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Open the Article In CONTENT GENERAL ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE Religio-philosophical systems and their impact on the history of medicine D.A. Balalykin . 9 Philosophy of Eugenics: gains and losses E.N. Shulga . 27 HISTORY OF MEDICAL DISCIPLINES Scientifi c and practical educational aspects of modern epidemiology: a view through the prism of history N. I. Briko . 36 Main stages in the development of pediatrics in Russia G.L. Mikirtichan . 46 FROM THE HISTORY OF HEALTHCARE Initiating the Global health at the time of the Crimean War (1853-1856), and the projects of sanitary reform of the Ottoman Empire A.M. Moulin . 61 FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN MEDICINE Pirogov’s Spiritual Legacy Yu.L. Shevchenko, M.N. Kozovenko . 80 Doctor Ivan Lutsenko: myths and facts K.K. Vasylyev . 94 A Doctor from Russia in Belgian Congo: Yakov Schwetz V.K. Ronin . 107 “Future Pirogov”: about the student years of the scholar M.I. Perelman in Yaroslavl N.T. Eregina . 119 The forming of the fi rst scientifi c medical society in the Moscow University T.I. Surovtseva . 125 INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The Sick Poor: How do we defi ne them and what should we do with them? G.B. Ferngren . 135 The Western Medical Tradition and Typology of “Kinds of Medicine” P.E. Ratmanov . 146 7 CONTENT Europe and free family: the role of the assistance of reproductive technologies in the collapse of the family C. Byk . 155 The conception of hospital care at the time of epidemics in the II–III centuries N.P. Shok . 160 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE History and Phenomenology of Hysterodemonic Renaissance P.I. Sidorov, V.V. Medvedeva, А.N. Davydov . 169 Brief history and description of the surgical instrument kit of the early 19th century S.P. Glyantsev . 186 MEMORABLE DATES 250th anniversary of the academic department of human anatomy of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (1764–2014 ) M.R. Sapin . 193 8 SPECIFIC QUESTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE УДК: 616.89 (091) History and Phenomenology of Hysterodemonic Renaissance P.I. Sidorov1, V.V. Medvedeva2, А.N. Davydov3 !Institute of Mental Medicine Northern Scientifi c Center North-West Branch RAMS; 2Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk; 3Institute of Ecological Problems of the North ASC RAS Ural Branch. The etiopathogenetic basis of the social and psychic epidemics is the bio-psycho-sociospiritual factors, which defi ne the paths of emergence and the mechanisms of progression of massively-induced neuropsychic disorders, the earliest forms of which were titled “hysterodemoniacal”: shaman disease, menerik, emeriak, hiccups, sheva, lishinka, kila and others. We underline the clinical forms and pathokinesis of induced conditions and diseases, factors and forms of traditional spiritual culture, which aff ect the specifi cs of development of social epidemics. Keywords: hysterodemoniacal conditions, psychic epidemics, etiopathogenesis, clinical forms, treatment, preventive healthcare One of the fastest-growing scientifi c fi elds, ex- examples of the "hysterodemonic renaissance," isting at the junction where natural sciences and the proponents of which act as individual occupa- humanities meet,is mental ethnoecology. A syn- tional therapists, and the paraprofessionals with ergistic bio-psycho-socio-spiritual approach al- their very laconic psycho-technical skills. There- lows for mental ethnoecology to be classifi ed as fore, today an appeal to the shamanic ideology a fi eld involving the cooperation of ethnography and phenomenology is interesting not only from and folklore, religious studies and sociology, psy- an academic point of view, but also in a practical chology and psychotherapy, psychiatry and nar- way, as it allows one to understand the historical cology, mental ecology and mental medicine. roots of the "mass expansive psychotherapy," suc- Historically, the earliest mental ethnoecology cessfully exploiting marginal subpopulations. subjects were mental illnesses, which in the 19th The purpose of this article is to provide a his- century were named "hysterodemonic": shamanic torical analysis of the emergence and develop- illness, Arctic hysteria, piblokto, hiccups, hexes ment of psychic epidemics, their division by bio- "shyova," "lishenka" and "kila," and others, re- psycho-socio-spiritual ties with specifi c forms of ferred to in psychiatry as induced neuro-psychi- traditional spiritual culture, and systematization atric disorders, underpinning the development of of the main directions of research on mental eth- collective psychosis (C. P.). noecology of the the north. In carrying out this The relevancy of the problem of C. P. as a task, we used an extensive historiography and re- group of contagious mental disorders is current- sults of mental health research on the indigenous ly due to the increasing prevalence of social ills population of the north. [1, 2; 3, p. 17] and addictive behavior, totalitarian sects, various Psychiatric research into C. P. began in Rus- pyramid-type schemes and extremist and terrorist sia in the second half of the 19th century. Previ- organizations. Nor can we ignore the numerous ously, patients who were under the infl uence of C. P., came under the patronage of church orga- nizations as "victims of the devil" or by the laws E-mail: [email protected] and decrees prescribing punitive measures against © P. I. Sidorov, V.V. Medvedeva, A.N. Davydov participants of C. P. Currently this problem is the HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2014, №1 focus of philosophers and historians, lawyers and look, poor diet and insuffi cient sleep, excessive anthropologists, social activists and doctors. physical exertion, domestic inconveniences, dis- Most Russian psychiatrists in the second half ease and frequent births) [11]. An important role of the 19th century regarded the C. P. phenom- was played by the state of mind of the subject, the enon as a predominantly psychosocial condi- level of personal responsiveness, the depth of ex- tion. What's more, psychiatrists do not deny the posure to dogmatic teaching on his or her psyche possibility that the formation and manifestation and currently held superstitions [12,13]. of mental epidemics could be infl uenced by na- Most authors consider an increase of psy- tional culture and ethnic traditions, which add cho-emotional tension (P. E. T.) among the par- exotic aspects to symptoms, but does not change ticipants of a rite or process as one of the main the algorithm for the development and clinical es- causes of C. P. Psycho-emotional tension entailed sence of this phenomenon. [4-6] The presence of a condition involving a narrowing of conscious- a psychiatric component with C. P. victims is of ness, leading to the inability to account for one's little doubt and generates no misunderstandings actions. An increase in P. E. T. potentiates sug- among psychiatrists. In 1908, V. M. Bekhterev gestibility, autosuggestibility, extreme emotional spoke of "collective or mass delusions and hal- disturbances, tendency to imitate, panic, becom- lucinations," epidemics of possession, hysterics, ing a factor infl uencing individual lives and the hexes, psychotic manifestations of religious con- community as a whole. Under the infl uence of tent and distributing panic reactions. [7] suggestion, a person loses individuality and ini- Psychiatrist A. A. Tokarsky divided the causes tiative, becoming part of the crowd, panicking. of collective psychosis into "predisposing and pro- "In the frenzied crowd each individual aff ects the ducing." With the fi rst he attributed "poverty of others, and he or she is subjected to a similar in- mental content, parochialism, a lack of insight fl uence." [12] and ignorance"; with the second – the dominat- In the category of "producing" causes of C. P., ing ideas of society, external events, the tenden- psychiatrists have attributed factors such as war, cy to imitate, psychic contagion and suggestion political upheaval, social and economic reforms, [8]. This classifi cation is largely congruent with potentiating the uncertainty of social and political a modern interpretation of personal and social relationships and situations that increase neuro- identity of the subject, a universal trend of poten- psychic anxiety, leading to a decrease in the sta- tial pathways of collective psychosis. bility of the central nervous system. Studies by Russian psychiatrists have identi- Thus, the basis for the occurrence of C. P. fi ed a set of preconditions for C. P. that are "pre- was defi ned as a polyetiologic factor, which is the disposing" and "produced by the direct instilling main criterion in the formation of a path lead- of ideas." The fi rst group included fanatical faith, ing to the emergence and spread of mass mental based on extraneous suggestion and infl uence of contagions. The intensity of the emergence and the inductor, who possesses a charismatic per- spread of mental phenomena of a contagious na- sonality and the ability to impress his or her ideas ture were aff ected by socio-economic changes on to others (such an inductor could be a mentally and crises. ill person) [9], low education, primitive culture The separation of social and psychological and social confusion. P. I. Jacobi wrote that col- mechanisms in the emergence of C. P. is only lective psychosis "develops only in a population possible by analyzing historical forms "hysterode- that is physically weakened and suff ering from monic" disorders closely associated with specifi c nervous exhaustion, both morally and mentally." forms of traditional spiritual culture. [10] Among the factors that aff ect the mental state The connection of shamanism and shamanic of a person in terms of occurrence of C. P. are a illness with nervous and mental disorders among number of exogenous factors (drugs, alcohol, diff erent peoples of northern Russia and Siberia hunger, poverty, fatigue, an accumulation of large have been marked by many ethnographers. [14- numbers of people possessing a common out- 16] N. A. Alekseev analyzed the role of shamanic P. I. Sidorov, V.V.
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