Grammaticalization in English: a Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis of the “Ass” Intensifier
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
3/30/2021 Tagscanner Extended Playlist File:///E:/Dropbox/Music For
3/30/2021 TagScanner Extended PlayList Total tracks number: 2175 Total tracks length: 132:57:20 Total tracks size: 17.4 GB # Artist Title Length 01 *NSync Bye Bye Bye 03:17 02 *NSync Girlfriend (Album Version) 04:13 03 *NSync It's Gonna Be Me 03:10 04 1 Giant Leap My Culture 03:36 05 2 Play Feat. Raghav & Jucxi So Confused 03:35 06 2 Play Feat. Raghav & Naila Boss It Can't Be Right 03:26 07 2Pac Feat. Elton John Ghetto Gospel 03:55 08 3 Doors Down Be Like That 04:24 09 3 Doors Down Here Without You 03:54 10 3 Doors Down Kryptonite 03:53 11 3 Doors Down Let Me Go 03:52 12 3 Doors Down When Im Gone 04:13 13 3 Of A Kind Baby Cakes 02:32 14 3lw No More (Baby I'ma Do Right) 04:19 15 3OH!3 Don't Trust Me 03:12 16 4 Strings (Take Me Away) Into The Night 03:08 17 5 Seconds Of Summer She's Kinda Hot 03:12 18 5 Seconds of Summer Youngblood 03:21 19 50 Cent Disco Inferno 03:33 20 50 Cent In Da Club 03:42 21 50 Cent Just A Lil Bit 03:57 22 50 Cent P.I.M.P. 04:15 23 50 Cent Wanksta 03:37 24 50 Cent Feat. Nate Dogg 21 Questions 03:41 25 50 Cent Ft Olivia Candy Shop 03:26 26 98 Degrees Give Me Just One Night 03:29 27 112 It's Over Now 04:22 28 112 Peaches & Cream 03:12 29 220 KID, Gracey Don’t Need Love 03:14 A R Rahman & The Pussycat Dolls Feat. -
The Grammaticalization of Demonstratives: a Comparative Analysis
Nicholas Catasso 7 Journal of Universal Language 12-1 March 2011, 7-46 The Grammaticalization of Demonstratives: A Comparative Analysis Nicholas Catasso Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia * Abstract An article, irrespective of its distribution across natural languages, dialects and varieties, is a member of the class of determiners which particularizes a noun according to language-specific principles of grammatical and semantic structuring. Definite articles in Indo- European languages – in those grammatical systems where they are present – are derived from ancient demonstratives through a grammaticalization process: given that demonstratives are deictic expressions (i.e. they depend on a frame of reference which is external to that of the speaker and of the interlocutor) with the role of selecting a referent or a set of referents, it is easy to understand what the role of “universal quantifier” of the, which is in English the prototypical – but questionable – example of definiteness, is due to. Demonstratives are frequently reanalyzed across languages as grammatical markers (very often as definite articles, but also as copulas, relative and third person pronouns, sentence connectives, Nicholas Catasso Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio - Dorsoduro 3462 - VENEZIA 30123 (VE) Phone 0039-3463157243; Email: [email protected] Received Oct. 2010; Reviewed Dec. 2010; Revised version received Jan. 2011. 8 The Grammaticalization of Demonstratives: A Comparative Analysis focus markers, etc.). In this article I concentrate on the grammaticalization of the definite article in English, adopting a comparative-contrastive approach (including a wide range of Indo- European languages), given the complexity of the article. Keywords: grammaticalization, definite articles, English, Indo- European languages, definiteness 1. -
The Renewal of Intensifiers and Variations in Language Registers: a Case-Study of Very, Really, So and Totally Lucile Bordet
The renewal of intensifiers and variations in language registers: a case-study of very, really, so and totally Lucile Bordet To cite this version: Lucile Bordet. The renewal of intensifiers and variations in language registers: a case-study ofvery, really, so and totally. Intensity, intensification and intensifying modification across languages, Nov 2015, Vercelli, Italy. hal-01874168 HAL Id: hal-01874168 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01874168 Submitted on 16 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The renewal of intensifiers and variations in language registers: a case- study of very, really, so and totally Lucile Bordet Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 CEL EA 1663 Abstract: This paper investigates the renewal of intensifiers in English. Intensifiers are popularised because of their intensifying potential but through frequency of use they lose their force. That is when the renewal process occurs and promotes new adverbs to the rank of intensifiers. This has consequences on language register. “Older” intensifiers are not entirely replaced by fresher intensifiers. They remain in use, but are assigned new functions in different contexts. My assumption is that intensifiers that have recently emerged tend to bear on parts of speech belonging to colloquial language, while older intensifiers modify parts of speech belonging mostly to the standard or formal registers. -
I. the Passive in English
I. The Passive in English 1.1 Introduction: Voice The passive is a part of a wider concept - the concept of 'voice*. Therefore, one may firstly try to find out what the term 'voice' means. 1.1.1 The Origin of the Term 'Passive' The passive is a part of the voice system in English, which has attracted attention of grammarians and linguists for long. Mustanoja (1960) states that the primitive Indo-European had two voices, active and middle. The passive is a later development. The middle disappeared as the passive gained ground. According to Mustanoja (1960), the ultimate origin of the passive voice is obscure. Bloomfield (1963) goes back to Latin and points out that there are two types of construction - one with an actor-action construction: amat 'he (she, it) loves', and one with a goal-action construction: amatur 'he (she, it) is loved'. Similarly, Hockett (1958) states that two of the inflectional categories that Latin verbs have are 'voice' and 'aspect'. There are two voices, 'active' and 'passive', and there are two aspects, 'imperfective' and 'perfective'. According to Myers (1966), Latin has one set of active inflections called the 'active voice', and an incomplete set of inflections, such as 'vocor', pieced out with verb phrases such as 'vocatus sum', called the 'passive voice'. Myers (1966) rightly points out that English does not have two comparable sets of inflections, but the term 'voice' is still used. In the study of the grammar of English, these terms were initially borrowed fi-om the study of Latin. 1.1.2 Definitions of Voice Gorrell and Laird (1953) define voice as a distinction in verb forms between the active, in which the subject of the verb is the actor, and the passive, in which the subject of the verb receives the action. -
Plural Addressee Marker and Grammaticalization in Barayin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online Published as: Lovestrand, Joseph. 2018. Plural addressee marker and Pre-publication version grammaticalization in Barayin. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 10(1) https://doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01001004 Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http:// eprints.soas.ac.uk/32651 Plural addressee marker and grammaticalization in Barayin Joseph Lovestrand, University of Oxford Abstract This article describes two distinct but related grammaticalization paths in Barayin, an East Chadic lan- guage. One path is from a first-person plural pronoun to a first-person dual pronoun. Synchronically, the pronominal forms in Barayin with first-person dual number must now be combined with a plural addressee enclitic, nà, to create a first-person plural pronoun. This path is identical to what has been documented in Philippine-type languages. The other path is from a first-person dative suffix to a suffix dedicated to first-person hortative. This path of grammaticalization has not been discussed in the literature. It occurred in several related languages, and each in case results in a hortative form with a dual subject. Hortative forms with a plural subject are created by adding a plural addressee marker to the dual form. The plural addressee marker in Chadic languages is derived from a second-person pronominal. Keywords Chadic, Barayin, hortative, dual, pronouns, diachronic1 1 Introduction This paper describes two distinct but related grammaticalization paths in Barayin [bva] and other lan- guages of the Guera subbranch of East Chadic languages (East Chadic B). -
(DEA) : JAKIR TAYLOR, : A/K/A “Jak”; : JEROME R
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : CRIMINAL COMPLAINT : v. : Mag. No. 18-1535 (DEA) : JAKIR TAYLOR, : a/k/a “Jak”; : JEROME ROBERTS, : a/k/a “Righteous”; : DAVID ANTONIO, : a/k/a “Papi,” : a/k/a “Victor Arias,” : a/k/a “Pop,” : a/k/a “Santiago Ramirez”; : OMAR COUNCIL, : a/k/a “Stacks,” : a/k/a “Y-O,” : a/k/a “O,” : a/k/a “Snow”; : BRIAN PHELPS, : a/k/a “B-Money,” : a/k/a “B”; : GARY AUSMORE, : a/k/a “G”; : DAVIAS TAYLOR, : a/k/a “Vicey,” : a/k/a “Mitch”; : ALONZO LEARY, : a/k/a “Buck,” : a/k/a “J-Buck”; : MAJOR ANDERSON, : a/k/a “Maj”; : WAYNE K. BUSH; : TACQUES HALL, : a/k/a “Buddha”; : KAHLIL HAMPTON, : a/k/a “Ruger”; : BRANDON COUNCIL, : a/k/a “BH”; : SHAQUEL ROCK, : a/k/a “Shaq”; : DENNIS CHESTON, JR., a/k/ a "Beans"; DONTE ELLIS, a/k/ a "Shalant"; TIMOTHY WIMBUSH, a/k/a "Young Money"; TAQUAN WILLIAMS; JUBRI WEST; MALIK BINGFIAM, a/k/ a "Fresh"; DEAVON WARNER, a/k/ a'Tug"i JAQUAN WADE; gUIANA WELCH, a/k/a "KiKi"; KALEIB COX, a/k/ a "Lito"; VARLEE KOON; and TATRICE WHARTON I, Rachel Kolvek, being duly sworn, state that the following is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. On or about the dates set forth in Attachment A to this complaint, in the District of New Jersey and elsewhere: SEE ATTACHMENT A I further state that I arn a Special Agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and that this complaint is based on the following facts: SEE ATTACHMENT B continued on the attached pages and made a part hereof. -
Unity and Diversity in Grammaticalization Scenarios
Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios Edited by Walter Bisang Andrej Malchukov language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 16 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. ISSN: 2363-5568 Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios Edited by Walter Bisang Andrej Malchukov language science press Walter Bisang & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). 2017. Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios (Studies in Diversity Linguistics -
The United Eras of Hip-Hop (1984-2008)
qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer The United Eras of Hip-Hop tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas Examining the perception of hip-hop over the last quarter century dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx 5/1/2009 cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqLawrence Murray wertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw The United Eras of Hip-Hop ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are so many people I need to acknowledge. Dr. Kelton Edmonds was my advisor for this project and I appreciate him helping me to study hip- hop. Dr. Susan Jasko was my advisor at California University of Pennsylvania since 2005 and encouraged me to stay in the Honors Program. Dr. Drew McGukin had the initiative to bring me to the Honors Program in the first place. I wanted to acknowledge everybody in the Honors Department (Dr. Ed Chute, Dr. Erin Mountz, Mrs. Kim Orslene, and Dr. Don Lawson). Doing a Red Hot Chili Peppers project in 2008 for Mr. Max Gonano was also very important. I would be remiss if I left out the encouragement of my family and my friends, who kept assuring me things would work out when I was never certain. Hip-Hop: 2009 Page 1 The United Eras of Hip-Hop TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -
Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto De Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic
Introduction: Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic To cite this version: Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova, Dejan Stosic. Introduction: Complex Adpo- sitions and Complex Nominal Relators. Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Dejan Stosic, Elena Smirnova. Complex Adpositions in European Languages : A Micro-Typological Approach to Com- plex Nominal Relators, 65, De Gruyter Mouton, pp.1-30, 2020, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 978-3-11-068664-7. 10.1515/9783110686647-001. halshs-03087872 HAL Id: halshs-03087872 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03087872 Submitted on 24 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Public Domain Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Elena Smirnova & Dejan Stosic Introduction: Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators Benjamin Fagard CNRS, ENS & Paris Sorbonne Nouvelle; PSL Lattice laboratory, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France [email protected] -
GRAMMATICALIZATION and PROSODY: the CASE of ENGLISH SORT /KIND /TYPE of CONSTRUCTIONS Nicole Dehé Katerina Stathi
GRAMMATICALIZATION AND PROSODY: THE CASE OF ENGLISH SORT /KIND /TYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONS Nicole Dehé Katerina Stathi Universität Konstanz Leibniz Universität Hannover This article studies the relationship between prosody and desemanticization in grammaticaliza - tion processes by means of a well -described phenomenon, the grammaticalization of ‘type’ nouns (type , kind , sort ) in present-day English. To this end, 1,155 tokens of the three nouns, retrieved from the ICE-GB corpus, were semantically classified and prosodically analyzed. Our main result is that different synchronically coexisting prosodic patterns correspond to different degrees of grammaticalization. This result provides evidence that desemanticization and erosion proceed hand in hand. Their parallel development is attributed to the demands of iconicity rather than to frequency effects. * Keywords : language change, grammaticalization, prosody, prominence, type nouns , spoken En - glish, frequency, iconicity 1. Introduction . This article investigates the relation between grammaticalization and prosody by means of a case study : the grammaticalization of so-called ‘type ’ nouns in English ( sort , kind , type ; SKT) in the construction N1 ( sort , kind , type ) of N2; see the examples in 1. (1) The sort-kind-type (SKT) construction in English (Tabor 1993:453) a. They found some sort of cactus on the rim. b. What kind of knife do you need? c. How common is this type of illness ? Although it is frequently stated that grammaticalization processes are accompanied by phonological changes—mostly phonological reduction (attrition, erosion ) or loss—the relation between grammaticalization and prosody is understudied. The SKT construction investigated here lends itself to an empirical study because it represents a well-docu - mented case of grammaticalization both diachronically (e.g. -
October 21, 2014 L Uvm, Burlington, Vt Uvm.Edu/~Watertwr L @Thewatertower L Thewatertower.Tumblr.Com
volume 16 - issue 4 tuesday, october 21, 2014 uvm, burlington, vt uvm.edu/~watertwr @thewatertower thewatertower.tumblr.com by lauragreenwood In front of the gritty backdrop of Burlington noir, we now delve into mysteries by leonardbartenstein Hold your breath, but I have never both sinister and strange, full of lies, deceit, and the most dastardly deed of really liked Halloween. Each year as the all—murder most foul—now, we follow the ongoing detective adventures of: holiday approaches I inwardly groan and begin the arduous process of preparing with Valencé—crooked, like the spine of some- for the nights of debaucheries. Halloween one with scoliosis. And by attending this party weekend painfully elongates those horrid and speaking with a couple of the officers one- hours of getting ready before going out. on-one, without them being suspicious of us, we Moreover, it amplifies those ugly insecuri- might find something out which we might oth- ties everyone has about whether everyone erwise not.” is looking, dressing well enough, and/or “Oh,” said Barton, understanding now. “I impressing everyone in the room based understand, now.” only how witty and culturally-informed They now stood at the ornate doors of the you can appear in under five minutes. It’s police chief’s mansion-like house, which loomed another weekend of the horse-and-pony over them like a ten-foot-tall man would loom show which tends to lead to wandering over two normal-sized men. They waited for a around the nearly post-apocalyptic streets moment for the door to be answered, when the of Burlington in outfits too unfit for this clouds above began to open up, raining on their time of year. -
English Grammar for Bible Students
English Grammar For Bible Students “'Like young plants, young brains need watering and it is the duty of Grammar to undertake this.” By Benjamin J. Williams 0 This little set of notes on English grammar is Dedicated to my treasure above rubies, my wife, Charmion Selene Williams, Who crosses my i’s and dots my t’s. 1 Table of Contents Introduction I. Parts of Speech II. The Simple Sentence III. Nouns IV. Pronouns V. Adjectives VI. Verbs VII. Adverbs VIII. Prepositions IX. Gerunds X. Participles XI. Infinitives XII. Clauses, Compound & Complex XIII. Conjunctions & Logic XIV. Punctuation XV. Literal & Figurative Language XVI. Rules for Writing 2 INTRODUCTION Why Should the Bible Student Know English Grammar? The reasons for a study of this type are many, but three simple reasons will be given here. First, the Bible claims to be the inspired word of God (II Tim. 3:16). This expression means that the Scriptures claim to be “God breathed”, and the Bible often makes this claim for even the words of the text (II Sam. 23:2 “The Spirit of the L ORD spake by me, and his word was in my tongue.”). Inspired writers often use the grammar of the Scriptures to make doctrinal arguments. Our Lord appealed to the tense of a verb to prove the resurrection, pointing out that God says “I am” Abraham’s God as opposed to “I was” (Matt. 22:32). Paul makes a doctrinal point concerning the promise of the Messiah by pointing to the number of the noun “seed” as being singular and not plural (Gal.