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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica

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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE MAÍZ REVENTÓN (Zea mays L.), PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA TRABAJO DE GRADO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO CRISTIAN FERNANDO CAIZA CEVALLOS TUTOR: ING. AGR. CARLOS ORTEGA, M.Sc. QUITO, NOVIEMBRE 2016 ii AGRADECIMIENTO Un sincero agradecimiento a la Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro – AGROCALIDAD, por darme la oportunidad de realizar mi trabajo de titulación en la institución, por toda su colaboración y predisposición. A mi madre, Gladys, por ser el motor y el aliento que me impulsa a ser mejor cada día, gracias por su confianza, paciencia, existencia, amor y consejos impartidos. A mi hermana Jessy, por siempre estar a mi lado en los buenos y malos momentos, por sus consejos, risas y por caminar a mi lado siempre. A toda mi familia por su apoyo y confianza. A Magu, por todo su amor, apoyo y todos los momentos que hemos vivido juntos. A los buenos amigos TASAS por los momentos de risa, diversión y por caminar todos juntos en todo este camino. Por ultimo a la vida, por permitirme llegar hasta aquí y por la maravillosa experiencia de cumplir la primera meta de mi historia. iii AUTORIZACIÓN DE LA AUTORÍA INTELECTUAL Yo, CRISTIAN FERNANDO CAIZA CEVALLOS, en calidad de autor del trabajo de investigación o tesis realizada sobre: "ANÁLISIS DE RIEGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE MAÍZ REVENTÓN (Zea mays L), PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA", por la presente autorizo a la UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR, hacer uso de todos los contenidos que me pertenecen o de parte de los que contiene esta obra, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8, 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento. Quito, 05 de Diciembre del 2016 Cristian Fernando Caiza Cevallos C.I. 1721234621 Telf: 0983859100 E-mail: [email protected] IV Av Eloy Alfaro N3Ü-3SQ y Amazonas Minío'v-' • -r "^ Edtf. MAGAP, P,so 9 : - -. ..£ ••.,,-;* ..-vf^ Código Postal: 170516 IJM/^^g^^, y ^T! www.agracalidad.gob.ee Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-000694-OF Quito, D.M., 18 de noviembre de 2016 Asunto: 6010-E Aprobación del estudio de ARP de granos de maíz reventón para consumo, originarios de Francia. Señor Ingeniero Antonio Gaybor Secaira Decano UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS En su Despacho De mi consideración: Como es de su conocimiento el Sr, Cristian Caiza se encuentra realizando el estudio de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) para el establecimiento de requisitos fltosanitarios de importación de granos de maíz reventón (Zea mays L.), para consumo originarios de Francia, con la finalidad de obtener el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo; al respecto le comunico que hemos concluido la revisión del documento final, el cual cuenta con la aprobación de AGROCALIDAD para ser entregado a la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Adicionalmente íe comunico que mediante el Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-000053-OF del 28 de enero del 2016, se solicita que las tablas de potencial de malezas, listado mundial y el cuadro de categorización de los estudios de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP), no deben ser publicados ni subidos en la web, con el fin de evitar inconvenientes con los países con quienes estamos negociando los requisitos fltosanitarios de importación del producto antes mencionado. Particular que pongo en su conocimiento para los fines pertinentes, Con sentimientos de distinguida consideración. Atentamente, b AÍme¿oaXjranja INADOR GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL CERTIFICACIÓN En calidad de tutor del trabajo de graduación cuyo título es: "ANÁLISIS DE RIEGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE MAÍZ REVENTÓN (Zea mays L), PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA", presentado por el señor CRISTIAN FERNANDO CAIZA CEVALLQS, previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo, considero que el proyecto reúne los requisitos necesarios. Tumbaco, 05 de Diciembre del 2016 Ing. Agr. Carlos Alberto Ortega, M.Sc. TUTOR Tumbaco, 05 de Diciembre del 2016 Ingeniero Carlos Alberto Ortega, M.Sc. DIRECTOR DE CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA Presente Señor Director: Luego de las revisiones técnicas realizadas por mi persona de trabajo de graduación "ANÁLISIS DE RIEGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE MAÍZ REVENTÓN (Zea mays L), PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA", llevado a cabo por el señor CRISTIAN FERNANDO CAIZA CEVALLOS, de la Carrera Ingeniería Agronómica, ha concluido de manera exitosa, consecuentemente el indicado estudiante podrá continuar con los trámites de graduación correspondientes de acuerdo a lo que estipula las normativas y disposiciones legales. Por la atención que se digne da a la presente, reitero mi agradecimiento. Atentamente, Carlos Alberto Ortega, M.Sc. TUTOR vi ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE GRANOS DE MAÍZ REVENTÓN (Zea Mays L), PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA APROBADO POR; Ing. Agr. Carlos Alberto Ortega, M.Sc. -> TUTOR Lie. Diego Salazar, Mag. PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Clara Iza, M.Sc. PRIMER VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Jorge Caicedo, M.Sc. SEGUNDO VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL 2016 Vil CONTENIDO CAPÍTULO PÁGINAS INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1 REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 3 1.1 Cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) 3 1.2 Clasificación taxonómica 3 1.3 Morfología 4 1.4 Importancia del cultivo en Francia 5 1.5 Importancia del cultivo en el Ecuador 5 1.6 Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) 5 1.7 Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (CIPF) 6 1.8 Norma Internacional para Medidas Fitosanitarias (NIMF) 6 1.9 Comunidad Andina (CAN) 6 1.10 Plaga 7 1.11 Plaga cuarentenaria 8 1.12 Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada 8 1.13 Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas 8 1.14 Ventajas del ARP 13 2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 14 2.1 Ubicación 14 2.2 Materiales 14 2.3 Métodos 14 3 RESULTADOS 31 4 CONCLUSIONES 329 5 RESUMEN 330 SUMMARY 6 REFERENCIAS 334 7 ANEXOS 376 viii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXOS PÁG. 1 Ficha técnica de Apamea sordens 376 2 Ficha técnica de Araecerus fasciculatus 380 3 Ficha técnica de Bipolaris zeicola 385 4 Ficha técnica de Cadra cautella 389 5 Ficha técnica de Corcyra cephalonica 394 6 Ficha técnica de Cryptolestes pusillus 399 7 Ficha técnica de Cynaeus angustus 404 8 Ficha técnica de Fusarium poae 408 9 Ficha técnica de Fusarium sporotrichioides 413 10 Ficha técnica de Gibberella baccata 417 11 Ficha técnica de Monographella cucumerina 422 12 Ficha técnica de Plodia interpunctella 426 13 Ficha técnica de Protephanus truncatus 431 14 Ficha técnica de Pyralis farinalis 435 15 Ficha técnica de Pyrenophora tritici-repentis 439 16 Ficha técnica de Sesamia nonagrioides 443 17 Ficha técnica de Sitophilus granarius 448 18 Ficha técnica de Stegobium paniceum 454 19 Ficha técnica de Typhaea stercorea 459 18 Mapa Bioclimático del Ecuador (MAG, 1978) 463 19 Clasificación Bioclimática del Ecuador (Cañadas, 1978) 463 ix ÍNDICE DE TABLAS TABLAS PÁG. 1. Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza (AGROCALIDAD, 15 2012) 2. Ejemplificación de lista mundial de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 16 3. Formato ejemplificado de la categorización de plagas 17 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 4. Ejemplificación de finalización etapa 1 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 19 5. Matriz de calificación para las consecuencias de la introducción 23 de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 6. Matriz de calificación para la probabilidad de la introducción de 26 plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 7. Matriz para los riesgos acumulados de la evaluación de las 27 consecuencias de introducción y la probabilidad de introducción de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 8. Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza de Zea mays L. 31 9. Lista mundial de plagas de maíz Zea mays L. 32 10. Plagas reportadas en maíz Zea mays L. presentes en Francia 152 11. Plagas con potencial cuarentenario que siguen la vía de ingreso 224 en granos de maíz Zea mays L. a Ecuador 12. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Apamea 229 sordens 13. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Apamea 232 sordens 14. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Araecerus 234 fascicultus 15. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Araecerus 237 fasciculatus x 16. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Bipolaris 239 zeicola 17. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Bipolaris 242 zeicola 18. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Cadra 244 cautella 19. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Cadra cautella 246 20. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Corcyra 249 cephalonica 21. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Corcyra 252 cephalonica 22. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Cryptolestes 255 pusillus 23. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Cryptolestes 257 pusillus 24. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Cynaeus 260 angustus 25. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Cynaeus 262 angustus 26. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Fusarium 265 poae 27. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Fusarium poae 267 28. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Fusarium 269 sporotrichoides 29. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Fusarium 272 sporotrichoides 30. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Giberella 274 baccata 31. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Giberella 277 baccata xi 32. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de 279 Monographella cucumerina 33. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Monographella 282 cucumerina 34. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Plodia 284 interpunctella 35. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Plodia 287 interpunctella 36. Conclusión de Consecuencias de la introducción de Prostephanus 289 truncatus 37. Conclusión de Probabilidad de la introducción de Prostephanus 292 truncatus 38.
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