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Mahatma Gandhi's Ideology of Swadeshi ÎIÉiÉÒVÉ: ¦ÉÉ®úÊiÉªÉ ºÉɨÉÉÊVÉEò ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ {ÉÊjÉEòÉ VÉÚxÉ -ºÉ{]åõ¤É®ú 2015 ´É¹ÉÇ 5 ´Éä +ÆEò 3 ®úÉ ISSN:2250-0790 MAHATMA GANDHI’S IDEOLOGY OF SWADESHI Dr.Sunita Kalakhe, Assistant Professor & Head Economics Department, Shri.Shivaji College, Chikhli Dist.Buldana-443 201(M.S.) Ms. Prachi Bhamburkar Home Economics Department, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Akola Introduction: such industries even though profits initially The concept of Swadeshi as developed by might be minimal or non-existent."'As against Gandhi to become a major weapon in his anti this definition, an imperialistic definition colonial strategies had both political and terms Swadeshi to mean anything from the economic dimensions. For Gandhi, Swadeshi perfectly legitimate and commendable centered around handspun khaddar and encouragement of Indian industry to the extended to everything that could beproduced complete exclusion of foreign and especially indigenously by the rural masses.1 English goods by a national and often forcible Swadeshi as a concept has been boycott as part of a political campaign against defined aptly by Sumit Sarkar in its British specifically economic aspect as "a sentiment rule. 2 closely associated with many phases of Indian nationalism— that indigenous goods should The concept of Swadeshi: be preferred by consumers even if they were The Dictionary meaning of Swadeshi more expensive than or inferior in quality to [swәˈdeɪʃɪ] their imported industries and that it was the adj(Economics) (in present-day India) patriotic duty of men with capital to pioneer produced within the country; not imported n(Historical Terms) (in British India) the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided encouragement of domestic production and that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers boycott of foreign goods as part of the or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. campaign for independence © Copyright 2015 Research Publications, Chikhli, India © ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ |ÉEòɶÉxÉ, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ 27 ÎIÉiÉÒVÉ: ¦ÉÉ®úÊiÉªÉ ºÉɨÉÉÊVÉEò ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ {ÉÊjÉEòÉ VÉÚxÉ -ºÉ{]åõ¤É®ú 2015 ´É¹ÉÇ 5 ´Éä +ÆEò 3 ®úÉ ISSN:2250-0790 [from Bengali svadesī, from Sanskrit on the economic sub-structure and finally svadeśin, from sva one's own + deśa country] what was the ideological base of Gandhi's 'charisma? How did he resolve the various The concept of Swadeshi had a dual contradictory forces and their interplay during aspect to perform under the leadership of the period 1920-'50?For example, the Gandhi: One, an ideological aspect and complex competition between the mills and another an economic one. The problem of the handloom, the All India Spinners' handloom industry although in Association (hereafter AISA) Visa-Vis the essence was an economic one, had in reality Co-operative societies and between the two components: One human' and the other dallals, middleman and the Congress ? functional'. The human element consisted in With Gandhi's entry into Indian politics after fact, of a large number of people who were the First World War, a gauntlet was thrown solely or mainly dependent on the hand- not only to Hindu orthodoxy but also to the woven industry for their livelihood and were British authority. But shrewdly, he stressed suffering from certain disabilities and political issues when he launched his hardships. The functional aspect was Satyagraha campaigns against the imperial concerned with the situation where in rule and raised social issues during periods of methods of producing handloom fabrics and political dormancy. The khaddar movement their marketing during the nationalist phase also was in its full swing and had its most became increasingly, uneconomic, lasting impact during the periods between the unprogressive and was generally seen as two major movements, (i.e., Non Co- unorganized. This is linked up with the operation and the Civil Disobedience). question of how Gandhi himself developed Therefore, what is observed is that both for the idea of khadi gradually. Earlier, his aim of his political and social reform campaigns providing Gandhi tried to reconstruct tradition so as to only employment which would earn the the cause of reform. This could be mainly weaver a minimum of three pies a day, to the achieved, primarily due to his deep final stage of the weaver forming the understanding of the nature and mode of apex/pinnacle of the samagra seva discourse and structural on straints of the movement, is discussed in detail. What was Hindu tradition. Traditional concepts such as the primary and final impact on technology or 'satya', Swadeshi, 'bramhacharya' were © ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ |ÉEòɶÉxÉ, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ 28 ÎIÉiÉÒVÉ: ¦ÉÉ®úÊiÉªÉ ºÉɨÉÉÊVÉEò ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ {ÉÊjÉEòÉ VÉÚxÉ -ºÉ{]åõ¤É®ú 2015 ´É¹ÉÇ 5 ´Éä +ÆEò 3 ®úÉ ISSN:2250-0790 imparted new meanings by Gandhi and of Bengal in 1905. The view stressed was that thereby redefining the traditional institution. Indians should unite irrespective of their This ransmutation of raditional concepts religion or other differences and "wake up to enabled him to make social and political the national cause by abjuring the use of campaigns intelligible to the teeming masses Lancashirecloth." Interesting and significant who could scarcely have been reached by an to note, was the fact that the notion of entirely new rationalist or odern terminology. protecting indigenous handicrafts against the Some of his interpreters claim that as a severe competition with native machine method Satyagraha itself contain positive manufacturers found no place inthis phase of elements of coercion'. The tools of Non Co- Swadeshi agitation. 4 operation, boycott and strike which were used By 1907-08, the emphasis on in Satyagraha involved elements of Swadeshi efforts was beginning to shift away compulsion which may have affected a from industrial production towards banking, change on the part of the opponent which is insurance and inland trade where profits actually against his will. 3 seemed much easier tomake and capital correspondingly less shy. Therefore, History of ideology of Swadeshi : Swadeshi ideas as propagated from mainly By the 1870s the concept of Swadeshi the economic point of view did not gain the started gathering a momentum- with support of every sector. The industrialist class emphasis on the promotion of the use of forexample, was opposed to these ideas of indigenous manufactured goods. In 1872 M. Swadeshi clashing with their entrepreneurial G. Ranade delivered a series of public needs and they found it to be an unnecessary lectures at Poona on economic issues waste of public energy and this discontent propagating the use of goods produced in found expression in their lack of total support one's country even though they may prove to to the movement . 5 be dearer or less satisfactory than finer The nineteenth century therefore foreign products.12This agitation for increasingly witnessed the demand for rapid Swadeshi was given a fresh lease in 1896 industrialization as a compensation assuming when the whole country protested against the national proportions all over the country. No countervailing excise duties on Indian cloth single newspaper or public worker denied the and received a fresh impetus after thepartition © ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ |ÉEòɶÉxÉ, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ 29 ÎIÉiÉÒVÉ: ¦ÉÉ®úÊiÉªÉ ºÉɨÉÉÊVÉEò ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ {ÉÊjÉEòÉ VÉÚxÉ -ºÉ{]åõ¤É®ú 2015 ´É¹ÉÇ 5 ´Éä +ÆEò 3 ®úÉ ISSN:2250-0790 advantages to be gained by promoting mills, improved handlooms, river transport Western technology in India. 6 concerns, match and soap factories, As early as 1900 there was only one earthenware factories, tanneries, etc., national voice raised against this mad rush to education through muffassil schools industrialize. Satish Chandra Mukherjee the (Aug.1906), the Tarakanath Palit Society for Editor of the Dawn had the foresight to the promotion of technical education and visualize that it would produce small, highly efforts to translate Rabindranath Tagore's organized minorities of the capitalist class Swadeshi samaj into practice became the that would reduce the millions of workers highlights of this age. 9 The chief centres of into mere machines and wage slaves and lead economic thinking were founded by Gopala the workers to combine in gigantic labour Krishna Gokhale, the Servants of India organization Society and in Bengal, The Dawn Society that were bound to be permanent social and which inspired not only a first class institute political dangers in a country as vast as India. for higher technical education at Jadhavpur The remedy lay, he propagated, in organizing near Calcutta, but was known for its villages on a corporate basis confining it to a pioneering works in modernized industry and few enterprises like engineering projects, commerce. This gave an added impetus given mines, railways, etc. 7 Along with these to this movement. 10 indigenously sprouting ideas, the War of One of the most appealing arguments Independence of the U.S., and the French used by the Indian nationalists to defend and revolution inspired the youth of India to react popularize the concept of Swadeshi was that more strongly on the corroding effects of since the Government of India had refused to colonial rule on the national character. 8 give them the much needed protection to the This was also a period in which the growing industries of India, the people three major potential streams emerged: themselves should undertake to provide Moderates following constructive Swadeshi, protection through the vigorous campaigning political extremists using extended boycott for Swadeshi goods. Therefore to sum up the and side-by-side the growth of the terrorist nationalist attitude prior to 1905: was one of a movement.
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