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Please direct all questions to [email protected] Joshua Loiselle & John McAndrew Chair

Welcome

여보세요! Hello all, my name is Joshua Loiselle and I will be your chair for the committee of the South Korean Cabinet. Here’s a little bit about me: I am from a medium sized town called Holden, Massachusetts. I attended a private college preparatory school called Saint John’s in Shrewsbury, MA. I am currently an undergraduate student in the School of International Service and my focus is on national security in Northeast Asia. I also plan to minor in Chinese which I have studied for four years. As you can infer, this topic is quite pertinent and important to me and my studies. Academics aside, I have done MUN for four years and have attended conferences at Chicago, Brown, and Northeastern University (don’t worry this did not make me hardo about parli pro). Outside of MUN, I have quite the list of hobbies and passions that encompasses everything from archery, service trips to Haiti, rowing crew, and horseback riding. So, if you have any questions regarding college, MUN, language studies, or foreign I would love to share my insight(questions are not limited to these, I’m easy going so just ask!). I am very excited to meet you all and see how you all will approach this now rising issue in northeast Asia.

Hey everybody, my name is John McAndrew and I’ll be your chair for the committee of the South Korean Cabinet. I’m from the same town as my co-chair, Josh, good ol’ Holden, Mass., but neither of us met each other until we came to AU. That was primarily because I went to Wachusett Regional, a public school absolutely superior in every way to St. John’s, and don’t let anyone tell you different. Lame one-sided rivalries aside, I’m also an undergraduate studying International Relations with an intended focus on the Middle East. I have only a year of Model UN experience - my school’s club was closed down for reasons I shouldn’t say here - so if you’re still figuring out this whole “etiquette and procedure” thing, well, so am I. Feel free to ask me questions about anything and everything, and I’ll do my best to answer them. Outside of MUN, I enjoy running, reading, video games, playing frisbee, and making lists about myself for other people to read. I can’t wait to meet all of you, and let’s make this a great conference.

Good luck in your preparations. Feel free to email us with any questions, comments, or concerns!

See everyone in February!

Best,

John & Josh 01 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

ABOUT SOUTH KOREA

In June 1950, 75,000 North Korean troops invaded the Republic of Korea. This all out attack by the North caught the South completely off guard and resulted in the South Korean government being unable to reorganize a counter attack until the United States and the United Nations came to to their aid months later.

As ministers of the State Council of the Korea faces in reality and more broadly, Republic of Korea, you are acting as the by your imagination. Be sure to adjust embodiment of your country’s interests your responses to represent realistic and aspirations for the Pacific theater. reactions, performances and outcomes Some of your most important policy that would be expected for goals should include trade liberalization representatives of the Republic of within Southeast Asia, maintaining Korea. Your work should not diverge stable relations with North Korea, and so far from the realm of possibility as to fostering strong bilateral be absurd in the context of South economic-political relationships with Korean diplomatic relations. As a the United States and China. regional peacekeeper and oasis of Paramount to all these goals, however, stability for diplomacy and economic is ensuring peace and prosperity for growth, you should be working towards Republic of Korea overall. As a key greater collaboration and prosperity in regional ally of the United States as well the region while acting strategically to as a growing economic and political engender support from other player in the international arena, the international actors. By embracing the Republic of Korea has a unique role rich heritage shared by all Koreans in when it comes to negotiations between the peninsula and by demonstrating the the Western and Eastern powers. skilled diplomacy that characterizes the Republic of Korea, you can ensure the Your State Council is limited only by the best for your people and country. same restraints that the Republic of In short, addressing the crisis in the Pacific theater will be your main topic 02

of concern in attempting to further the 30th, however, American soldiers were domestic and foreign policy interests of deployed to Korea along with a South Korea. Please use this 16-nation UN initiative under the Background Guide as a basis for your command of General MacArthur. If it further research and exploration of weren’t for the United States’ quick South Korean politics and global decision in June 1950, the rest of South current events in order to better Korea would have probably fallen. It prepare your positions for the was at this point that the war shifted conference. from a defense of what remained of the Republic of Korea to the reclamation of Historical Context former territory. On September 15th, UN In June 1950, 75,000 North Korean forces executed an amphibious assault troops invaded the Republic of Korea. on Inchon leading to the recapture of This all out attack by the North caught Seoul. With the aid of the 8th army in the South completely off guard and the south, MacArthur proceeded to cut resulted in the South Korean off the supply lines of North Korean government being unable to reorganize army forcing the North Korean army to a counter attack until the United States retreat. This reinvigorated the failing and the United Nations came to to their morale of the South Korean army as aid months later. Yet prior to the Seoul was both a psychological and outbreak of full out war, skirmishes strategic goal for South Korean, between North and South had been American, and UN army. very common; over ten thousand North and South Koreans had been killed by After Seoul fell to UN armies, these skirmishes prior to the invasion.

What triggered the actual invasion is still up for debate, however, as the war drew on, it became clear that the North had been preparing for such an invasion for a long time. The South Korean army under dictator Syngman Rhee was far less trained and frightened by the sudden attack by the North Korean army. Within the first few months of the invasion, the North Korean army pushed past the 38th parallel to the capital of the Republic of Korea, Seoul. By the third day, Seoul fell and by early August, the remaining South Korean and U.S forces were forced into the southeastern corner of the peninsula. Cornered and low on supplies, South Korean and U.S forces established a defensive perimeter around the port city of Pusan. On June 03 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 04

Less than six weeks earlier this force had been struggling to hold onto the last position in South Korea; now they sat in the capital of the north.

MacArthur turned his attention towards the initial and ultimative offer leading maintaining the offensive, and to the UN to pass a resolution for the eventually pushing into North Korean reunification of Korea led by General territory. The UN Security Council MacArthur. advised President Truman to halt now that they had achieved success in As a result, General MacArthur retaking South Korea. Truman’s Chiefs combined the 8th Army division and the of Staff argued, however, for the 1st Marine division with Korean army destruction of the North Korean army. recruits and began to push into the President Truman agreed, and then North Korean territory. By September proceeded to launch an offensive to 29th, the coalition forces had captured unite both Koreas under the leadership the port city of Wonsan. However, the of President Rhee. International advance along the rest of the 38th response was almost immediate; China parallel had been slow as North Korean declared any forces near border would forces had dug themselves in all along be considered a threat to the nation. the line. On October 14th, the 1st Following suit, the Soviet Union called cavalry division captured Kumchon and for a ceasefire on the peninsula and opened the road for the rest of the India argued that UN and American forces to push into Pyongyang. Less forces should not cross the 38th than six weeks earlier this force had parallel. On October 1st, MacArthur been struggling to hold onto the last demanded that the North Korean army position in South Korea; now they sat in lay down their weapons and return all the capital of the north. The coalition UN prisoners to prevent any further forces were now poised to push past bloodshed and destruction to the the Yalu river and tributaries in the peninsula. North Korea refused both north for what would 05 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

have been the end of the war. 1953 after three long years of However, on the 31st of October, China bloodshed and destruction for both entered the war. side.

Coalitions advancements were brought The Interim: 1953-2010 to a screeching halt as Chinese forces The current oscillations between came rushing to the aid of the belligerence and peace-making from remaining North Korean force. The North Korea are well-documented in Chinese army began to pick apart the the media. Furthermore, the war offensive line on either side creating between the southern and northern gaps in the offensive, and leaving major halves of the peninsula is a recurring forces at risk. What was the last push theme in any discussion of the two became the new line of engagement Koreas. What fails to receive attention, for the coalitions forces. At every however, is the period after the Korean advance, American, South Korean, and War ended, and how the two Koreas UN regiments were met fared with their own with a Chinese force independence. ready to fight and push On July back the advance of the 27th, 1953 Before independence, in coalition’s forces. Over the August 1945, the Soviet time, the coalition’s Union invaded the Korean forces began to pull armistice Peninsula from the north back as any further was and seized control of much advance would have of the northern half of meant certain defeat. signed. Korea. To prevent the loss Inevitably, the coalition’s of the entire territory to the forces were forced back to the 38th Soviets, the US made an parallel by the fresh and larger agreement; Korea would be divided th Chinese army. The war had now along the 38 parallel, with the Soviets become a stalemate between the in the north and the Americans in the two extremely weakened Koreas south. In May 1948, the UN attempted and their powerful backing allies. to hold elections for a singular National With the election of Dwight D. Assembly that would unify the two Eisenhower, the U.S approach to the halves of Korea. The US supported this war also changed. Unlike Truman, move, and under UN supervision, the Eisenhower hinted at nuclear war South Korean populace elected Dr. and put pressure on China by Syngman Rhee, an anti-communist, as supporting Taiwanese raids. their first president. The Soviet Union Ultimately, this brought all the major forbid any election from taking place in nations to the negotiation table as their Korean territory, and instead neither side wished to create World placed Kim Il Sung into power as the War III. The new border was drawn first president of the Democratic at the 38th parallel and a People’s Republic of Korea. 1948 is demilitarized zone created to viewed as the year both Koreas gained prevent any further escalations. The sovereignty, and from the very armistice was signed on July 27th, beginning they were divided and 06

governed under different rules. 1 Dubbed the Second Republic, the new South Korean government embarked Syngman Rhee spent decades as an on liberalizing reforms that reshaped advocate for Korean independence the political landscape of the ROK. The from Japan, and with U.S. assistance, Second Republic loosened restraints he returned to Korea in 1945. He on free speech and political discourse, quickly built a political following, one held new elections, and purged the which eventually led him to victory in military and police of Rhee-loyalists. the 1948 elections. The Korean War Even with the introduction of new had ostensibly been waged to preserve reforms though, the government could democracy on the peninsula, but Rhee not satisfy all the demands of the ironically created a dictatorship which populace, and turmoil once again in many ways was harsher than the one consumed South Korea.3 On May 16, in the North. Rhee utilized his power as 1961, the military staged a coup against president to become a de facto the government and for two years ruled dictator; he ordered the assassinations as a “quasi-civilian” governing council. of political rivals, suppressed dissent Elections were arranged a year later, through violence, and rigged elections. and Major General Park Chung-hee, the After years of political turmoil, Syngman de facto leader of the coup, ran and Rhee was forced to step down on April won the election 27, 1960 amid months of protests.2 In his wake a new wave of democracy Park Chung-hee was influenced deeply swept over South Korea, one that by World War II-era Japanese theories would finally fulfill the promises of the of governance and built his government Korean War. in South Korea as President with those same theories in

07 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

kind. In particular, his methodology In the aftermath of the prolonged involved strict governmental control of skirmishes, conditions in the South the economy infused with ardent greatly improved. The Republic of nationalism.4 Like his predecessor Korea’s economy advanced under Syngman Rhee, Park suppressed Park’s rule; South Korea progressed to dissent and expanded his own powers an export-oriented economy that to a dictatorial degree. In 1969, he had expanded the wealth of the nation. the constitution rewritten to allow him However, financial gains did not to legally run for a third term, and after outweigh political repression, which a political opponent nearly toppled him had increased dramatically in the years in the 1971 elections, he ordered a new after the Yushin constitution’s constitution drafted and ratified. By ratification, and in 1979 Park was 1972, the Yushin constitution went into assassinated on orders of the head of force and granted Park the powers of a the Korean Central Intelligence legal dictatorship, one which he Agency.7 Two military commanders, justified through “administrative Chun Doo Hwan and Roh Tae-woo, efficiency”. While Park faced severe succeeded Park as leaders of South tensions at home, he also confronted Korea through another military coup. myriad aggressions to the north, along Chun was the first of the duo to be the ROK’s only border. elected President, and oversaw the creation of another constitution for the Though the DMZ had been peaceful ROK. The expansion of political since 1953, in 1966, dictator Kim Il Sung freedoms was too slow for many, increased his violent rhetoric and however; in 1988 Chun was voted out threatened to invade and conquer of office and Roh acceded to the South Korea. In November, six US presidency on the promise of more soldiers were ambushed and killed by meaningful political reform.8 The 1988 North Korean operatives; the next three elections mark the first peaceful years, called by some ‘the Second transition of power in South Korean Korean War’, would see dozens of US history. The republic maintains this soldiers and hundreds of Koreans on peaceful democratic government into both sides die in battle.5 The conflict the present day. reached its peak in 1968 with the Blue House Raid, a North Korean assault on Peace has not yet been achieved with Park Chung-hee’s home in an attempt North Korea, however, and tensions to assassinate him. The attack was have flared up several times in the past foiled by South Korea, but the Republic two decades. In 1999, 2002, 2009, of Korea suffered almost 100 and 2010, the two Korean navies casualties.6 After dozens of skirmishes sparred in their shared western waters instigated by both sides, Kim pacified around Yeonpyeong Island, which his ambitions and stability was achieved resulted in several casualties. Recent on the DMZ. By 1969, both sides had peace talks offer hope for reconciliation returned to their former positions along on the Korean peninsula, but the long the border and peace was ostensibly history of aggression between the two restored. should be remembered, as it may rear its head 08

As the first North Korean leader to cross the border since the 1950s, Leader Kim Jong Un stunned the world.

once more in the future. South Koreans expressed both hopeful excitement and cautious reticence as Contemporary Relations between the images rolled through news media North and South Korea outlets. Notably, President Moon Today, the state of affairs between the Jae-in, as a sign of solidarity and good Republic of Korea (ROK - South Korea) faith also briefly crossed over to North and the Democratic People’s Republic Korea to meet his counterpart. Other of Korea (DPRK - North Korea) is symbolic handshakes and tree constantly shifting. Recent talks plantings were organized to project a between ROK President, Moon Jae-in unified political front for improved and North Korean Leader, Kim Jong Un future relations. Much of the diplomatic have changed the outlook on what has progress from the summit surrounded appeared like an intractable political the limited access for families to travel stalemate. In fact, the historic summit across the border and a celebration of of Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un to the cultural heritage, with some attention ROK in April of 2018 became a symbol placed on economic opportunities as of modern progress towards well. Economic development has been establishing diplomatic relations and a uniting issue for the two nations even at some point, permanent working towards increased bilateral reunification. programs.

As the first North Korean leader to Furthermore, the two countries, which cross the border since the 1950s, have technically been at war since the Leader Kim Jong Un stunned many 1945 armistice, agreed to collaborate after a year filled with nuclear testing on a peace treaty in addition to further and missile launches in North Korea. integration and exchange of economic 09 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

and social capital. Still, specifics for increased scale, range and capability denuclearization, an implicit put the international community on prerequisite to normalization, and notice. In the case of South Korea, complementary logistics for trade, relations with the North have fluctuated travel, and political liberalization were with changes in administration even the left for later negotiations. Although the last few decades alone. Historically, majority of the news media cycle the 2007 Presidency of Lee Myung Bak focused on international reactions to characterized a period of tense these landmark events, the true impact relations especially with North Korea’s on future of relations, in the midst of nullification of previous political and greater Chinese expansionism and the military de-escalation agreements. In North’s seemingly hot-and-cold contrast, then South Korean President relationship with the United States, is Kim Dae Jung visited the North in a uncertain. symbolic political trip to encourage unification in 2000. Regardless of Although the recent summit has taken these fluctuations, there is a strong hold of news cycle a put a positive spin cultural basis and political will slowly on inter-Korean relations, it is important progressing to the expected end goal to contextualize these developments in of reunification. consideration of events from the last decade or so. To summarize such a However, there are more contemporary period in North and South Korean barriers to unification even when relations is not an easy proposition. setting aside the issue of denuclearization. In October of 2010, On November 28, 2017, North Korea while South Korean troops were launched its most powerful conducting regular military exercises on inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) the border island of Yeonpyeong, North into the sea off of coastal Japan. While Korean soldiers opened fire, killing nuclear missile testing has been a dozens of civilians in the process. This feature of the regime since before became one of the most unexpected Leader Kim Jong Un took office after and dangerous occurrences in the last the death of his father in 2011, the few decades of inter-Korean relations. increased scale, range and capability The political fallout was swift and put the international community on normalization regressed. Although notice. In the case of South Korea, later, talks were inspired by the need relations with the North have fluctuated for greater military and political with changes in administration even the communication in order to prevent such last few decades alone. Historically, On events. November 28, 2017, North Korea launched its most powerful In an even more polarizing event, the inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) controversial Sony Pictures into the sea off of coastal Japan. While Entertainment cyberattack in 2014 has nuclear missile testing has been a become an iconic moment in feature of the regime since before inter-Korean relations. In the days Leader Kim Jong Un took office after leading up to the release of a parody the death of his father in 2011, the about two Americans travelling to 10

North Korea in order to assassinate the the presence of international experts. country’s dictator called The Interview, At the same event, the North Korean thousands of the company’s sensitive government also committed to emails were released to the public. The additional disarmament measures in North Korean government was accused the near future. This event culminated of committing the act but denied in both governments signing a peace responsibility. The North Korean agreement, which both North Korea government has been previously and South Korea claimed to usher in a accused of various cyber attacks on new ear of stability and peace. Further South Korean banks and broadcasting infrastructure, economic, tourist, and networks as well through the last demilitarization plans were fleshed out decade. at the meeting with both sides presenting optimistic views for future In 2016, North Korea tested its first relations. Hydrogen bomb which incurred harsh sanctions and reprimands from the International Relations of South Korea United Nations. South Korean with other Pacific Nations President Moon Jae-in responded to the tests by advocating for the Japan “strongest possible” sanctions in order Despite South Korea’s bloody past with to “completely isolate” Pyeongyeong. North Korea, China, and Japan, many of More tests continued into 2017. these same relations have improved over the last few decades. Most Just this September, however, North notably, South Korea now recognizes Korean Leader Kim Jong Un agreed to Japan as a key strategic ally which close a notable nuclear test facility in shares similar economic and security 11 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

concerns in the region. Japan China recognizes the Republic of Korea as the Chinese-South Korean relations are legitimate government of the peninsula much more difficult to define. In 2016, and the two nations have sought to China and South Korea had $210 billion improve their relations. However, dollars worth of trade; this made China resentment of the Japanese has South Korea’s number one trade remained strong amongst the Korean partner, and South Korea China’s people. largest source of imports and the third largest market for exports. However, Despite the “Future Oriented despite the growing economic relations Relationship”, historical and territorial between the two countries, disputes still weigh heavily on the diplomatically the Republic of Korea minds of many South Koreans. The and the People’s Republic of China Japanese use of Korean women as have starkly different goals. In recent ‘comfort women’ still remains an issue years, China has put pressure on South for many of the South Korean people. In Korea to restrain its involvement with addition, the Dokdo, a small set of the United States, and to limit the islands in the Sea of Japan, remains an American THAAD missile deployment area of contestment between the two on the Korean Peninsula. This has put a nations. The Dokdo holds natural strain in Chinese-South Korean resources that both Japan and South relations since while China seeks limit Korea have needs for and wish to use. US involvement in the region, South While Japan and South Korea could Korea views American involvement as a hypothetically settle the dispute over necessity for North Korean deterrence the islands through international courts, in the region. In response to Chinese South Korea in particular has refused to pressure, in 2017, South Korea since the islands hold a sentimental discontinued THAAD missile value for the South Koreans. Giving up deployments, terminated the country’s access to these islands for South Korea participation in the US global missile is seen as legitimization of Japanese defence network, and backed out of a colonial rule and evokes memories of trilateral defence agreement with the the atrocities committed by the US and Japan. In response, China has Japanese military. In spite of this increased its tourism and cultural animosity, the Republic of Korea views exchange to South Korea. Relations Japan as a major partner in the region. have also improved in light of the North Recent escalations in the North Korea's Korean escalation. In light of these nuclear program have drawn Japan and recent escalations, China has taken the South Korea closer. Furthermore, both stance of mediating talks between the Japan and South Korea are the few two Koreas. China’s continued democracies and pro-United States assistance in talks has shown China’s countries in the region. As the situation desire to maintain stability in the region, of North Korea evolves, Japan and and further cooperation between the South Korea’s regional alliance are two Koreas. Despite aiding peace talks expected to continue to strengthen. with the two Koreas, China has taken a strong stance against reunification, as a reunified 12

ASEAN-ROK Cooperation Fund had contributed $81 billion US dollars to ASEAN Vision 2025

Korea would threaten China’s investment. Between China’s geopolitical control in the region. economic pressure on South Korea and China’s aggressive stance over the South Korea’s hesitation to fully commit South China Sea as also left South to American and Japanese foreign Korea in a difficult position as China, policy goals, South Korea has been the United States, and Japan all have forced to fill the country’s trade gaps by conflicting interests in the region. In building trade relations in the South addition, China’s control of the region Pacific. South Korea and ASEAN have could threaten South Korea’s economic agreed to numerous pacts that include interests as South Korea is based the ASEAN-ROK Strategic Partnership mostly in exports. Continued escalation for Peace and Prosperity and the not only forces South Korea to choose ASEAN-ROK Cooperation Fund. By a side and threaten relations with either 2016, the ASEAN-ROK Cooperation side, but also threatens South Korea’s Fund had contributed $81 billion US economic ties in the region. dollars to ASEAN Vision 2025 and the goals agreed upon by the ASEAN-ROK ASEAN Nations action plan of 2016-2020. Overall South Because of the difficult nature of the Korea has become ASEAN’s second politics in the South China Sea, South largest trade and investment partner. Korea has taken a muted stance on the Tourism to Southeast Asia has also issue. Instead, South Korea has focused greatly increased, and ASEAN recently recently on building relationships with build a cultural house in Busan. smaller regional powers in the South President Moon has also announced Pacific. South Korea relations between the New Southern Policy that not only ASEAN countries have improved in focuses on the continued investment recent years in light of South Korean and improvement of 13 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

economic ties but also a new emphasis the Korean peninsula. This ultimately on mutual security agreements with allows South Korea to no longer have South Pacific Nations. This policy is to rely economically and militarily on exemplified in both Indonesia and the US or China. The goal of outreach Vietnam, which have growing security is aided by Japan’s steps towards ties to South Korea and have continued improved relations with Russia. to increase their military cooperation Furthermore, improved relations with with each other. For ASEAN nations, Russia also allows South Korea to South Korea has proved to be a means expand its markets like the Republic of to decreasing reliance on China and a Korea is doing in Southeast Asia and way to enter more mutualistic India. Similar to the New Southern agreements and maintain their own Policy, South Korea has created the sovereignty. For South Korea, building New Northern policy to increase trade stronger ties to ASEAN nations gives and investment in China, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea access to new North Korea, and Russia. markets and the ability to invest in growing economies and create new Internal affairs key alliances in the region. Strife in Society: Russia The Republic of Korea is a South Korean and Russian investment homogenized, traditional nation that is and trade has also significantly in the midst of various changes both increased over the past decade as well. externally and internally. The country is On June 31st, 2018, President Moon still haunted by its decades of expressed sentiments of solidarity with dictatorial dominance and a result, its President Putin on increasing conservative populace reacts harshly cooperation & security in the Pacific towards any influx of new immigrants. region as well as the denuclearization Years of economic expansion have of the Korean peninsula. Both countries brought great prosperity but also great view the recent summit in Singapore hardship, as prolonged work hours and with President Trump and North Korean stress have dramatically increased leader Kim Jong Un positively. Korea’s suicide rate. At the same time, Improved relations with South Korea changes in the Republic of Korea's and Russia could lead Russia to economic policies have resulted in become a safeguard for the South Korea as one of China’s denuclearization deal and increase trust important trade allies, a problematic and cooperation on a trilateral level situation for a country founded in between Russia and both Koreas. opposition to communist rule. Like all Furthermore, by involving Russia, South nations there are myriad issues Korea can wayne itself off the country’s confronting Korea’s policy makers, and reliance of its traditional partners and their decisions will have an impact of exert the Republic of Korea more in the future generations for years to come. Pacific theater.. South Korea sees this as a way to soften US-Russian relations For almost two decades, the Republic to help secure the region through of Korea was controlled by a small cooperation on the denuclearization of military elite who assumed power 14

through a coup and rewrote the to see these kinds of plans drafted constitution to set their dominance in without any involvement from the legal fact. As previously discussed, it federal government. wasn’t until the 1980s that Korea began to shift into a true democracy1. Despite While President Moon’s progressive its democratic successes, the nation administration may be at odds with the has yet to fully resolve its marred traditionally reactionary military, the history under a dictatorship. A very Moon administration still retains sobering revelation came to light in July constitutional authority over the armed 2017, just months after Park Geun-hye forces of the Republic of Korea. was impeached by the federal Hoever, the administration does not government. The military had drawn up have as much control over is the a plan, only revealed to the legislature general populace, specifically their after the fact, in the event that Park was reactions to current events. The world not impeached and widespread faces myriad problems in 2018, but one protests erupted in Seoul. Without any that has yet to affect Korea is the global oversight, the military would have immigration and the refugee crisis. In deployed thousands of troops into the July, the Korean government accepted city in a time of crisis for the 550 Yemeni refugees and settled them government. Plans to control the on Jeju Island to the south of the media, produce propaganda, and mainland. In response, 520,000 cooperate with Park to fully legalize Koreans signed an online petition to their military movements were also in have them extradited from the country3. the works2. While it can be argued the In a homogenous, singular society like military was preparing solely to Korea’s, unfamiliarity, fear, and even maintain order, it is no doubt alarming xenophobia are all probable causes of 15 STATE COUNCIL of THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 16

such an intense reaction. Another pressures that emphasize stoicism, possibility is the concern of “living hard work and study inbalance, and space” in the small nation of over 50 success. Students spend up to 16 million people. Young people were hours a day in school studying to get particularly hostile towards the into the highest tiers of Korean refugees not because of any animosity education, and adults work some of the towards their culture or ethnicity, but longest hours in the world to support because they might be the beginning of their families. The elderly have scant more refugees that could threaten their resources to draw on – Korea jobs4. Unemployment is high amongst introduced its first pension system in Korean youth, and many see increased 1988 – and the elderly receive little competition as just one of the countless support from their children. Such pressures placed on them by family, pressure manifests itself in one of the society, and culture to find work and highest suicide rates in the world; succeed. Such competition is already almost 40 people kill themselves daily. intense, with thousands of Koreans Japan suffers from a similar affliction of unemployed; none of them want more stress and pressure on its people, but people competing for fewer jobs. Korea spends 5% of what Japan does on mental health and therapy. With few On a small side note, the Republic of support structures present, many turn Korea already has one of the most to self-medication. Alcoholism is difficult and lengthy citizenship rampant; the average Korean takes 14 processes in the world. There is a shots a week, compared with 3 shots a mountain of paperwork involved in the week in the US. It would be considered process, which comes after the a stigma to seek help in Korea for such five-year living requirement and at least problems, so many people are left to 30 million won (~$27,000) in a fend for themselves. prospective citizen’s account. After completion of all required documents, The Republic of Korea has made the Republic of Korea administers a incredible advancements since its citizenship test itself, which consists of foundation in 1948. It has developed a 20 multiple choice questions and an mature democracy, become an interview, all in Korean, and a economic powerhouse, and enhanced requirement to sing the first four verses its involvement on the world stage. Yet of the Korean national anthem like all countries it struggles with accurately. Roughly 60% of applicants specific domestic issues. In Korea’s pass the test, compared with about 91% case, some of the most pressing are on the US test. These standards are the lingering legacy of its dictatorial some of the highest in the world. era, its struggle to integrate refugees into its highly-homogenized society, Immigration is not South Korea’s only and the lack of a cure for its plight; some issues hit much closer to ever-growing suicide rate. However, home. Stress, specifically in the South Korea has the economic workplace, is a massive systemic resources, the firm, stable government, problem in Korean society. This stress and the receptive populace required to originates from countless cultural begin seeking solutions to these problems and one day solve them.

SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 001 PARK WON-SOON Mayor of Seoul

Date of Birth: 3/26/1956 Home Country: South Korea

The Mayor of Seoul, Park Won-soon, was born in 1956. He and his wife, Kang Nan-hee, have two children. \ He is a member of the democratic party and has served three terms as Mayor of Seoul. He graduated from Dankook University and the University of London. He has invested in making Seoul more reliant on artificial intelligence (AI) and is the newest member of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change. Additionally, Park Won-soon spent his younger years as a political activist. He spent four months in prison after being expelled from Seoul National University for speaking out against the then president, Kim Young-sam.

Seoul, under the lead of Park Won-soon, is one of the top promoters for green energy in Asia. Park Won-soon has invested much of Seoul’s resources into combating climate change. By installing systems intended to monitor climate change and by sponsoring a smart transportation system, Seoul is on track to decrease emissions by 40% by 2030. In 2016, Park was awarded the Gothenburg Award for Sustainable Development.

Park has made many attempts to remain a man of the people. This past August, he and his wife lived, for a month, in an un-airconditioned apartment in one of the less fortunate areas of Seoul, which received mockery from his opposition and love from his supporters. His campaign motto, “the citizens are the mayor,” is something he seems to have taken to heart. However, after his month living amongst the less fortunate, he returned to his apartment. During his month in poverty, he listened to the grievances and praises of many of his constituents and made strides towards learning what it was like for those who elected him into office. Still, many critics say that he should spend his entire term in his “shack” if he really wants to learn what it is like for the citizens of Seoul.

Recently, Park has strived to make efforts towards his dream of a “blockchain” city for the purpose of monitoring the funds and transactions within the city. Additionally, this blockchain startup is going to be moved into other spheres influence, including voting and education. All of this will be monitored through cryptocurrencies and other technology.

Overt Powers Won-Soon has power over education in Seoul. His biggest goal is to implement more technology in Seoul. He is a member of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 002 KIM EUNKYUNG Minister of Environment

Date of Birth: 05/14/1964 Home Country: South Korea

Kim Eunkyung is the current Minister of Environment for South Korea. She obtained her B.A. in Business administration at Korea University, got her Masters in Urban Administration at the University of Seoul, and achieved her Ph.D. in digital business and management at Korea University. In 1988 she was hired under the Korea Exchange Bank, and then in 1995 become a Chair on the Environment Committee. In 2002 she became the Special Adviser on Environment to Presidential Candidate Roh-Moo-hyun, and the became a Senior Adviser on Environment for the Presidential Transition Committee in 2003. She then moved up to become the Adviser on Science and Environment on the Presidential Commission on Policy Planning and a chair on the Special Committee on Environment.

Currently, as the Minister of Environment Eunkyung’s job is to oversee and protect the national territory from dangerous environmental threats, creating an environment of clean air, skies, and water. The goal of the Ministry of Environment in general is to help with global efforts of protecting planet earth, and she helps ensure this goal can be achieved. A connection that this ministry has is with the Korea Meteorological Administration and how it watches over and takes initiative to prevent climate change. Recently, in January 2015, the Ministry of Environment has focused on controlling chemical accidents and the Chemicals Management Division was reorganized to help with on-site safety.

Other tasks that Eunkyung is responsible for is updating environmental laws and regulations, reorganizing and building framework for administration, helping fund local governments in their environmental efforts and working with other countries in their international environmental efforts.

Overt Powers: She has the ability to closely monitor and find solutions to any environmental threats the country is facing. She has connections with the Korea Meteorological Administration that can be useful. Eunkyung has a lot of say in the creation of laws and regulations regarding the environment and protection. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 003 LEE GAE-HO Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

Date of Birth: 04/21/1961 Home Country: South Korea

Lee Gae-ho is the current Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) administers affairs related to agriculture, livestock, foods, farmland, irrigation, promotion of food industry, development of farming communities, and distribution of agricultural products. MAFRA is a cabinet-level division of the government of South Korea. It is responsible for areas including crop insurance, land reclamation, agricultural statistics and the development of agricultural technology including genetically modified crops and environmentally friendly agriculture. It is also responsible for direct payments to rice farmers and for aspects of preparedness for natural disasters.

Former Agriculture Minister Kim Yung-rok stepped down in March and was elected governor of South Jeolla in the June general elections. Blue House spokesperson Kim Eui-kyeom said the president nominated Lee because of his insight into the structure and affairs of the Agriculture Ministry, as he is currently serving as a member of the Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee in the National Assembly. He is Member of the Supreme Council of the Democratic Party in Korea and received a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration at Chonnam National University. There is no published information about any corruption or scandals involving him. Overall, there is little information available, which gives him a clean slate.

The minister oversees the Rural Policy Bureau, Agriculture Bureau, Food Grain Policy Bureau, International Cooperation Bureau, Livestock Policy Bureau, and Animal Health Policy Bureau. Along with, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Food and Agriculture Officials Training Institute, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, and Korea Seed & Variety Service. On March 23, 2013 the ministry name changed from the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs.(The Fisheries Division is changed to the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and the Food safety Division is transferred to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety).

Overt powers: Gae-ho has the ability to oversee and regulate agriculture and food. He is responsible for making direct payments to rice farmers. He has influence as a Member of the Supreme Council of the Democratic Party in Korea. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 004 SUNG YUN-MO Minister of Trade, Industry, and Energy

Date of Birth: 08/12/1960 Home Country: South Korea

The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is headed by Minister Sung Yun-mo who holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Missouri. In the past, Minister Sung has had other positions in the Korean government, including, most recently, the 25th Commissioner of the Korean Intellectual Property Office from 2017 to 2018. He was named the 60th Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy in September 2018, replacing Ungyu Paik.

As the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy, Minister Paik is in charge of regulating the economy of South Korea by finding ways to synchronize the actions of corporations. Under the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy are the Vice Minister, in charge of the Office of Planning and Coordination, the Office of Industrial Policy, the Office of Energy and Resources and the Office of Industry and Enterprise Innovation, and the Minister for Trade, in charge of the Bureau of Trade Policy, Bureau of Trade Cooperation, the Office of FTA Negotiations, the Office of International Trade and Investment and the Office of International and Legal Affairs. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy was established in 1948 in order to regulate the economy of South Korea. Over time, it has expanded to merge with other ministries and has gone by other names, most recently Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy under President Park Geun-hye in 2013. Today, its purpose is to establish a foundation for economic growth for South Korea. In addition, this ministry works to encourage foreign investment.

This year, under the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, South Korean exports have reached a record high, specifically reaching over $50 billion this past August. This record includes expansion in the automotive industry internationally, but auto sales has also reached a record high domestically. Breaking another record, foreign direct investment in South Korea has reached a record high at USD 19.1 billion, 41.4 percent higher than in 2017. This past September, Minister Paik attended a ceremony for the nation’s largest solar plant. This is not the only stride in alternative energy sources that the nation has made, for Minister Paik also promoted utilizing offshore windpower and attended the launch for the Saudi nuclear project.

Overt Powers: Yun-mo has significant power over trade and the economy. He has power over investments. Yun-mo holds sway over corporations, allowing for his ministry to not be burdened by special corporate interests. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 005 CHO MYUNG-GYUN Minister of Unification

Date of Birth: 11/17/1957 Home Country: South Korea

Cho Myung-Gyun received a Bachelor's Degree in Statistics from Sungkyunkwan University in 1979 as well as an M.A. in Public Administration from Seoul National University in 1981. Cho joined the Unification Ministry in 1991 as a manager for the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Bureau. Amongst a list of impressive positions, Cho has served as Executive Officer to the President for Unification, Director General for the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Bureau, Director General of Business Support for the Kaesong Industrial Complex, as well as Secretary of Unification, Diplomacy, and Security in the Office of the President. Cho was nominated by President Moon Jae-In and approved by the National Assembly in June of 2017.

The Ministry of Unification has four sets responsibilities in its overall operations. First, coordinating South Korea’s policy towards the North, implementing long-term unification policies, and analyzing North Korean political, socioeconomic, and military activity. Second, coordinating inter-Korean dialogue at all levels in political, economic, military, and humanitarian areas. Third, setting rules and procedures for inter-Korean economic cooperation, reconnecting inter-Korean roads and railways as well as cultural, academic, and athletic exchanges. Fourth, educating the public on the processes of unification, utilizing NGOs.

Cho’s appointment is seen by many as a reflection of President Moon’s resolve to work towards better relations. Known for being very versed in the issues, as well as having field experience with North Korea, he is seen as a new powerhouse in the Ministry. One of Cho’s primary goals is the re-opening of the Kaesong industrial complex. This inter-Korean complex was re-opened by Cho in 2004 and he is considered a lynchpin in the dialogue surrounding the complex. This goal is reflective of Cho’s belief that business and economics will bring North and South Korea together more than anything else. Cho has also emphasized the importance of face to face meetings between leaders and the need for more summits between the nations. Cho oversaw the details for the 2007 summit between North and South Korea and was present in some of the high-profile meetings. In total he has made three trips to North Korea, both officially and unofficially. Compared to his predecessors Cho is a more liberal Minister and is more likely to actively pursue unification. Cho believes that inter-Korean relations have been strained by three key things, among others: North Korea’s nuclear missile testing, the international community’s response, and a change in public sentiment towards North Korea. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

Overt Powers: Cho serves as the chief negotiator and representative of South Korea when dealing with the North Koreans. Cho is the chief coordinator of all communication between South and North Korea at all levels of the government. Cho oragnizes, sets, and implements all policy directed at unification or improving inter-Korean relations. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 006 KIM DONG-YEON Minister of Strategy and Finance

Date of Birth: 1/28/1957 Home Country: South Korea

Kim Dong-yeon is the Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea and the Minister of Strategy and Finance for the Ministry of Economy and Finance. He assumed his office on June 10th, 2017, through the appointment of President Moon Jae-in. He graduated in with a BA in Law at Kookjae University, now called Seokyeong University. In 1993, Kim achieved a Ph.D in Policy Studies from the University of Michigan. Six years later inthe Ministry of Finance and Economy, he became Director of ASEM Preparatory and Planning Committee. Kim quickly climbed his way through the ranks of the Ministry and became Deputy of Minister for Budget in 2010, by 2012 he was made the second Vice Minister. Also, he was made President of Ajou University in 2015.

The Ministry of Economy and Finance oversees managing the financial policies of South Korea’s government, and its headquarters is stationed in the Sejong Government Complex in Sejong City. The MOEF publishes a report once a month on the status of the national economy called the “Green Book.” When it comes to the MOEF’s tasks, it is in charge of the planning and coordination of short and long term socio-economic developmental goals, as well as setting an annual economic policy direction. Furthermore, it is tasked with the proper distribution of resources in accordance with its budget. The MOEF plans and reforms South Korea’s tax system, policies for foreign currency transactions, and international finance, when necessary. It promotes international cooperation and the promotion of inter-Korean economic cooperation. Lastly, it is tasked with managing policies for the treasury, government properties and accounting, the national debt, and the monitoring of public institutions.

Overt Powers: Firstly, he controls to financial sector of South Korea, his position as Minister of Economy and Finance provides him with the ability to control South Korean business and the company’s involved in the economy. Second, Dong-yeon controls the South Korean involvement in international trade, thus giving him the ability to determine the depth at with SK involves itself in international commerce. Lastly, Dong-yeon controls the taxation system of South Korea. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 007 YOU YOUNG MIN Minister of Science and ICT

Date of Birth: 10/14/1951 Home Country: South Korea

You Young Min was born in Busan 1951, and attended Dongnae High School where he went on to pursue his Bachelor's degree in Mathematics at Pusan National University. In 2001 he was a Chief Information Officer for the Work Innovation Team at LG Electronics, starting off in the computing division. He became the President of the Korea IT Industry Promotion Agency (KIPA), and then the Chairman of the Korea Database Promotion Center. He was a member of the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and and Technology for former President Roh Moo-yun.

In 2011 he became the head of the POSCO IT Service Division. In 2017 he became Chair for the Committee for Building an On-Offline Party / Digital Communication Committee under The Minjoo Party. You Young Ming, with all his gathered accomplishments, is now the \ Minister of Science and ICT. Minister You Young Min was recruited by President Moon-Jae as, during President Moon’s election, he was the expert on information and communication technology; You Young Min was the social media headquarters chief for President Moon’s camp in the Party Primary. With this knowledge taken into consideration, You Youngmin is known as a Moon loyalist, as he and 14 others were elected Cabinet members. Recently, Minister You Youngmin has gotten negative feedback for his aggressive push for telecommunication companies to remove fees, under President Moon’s orders.

As the Minister of Science and ICT it is You Young Min’s job to focus his efforts on evaluating science and technology policy as well as endeavor scientific research that develops Human Resources, atomic power consumption, and assess radio frequency band. The Ministry of Science, and specifically the Minister, focuses on accelerating progress within the information, communication and technology innovation in South Korea. Mr. You Young Min primarily believes in the pursuit of pushing forwards through the fourth industrial revolution, creating more jobs, and more man power to to expand in the international market. His most recent connection was a trip to India in which the 4th India-Korea Science & Technology Ministers Steering Committee Meeting was held; Mr. You Young Min led Science and Technology reviews and both have reached a bilateral agreement in which they will use a future strategic Group to foster social and economic innovations under digital transformation, future manufacturing, future utilities and health care. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

Overt Powers: You Young Min’s expertise within the realm of technology and communications makes him very reputable in the eyes of many powerful individuals and government leaders. He has many international connections within the realm of scientific advancements, providing him with access to new research by many people. He is very loyal to the president, which has been acknowledged. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 008 PARK SANG-KI Minister of Justice

Date of Birth: 6/30/1952 Home Country: South Korea

South Korean Minister of Justice, Park Sang-ki, is the head of the South Korean Ministry of Justice which covers Planning and Coordination, the Legal Affairs Office, the Criminal Affairs Bureau, the Crime Prevention Policy Bureau, the Human Rights Bureau, the Korea Correctional Service, and the Korea Immigration Service as well as providing counsel for the President, Vice President, and other ministers. In addition to this, the Ministry is tasked with guarding and enforcing the Constitution and other laws. The three main goals of the Ministry are to eradicate corruption and illegal acts, prevent crime and protect victims, and to build the rule of law.

Corruption, a big issue in South Korea, is handled by special investigation task force under the Ministry of Justice as well as the Ministry of National Defense. This task force is assigned to investigate corruption within the public sector, the biggest focus of the Ministry of Justice, focusing on fiscal-related crimes, such as tax evasion, as well as election-related crimes, such as election fraud. Acting as something of a watchdog, the Ministry of Justice monitors all projects of the government in search of corruption and punishes accordingly. The Ministry lists three major election crimes: bribery, matador (ex. slander), and public opinion manipulation, and blocks any pro-North Korea political party.

Though the focus remains on the eradication of corruption, under the Ministry of Justice South Korea has implemented harsh regulations concerning the prevention of other crimes and the protection of victims. With a focus on the punishment of crimes against women and children, the Ministry of Justice has promoted harsher punishments for certain crimes. For example, it is more difficult for someone convicted of domestic violence to make parole. Additionally, South Korea has implemented a system for monitoring and inspecting children who have many absences in school in order to root out potential victims of child abuse. South Korea’s Ministry of Justice lists four major “social evils”: sex crimes, domestic violence, school violence (cyberbullying, etc.), and unsafe food. This goal of the South Korean government also encompasses its correctional education program for juvenile delinquents which includes “prevention,” an education system for new offenders, “reformation,” a system intended to reduce the number of repeat offenders, and “return to society.” SINOPEC | POSITION 001

Once again with a focus on the South Korean economy, the Ministry of Justice promotes its building of rule of law by fostering economic growth through tourism and other programs geared toward economic improvement. Things such as“K-Law” and “people-oriented legislation” serve to promote the Ministry’s economy-first approach. Additionally, the Ministry has strengthened its legal welfare service by increasing the number of pro-bono, travelling attorneys in order to support its population.

With a focus on corruption and economic practices, the South Korean Ministry of Justice under Minister of Justice, Park Sang-Ki, has set forth a platform to support the people of South Korea. It has implemented programs to aid in internal improvements and has found ways to cooperate with members of other ministries for the purposes of eradicating corruption throughout.

Overt Powers: He has the ability to investigate all South Korean officials and try them for corruption. He has power over immigration. He has some power over the justice system. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 009 KANG KYUNG-WHA Foreign Minister

Date of Birth: 04/07/1955 Home Country: South Korea

Kang Kyung-wha (born 7 April 1955) is the Foreign Minister of South Korea, the first woman nominated for and appointed to the position under Moon Jae-in. She is also the first Korean woman to hold a high-level position in the United Nations, as the senior advisor on policy to the United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres. Previously, Kang was the first non-exam-taker to become a director-general in the ministry. Moreover, she is the first South Korean foreign minister to join the official South Korean delegation for the inter-Korean summit as well as to visit Pyongyang, the North Korean capital. She also served as the former Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights in the UN. Ms. Kang graduated from Yonsei University where she completed a BA in political sciences and diplomacy. She obtained an M.A. in mass communication and a Ph.D. defending a doctoral thesis on intercultural communication, from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in the United States.

In 1998 Kang joined the Korean Foreign Service, without ever having passed the Foreign Service Exam, as the acting Senior Research Officer of Foreign Ministry's Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security. In 1999 she was specially employed as Senior Advisor and Principal Speechwriter to the Foreign Minister and Principal Interpreter to the President. While working as the president's interpreter for three years, she gained then-President Kim's confidence due to her interpretation during his phone call with U.S. president Clinton.

From September 2001 to July 2005, Kang was Minister-Counselor and later Minister at Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations.During that time, she chaired the Commission on the Status of Women for its 48th and 49th session. Before and after working at the Permanent Mission, she worked as Deputy Director-General and Director General for the International Organizations of the Foreign Ministry. Later, she was appointed as Ambassador-at-Large for Global Affairs of the Ministry.

As Foreign Minister of South Korea, Kang looks to continue the goals of the South Korean MOFA. Namely, the ministry currently has goals to peacefully resolve the North Korean nuclear issue, pursue close cooperation with China, Russia, and Japan. In order to increase South Korea's legitimacy in the international sphere, Kang also seeks to strengthen the country's trade diplomacy and development, as well as establish a Northeast Asian community of responsibility (hopefully, setting a precedent for a future of peace in the region). The minister's personal goals within the administration have yet to be established, since Kang has held the position for such a short period of time. It is speculated that she will continue to press for reforms in the fields in which she has previously specialized. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

This would include a calling for action in the issue of human rights violations within the United Nations, as well as funding and development of opportunities for female empowerment. She will likely continue with furthering President Moon Jae-in's policies following the Democratic Party's views. These would include peaceful relations, and even a reunification, with North Korea, as well as a decreased dependency on the United States for diplomatic aid.

Overt Powers: Through her previous positions, Kang Kyung-wha has many international connections, including information about North Korea. She is known to be very influential on the topic of human rights, including women’s rights, making her very popular. She has executive power over the proceedings of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 010 LEE JAE-GAP Minister of Employment and Labor

Date of Birth: 8/17/65 Home Country: South Korea

Lee Jae-gap is South Korea’s present Minister of Employment and Labor. He assumed office in South Korea’s cabinet after the previous Labor Minister, Kim Young-joo resigned from the position in August of 2018. Lee also happens to head the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service. Lee Jae-gap holds a BA in Public Administration from Korea University, an MA in Public Administration from Seoul National University, and an MA in Labor Relations from Michigan State University.

When it comes to Lee Jae-gap’s professional history, he began his career as Deputy Director for the Legal Affairs Office in the Wage Welfare, Employment Insurance and Employment Policy Divisions. He worked his way to becoming the First Secretary in the Korean Embassy in the United States. Throughout the early 2000s, he worked from being Director of the Employment Policy Division to working on the Presidential Committee for Job Strategy, to becoming Deputy Minister of the Labor Relations Policy Office and Employment Policy Office later on. He even worked as a visiting professor at the Graduate School of Techno-HRD at the Korea University of Technology and Education. Lee Jae-gap eventually obtained the position he has now, as the 7th Minister of Employment and Labor.

The Ministry of Employment and Labor is a cabinet-level ministry that oversees labor affairs in South Korea. Its headquarters are located in Building 11 of the Sejong Government Complex in Sejong City. When it comes to what the department is in charge of, its major tasks include the establishment of policies regarding employment, establishment, and the management of policies in relation to industrial insurance. Furthermore, the Ministry establishes policies related to occupational capacity development, employment equality with work and family compatibility, as well as the establishment of policies related to labor conditions in the nation.

The official Ministry of Employment and Labor website states that its top 5 goals are the following. First off, to increase people’s happiness through work and employment opportunities. Secondly, the Ministry hopes to improve job quality and to help people find hope in their lives through their work. The third goal listed states that the Ministry wants to provide tailored employment services and skills development opportunities so that the South Korean people can obtain better jobs. The fourth goal is to create workplaces that are secure and safe for those employed. Lastly, the Ministry hopes to move towards a future that is oriented through win-win labor-management relationships. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

Overt Powers: Based on his extensive employment record, one can conclude that Lee Jae-gap holds connections in all sectors of South Korea, as well as in the United States because of the fact that he was both employed and educated in the US. He has experience in all offices related to Labor and Employment in South Korea as he climbed his way to the position that he holds now. Furthermore, his Vice President was educated in London thus providing Lee Jae-gap with connections in England as well, making the Minister a force to be reckoned with as global connections are something that should not be undervalued. When it comes to his overt powers, Lee Jae-gap is able to establish wide-ranging policies affecting labor and employment in South Korea, he can alter labor laws, and he is able to direct the management of industries in South Korea. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 011 KYEONG DOO JEONG Minister of National Defense

Date of Birth: 02/08/1960 Home Country: South Korea

Jeong has had an extensive career in the military serving in the ROKAF and the ROK JCS. Prior to his current post, he served as the 35th Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) Chief of Staff since 2015. He played a crucial role in enhancing South Korea’s defense capabilities by overseeing the deployment of F-35A fighter jets in October 2016 and air-to-ground Taurus missiles in December 2016 to deter North Korea’s growing nuclear and missile threats. Jeong also has direct experience in working with the ROK JCS, having served as Chief Director (J-5) from April 2015 to September 2015.

Over the course of his career, Jeong has acquired ample leadership experience in the air force. Jeong previously served as Vice Chief of Staff of the ROKAF HQ from April 2014 to April 2015, Commander of the Southern Combat Command from April 2013 to April 2014 and Deputy Chief of Staff (A-5) of the ROKAF HQ from November 2011 to April 2013. Trained as a fighter pilot, Jeong also served as Commander of the 1st Fighter Wing from November 2009 to May 2011, Commander of the Cadets Group Air Force Academy from December 2008 to November 2009, and Chief of Force Requirement Division of the ROKAF HQ from December 2006 to November 2008.

Jeong graduated with the 30th class of the Korea Air Force Academy (KAFA) in 1982. He also attended the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force Air Command and Staff College in 1995. Jeong received his MA in Management from the Hannam University Graduate School of Business in 2002 and attended the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force Air War College in 2005. South Korea’s leader, facing growing discontent over the economy and setbacks on North Korean disarmament, replaced five members of his cabinet. Jeong Kyeong-doo, 58, a former fighter pilot, took over the ministry as the government seeks to reduce tension and build trust with North Korea, and at a time of uncertainty over relations with main ally the United States.

The mission of the Minister of National Defense is three fold. His first job is advising the President on controlling the ROK Armed Forces. This includes the Republic of North Korea’s Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. The ROK military invested in modernization since the 1980s, continuing to the present. South Korea enjoys of a mix of avant-garde as well as older conventional weapons. The Republic of Korea has one of the largest defense budgets in the world (though second lowest in East Asia), regularly making the list of top ten. Capabilities include many sophisticated American and European weapon systems, complemented by a growing and increasingly more advanced indigenous defense manufacturing sector. The GlobalSecurity.org website states that "in 1990, South Korean industries provided about 70 percent of the weapons, ammunition, communications, and other types of SINOPEC | POSITION 001 equipment, vehicles, clothing, and other supplies needed by the military." Today, the ROK military forces maintain the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic, often engaging in humanitarian and disaster-relief efforts nationwide as well. More recently, the ROK military has increased participation in international alliances, acknowledging its role and responsibility as the tenth economic power in the world in terms of GDP. The ROK military has participated in various peacekeeping operations across Africa, East Timor, and more recently Iraq and Afghanistan.

The Minister’s second job is to manage works regarding military administration and military law. The Minister oversees the Office of the Minister, Spokesperson, and Military Structure and Defense Management Reform. This includes all of their underlying branches as well. The third job is to command and supervise the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs and Subordinate units, while trying to achieve their defense policy direction.

These initiatives include strengthening independent national defense capabilities, support peaceful unification, and strengthen diplomatic cooperation in the field of national defense. Also, the Department has expressed interest in expanding relations with the United States. The most recent policy change is the President's Defence Reform 2.0 initiative, which has five focus areas: strengthen counter-asymmetric capabilities to include the nuclear threat from North Korea, have early return of wartime operational control based on a strong ROK-U.S. alliance, establish a strong drive toward civilian control of military affairs, eliminate defense acquisition-related fraud and foster a defense industry in accordance with the fourth-generation industrial revolution, address marked improvement of addressing human rights issues and service conditions for soldiers.

Overt powers: He has power over the nation’s national defense strategy. Kyeong manages military law. He has control of the the ROK Armed Forces. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 012 DR. PARK NEUNG-HOO Minister of Health and Welfare

Date of Birth: 6/24/1956 Home Country: South Korea

Dr. Park graduated from Busan High School in 1975 and went on to study at Seoul National University. There, in 1980 he received a B.A. from the Department of Economics and two years later received an M.A. in Political Science. Neung-hoo then went on to study at the Graduate School of Social Welfare at the University of California Berkeley where he received a Ph.D. in 1998.

Dr. Park started his career in 1998 as a research fellow for the Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. His time working there coincided with the Asian financial crisis which spurred South Korea’s need to develop public assistance programs. In march of 2004, Neung-hoo accepted a position as a professor in the Department of Social Welfare at Kyonggi University. In 2011, Neung-hoo was promoted to Dean of the Graduate school of Social Welfare and in 2013, to Dean of the Graduate School of Administration as well. Neung-hoo accepted the position of Minister of Health and Welfare in July of 2017.

Dr. Park was also involved in several academic committees. In 2004, he became a member of the Presidential Committee on Ageing and Future Society. His experiences in this committee are very relevant to his current work. Dr. Park has emphasized the country’s aging crisis and senior citizens’ lack of access to many social services. Neung-hoo wants to replace the current pension system with basic social security in which a basic standard of living is set for all people. Notably, in July of 2008 he became the President of the Korean Association of Social Welfare Policy. His time as president greatly informed his contributions to the country’s Basic Livelihood Security Program which he was key in drafting and implementing. In 2013 he joined the Central Livelihood Security Committee and in 2016, became the President of the Korean Social Security Association. These two positions greatly affected what Dr. Park thinks of the national healthcare system. Dr. Park announced the prioritization of his plan to expand Korea’s National Health Insurance program. He believes that provisions to lower copayments for doctor visits and introduce coverage for medical services considered non-essential, will drastically reduce the cost of healthcare. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, located in Sejong City, is under the direction of the cabinet of the South Korean government. It is directed by a minister and vice minister with four Executive Offices and four Bureaus under its purview. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

The ministry has three overall goals: building social safety nets for a better tomorrow, taking a life course approach to a healthy lifestyle, and supporting a stable life after retirement. Currently, the ministry has three main policies at work: First, the enhancement of customized welfare services by life-cycle phase. This policy is aimed at increasing support for low-income job opportunities and expanding the reach of welfare services. It also aims to promote the interests of children, the elderly, and the disabled. As well as reducing the burden of medical expenses by reorganizing the system for determining health insurance premiums. Second, the establishment of health insurance systems centered on the people. They hope to achieve this by reinforcing patient-oriented services, strengthening essential health care services and the response to disease outbreaks. They also plan to reinforce preventative health care and enhance the industry’s overall performance and job creation. Third, strengthening the response to the demographic crisis. The ministry plans to combat this problem by establishing a response system for coping with low birth-rate. They also plan to improve the system for supporting childbirth and parenting as well as improving the aging society’s preparation.

Overt Powers: He has the ability to craft and influence Healthcare and Social-Security policy through his position as a cabinet Minister. He has the ability to regulate which pharmaceutical medications are released into the market for consumption. He has the power to expand or diminish any ministry sponsored program whether it be funded privately or publicly. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 013 LEE NAK-YEON Prime Minister

Date of Birth: 12/20/1952 Home Country: South Korea

Since 2017, Lee Nak-yeon has served as the 41st Prime Minister of South Korea. Previously, he served as governor of South Jeolla Province where he was born. He was appointed by President Moon to fill the position of Prime Minister early last year. Born in 1951, Nak-yeon did not enter politics until the age of 49 in the year 2000. Lee is married with one son and is a distant descent of the founder of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

In 2000, when Lee began his political career he was elected as a lawmaker, representing the Together Democratic Party, a liberal political party in South Korea. He was in this role for fourteen years. Throughout his time as a lawmaker, he served as Vice-Chairman in the Korea-Japan Parliamentary System. This joint commission ensures for continued joint efforts to improve the political and economic stability and relations between the two nations. In 2014, he became governor of his home province of South Jeolla.

As governor, Nak-yeon received major recognition and an award from the Ministry of Employment and Labor of South Korea in 2016 because of his efforts to bring over a hundred thousand jobs and billions worth of investments to South Jeolla Province. Over 150 firms brought their businesses to the region thanks to Nak-yeon’s economic efforts.

As soon as Nak-yeon assumed the role of Prime Minister he came down hard on North Korea demanding them to release South Korean prisoners. Furthermore, he also is against the nuclearization of the Korean peninsula and also supports strong sanctions against North Korea’s attempts to nuclearize. Lee also spoke up against cryptocurrencies which he says are corrupting the youth of South Korea and promoting fraudulent activity in the country. Last winter, he represented South Korea well as he paid a visit to the winter olympic games held in the mountains of Pyeongchang.

Lee speaks fluent Japanese and as a result is a key player in maintaining good relations between Japan and South Korea. He has a good relationship with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and their partnership continues to look very good. Lee looks forward to improving relations between China, Japan, the United States, Russia, and North Korea as soon as possible. Stability in East Asia is at the top of Lee’s priorities and policies to ensure for political, economic, and social stability in the region. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

The role of the Prime Minister of South Korea is to not be the head of the government, but instead take on roles similar to those of the Vice-President. Many of the roles that the Prime Minister takes on are within the state itself. The minister is the main executive assistant of the president and is key in advising the president in regards to state affairs.

Overt Powers: He has strong connections with Japan, and is considered very good at developing relations with other nations. His past successes in governmental positions have made him very popular. He operates as an executive assistant of the president, and has the power to sway state affairs. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 014 CHUNG MONG-KOO President and CEO of Hyundai

Date of Birth: 03/19/1938 Home Country: South Korea

Chung Mong-koo is Chairman and CEO of Hyundai Motor Group, as well as a powerful South Korean Business magnate. Mong-koo was born on March 19th in 1938, making him 80 years old. He is the second son of Chung Ju-yung, who came from a peasant family but eventually founded the Hyundai group. Mong-koo graduated from Hayang University with a Bachelor of Arts and Sciences, specifically majoring in industrial engineering. He worked his way from being CEO of Hyundai Precision and Industry in 1977, to CEO of Hyundai Pipe in 1981, to CEO of Incheon Iron and Steel in 1986, and then finally working his way to CEO and Chairman of Hyundai in 2000. Mong-koo also co-owns a marketing agency with his oldest daughter, called Innocean.

Chung Mong-koo has gotten himself into numerous scandals and controversies during his years in the Hyundai business. In 2006, he was faced with embezzlement convictions, specifically accusations stating that he had embezzled 100 billion won (about $106 million) from Hyundai. Furthermore, there were allegations that he had embezzled such funds to create slush fund in order to bribe officials. After such convictions, Mong-koo attempted to flee the country despite being under a travel ban, however, he was caught and arrested. Once again in 2007, he was convicted of embezzlement and breach of fiduciary duty and sentenced to three years in prison, only to have the sentence suspended after a couple months and replaced with community service and a $1 billion donation to charity.

Overt Powers: When it comes to Mong-koo’s overt powers, he has the power to control Hyundai’s board of governance, this means he wields control over Kia and Mobis as well because of a complex corporate governance arrangement. Also, he holds vast influence in the marketing world through his ownership of Innocean, a marketing agency. Lastly, his place as one of Korea’s 50 richest people and of the world’s billionaires makes him one of the most influential people in the business world of both South Korea and the globe. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 015 KIM JO-WON CEO of Korean Aerospace Industries

Date of Birth: 06/22/1957 Home Country: South Korea

Kim Jo-Won graduated from Jin-ju High school in 1976 and went on to study at Yeungnam University. Kim passed the Public Officer Qualification Examination in 1978 and in 1980, he received a BA in Public Administration. Kim attended Sungkyunkwan University where he received a Masters in Business Administration in 1992, and later received a Masters in Public Affairs from Indiana University, Bloomington in 1995.

Kim Jo-Won began his professional career in 1985 when he became a Deputy Audit and Inspection Official for the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea. After receiving his two masters degrees, Kim became the Director of National Strategic Program Audit at the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea in 2003. Kim was made the Presidential Secretariat of the Board in 2005 and then served as its Secretary General from 2006 until 2008. In 2008, Kim became the President of Kyungnam National University of Science and Technology and served until 2012. In 2013, Kim accepted a Chair Professor position at Konkuk University and remained in that position until 2017. Also in 2013, Kim became the Director of Korean Association on Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities and currently remains in that post as well. From 2015 to 2017, Kim was the Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection until he was selected as the next President & CEO of Korea Aerospace Industries.

Korea Aerospace Industries is the sole manufacturer of both domestic and military aircraft in South Korea. It is a partially state-owned enterprise run by a board and executive officers. In recent news, KAI has been subject to an intensive anti-corruption investigation led by the South Korean government. The investigation has resulted in 12 executives, including the former CEO, being charged with corruption and embezzlement. Kim Jo-Won was chosen to become the new CEO because he was seen as trustworthy man. His time serving in the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea helped to portray this idea. Kim announced that one of his primary goals as CEO is to boost transparency within KAI by launching a management innovation task-force.

Overt Powers: Kim has the ability to choose which foreign nations will receive South Korean aerospace technology. He has the power to influence what will be developed and how long it will take to be completed through the office of CEO. Kim has the capability to set the market price of products developed by the Korea Aerospace Industries. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 016 ADM. HARRY HARRIS US Ambassador to South Korea

Date of Birth: 8/4/1956 Home Country: Japan

A 1978 graduate of the US Naval Academy, Harris was designated a naval flight officer after graduation and has held several other command assignments in the Navy, including with the US Pacific Fleet and the 6th Fleet.

Born in Japan from a Japanese mother and an American father who also served in the Navy as an officer, Harris became the first Asian-American to reach a four-star rank in the Navy in 2013 and the first to head the Pacific Command in 2015. This ia a very high award that gives him some influence and respect.

Harris’ staff assignments included aide to Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Japan, speechwriter for the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, three tours on the Navy staff - including Deputy CNO for Communication Networks, and assistant to the CJCS where he was the chairman’s direct representative to the secretary of state with additional duties as the U.S. roadmap monitor for the Mid-East Peace Process. His personal decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legions of Merit, Bronze Star, Air Medal, and the State Department’s Distinguished Honor Award. He has been decorated by the governments of France, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Philippines, and Singapore.

Harris had been considered as an ambassador to Australia until then Secretary of State Mike Pompeo suggested to the President that Harris be nominated to fill the open post in Seoul ahead of the June 12 summit between Trump and North Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un. This suggestion was carried through and Harris has a lot of views on North Korea and regional security.

On the subject of North Korea, Harris expressed caution in falling for the country's so-called "charm offensive," indicating Kim's regime as the most immediate threat to both the U.S. and South Korea during a House Armed Services Committee hearing in February dedicated to security issues in the Indo-Pacific region.

According to Harris, Kim's desire is to reunite the peninsula under a single communist system. “He’s on a path to achieve what he feels is his natural place,” he said. He championed the strengthening of the U.S. missile defense system as well as economic and diplomatic pressure to "bring Kim Jong Un to his senses, not his knees.” Harris’s history and knowledge within the region with a strong military background can be used as a powerful tool. His opinion on North Korea can be used when discussing prevalent issues with South Korea. SINOPEC | POSITION 001

Overt powers: As an ambassador, Harris has a lot of influence within the United States and their role within the region. His military experience gives him a vast amount of understanding about the military situation between North and South Korea. He has the ability to create a strong relationship with the US military bases in South Korea SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 017 YOO EUN-HYE Minister of Education

Date of Birth: 10/2/1962 Home Country: South Korea

Yoo Eun-hye, not to be confused with the famous Korean pop singer who shares the same name, is a member of the South Korean Democratic political party born in Seoul, South Korea on October 2, 1962 and is 56 years of age. She is married to her spouse Jang An-sik with which she has had two children named Jang Soo-im and Jang Wook-jin. Eun-hye is the first woman to serve as South Korean Deputy Prime Minister and she is also the Minister of Education. Before her nomination, she served at the Parliamentary Education Committee for seven years.

She was appointed the positions on October 2, 2018 by President Moon Jae-in who has prioritized filling at least thirty percent of his cabinet seats with women and it has since created great controversy in the Republic. Moon has known and assisted Eun-hye in times of need since her father passed away while she was in high school. She first entered politics in the mid-1990s and was elected and re-elected lawmaker in the years of 2012 and 2016.

The Korean Ministry of Education was created on March 22, 2013 and its headquarters are stationed in Sejong City after moving from its previous location in Seoul. She is working to make a free high school education program as Korea is the only of the 34 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries not to offer free high school education to its students.

Overt Powers: Yoo Eun-hye has full oversight and executive power over the Ministry of Education. Her previous positions in government, such as Deputy Prime Minister, have provided her with many connections outside of Education. She has great sway over the policies of education of children within the country. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 018 SUN-MEE JIN Minister of Gender Equality and Family

Date of Birth: 01/29/2001 Home Country: South Korea

Sun-mee Jin is the Minister of the MOGEF (South Korean Ministry of Gender Equality and Family) established on January 29, 2001 and was formerly known as the Presidential Commission on Women's Affairs established on February 28, 1998. She was born in Sunchang County, South Korea on May 14, 1967 to her Parents: Yeo Kye-soon, Jin Young and is now 51 years of age.

She attended the College of Law at Sungkyunkwan University and graduated in 1988. MOGEF has recently revised five Me-Too bills and have been fighting for freedom from gender discrimination, support for sexual survivors, assistance for child care, and other women’s issues by implementing the first Vocational Development Program for Women. Jin has recently pledged to make justice for the “comfort women” victims by the Imperial Japanese Army and evidently holds strong values concerning human rights, youth involvement, and female empowerment.

Overt Powers: Her values for human rights, females, and the youth of the country make her very popular. She has full oversight of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 019 SUH HOON Director of National Intelligence

Date of Birth: 12/6/1954 Home Country: South Korea

Suh Hoon is the thirteenth and current South Korean Director of National Intelligence. He was born in Seoul, South Korea on December 6, 1954 and he is 63 years of age. He is married to his spouse Oh Hae-jeong and received his education from Seoul High School graduating in 1973, Seoul National University graduating in 1980, Johns Hopkins University graduating in 1995, and Dongguk University graduating in 2008.

He previously worked at the NIS (National Intelligence Service) spy agency for twenty eight years as South Korea’s top spy in charge of running espionage operations targeting the North. He ordered the agency stop interfering with domestic affairs thus abolishing domestic spying operations and is credited with fostering communication between the North and South Koreas.

As South Korea’s former Intelligence Chief, he and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe agree to discussing Tokyo-Pyongyang relations following the North’s discussions with Seoul and the United States President Donald Trump. South Korean President Moon and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe are able to keep close ties in these uncertain times of denuclearization talks.

Overt Powers: Hoon has previous connections from agencies such as the NIS, allowing him to have a large amount of experience and insight. He has executive power and oversight of the National Intelligence Service. He is seen as the expert on the topic of North Korea. SOUTH KOREA | POSITION 020 SUNG-KI LIM Founder of Hanmi Pharm

Date of Birth: 1940 Home Country: South Korea

The 78-year old Sung-Ki Lim is the founder and chairman of the Hanmi Pharmaceutical Industry. With a net worth of $2.9 billion, Forbes lists him as the tenth richest person in South Korea. He earned a bachelors degree at Chung-Ang University as well as a Masters at Korea University. He is married with three children. Even though Hanmi Pharm is a publicly traded company, he owns over 70% of Hanmi Pharm’s holding company, Hanmi Science. His prosperity began in 1973, when he started a small pharmacy in Seoul. This store soon expanded into a massive industry making Sung-Ki Lim very wealthy.

The first product ever launched by Hanmi Pharm was antibacterial powder. Nowadays, Hanmi Pharm specializes in drugs that fight cancer and autoimmune diseases. As of 2016, Hanmi Pharm had two Research and Development facilities in China: one in Beijing and one near Yantai. It is the only Asian company with such a large focus in both Korea and China. Hanmi Pharm has established itself as one of the largest drug manufacturers and researchers in the world. Hanmi Pharms major focus is research and it is constantly designing new treatments and drugs.

Overt Powers:

Sung-Ki Lim has access to a massive pool of money both in hard cash and in the various assets that he owns.

As Chairman, he can make recommendations to the Board of Hanmi Pharm and influence the direction of the company.

As Chairman, he can help suggest the development of new products and services that Hanmi Pharm can provide.