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Ethernet by T.S.R.K L8 – Ethernet by T.S.R.K. Prasad EA C451 Internetworking Technologies 02/02/2013 References / Acknowledgements Sec 4.3, 4.8: Computer Networks, Andrew Tanenbaum Sec 5.4 – 5.6: [Kurose] Sec 2.6: [Peterson] References EA C451 INET TECH Optional Readings [Shenker-ETH] Scott Shenker, L18- Ethernet, EE122, Fall 2012, Dept of EECS, University of California, Berkeley. http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee122/ [Kurose] Chapter 5: The Link Layer and Local Area Networks, Computer Networking, Kurose & Ross Optional Readings EA C451 INET TECH Optional Readings [Tanenbaum] Chapters 3: Data Link Layer and Chapter 4: MAC Sublayer, Computer Networks, Andrew Tanenbaum, 4th Edition. [Peterson] Chapter 2: Getting Connected, Computer Networks, Peterson & Davie. IEEE 802 Project Look Ma – NO RFCs!!! Optional Readings EA C451 INET TECH Self-Study Topics Spanning tree protocol Self-Study EA C451 INET TECH IEEE 802 Project Network Layer Network LLC 802.2 Layer Logical Link Control (LLC) Data Link 802.3 MAC CSMA/CD 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.15 802.16 Layer Ethernet Wireless LAN / Wi-Fi Bluetooth WiMax Physical QAM / Manchester OFDM HR-DSSS OFDM FHSS Physical Layer QPSK IEEE Standard OSI Model Note: This is not the complete model; IEEE 802 standard has 20 sub-committees formulating the details of the Data link layer standards. IEEE 802 Project EA C451 INET TECH You Said It If something comes along to replace Ethernet, it will be called “Ethernet”, so therefore Ethernet will never die. - Attributed to Bob Metcalfe by Ken Thompson You Said It EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet “dominant” wired LAN technology: • cheap Rs. 889/- for 1Gbps NIC • first widely used LAN technology • simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM • kept up with speed race: 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps Metcalfe’s Ethernet sketch Introduction EA C451 INET TECH Where is the link layer implemented? • Link layer implemented in “adaptor” (aka network interface card NIC) or on a chip application transport – Ethernet card, 802.11 network cpu memory link card; Ethernet chipset host – implements link, physical bus controller (e.g., PCI) layer link physical • ’ physical attaches into host s system transmission buses • combination of hardware, network adapter software, firmware card Introduction Implementation EA C451 INET TECH Medium Access Techniques Medium sharing techniques Static Dynamic medium channelization access control Partition medium Dedicated allocation Scheduling Random access to users Polling: take turns Loose coordination Satellite Request for slot in Send, wait, retry if transmission transmission necessary Cellular Telephone schedule Aloha Token ring Ethernet Wireless LANs Introduction Medium Access Techniques EA C451 INET TECH Notion of Discrete Time node 1 1 1 1 1 node 2 2 2 2 node 3 3 3 3 C E C S E C E S S Nodes transmit only at the beginning of a time slot Introduction Notion of Discrete Time EA C451 INET TECH CSMA/CD CSMA/CD – Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection CSMA: listen before transmit: if channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame • if channel sensed busy, defer transmission CD: detect collision and stop • If collision detected on channel, stop transmission • Implement Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) Algo human analogy: don’t interrupt others! Introduction CSMA/CD EA C451 INET TECH CSMA/CD (collision detection) spatial layout of nodes Introduction CSMA/CD EA C451 INET TECH LAN Addresses each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD LAN adapter 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 Introduction LAN Address EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet: physical topology • bus: popular through mid 90s – all nodes in same collision domain (can collide with each other) • star: prevails today – active switch in center – each “spoke” runs a (separate) Ethernet protocol (nodes do not collide with each other) switch star bus: coaxial cable Classic Ethernet Physical Topology EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet Frame Structure Classic Ethernet Ethernet Frame Structure EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet Frame Structure sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame type dest. source data CRC preamble address address (payload) preamble: • 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011 • used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates Classic Ethernet Ethernet Frame Structure EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet Frame Structure • addresses: 6 byte source, destination MAC addresses . if adapter receives frame with matching destination address, or with broadcast address (e.g. ARP packet), it passes data in frame to network layer protocol . otherwise, adapter discards frame • type: indicates higher layer protocol (mostly IP but others possible, e.g., Novell IPX, AppleTalk) • CRC: cyclic redundancy check at receiver . error detected: frame is dropped type dest. source data preamble address address (payload) CRC Classic Ethernet Ethernet Frame Structure EA C451 INET TECH 802.3 Ethernet PHY Standards • many different Ethernet standards . common MAC protocol and frame format . different speeds: 2 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1Gbps, 10G bps, 100G bps . different physical layer media: fiber, cable MAC protocol application and frame format transport network 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T2 100BASE-FX link 100BASE-T4 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX physical copper (twister fiber physical layer pair) physical layer Classic Ethernet Ethernet PHY Standards EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet Switch • Store and forward A Ethernet frames C’ B • Multiple simultaneous 6 1 2 transmissions 5 4 3 • Transparent B’ C • Plug and Play A’ switch with six interfaces – Self learning (1,2,3,4,5,6) Classic Ethernet Ethernet Switch EA C451 INET TECH Self-learning, forwarding Dest: A’ Source: A A A A’ • frame destination, A’, locaton unknown: C’ B flood 6 1 2 A A’ • destination A location 5 4 3 known: selectively B’ C send A’ A on just one link A’ MAC addr interface TTL A 1 60 switch table A’ 4 60 (initially empty) Classic Ethernet Switches Self-learning EA C451 INET TECH Self-learning multi-switch example Suppose C sends frame to I, I responds to C S 2 0 4 S 1 1 S2 0 0 S 3 0 3 A 3 1 1 1 F 3 2 I B C D 2 2 H E G Q: show switch tables and packet forwarding in S1, S2, S3, S4 Classic Ethernet Switches Self-learning EA C451 INET TECH VLANs Virtual Local 1 7 9 15 Area Network 2 8 10 16 switch(es) supporting VLAN capabilities can … … be configured to Electrical Engineering Computer Science define multiple virtual (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15) LANS over single … operates as multiple virtual physical LAN switches infrastructure. 1 7 9 15 2 8 10 16 port-based VLAN … … Electrical Engineering Computer Science (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-16) Classic Ethernet VLANs EA C451 INET TECH Port-based VLAN router • traffic isolation: frames to/from ports 1-8 can only reach ports 1-8 . can also define VLAN based on MAC addresses of endpoints, rather than switch port 1 7 9 15 2 8 10 16 • dynamic membership: … … ports can be dynamically Electrical Engineering Computer Science assigned among VLANs (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15) • forwarding between VLANS: done via routing (just as with separate switches) . in practice vendors sell combined switches plus routers Classic Ethernet VLANs Port-based VLANs EA C451 INET TECH VLANS spanning multiple switches 1 7 9 15 1 3 5 7 2 8 10 16 2 4 6 8 … … Electrical Engineering Computer Science Ports 2,3,5 belong to EE VLAN (VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15) Ports 4,6,7,8 belong to CS VLAN • trunk port: carries frames between VLANS defined over multiple physical switches – frames forwarded within VLAN between switches can’t be vanilla 802.1 frames (must carry VLAN ID info) – 802.1q protocol adds/removed additional header fields for frames forwarded between trunk ports Classic Ethernet VLANs Multiple Switches EA C451 INET TECH 802.1Q VLAN frame format type preamble dest. source data (payload) address address CRC 802.3 frame type preamble dest. source data (payload) address address CRC 802.1Q frame 2-byte Tag Protocol Identifier Recomputed (value: 81-00) CRC Tag Control Information (12 bit VLAN ID field, 3 bit priority field like IP TOS) Classic Ethernet VLANs Frame Format EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Brief History of Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Brief History of Ethernet EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet Versions Name Technical Name Maximum Speed Ethernet 802.3, CSMA/CD 10 Mbps Fast Ethernet 802.3u 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 802.3z 1 Gbps 10 Gbps Ethernet 802.3ae 10 Gbps 100 Gbps Ethernet 802.3ba 100 Gbps 400 Gbps Ethernet 802.3bj 400 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Versions EA C451 INET TECH Link Aggregation Group (LAG) Gigabit Ethernet LAG EA C451 INET TECH LAG – Multiplexing by another name Gigabit Ethernet LAG EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet in Supercomputers Interconnects used on the Top 500 Supercomputers Deployment Scenarios Supercomputers EA C451 INET TECH Inside the Data Center Deployment Scenarios Data Centers EA C451 INET TECH Inside the Enterprises Deployment Scenarios Inside the Enterprises EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet for Interconnecting Campuses Deployment Scenarios Campus Interconection (WAN) EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet in Apartments Deployment Scenarios Apartments EA C451 INET TECH 10Gb Ethernet MAN Deployment Scenarios Metro Ethernet EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet for All Seasons Deployment Scenarios Ethernet for All Seasons EA C451 INET TECH Presentation Overview Conclusion Deployment Scenarios Gigabit Ethernet Classic Ethernet Introduction Lecture Outline EA C451 INET TECH Ethernet with Supporting Technologies Conclusion EA C451 INET TECH .
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