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Historical Origins of the Bible

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Historical Origins of the Bible Presentation 2018 Historical Origins Of The Bible Rodger Roberts [email protected] Presentation – 2018.02.01 First of all, I'd like to welcome you all to this presentation. Today, I will be talking about a hypothesis that I have developed on the Historical Origins of the Bible. [0:15] [Total Presentation Time: 45 minutes] Presentation 2018 Primary Focus – The Hexateuch Key Questions: . When? . Where? . Who? . How? . Why? Rodger Roberts My primary focus is on the the first six books of the Bible, which are known as the Hexateuch, as these early books contain many of the clues about the Bible's origins, some buried deep within the texts, while a few others are hiding in plain sight. In this presentation, I will try to answer the following Five Questions: When did the books of the Hexateuch first emerge? Where were they composed? Who wrote them? How did the religious ideology of the Bible evolve? and Why was the Hexateuch created? To do this, I will use the following Agenda ... [0:45] Presentation 2018 Agenda • Actual History of the Region (1550 to 600 BC)1 • Emergence of Proto-Biblical Source Documents 1 • The Biblical ExodusB • Hypothetical Origins of the Bible1 • Evolution of Monotheistic Yahwism1 • Conclusion Note 1: Biblical references are shown in green and Hypothetical references in yellow to distinguish them from historically attested events which are shown in white. Rodger Roberts I will begin by discussing the Actual History of the Region in the period between about 1550 and 600 BC. I will then describe the Emergence of the Proto-Biblical Source Documents, the early documents that later became the Hexateuch. Next, I will examine the Biblical ExodusB. I note that Biblical references in this presentation are shown in green and hypothetical references in yellow to distinguish them from historical references, which are shown in white. I also note that subscripts are used to help one keep track of the discussion, with a capital "B" subscript to show a Biblical reference, a capital "H" to indicate a historical reference, and a small "h" to designate a hypothetical reference. I will then outline the Hypothesis on the Origins of the Bible that I have developed. I will also briefly discuss the Evolution of Monothetheistic Yahwism, the theo-political ideology implicit in the Hexateuch. I do not use the term "Judaism," because, at this early stage, the embryonic form of the religion had not yet evolved into what we now understand by that term. I will then Conclude my presentation with a brief summary of my findings. [1:30] Presentation 2018 Actual History of the Region – Political Boundaries in the Late Bronze Age – 1550 to 1200 BC 1550 BC Old Hittite Kingdom Mycenae H Mitanni u rri a Assyria M n K ino 1. s a an s Cre s te i te 2. D s y 1. Yamkhad n a s t 2. Qatna y I 3. 3. Hazor Ba b E y l lo a n m Hyksos Dynasty Delta Kingdom Rodger Roberts In the next four historical maps, I will show the approximate political boundaries in the region in the Late Bronze Age, the period between about 1550 and 1200 BC, which covers all of the traditional literary settings for the Biblical Exodus and the Biblical Conquest of Canaan 40 years later. This first historical map shows the approximate spheres of influence in 1550 BC when the Hyksos Dynasty ruled over Egypt. As can be seen, the Hyksos Delta Kingdom included the Southern Levant. Shortly thereafter, around 1545 BC, the princes of Thebes expelled the Hyksos Dynasty from the Nile Delta and established 18th Dynasty rule over all of Egypt. [1:00] Presentation 2018 Actual History of the Region – Political Boundaries 1505 BC 1550 BC Old Hittite Kingdom a n Old Hittite Kingdomat Mycenae Ar w za zu Mycenae wa iz K 1 Mitanni n ia H Mitanni rr u u 2 H rri Assyria Mino a Assyria M an C 1. n K ino ret s a an e s Cre s te K i a te 2. s D s s y 1. Yamkhad iten a s Bt 2. Qatna ya I b E 3. yBa lo la 3. Hazor n m b i E 1. Independent Hurrian States y a l lo a Egypt 2. Vassal of Babylonia n m 18thHyksosDynasty Dynasty Delta Kingdom Rodger Roberts By about 1505 BC, Egyptian control extended over much of the Levant, the area along the Eastern Mediterranean coast, including all of the Southern Levant. This Egyptian control continued throughout the Late Bronze Age. [0:15] Presentation 2018 Actual History of the Region – Political Boundaries 14051505 BC BC New Hittite Kingdom 1550 BC A Old Hittite Kingdom r z a a Old Hittite Kingdomtn Mycenae w a Mycenae Ar w za a zu Mycenae wa iz K Mitanni1 Mitanni an ri H Mitanni r u 2 u rri AssyriaAssyria2 2. Assyria Vassal H of Mitanni Mino a Assyria M an C 1. n K ino ret s a an e Alashiya s Cre s te 1. K i aK te 2. s D s sa y 1. Yamkhad isten s a i ts Bet y E 2. Qatna a 1. Border between Egypt and B I l b E a 3.Mitanni agreed ~1405 BC ayBa m blo la 3. Hazor yn m b li E 1. Independent Hurrian States y oa l lon a 18thEgyptDynasty 2. Vassal of Babylonia n ia m 18thHyksosDynasty Dynasty EgyptDelta Kingdom Rodger Roberts 1405 BC is one of the more popular literary settings for the biblical ConquestB of Canaan. As can be seen, at that time, Egypt's historical north-eastern border was with Mitanni and it was located in the North-Central Levant. [0:30] Presentation 2018 Actual History of the Region – Political Boundaries 121015051505 BCBC BC NewNew Hittite Hittite Empire Kingdom 1550 BC A Old Hittite Kingdom r z a Mycenae a Old Hittite Kingdomtn Mycenae w a Mycenae Ar w za a zu Mycenae wa iz Middle Assyrian K Mitanni1 MitanniEmpire an ri H Mitanni r u 2 u rri AssyriaAssyria2 2. Assyria Vassal H of Mitanni Mino a Assyria M an C Alashiya 1. n K ino ret s a an e Alashiya s Cre s te 1. K i aK te 1. 2. s D s sa y 1. Yamkhad isten sia E t s K 1. Border between Egypt and Hittite Bet l B y a aE Empire1. Border agreed2. between Qatna ~1258 Egypt BC and a a m bBIb ss la 3. y i E Mitanni agreed ~1405 BC y aBal t l m 3. Hazor lobo e a nbyn mE 1. Independent Hurrian States yloi th ial a l 19 Dynasty on a 18thEgyptDynasty 2. Vassal of Babylonia n ia m Egypt18thHyksosDynasty Dynasty EgyptDelta Kingdom Rodger Roberts 1210 BC is another popular literary setting for the biblical ConquestB of Canaan. At that time, the historical border of Egypt was with the Hittite Empire and it was in the Central Levant and not at the Red Sea, as suggested in the Book of Exodus. The key points to note from these four historical maps are that: (i) The Exodus, as described in the Bible, could not have occurred at any time during the Late Bronze Age because Egypt's border was not at the Red Sea; and (ii) The fleeing IsraelitesB could not have escaped from Egyptian control by settling in the Promised Land because the Land of Canaan remained under Egyptian control throughout this period. This situation prevailed until about 1150 BC when Egypt abandoned its colony of Canaan. [1:00] Presentation 2018 Stele of Seti I from Bethshean in the Southern Levant – 1290 BC Pharaoh in Canaan: The Untold Story - Stele of Seti I, commemorating a successful military campaign against rebellious towns near Beth Shean. 1295BC, Beth Shean. Cropped from Source Photo: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Oren Rozen https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_ Museum_290416_Pharaoh_in_Canaan_04.jpg Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/4.0/deed.en ) Rodger Roberts This photograph is of a stele erected by the Egyptian pharaoh, Seti I, and is dated to about 1290 BC. It was found near Bethshean in the Southern Levant, at the site of an Egyptian military base and administrative center. It provides clear evidence of Egyptian control over its colony of Canaan in the 13th century BC. [0:30] Presentation 2018 Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty – 1258 BC Egyptian Copy Hittite Copy Hieroglyphic text of the peace treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusili III. Source of Photo: Gudrun Meyer from de.wikipedia.org, 2007, Retrieved 2011.08.28: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses%E2%80%93Hattusili_Treaty Istanbul Archaeological Museum - Oriental pavilion. The tablet containing the Qadesh treaty between the Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License Hittites and the Egyptians (1269 BC.) - Picture by: Giovanni Dall’Orto, May 28 2006 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en ) Cropped and adapted from photo by Giovanni Dall’Orto, 2006. Retrieved from Wikipedia, 2011.08.28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses%E2%80%93Hattusili_Treaty The copyright holder of this image allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted. Rodger Roberts These two photographs show copies of the Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty of 1258 BC, which provide archaeological support for the border between Egypt and the Hittite Empire in the Central Levant in the 13th century BC.
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