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Les Réponses Comportementales De L'oursin Tetrapygus

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Les Réponses Comportementales De L'oursin Tetrapygus JUAN DIEGO URRJAGO SUAREZ Les réponses comportementales de P oursin Tetrapygus niger face aux étoiles de mer prédatrices Meyenaster gelatinosus et Heliaster helianthus Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en biologie pour l'obtention du grade de Maître es Sciences (M.Sc.) DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE GÉNIE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2010 © Juan Diego Urriago, 2010 Résumé J'ai mené des expériences afin d'étudier les réponses de l'oursin Tetrapygus niger à la prédation des étoiles de mer. L'oursin était capable de différencier les étoiles de mer prédatrices des non-prédatrices mais également de distinguer différents niveaux de risques associés aux étoiles de mer, Heliaster helianthus et Meyenaster gelatinosus. Les oursins soumis à un haut niveau de risque hérissaient rapidement leurs épines, puis étendaient leurs pieds ambulacraires pour fuir le prédateur. L'oursin associait un risque plus grand à M. gelatinosus. J'ai également démontré l'existence de la chimiodétection à distance des prédateurs. La micro-distribution des oursins sur les surfaces élevées semble représenter une stratégie pour limiter la prédation par les étoiles de mer. Le nombre de celles-ci étant plus réduit sur ces surfaces élevées, leur capacité à capturer les oursins est moindre et les oursins peuvent se détacher pour éviter d'être mangé. Enfin, des expériences avec entravement indiquent que le taux de survie est plus élevé pour les animaux situés sur les surfaces élevées. 11 Abstract I conducted field experiments to examine responses of the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to sea star predators. The urchin distinguished between predatory and non-predatory sea stars and also recognized different levels of risk associated with the predatory sea stars, Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus. Urchins under high prédation risk rapidly raised their spines, and then extended podia and fled. The urchin associates the strongest risk with M. gelatinosus. I further demonstrated distance chemodetection of predators. The urchin's micro-distribution on elevated surfaces appears to represent a strategy for limiting prédation by sea stars because on elevated surfaces there are fewer sea stars, the ability of sea stars to capture urchins is reduced, and the urchins can detach to avoid being eaten. Finally, tethering experiments indicate that survival rate is greater on elevated surfaces. Ill Avant-propos Ce mémoire comporte quatre chapitres : une introduction générale, deux chapitres dans lesquels les résultats obtenus au cours de mon étude sont présentés et discutés (corps du mémoire) et une conclusion générale. Les chapitres qui constituent le corps du mémoire ont été rédigés en anglais sous la forme d'articles scientifiques. J'ai été l'instigateur et le réalisateur de chacune de ces études. Les Drs. John H. Himmelman (directeur du mémoire) et Carlos F. Gaymer (codirecteur) ont participé à la rédaction de ces articles. Chapitre II. Urriago J.D. Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2010. Responses ofthe black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to its sea star predators Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus under field conditions. JEMBE (soumis) Chapitre III. Urriago J.D. Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2010. Does the distribution of sea urchins Tetrapygus niger on elevated surfaces represent a strategy for avoiding prédation by sea stars? En préparation. Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse ont été présentés lors de congrès dont la liste apparaît ci-dessous: Urriago J.D., Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2010. Responses of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to its sea star predators Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus. Canadian Society of Zoology. Vancouver, Canada. Urriago J.D., Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2010. Responses of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to its sea star predators Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus. The 5th Annual meeting of the Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution. Quebec City, Canada. Urriago J.D., Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2010. Too close for comfort: distance detection of predators by sea urchins. lere édition du Colloque du Département de biologie de l'Université Laval. Quebec City, Canada. Urriago J.D., Himmelman J.H., Gaymer CF., 2009. Too close for comfort: distance detection of predators by sea urchins. Forum québécois en sciences de la mer. Rimouski, Canada. IV First of all I would like to thank my director John Himmelman who has been like a father to me in this country so far from home. He has been an excellent academic advisor, who during these 3 years in Canada has taught me with, patience and wisdom, a clear way to do research. My thanks for your advice, dedication, friendship and support. I sincerely thank my co-director Carlos Gaymer for his trust and support in my work. His patience and relevant inputs during the development of my master's research has been essential during the two field seasons (2008 - 2009) and during the previous year working on different Ecology and Marine Conservation projects (2007) in Chile. I especially want to thank him for his sincere friendship and the good energy extended to me since we met. I want to especially thank Clément Dumont, my friend and future Ph.D. co-director in Hong Kong, for giving me my first job as a marine biologist. He introduced me to Carlos and then suggested John as a potential Master's supervisor. Clement and Carlos are two more members ofthe extended Himmelman family which I have had the privilege to join as John's last student. This work would not have been possible without the important logistical support of my Elite diving team Etienne Renaud-Roy and Mayra Natalia Munoz Pinilla. Thanks for sharing with me continuous days of diving in the beautiful, cold, rough Chilean waters. I cannot leave out my grandfather Dario who also helped me logistically during several days of diving in Chile. The content of this thesis has been improved by the pertinent comments of my evaluation committee Ladd Johnson and Helga Guderley. Thanks to Ladd for his support and for shared pleasant moments in Quebec City and its surroundings. To Helga, the beautiful woman with an eternal smile and nice energy, thanks for her maternal friendship. I appreciated sharing Helga and John's love for nature and healthy living. Merci à Hélène Crépeau qui à été une personne clé dans la vérification des analyses statistiques. Je remercie Flavienne Bruyant pour les corrections de texte en Français. Je remercie le CRSNG (Canada) et le FONDECYT (Chile) pour leur soutien financier et logistique au projet. J'ai bénéficié pour ma part de bourses du Gouvernement du Québec, de Québec-Océan et du Département de Biologie de l'Université Laval. I have been surrounded by a wonderful and large group of friends (Biology Department) during my masters, especially my roommate Nicolas Martin ("mon petite c") who introduced me to his family in Shawinigan Sud and with whom in one way or another I shared thousands of experiences. I cannot put aside the many evenings of good coffee, accompanied by chess and great friends. Among them are: Hernân Pérez ("el especial"), the fancy English Samuel Collin ("my p. cow") a man of confidence, special musical preferences and with whom I shared really good times. Special thanks to David Pâez (liAustralianus maximus colombiensis") for his contributions and reviews on the articles in this thesis, but especially since my arrival to share good chess, good coffee, hard workouts in the gym and sauna evenings to discuss life. Finally, I specially want to thanks my mom Cecilia, my dad Dario and my grandmother Ruth for giving me unconditional support and trust. Thanks to them for encouraging me with tons of love which has kept me motivated. They will be forever in my heart. VI Table des matières Page CHAPITRE I. Introduction générale 1 CHAPITRE IL Responses of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to its sea-star predators Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus under field conditions 5 Résumé 6 Abstract 7 Introduction 8 Methods 11 Responses to different sea stars 11 Responses relative to the level of risk of predatory sea stars 12 Density effects on the sea urchin's response 12 Statistical analyses 13 Results 14 Responses to different sea stars 14 Responses relative to the level of risk of predatory sea stars 16 Density effects on the sea urchin's response 18 Discussion 21 CHAPITRE III. Does the distribution of sea urchins Tetrapygus niger on elevated surfaces represent a strategy for avoiding prédation by sea stars? 26 Résumé 27 Abstract 28 Introduction 29 Methods 31 Vil Distribution of sea urchins and sea stars 31 Responses of sea urchins to sea stars on different types of bottom 32 Sustained (simulated) attacks on vertical walls 32 Sustained attacks on aggregations 33 Survival on high and low surfaces 33 Statistical analyses 34 Results 34 Distribution of sea urchins and sea stars 34 Responses of sea urchins to sea stars on different types of bottom 35 Sustained (simulated) attacks on vertical walls 35 Sustained attacks on aggregations 38 Survival on high and low surfaces 40 Discussion 43 CHAPITRE IV. Conclusion générale 48 Références bibliographiques 50 1 CHAPITRE I Introduction générale La prédation est une interaction entre espèces au cours de laquelle une des espèces, le prédateur, se nourrit de l'autre espèce, la proie. La proie n'est pas nécessairement tuée au cours de la prédation. Les prédateurs comprennent les herbivores, les carnivores et les parasites (Krebs, 2009). La prédation peut indirectement affecter le comportement de la proie, sa distribution, son abondance ainsi que la structure de sa communauté (Paine, 1980; Kerfoot et Sih, 1987; Estes et al., 1998; Broom et al., 2010). Les espèces proies présentent des réponses comportementales évoluées et diverses à l'égard des prédateurs.
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