist accommodation establish- sorts observed number of tourists staying overnight ments, most arrivals were registered in hotels, at stays experienced during 2004-2014, a signifi cant the level of 2014 (118,324 arrivals), represent- decrease from 1,200,246 in 2004 to only 870 524 ing 79.5 % of total tourist arrivals in balneal re- overnight stays in 2014, resulting in a -329.722 neg- sorts (Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, ative growth of overnight stays. Voineasa), supplemented by tourist villas with only Spa tourism has been and it still is affected by the 7.91 % of the total. economic crisis. The number of nights spent in ho- Assessment fi gures provided by the National tels in the balneal resorts of Valcea county has the Institute of Economic Statistics, indicates very clear- same general trend, reducing balneary tourism is de- ly that the county of Valcea tourists preferred hotels pendent on tourists coming by the National House of of 2 and 3 stars, with approximately 64.7 % Pensions and Other Social Insurance Rights, travel Trend analysis shows that results from an unfa- agencies covering a very small segment, only 10- vorable situation for balneal resorts (Baile Govora, 15 % on average. Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa). The fact Being a very expensive investment and the ex- that the number of overnight stays decreased pected return on investment very long, the new own-

Figure 5 – Evolution of arrivals in the resorts Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa (2004-2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR104E

Figure 6 – Evolution of overnight stays in resorts Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa (2004–2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR105E Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 94 Journal A ers did not have the necessary funds to fully mod- factor in tourism development perspective. For this ernize hotel assets. trend to reverse it is necessary to create vacation Signifi cant for balneary tourism is the long du- packages more attractive, to increase the quality of ration of stay, which usually exceeds stay tourists services provided to modernize infrastructure (ac- accommodated in other tourist areas. According to cess roads in the area-perhaps even build section the analysis, for balneary tourism in Valcea coun- of highway Pitesti-Sibiu) and technical basis – ma- ty yielded values above the national average. The terial tourism. average stay in the balneal resorts were mixed, re- cording in 2005 for the maximum period, 8.83 days. Conclusion Since 2005, the length of stay has declined steadily, Of all segments of tourism in Romania, tourism is recording the minimum in 2014 of only 5.85 days. In the only form of tourism that is based on a potential- the pursuit of tourist traffi c in the following spas par- ly permanent, high complexity, virtually inexhaust- ticipate travel agents organizers: travel agencies, ible and independent of weather conditions. trade unions, Ministry of Labor, Family, and Social The balneal resorts in Valcea county is required Protection and other professional associations. in addition to modernization of the existing accom- Average length of stay was reduced from 8.83 modation, building new capacity. In this regard, the days in 2005 to 5.85 days in 2014 because of the foreign capital contribution deserves to enjoy all the tendency sharing holidays and itinerant tourism in- attention. dustry. Between chapters of tourist material base that The fact that tourist arrivals and overnight stays can fi nd a source of funding foreign capital en- in accommodation decreased their is a negative roll some types of catering establishments, as the

Table 3 – Length of stay in the resorts Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa – 2004–2014 (tourist days)

Year Arrivals Overnight stays Lenght of stay 2004 139.058 1.200.246 8.63 2005 131.286 1.159.879 8.83 2006 153.384 1.154.847 7.53 2007 161.965 1.125.436 6.95 2008 164.805 1.121.028 6.80 2009 143.294 954.451 6.66 2010 127.028 835.633 6.58 2011 166.608 928.016 5.57 2012 138.776 932.451 6.72 2013 137.914 916.989 6.65 2014 148.791 870.524 5.85

Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR104E https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR105E

Figure 7 – Evolution of lenght of stays in resorts Baile Govora, Baile Olanesti, Calimanesti, Voineasa (2004–2014) Source: author’s own calculations based on: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR104B https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR105E gricultural 95 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 treatment of a number of balneal resorts and lei- funds, in order to act quickly requires wither the col- sure-entertainment means. The participation of laboration with foreign fi rms or stronger involvement foreign companies at the process of adapting ca- of state authorities, which are impassive and might tering to the requirements of today’s tourism is es- damage this tourist sector. pecially needed especialy due to profi led cuisine In most spas analyzed, treatment cabinets are restaurants from geographical areas and nations built in hotels and companies that will exploit these (French cuisine restaurants products, English, hotels must solve the problem of equipping with Italian, Russian, Arabic, Japanese, etc.) some modern medical equipment. types of facilities characteristic of other countries From our point of view, foreign capital can con- (pizzerias, Oriental bars, Germanic brewery beer tribute to enhancement of the entire local tourism etc.). Restaurants such as those mentioned can potential by carrying out actions to promote the be created mainly by leasing some of the current “product” health and wellness market in Valcea existing premises in all balneal resorts, some com- county, primarily foreign markets. The existing ways panies abroad. for these lines are not a few; some come from the In our view, equally important for the develop- arising prestige of foreign company travel, partner ment of spa tourism in Valcea, is upgrading equip- among customers from different countries other ment and medical balneal resorts. It involves mon- from the interest in that company itself to support, ey and the purchase of all that is new in the fi eld. through advertising, the Romanian touristic “prod- Because these investments involve large amount of uct” on a different markets.

REFERENCES:

1. Andreea Marin-Pantelescu. Diversifi carea şi 7. Melinda Cândea, Florina Bran.Spațiul ge- personalizarea serviciilor turistice în contex- ografi c românesc. Organizare. Amenajare. tul globalizări.București: ASE, 2009. 81 p. Dezvoltare. București: Economică. P. 259- 2. Adrian Ungureanu. Health tourism in Roma- 262. nia and its resuscitation attempts.Buletinul 8. Mic tratat de economia turismului/ Oscar UPG Ploieşti: seria Stiinţe Economice. 2012. Snak, Vasile Neagu, Denisa Stanescu, Ioan Vol. LXII. № 5B. P. 45-48. Done. Iasi: Performantica,2011. 245 p 3. Cristina Micu, Gabriela Stanciulescu. Man- 9. Anuarele statistice ale României / Institutul agementul operațiunilor în hotelărie și Național de Statistică București. 2005-2015. restaurație / C. H. Beck. Bucureşti, 2012. 10. URL: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp P. 90-94. ?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR101C 4. Gabriela Stănciulescu, Cristina Micu. Econ- 11. URL: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp omie şi gestiune în turism / C. H. Beck. ?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR102C București, 2009. P. 120-125. 12. URL: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp 5. Lee Timothy, Gabriela Stănciulescu.Special ?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR104E interest tourism for community benefi ts. Bu- 13. URL: https://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp charest: ASE, 2011. P. 47-49. ?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=TUR105E 6. Maria Ioncica. Economia serviciilor- 14. URL: http://www.edenred.ro/fi les/ghidul-sta- abordări teoretice şi implicații practice. tiunilor-balneare-din-romania-285.pdf București:Uranus, 2006. P. 92-93. Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 96 Journal A

UDК 338.48

Bujdosó Z., Szűcs C., Kovács G. VIABLE USE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND GREEN ENERGY IN TOURISM

Abstract: after World War II the tourism industry ex- eliminate and alleviate these problems a few decades ago. perienced rapid development and it was considered to be The hotel industry, referred to by some as the «Queen of one of the main engines of the economy. Many people the tourism industry», is one of the key players in the travel wanted to spend their holiday at unknown destinations market. The operation of a hotel can cause damage both where the climate is ideal and the environment is beau- to the immediate and the wider environment, and it may tiful, which became the main drive of 3S tourism. Lying transform the economic, social and natural environment of on a sandy beach and sunbathing while enjoying some the area as well. By integrating the principles of sustain- cocktails became a favourite past time activity of many ability, hotels can reduce the harmful consequences re- and the desire of even more people. This awesome in- sulting from the process and if they apply environmentally crease of journeys entailed many unpleasant and some- friendly technologies, ethical business policy, educational times serious «side effect» of tourism, which included the programs and appropriate communication hotels can help transformation and destruction of the environment as well the long-term and fruitful development of the tourism in- as the radical transformation of society and globalization dustry in all areas. problems, thus it became unsustainable. Having recognized the negative impacts of tourism, Key worlds: hotel service, sustainable tourism, green the players of the tourism industry began to take steps to energy.

Dr. Zoltán Bujdosó – Gyöngyi Kovács – Director of Institution for Tourism, Regional Development Junior Assistant of Institution for Tourism, Regional and Foreign Language at the Károly Róbert University College Development and Foreign Language at the Károly Róbert Gyöngyös, Hungary. H-3200 Mátrai str. 36 University College Tel.: +36-37-518-300 Gyöngyös, Hungary. H-3200 Mátrai str. 36 E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +36-37-518-300 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Csaba Szűcs – Senior Assistant Professor of Institution for Tourism, Regional Development and Foreign Language at the Károly Róbert University College, Gyöngyös, Hungary. H-3200 Mátrai str. 36. Tel.: +36-37-518-300 E-mail: [email protected]

Discussion the service packages and attractions that were de- The questions of sustainability have been a con- signed to serve mass tourism – especially at popular cern for decades for the stakeholders in tourism and destinations – caused enormous damage to the en- the elimination of the unfolding environmental and vironment and put signifi cant strain on the receiving social impacts inevitably caused by mass tourism area. There were signs of environment protection in as well as the minimization of the negative changes the hotel industry as early as the 1980s, but it was have been the focal points of a number of research. the «Tourism and Sustainable Development – The In the 1990s there was a growing demand to offset Global Importance of Tourism9» that provided an or- mass tourism since by then it had become clear that ganized framework for the fi rst – mainly independ- uncontrolled tourism development, a huge increase ent – actions[15]. in volume, the unfavourable socio-cultural changes, The working paper compiled by the World Travel as well as the signifi cant pollution caused by tour- and Tourism Organization and the International ism could soon threaten the tourism industry itself Hotel and Restaurant Association describes the and its existence. Rosenov and Pulsipher were the consequences of the unsustainable practices of ones who fi rst expressed their thoughts of the «new the tourism and accommodation industries outlines tourism» according to which tourism is within limits the previous steps taken for environment protec- of the load-carrying ability of the destination, cities tion, and it draws attention to the relationship be- are not damaged, on the contrary, by being present- tween economical operation and the use of ener- ed they educate their visitors and tourists. After the gy resources. Since then the largest international emergence of the idea of sustainable development organizations such as the International Hotel & the demand for it appeared in almost all areas of the Restaurant Association10, Green Globe11, Online tourism industry and thus ethical and less-polluting Travel Agencies like TripAdvisor12, larger regions and destructive alternatives were searched for [11]. 9 The hotel industry was not an exception either http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/wttc.pdf 10 hƩ p://ih-ra.com/biodiversity/ as the rapid increase in the number of hotels, the 11 hƩ p://greenglobe.com/green-globe-cerƟ fi caƟ on/ expansion in the number of international tourists, 12 hƩ ps://www.tripadvisor.co.hu/GreenLeaders gricultural 97 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016 such as Central American Region, the Caribbean cooking, washing, and bathing), in Hungary this val- Great Green Deal13 or the predominantly European ue stands at 110 liters per day, while in Mozambique Green Key14 which has already honored more than it is only 10 liters21. In tourism an average of 350 lit- 2,200 eco-friendly hotels, have been awarding busi- ers of fresh water is consumed per person per guest nesses of exemplary environmental and social night with an additional 20 liters of fresh water per achievements. At the national level the recognition day during other activities [5]. The direct water con- of the Green Hotel has also been on the increase sumption of an average EU citizen is 150 liters per awarded – among others – by the tourism organiza- day, in European hotels an average of 300 liters of tions of Hungary15, Argentina16, Italy17, Malta18 or in- water is consumed by tourists, while indirect use deed Tanzania19. of water can reach 800–1500 liters per day by one The different qualifi cation procedures, voluntary tourist in the Mediterranean region [12]. or mandatory commitments affect many areas of the The land use of accommodations is greatly de- hotel operations. Having analyzed the numerous pend on the nature and level of the services, thus rating systems we can declare that the fi ve main ar- in a simple cottage land use amounts to only 25m2 eas of sustainability in the hotel industry where in- per bed while this value can rocket to 4,500 m2 in terventions must be realized, the indicators can be a fi ve-star luxury hotel with a pool and golf-course improved, and where the management can create [13]. According to different scenarios this can go on quantifi able action plans in the most effective way only for a few more years with the current high levels are as follows: of food and fossil fuel consumption and with growing 1. Energy management; numbers of tourists. 2. Waste management; The introduction of sustainable technologies, en- 3. External environment; ergy and water saving solutions in the hotel indus- 4. Water consumption; try often fails due to the long payback period since 5. Communication [9]. very often there is not enough capital to invest due The main points of intervention can of course be to fl uctuations in the market, seasonality and high further divided or grouped on the basis whether the investment costs. In general it is also true that the economic, social or environmental aspects of sus- use of environmentally friendly technologies is di- tainability dominate in a given case. In the following rectly proportional to the increase in size, however, parts the alternative and sustainable ways of energy accommodation providers – such as the majority of consumption and practical examples are described. other service providers in tourism – show a high pro- portion of small and medium-sized enterprises. Results This is particularly true for the developing coun- Tourism relies on and uses a number of resourc- tries, which is even more problematic because the es – fossil energy, land, freshwater, food – and emits most visited destinations – especially smaller islands CO2, methane and waste. A number of research- and island countries such as Bali, Goa, Barbados, ers –Krippendorf [10], Steffen et al. [16], Buckley [1] Zanzibar, etc. – can be found there. In order to main- etc. – have already analysed the limits of it, when tain their popularity hotels introduce water intensive the capacities are exhausted if the present trends of services and facilities such as swimming pools and mass tourism are continued in an unaltered way and golf courses. This results in the fact that on certain is- also if sustainability is applied. lands the major part of the fresh water is used by the On the basis of relevant research the main con- tourism industry distracting it from agriculture and sumer of energy and the main polluter in tourism from the local population. Considering the wasteful is the aviation industry which is responsible for ap- consumption habits of tourists well-designed water proximately 40 % of the environmental footprint of management in hotels is of the highest priority [20]. tourism. This is followed by cars (tourism purpos- In addition to the environmental impacts hotels must es), which is about 32 %. The ecological footprint of consider the interests of the population and their own the accommodation industry amounts to 21 %, while profi tability thus freshwater management is not only cruise ships contribute another 1.5 % to global in- an environmental issue. In business the concept of puts and outputs [5]. The emission of different types corporate social responsibility (CSR) became more of accommodation varies greatly between 0.1 and powerful in the 2000s, and in the last fi fteen years 260 kg of CO2 per guest night depending mainly on the majority of hotels also began to apply it [7]. the location and the type of the hotel. Fresh water With the complexity of the theory businesses can consumption can also be high as one person uses strengthen not only the pillar of environmental sus- 130 liters20 of water per day in Hong Kong (including tainable but also the social one, which is the respon- sibility of the management, but the staff, the locals, 13 hƩ p://www.sellosverdes.com/ the not-for-profi t organizations and the company it- 14 hƩ p://www.greenkey.global/ 15 hƩ p://www.hah.hu/tarsadalmi-felelossegvallalas/zold-szal- self can profi t from it, and a typical win-win situation loda can be created. The systematization of innovative 16 hƩ p://www.hotelesmasverdes.com.ar/ solutions in water consumption includes education, 17 hƩ p://legambienteturismo.it/ 18 hƩ p://www.mta.com.mt/eco-cerƟ fi caƟ on on/calculaƟ on_of_per_capita_daily_water_consumpƟ on/index.html 19 hƩ p://www.rƩ z.org/ 21 hƩ ps://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv %C3 %B3v %C3 %ADzhi % 20 http://www.wsd.gov.hk/en/education/water_conservati- C3 %A1ny#cite_note-nw-22 Quarterly Research and Practice gricultural 98 Journal A cooperation at all levels, and compensation tech- 16 % of the world energy in the early 2000s which niques and known accepted by all the parties [15]. has only increased since then [14]. The CSR ‘hotel 4R’ concept (innovative Reducing, The hotel sector is only a fraction of the whole innovative Reusing, innovative Reaching and inno- but considering the enormous development it pro- vative Recycling) can be applied in all areas of wa- duced in the past two decades, they may pose a ter use such as in toilets, laundries, kitchens and particular problem. The country had total of 4,418 in gardens. If water consumption is monitored and as- 1996 which increased to 13,583 by 2007. According sessed in each department and modern water-sav- to preliminary calculations the 20 million interna- ing devices are applied 25 % of the water can be tional tourist arrivals recorded in 1995 will expand saved without causing any inconvenience or dam- to 130 million by 2020. In addition, domestic tour- age to the guests [17]. ism has also strengthened, which represents a new Hotel are large energy users, most of their over- market of 1.35 billion [3]. In recognition of the up- head costs is spent on it. The higher rated a hotel, coming massive pressure the country pays special the more kWh is consumed per guest night, which attention to greening the hotel industry, new hous- grows further with higher-level services such as fi t- es can be built only according to stringent ener- ness room, sauna, business center, etc. Hotels sit- gy consumption rules. USA, New Zealand and UK uated in big cities tend to consumer more ener- standards are used as a model, signifi cant sums are gy than their rural counterparts. The vast majority spent on country-specifi c research and the identifi - of energy is electricity and natural gas, the global cation of good practices. Owing to the size of China spread of alternative energy sources remains to be the analyses must be carried out in all the different seen, although there are some good examples on regions from the cooler parts of the country through every continent. With the reduction of energy con- the moderate zones to the subtropical monsoon re- sumption CO2 emissions can also be reduced, with gions, which may also unveil the differences in en- which the hotel sector can contribute to the solution ergy use and could later be used as a model for oth- of the global climate crisis. The use of various ener- er destinations that wish to participate in tourism. gy-saving equipment can reduce consumption by as Within a short period of time Taiwan experienced much as 20-40 %. The rationalization of lights and rapid growth and development in this respect as well the air conditioning, the partial replacement and op- since the guest nights doubled between 2007 (22 timized use of energy-intensive equipment (kitchen, million) and 2012 (48 million) and still growing [18]. laundry, wellness) can result in further savings. It is Having analysed the CO2 emission of Taiwanese important to educate the staff (equipment operator) hotels accommodation facilities Tsai et al. [4] point- and involve them in the process, as well as to inform ed out the enormous energy requirement of air con- guests of the aspirations of the hotel [6]. ditioners, which produce as much as 23 kg of CO2 The great economic transformations, the poles’ per guest per night. Most of the greenhouse gas shift, and the short and medium term trends show emission (88 %) is caused by electricity use, 3 % is the areas on Earth where interventions can now be generated by natural gas, and the rest is also due to urgently made, so that regions where intervention is fossil fuels. While this data is region and destination long overdue are not followed. specifi c and the composition of the energy sources The bad experiences of the target areas of mass is also determining, the Taiwanese calculations can tourism and the means to recover from them can by all means be used in other tropical regions. CO2 be used as examples for new destinations that are emission per guest was the lowest in small home- in the “involvement” or “development” phase of stay facilities, followed by the average hotels spe- Butler’s destination life cycle model [2]. The litera- cialising in domestic tourism, after that came the ture on tourism most often refers to the position of standard tourist hotels with very high standard de- Tenerife and Mallorca as the typical case of unsus- viation but the greatest polluters were the interna- tainable, extreme mass tourism, where it will be ex- tional tourist hotels which composed almost exclu- tremely diffi cult to reverse the damage suffered as a sively of the largest chains focusing on international result of tourism [4]. tourism. Different CO2 reduction pilot methods such The Galapagos Islands are a good example of as tourist monitoring, behaviour infl uencing, minor a destination where mass tourism is becoming vis- technical alterations, and tightened local rules have ible but which have noticed the dangers in time, as been applied in all accommodation types and all of the Government of Ecuador has been protecting the them bore favourable results reducing CO2 emis- unique ecosystem of the island from excessive tour- sions by an average of 5-10 %. ism since 1998; the number of visitors is limited, the law regulates the distance of the giant cruise ships, Conclusions and rules protect the interests of the local population Environment protection by hotels, a wider use of [8]. Based on the trends and forecasts Southeast CSR, ethical business management and responsi- Asia, particularly China and Hong Kong will grow ble tourism can together lead to sustainability in the most dynamically over the next decade. Moreover, tourism and accommodation industries. The above Russia and the former Soviet states like Kazakhstan, examples gave an insight into the size of the prob- Azerbaijan, Georgia show a massive and dynamic lem, stressing the needs for change, and warn about economic and tourist development [21]. China used the scarcity of available time. gricultural 99 A № 4(24)/2 Supplement, 2016

In addition to water, fossil energy, and land use Achieving sustainability, making tourism liveable management all players in tourism must take the now is neither a question nor an alternative form, integrity of the closer and wider (indirectly con- but the only way to ensure that the next generation taminated) environment into consideration togeth- can enjoy the beauty of tourism. The hotel industry er with human resources and the interests, needs, can contribute to this goal by taking the small steps and social welfare of the local population. In the that are fortunately more and more frequently expe- 21st century the industry of peace must really rienced around the world. serve peace in the long run, which does not mean Replacing the dripping faucet, installing ener- the lack of armed confl icts but the harmonious co- gy-saving light bulbs, informing the guests about existence of economic and political actors, local the water consumption washing towels, organizing residents, visitors and a sound and healthy envi- charitable activities, educating colleagues, planting ronment. trees – and many other examples – represent a step towards sustainability.

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