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Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation Lily Stroubouli Lanefelt

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Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation Lily Stroubouli Lanefelt STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN POLITICS 148 Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation Lily Stroubouli Lanefelt Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation Lily Stroubouli Lanefelt ©Lily Stroubouli Lanefelt, Stockholm 2012 ISSN 0346-6620 ISBN 978-91-7447-597-5 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2012 Distributor: Department of Political Science, Stockholm University Cover image: “Integration Patterns”, ©Lily Stroubouli Lane- felt 2012. To Fred and Sofia Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 15 1.1. Framing the problem ............................................................................................ 15 1.1.1. The normative conjunction between multiculturalism and liberalism ............ 15 1.1.2. Aim and question ......................................................................................... 18 1.2. Theoretical framework .......................................................................................... 20 1.2.1 Multiculturalism and liberalism ...................................................................... 20 1.2.2. The burden of assimilation ........................................................................... 23 1.2.2.a. Burdens as measures of non-wrongness of principles ......................... 23 1.2.2.b. The observation of unfeasibility of the ideal of state neutrality ............. 25 1.3. Methodological framework ................................................................................... 28 1.3.1. Assessing the accounts of the burden of assimilation .................................. 28 1.3.2. The cases .................................................................................................... 31 1.4. Demarcations ....................................................................................................... 35 1.5. The structure of the thesis .................................................................................... 36 2. Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Culture ........................................ 39 2.1. Equal opportunity versus cultural equality ............................................................ 41 2.1.1. Equality of resources and the burden of assimilation ................................... 41 2.1.2. Equality of culture as moral right .................................................................. 45 2.1.3. Neutrality of justification and the (un)acceptability of burden........................ 47 2.2. Equality of culture and the paradox of cultural vulnerability .................................. 52 2.2.1. The inegalitarian consequences of selective relief from the burden ............. 52 2.2.2. Equal treatment as a matter of cultural preference ...................................... 54 2.3. Equal treatment and the duty to relieve minorities of the burden .......................... 58 2.3.1. The condition of epistemological restraint and the burden ........................... 59 2.3.2. A defense of objective criteria of well-being ................................................. 62 2.3.3. The multicultural objection of un-voluntariness of cultural identity ................ 67 2.4. A liberal outline of evaluation of demands for exemptions .................................... 73 2.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 76 3. Toleration as Freedom of Association ...................................................... 77 3.1. The harm of enforced morality as a dimension of the burden ............................... 80 3.2. Freedom of association as the only institutionalized freedom ............................... 83 3.2.1. Limitless toleration and the harm of enforced morality ................................. 83 3.2.2. The conceptual background of the relativization of respect .......................... 87 3.2.3. Persecution as an unintended consequence of liberal toleration .................. 91 3.2.3.a. ‘Good’ reasons against ‘good’ reasons ................................................ 91 3.2.3.b. Violating the premise of individual freedom ......................................... 95 3.3. The extent and limits of freedom of association ................................................... 99 3.3.1. Freedom of association and the harm of enforced morality .......................... 99 3.3.1.a. The theoretical background ............................................................... 100 3.3.1.b. The limits of associational freedom .................................................... 101 3.3.2. The conflict between equal opportunity and freedom of association .......... 104 3.3.2.a. The distinction between community and civil society ......................... 105 3.3.2.b. The transcendental purpose .............................................................. 108 3.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 112 4. Toleration as recognition ......................................................................... 114 4.1. Recognition and the burden of assimilation ........................................................ 115 4.2. The justification of toleration as recognition and the burden ............................... 122 4.2.1. Misrecognition as identity harm and as harm of injustice ........................... 124 4.2.2. The right to justification and the moral wrongness of the burden ............... 128 4.3. The political consequences of recognition .......................................................... 136 4.3.1. Liberal principles and assimilation ............................................................. 137 4.3.2. Social conventions and the multicultural conflict ........................................ 142 4.3.3. The liberal limits of recognition ................................................................... 144 4.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 148 5. Freedom as Autonomy and the Good of Culture .................................... 150 5.1. Freedom as autonomy and the burden of assimilation ....................................... 152 5.1.1. The interest in freedom and the interest in culture ..................................... 152 5.1.2. Demarcating cultural claims: the interest in national culture ....................... 154 5.1.3. The burden of assimilation ......................................................................... 156 5.2. The thesis of freedom as autonomy ................................................................... 158 5.2.1. The paradox of assimilationist effects of autonomy .................................... 158 5.2.2. Holistic-oriented minorities: the example of the Amish ............................... 160 5.2.3. The interest in freedom of Amish teenagers............................................... 164 5.3. The thesis of national embeddedness ................................................................ 168 5.3.1. The priority of freedom and the interest in national culture ......................... 169 5.3.2. From multiculturalism to monoculturalism .................................................. 172 5.3.3. The tension between collectivism and individualism .................................. 175 5.4. Autonomy and the unfeasibility of neutrality of the state ..................................... 179 5.5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 182 6. Conclusions: Revisiting the Liberal Neutralist Model of Integration together with the Burden of Assimilation ................................................................... 184 6.1. The compatibility of multiculturalism with liberalism: reassessed........................ 184 6.2. The burden of assimilation: further considered ................................................... 186 6.2.1. Theorizing the practical relevance of the burden of assimilation ................ 187 6.2.2. The significance of culture for liberal theory ............................................... 188 6.3. Towards a liberal multicultural policy .................................................................. 189 6.3.1. A liberal scheme of deliberation on multicultural issues ............................. 189 6.3.2. A liberal scheme in practice: balancing the requirement of equality ........... 191 6.3.2.a. The justifiability of easing burdens: the dimensions of the burden ..... 192 6.3.2.b. Public objectives, proportionality and the requirement of equality ...... 196 6.4. The burden of assimilation as a methodological tool .......................................... 197 References .................................................................................................. 200 Acknowledgements The origins of this book lie in the confusion of its author. Since this is a the- sis on how to respond politically to cultural diversity, it may be helpful to the curious reader to know what this confusion is. My interest in such matters was sparked by personal experience. Growing up as an ethnic Greek in Greece in the 1970s, I cannot say that I experienced unequal opportunities due to my ethnic background. However, growing up as a female person in the Greek society of that time I soon came
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