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Early English Dialects Jurnal Magistra, nomor 78/XXIII/Des 2011: 79–93 ISSN 0215-9511 AN EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE OF ENGLISH DIALECTOLOGY Didik Rinan Sumekto1 Rifqi Aulia Erlangga2 Abstrak Perkembangan penggunaan bahasa Inggris selama ini tidak dapat dilepaskan dari aspek dialektogi dan dialek yang berlaku di beberapa kelompok masyarakat yang tinggal di wilayah tertentu. Beberapa kajian terkait dengan dialektogi dan linguistik baik secara sinkronik dan diakronik inipun dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan penggunaan bahasa Inggris di suatu wilayah. Meskipun sampai saat ini beberapa dialek masih dianggap sebagai sebuah kesalahan berkaitan dengan tidak benar dan standarnya penggunaan fungsi bahasa. Artikel ini lebih lanjut membahas masalah dialektologi yang berkaitan dengan dialektologi struktural dan generatif. Sedangkan dialek dalam pembahasan ini berkaitan dengan dialek yang pergunakan oleh masyarakat yang tinggal di wilayah pinggiran (rural dialect), dialek masyarakat urban (urban dialect), dialek berdasarkan wilayah atau geografi (geographical dialect continua), dan dialek sosial yang berkembang di masyarakat (social dialect continua). Kata kunci: dialektologi, dialek, sinkronik, diakronik 1 Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Widya Dharma, Klaten; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Dosen Program Studi Tadris Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAIN) Salatiga; e-mail: [email protected] 79 © Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Penerbitan Unwidha, 2011 Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Klaten 57401 Jawa Tengah Indonesia. INTRODUCTION Dialectology, obviously, is the Chambers and Trudgill (2004) study of dialect and dialects. In common continue that in the relationship between usage, a dialect is a substandard, low- geographical space, language variation, status, often rustic form of language, and the (European) nation-state, space and generally associated with the peasantry, language appear to be trivially linked; in the working class, or other groups lacking fact, a whole sub-discipline of linguistics in prestige. Dialect is also a term which is (that of dialectology) construes its often applied to forms of language, professional identity around the particularly those spoken in more isolated assumption that languages vary in parts of the world, which have no written geographical space. The link between the form. Dialects are also often regarded as nation-state and geographical space some kind of (often erroneous) deviation appears just as natural—there are no from a norm–as aberrations of a correct or nations without a territory. But unlike standard form of language. The notion dialectologists, political scientists, that all speakers are speakers of at least sociologists and others who have one dialect–that standard English, for investigated the emergence of the example, is just as much a dialect as any European nation-states have given this other form of English–and that it does not link a considerable amount of theoretical make any kind of sense to suppose that reflection. This suggests that this link— any one dialect is in any way and perhaps that between language and linguistically superior to any other. space as well — is not as natural as it may Dialects are spoken languages, and look at first sight. But how are dialectal in speech a role is played by elements that variation and the nation-state related to cannot be expressed even in a each other? phonetically written text. Cultural and Empirically, the question becomes social factors give rise to exceptions relevant as soon as we look at dialect which may be more important than the continua across national borders. actual structures (Chambers and Trudgill, However, there may also be a more 2004). For example, in 1939 the ideological relationship between the two; Department of Dialects of the Royal after all, the origins of systematic dialect Netherlands Academy of Sciences and geography go back to the late 19th Letters at Amsterdam, which has some century, the very same time when 1,500 correspondents in all parts of the nationalist thinking reached a climax in country, sent a questionnaire to these Europe. At first glance, the coincidence respondents asking them to indicate the seems to be purely coincidental, for places in their vicinity in which virtually dialectology was at the time, and the same spoken language was used as in continues to be, interested in (areal, their own place of residence. For various diatopic) diversity; as such, it would areas the dialect boundaries resulting hardly seem to be able to contribute to the from this survey were found to differ in ideological construction of a some respects from those of older maps. geographically bounded nation state. But The discrepancies appear to be the result at a second look, it becomes apparent that of various factors, because of differences early dialectology and the nation-state had in historical and contemporary some common interests. development, strongly diverges from that in the Netherlands (Daan, 1999). 80 © Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Penerbitan Unwidha, 2011 Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Klaten 57401 Jawa Tengah Indonesia. DIALECTOLOGY AND tongue Zunge LINGUISTICS tide Zeit ‘time’ Dialectology is to some extent an The claim about the regularity of autonomous discipline, with its own goals sound change is thus substantially correct. and methods. The common ground with Wenker’s survey of German dialects other branches cover linguistic science, nevertheless showed that the situation was especially phonetics, historical linguistics actually more complex than had originally and sociolinguistics. Modern been suggested. One of the linguistic dialectologists are usually trained as features which the survey investigated linguists, and many of them contribute to was the change of mediaeval German /u_/ the literature on phonology or syntax or to modern German /au/. This other branches as well as to dialect studies. diphthongisation is thought to have Obviously, detailed descriptions of started in the southeast of the German- peripheral and secondary dialects are speaking area and to have spread directly relevant to theories of phonology northwards and westwards, with dialects and grammar. It is perhaps surprising, in the north and southwest of the area dialectologiststhen, to discover that remaining unaffected by the change. We interchanges between and theoretical would therefore expect there to be a linguists are not as common as they might single isogloss bisecting the German- be, though in recent years both groups speaking area, dividing areas which have have come to realize that the rich the original /u_/ from those which have variability of linguistic systems can the newer /au/. Wenker found, however, illuminate and challenge universal claims that the isogloss for /hu_s/: /haus/ Haus about grammar and phonology. ‘house’ did not coincide with the isogloss Some philologists had found rather for /hu_s/: /aus/ aus ‘out’, which in turn startling, pointed out that if a sound did not coincide with that for /bru_n/: change took place it would take place in /braun/ braun ‘brown’ and so on. There all cases. That is, it would affect all words were some dialects where the sound that had the sound in question, or at least change had not been carried through all words in which the sound occurred in a regularly, and where some words had the particular environment. If word-initial /t/ original vowel and other words the newer changed to /ts/ as the result of a sound diphthong (Chambers and Trudgill, 2004). change, as we know it did during the history of the German language, it would Structural Dialectology change to /ts/ in every single case. The fact that sound change is regular in this In more recent times linguistics has way explains why regular had a certain amount of influence on correspondences are found between dialectology. Modern linguistic thinking, related languages and dialects. The for example, indicated that it was a German sound change /t/ > /ts/ did not drawback of traditional dialectology that take place in English, which retained the it tended to treat linguistic forms in original /t /, and for this reason English isolation rather than as parts of systems or word-initial /t /regularly corresponds to structures. We can illustrate this point in German /ts/ (spelt z): the following way. The local accents of three towns in East Anglia have different English German pronunciations of the vowel of words like ten zehn road: tell zählen ‘to count’ 81 © Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Penerbitan Unwidha, 2011 Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Klaten 57401 Jawa Tengah Indonesia. road nose be not only meaningful but also revealing. Lowestoft [roud] [nouz] His main innovation was to construct a Ipswich [roud] [nouz] higher-level system which could Colchester [r:ud] [n:uz] incorporate two or more dialect systems. Ipswich, for instance, has the (partial) This phonetic information suggests that it vowel system: would be reasonable to draw an isogloss for this vowel dividing Lowestoft and /u_/ (as in boot) Ipswich in the north from Colchester in /ou/ (nose, knows) the south. However, if we examine some /au/ (house) further pronunciations, the picture looks a little different: Corresponding to this, Lowestoft has: rowed knows /u_/ (boot) Lowestoft [r:ud] [n:uz] /ou/ (nose) Ipswich [roud] [nouz] /:u/ (knows) Colchester [r:ud] [n:uz] /au/ (house) It now emerges that it would be more Weinreich called this kind of revealing to draw an isogloss between system a diasystem. It illustrates the Lowestoft in the north and Ipswich and partial differences and
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