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Aydin Ekolojisinde Bazi Badem Çeşitlerinin Adaptasyonu Ve Fidanlarinin Erken Meyveye Yatma Performanslarinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştirmalar

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Aydin Ekolojisinde Bazi Badem Çeşitlerinin Adaptasyonu Ve Fidanlarinin Erken Meyveye Yatma Performanslarinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştirmalar ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BAHÇE BİTKİLERİ ANABİLİM DALI 2012-DR-009 AYDIN EKOLOJİSİNDE BAZI BADEM ÇEŞİTLERİNİN ADAPTASYONU VE FİDANLARININ ERKEN MEYVEYE YATMA PERFORMANSLARININ BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR Gülsüm ALKAN Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. H. Güner SEFEROĞLU AYDIN iii ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE AYDIN Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Doktora Programı öğrencisi Gülsüm ALKAN tarafından hazırlanan “Aydın Ekolojisinde Bazı Badem Çeşitlerinin Adaptasyonu ve Fidanlarının Erken Meyveye Yatma Performanslarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar” başlıklı tez, 12/09/2012 tarihinde yapılan savunma sonucunda aşağıda isimleri bulunan jüri üyelerince kabul edilmiştir. Ünvanı, Adı Soyadı Kurumu İmzası Başkan : Prof. Dr. M. Atilla AŞKIN SDÜ ...................... Üye : Prof. Dr. H. Güner SEFEROĞLU ADÜ ...................... Üye : Prof. Dr. F. Ekmel TEKİNTAŞ ADÜ ...................... Üye : Doç. Dr. Engin ERTAN ADÜ ...................... Üye : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet POLAT SDÜ ....................... Jüri üyeleri tarafından kabul edilen bu Doktora tezi, Enstitü Yönetim Kurulunun ……………………. Sayılı kararıyla……………..tarihinde onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Cengiz ÖZARSLAN Enstitü Müdürü iv v ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE AYDIN Bu tezde sunulan tüm bilgi ve sonuçların, bilimsel yöntemlerle yürütülen gerçek deney ve gözlemler çerçevesinde tarafımdan elde edildiğini, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce, sonuç ve bilgilere bilimsel etik kuralların gereği olarak eksiksiz şekilde uygun atıf yaptığımı ve kaynak göstererek belirttiğimi beyan ederim. .…/…../2012 Gülsüm ALKAN vi vii ÖZET AYDIN EKOLOJİSİNDE BAZI BADEM ÇEŞİTLERİNİN ADAPTASYONU VE FİDANLARININ ERKEN MEYVEYE YATMA PERFORMANSLARININ BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR Gülsüm ALKAN Doktora Tezi, Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. H. Güner SEFEROĞLU 2012, 194 sayfa Bu çalışma, 2009-2011 yılları arasında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümüne ait meyve koleksiyon bahçesi ve Aydın’a bağlı Dalama Beldesinde yürütülmüştür. Bazı geç çiçeklenen badem çeşitlerinin bu bölgelere adaptasyonu ve erken meyveye yatmaları amacıyla yapılan bu araştırmamızda, çöğür anaçları üzerine aşılı Texas, Nonpareil, Ferraduel, Ferragnes, Primorski ve Tuono çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Çiçek tomurcuğunu teşvik etmek için boğma ve dal açma uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Fidanlarda fenolojik gözlemler ve gelişim performanslarını belirlemek üzere morfolojik gözlemler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yaprak ve sürgünlerde biyokimyasal olarak klorofil, toplam şeker, toplam nişasta, toplam karbonhidrat ve amygdalin içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Bütün bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda fenolojik açıdan meyve kolleksiyon bahçesinde Texas ve Ferragnes, Dalama’da ise Texas, Ferragnes ve Tuono çeşitlerinin daha geç çiçeklendiği, morfolojik gelişmelere göre iki lokasyonda da Tuono çeşidinin, uygulama olarak da boğma ve dal açmanın kontrole göre daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği, klorofil miktar ve yoğunluğu değerlendirildiğinde; çeşit olarak Tuono çeşidinin öne çıktığı, dal açma ve boğma uygulamasının daha fazla dikkat çektiği görülmüştür. Toplam şeker ve nişasta miktarında ise Ferragnes, Ferraduel çeşitleri, uygulama olarak dal açma en yüksek değerlere sahip olmuştur. Amygdalin miktarı açısından her iki lokasyonda boğma, çeşit olarak; meyve kolleksiyon bahçesinde Primorski, Dalama lokasyonunda ise Ferraduel öne çıkmıştır. Tomurcuk sayımlarında boğma uygulaması ve çeşit olarak da Tuono daha büyük değerlere sahip olmuştur. Anahtar sözcükler: Badem, boğma, dal açma, adaptasyon, çiçeklenme viii ix ABSTRACT THE RESEARCHES ON TO DETERMINE OF ADAPTATIONS OF SOME ALMOND CULTIVARS IN AYDIN ECOLOGY AND PERFORMANCES OF THEIR SAPLINGS IN TERMS OF EARLY FRUITING Gülsüm ALKAN Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Horticulture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H. Güner SEFEROĞLU 2012, 194 pages This research was carried out in fruit science collection orchards in Horiculture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Adnan Menderes University in Aydın province and almond parcels in Dalama country in Aydın province between 2009 and 2011 years. The aim of this research is adaptation of late flowering almond cvs. and promoting of their early fruiting. Texas, Nonpareil, Ferraduel, Ferragnes, Primorski ve Tuono cvs. which is grafted on seedlings were used. To promote flower bud formation, the applications of ringing (girdling effect) and making wider branch angle have been carried out. Phenological observations and developmental performances with morphological observations were made. In adddition that, chlorophyll, total sugar, total starch, total carbonhydrate and amygdalin contents as biochemical have been determined. As a result of all evaluations, in terms of fenologically, Texas and Ferranges cvs. in fruit collection orchards and Texas, Ferranges and Tuono cvs. in Dalama country were flowered lately. In terms of morphological developments, Tuono cv. for both location and ringing and makig wider branch angle applications gave better results when compared to control. When the amount of chlorophyll and its density were evaluated, Tuono cv. and ringing and wider branch angle applications became more noticeable. Ferraduel, Ferragnes cvs. and the plants made wider branch angle application had the highest total sugar and total starch. Ringing in both location, Primorski cv. in fruit collection orchards and Ferraduel cv. in Dalama country had the highest amygdalin contents. In terms of bud counting, ringing application and Tuono cv. had bigger values. Key words: Almond, ringing, branch angle, adaptation, flowering x xi ÖNSÖZ Badem, dünya üzerinde yetiştiriciliği yaygın olarak yapılabilen bir meyve türüdür. Ülkemizde de son yıllarda yetiştiriciliği giderek artmaya başlamıştır. Badem ilk çiçeklenen meyve türü olması nedeniyle ilkbahar donlarından daha fazla zarar görür. Bu nedenle son zamanlarda erkenci, orta mevsim çeşitler dışında özellikle geç çiçeklenen çeşitler tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ayrıca bilindiği üzere meyve türlerinde bulunan gençlik kısırlığından dolayı bazı klon anaçları haricinde 4-5 yıl yeterince çiçek tomurcuğu oluşmamakta ve meyve alınamamaktadır. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda hem geç çiçeklenen çeşitlerle çalışılmış ve de çiçek tomurcuğu oluşumuna yönelik bazı uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Değişik toprak tiplerine uyum sağlayabilen ve ekonomik açıdan yüksek değere sahip olan bademin ülkemizdeki yetiştiriciliğinin artması, bilhassa modern kapama bahçelerin kurulması hedef haline gelmelidir. Araştırma süresince büyük destek ve katkılarını gördüğüm danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. H. Güner SEFEROĞLU’na başta çok teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca tez aşamam boyunca olumlu katkılarından dolayı tez izleme komitesi üyesi Sayın Prof. Dr. M. Atilla AŞKIN’a, çalışmalarım süresince destek ve yönlendirmelerini eksik etmeyen Sayın Doç. Dr. Engin ERTAN’a ve bana değerli zamanlarını ayırarak, yardımlarını esirgemeyen Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa ÇELİK’e ve ayrıca bölüm arkadaşlarım Zir. Yük. Müh. Melih AYDINLI ve Zir. Müh. Damla TURAN’a yardımlarından dolayı çok teşekkür ederim Hayatamın tüm aşamalarında olduğu gibi tezim boyunca yanımda olan ve de hep yanımda hissettiğim canım anneme, tüm desteklerini, yardımlarını esirgemedikleri için sevgili babama, sevgili abime ve doktora tezimi yazabilmemde büyük yardımlarını gördüğüm sevgili eşime çok teşekkür ederim. xii xiii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI ........................................................................ iii BİLİMSEL ETİK BİLDİRİM SAYFASI ............................................................ v ÖZET .............................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... ix ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................... xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .......................................................................................xvii ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ................................................................................... xix EKLER DİZİNİ ............................................................................................ xxv 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ................................................................................ 14 2.1. Adaptasyon İle İlgili Çalışmalar ................................................................. 14 2.2. Çiçeklenme İle İlgili Çalışmalar ................................................................. 18 2.3. Boğma ve Dal açma ile İlgili Çalışmalar .................................................... 24 2.4. Döllenme Biyolojisi İle İlgili Çalışmalar .................................................... 28 2.5. Çeşitlerin Biyokimyasal İçerikleri İle İlgili Çalışmalar ................................ 30 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ........................................................................ 37 3.1. Materyal .................................................................................................. 37 3.2. Yöntem .................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1. Gözlem ve Ölçümler .............................................................................. 42 3.2.1.1. Fenolojik Gözlemler ............................................................................ 42
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