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What Is the Difference Between Ecstasy and MDMA?

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What Is the Difference Between Ecstasy and MDMA? ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY What is the difference between Ecstasy and MDMA? ALEXANDRA TURNER A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Anglia Ruskin University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted: August 2015 Anglia Ruskin University Abstract Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Life Sciences Doctor of Philosophy Alexandra Turner In society there is a discrepancy that has developed in what the public understands about what Ecstasy is, in relation to the term ‘MDMA’. MDMA, the abbreviation for 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is the chemical constituent that has most commonly been associated with the street drug known as Ecstasy. Though the use of Ecstasy was reportedly on the decrease, a new product has emerged known as crystal or MDMA powder. This is alongside new competing compounds entering the market, most notably Mephedrone. The research examined explores the changing perception around what the terms Ecstasy and MDMA represent, comparing their popularity and prevalence with that of Mephedrone. This was investigated using an interdisciplinary approach, utilizing methods drawn from social sciences and analytical chemistry. Two online social research surveys were employed to establish what the public knew and understood about the terms, Ecstasy and MDMA and the drug Mephedrone. The surveys included both quantitative questions regarding specific drug knowledge and qualitative questions which asked participants about their reasons behind selecting to use a substance. The surveys provided a social context and highlighted specific perceptions that were held about these drugs. The results from the surveys were compared to seizure data collected from the Cambridgeshire Constabulary, which provided a timeline of the emergence and prevalence of the types of Ecstasy/MDMA and Mephedrone being seized. The perceptions were also compared to a qualitative chemical analysis of seized samples using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In the findings from this research there is a definite gap between what the public know and perceive about the terms Ecstasy, MDMA and Mephedrone. A key finding from this research is what is reportedly known about Ecstasy has not translated into what is known about MDMA. There is an observed disassociation between these two terms. Mephedrone, on the other hand appears to have fallen into obscurity post its media high of 2010. The responses to the social surveys indicate a clear preference for MDMA over ‘Ecstasy’ or Mephedrone, as the former is seen as being of better ‘quality’. The user preference was supported by the findings from the seizers recorded in Cambridge, with the new crystal form being the most dominant type seized post 2012 and Mephedrone seizures declining after its control in 2010. In reporting the purity of street samples, the public perception was again supported as the crystal materials contained a higher percentage of the chemical MDMA. This is the first reported study of the relative purity of the alternate forms of MDMA. Key Words: Ecstasy, MDMA, Mephedrone, Social Perception, Drug Analysis, Trend Analysis i Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ I TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... XVI LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... XVIII COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................................................ XIX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 THE RESEARCH PROJECT ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THESIS CHAPTERS ......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 CONTEXT ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 THE ORIGINS OF A ‘WONDER’ DRUG ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 It began with a discovery ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 The Godfather of Ecstasy ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 An Overview of the Chemical Synthesis of MDMA .................................................................. 8 2.2 THE BIOLOGY OF MDMA.................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 The Biological Mechanisms of an Entactogen ...................................................................... 12 2.2.2 The Effects of MDMA ........................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 MDMA and the Mind ............................................................................................................. 18 2.3 THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 .............................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) A Review of its Harms and Classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 ............................................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 Call to Review Current Policy ............................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 Theories of control .............................................................................................................. 25 2.4 THE SOCIAL PHENOMENON ............................................................................................................... 28 2.4.1 Introduction of MDMA to the Recreational market – a Time line ............................................ 28 2.4.2 Ecstasy – a Brand name ...................................................................................................... 29 2.4.3 The Culture of Ecstasy consumption ................................................................................... 30 2.5 THE DECLINE OF MDMA IN PILLS ...................................................................................................... 33 2.5.1 The Decline in the Purity of Ecstasy Tablets ........................................................................ 33 2.5.2 Perception and Experience Studies ..................................................................................... 33 2.5.3 Chemical Analysis of Ecstasy Pills ...................................................................................... 35 2.6 INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (NPS) ........................................................... 41 2.6.1 Global Overview of World Drug Markets............................................................................... 41 2.6.2 A Change in Terminology .................................................................................................... 41 2.6.3 A focus on Mephedrone ....................................................................................................... 43 2.7 PROFILE OF A DRUG USER ................................................................................................................ 46 2.7.1 Typologies of drug use ........................................................................................................ 46 2.7.2 Who uses Ecstasy? ............................................................................................................. 47 2.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL RESEARCH SURVEYS ON DRUGS ..................................................................... 52 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL SURVEYS ..................................................................................................... 53 3.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................................................... 53 3.3.1 Survey Theory ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.2 Critical Analysis of Comparative National Drug Surveys .....................................................
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