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Der Fall Khashoggi: Eine Völkerrechtliche Analyse

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Der Fall Khashoggi: Eine Völkerrechtliche Analyse Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Rechtswissenschaften an der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Der Fall Khashoggi: eine völkerrechtliche Analyse Eingereicht bei: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Walter Obwexer Von: Richard Purin Innsbruck, im Juli 2019 Danksagung Ich bedanke mich bei Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr. Walter Obwexer, der meine Diplomarbeit betreut und begutachtet hat. Ebenfalls gebührt mein Dank Frau Dr. Jelka Mayr-Singer für die Betreuung und die konstruktive Kritik bei der Erstellung dieser Arbeit. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern, die in schwierigen Zeiten immer an meiner Seite waren. Ohne euch wäre all dies nicht möglich gewesen. II Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister-/Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. Datum Unterschrift III Inhalt Inhalt Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................. VII I. Einleitung und Fragestellung ................................................................................... 1 II. Sachverhalt ............................................................................................................... 3 A. Jamal Khashoggi ................................................................................................. 3 B. Chronologie der Ereignisse ................................................................................. 5 1. Verschwinden ................................................................................................ 5 2. Tötung ............................................................................................................ 6 3. Ermittlungen .................................................................................................. 7 a) Durchsuchung des Konsulats .................................................................... 7 b) Suche nach dem Leichnam ....................................................................... 8 c) Ton- und Videoaufnahmen ....................................................................... 8 d) Sonderberichterstatterin der Vereinten Nationen...................................... 8 C. Mutmaßlich Verantwortliche .............................................................................. 9 1. Unmittelbare Täter ......................................................................................... 9 2. Mohammed bin Salman ............................................................................... 10 3. Die rechte Hand des Prinzen: Saud bin Abdullah al-Qahtani...................... 11 4. Geheimdienstgeneral Ahmad Asiri.............................................................. 11 5. Generalkonsul Mohammed al-Otaibi .......................................................... 11 D. Reaktionen ......................................................................................................... 12 1. Saudi-Arabien .............................................................................................. 12 2. Türkei ........................................................................................................... 13 3. Vereinigte Staaten ........................................................................................ 13 4. Europäische Union....................................................................................... 14 IV Inhalt 5. Vereinte Nationen ........................................................................................ 15 III. Völkerrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen .................................................................. 16 A. Interventionsverbot ............................................................................................ 16 B. Konsularische Immunität .................................................................................. 19 1. „Immunität“ als völkerrechtliches Konzept: Bedeutung und Rechtsquellen ..................................................................... 19 2. Immunität von Staatsorganen ratione personae/ratione materiae ................ 20 3. Unverletzlichkeit des Konsulats .................................................................. 23 4. Verstoß und mögliche Konsequenzen ......................................................... 24 IV. Völkerrechtlicher Menschenrechtsschutz .............................................................. 26 A. Quellen, Systematisierung und Anwendbarkeit der Menschenrechte ............... 26 1. Globale Ebene .............................................................................................. 27 a) Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte .................. 27 b) Übereinkommen gegen Folter und andere grausame, unmenschliche oder erniedrigende Behandlung oder Strafe ........................................... 28 2. Regionale Ebene .......................................................................................... 29 a) Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention ................................................ 29 b) Menschenrechtsschutz im arabischen Raum .......................................... 30 B. Recht auf Leben................................................................................................. 31 C. Verbot der Folter ............................................................................................... 34 D. Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung......................................................................... 34 V. Staatenverantwortlichkeit Saudi-Arabiens ............................................................. 36 A. Rechtsquellen der Staatenverantwortlichkeit .................................................... 36 1. Allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze ..................................................................... 37 2. Gewohnheitsrecht ........................................................................................ 37 3. Sekundärrechtliche Normen als leges speciales .......................................... 38 B. Voraussetzungen der Staatenverantwortlichkeit ............................................... 39 V Inhalt 1. Völkerrechtliches Delikt .............................................................................. 39 2. Zurechenbarkeit zum Staat .......................................................................... 40 3. Rechtswidrigkeit des Verstoßes ................................................................... 41 C. Rechtsfolgen der Staatenverantwortlichkeit ...................................................... 41 D. Anwendung auf den gegenständlichen Fall ....................................................... 43 VI. Möglichkeiten und Probleme der Durchsetzung des Völkerrechts ........................ 45 A. Verstoß gegen Interventionsverbot ................................................................... 45 1. Mittel der friedlichen Streitbeilegung .......................................................... 45 a) Diplomatische Verfahren ........................................................................ 46 b) (Schieds)gerichtliche Verfahren ............................................................. 47 2. Selbsthilfe .................................................................................................... 49 B. Missbrauch der Immunitäten aus dem Wiener Übereinkommen über konsularische Beziehungen ............................................................................... 50 C. Verletzung der Menschenrechte ........................................................................ 51 1. Übereinkommen gegen Folter und andere grausame, unmenschliche oder erniedrigende Behandlung ................................................................... 52 2. Arabische Charta der Menschenrechte ........................................................ 52 3. Satzung der Vereinten Nationen .................................................................. 53 4. Die Rolle der Zivilgesellschaft: „naming and shaming“ ............................. 54 5. Strafverfolgung der Täter ............................................................................ 55 VII. Ergebnisse und Fazit .............................................................................................. 57 Quellenverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... IX VI Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ACHR Arab Charta on Human Rights Art Artikel ASR Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts BUILJ Boston University International Law Journal bzw beziehungsweise CAT Convention against Torture ebd ebenda EGMR Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte EJIL The European Journal of International Law EMRK Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten FRD Friendly Relations Declaration hM herrschende Meinung Hrsg Herausgeber idR in der Regel ieS im engeren Sinn IGH Internationaler Gerichtshof IGH-Statut Statut des Internationalen Gerichtshofes ILC International Law Commission IPbpR Internationaler Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte IStGH Internationaler Strafgerichtshof IStGH-Statut Römisches Statut des internationalen Strafgerichtshofs leg cit legis citatae
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