TECHNOLOGY for CLIMATE ACTION in LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBBEAN How ICT and Mobile Solutions Contribute to a Sustainable, Low-Carbon Future
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TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE ACTION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN How ICT and Mobile Solutions Contribute to a Sustainable, Low-Carbon Future Denis Jorisch Christina Mallin Mauro Accurso Antonio Garcia Zaballos Enrique Iglesias Rodríguez TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE ACTION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN How ICT and Mobile Solutions Contribute to a Sustainable, Low-Carbon Future Denis Jorisch Christina Mallin Mauro Accurso Antonio Garcia Zaballos Enrique Iglesias Rodríguez Copyright © 2018 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any noncommercial purpose. No derivative work is allowed. Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB’s name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB’s logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user, and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. Note that the link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IDB, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the United Nations University and representatives of the ICT sector, namely, Telefónica, América Móvil, Millicom, and Ericcson. Gratitude is also expressed to ICT expert, Daniela Torres, and those specialists within GSMA and the Inter-American Development Bank for their valuable insights. Table of Contents Foreword (GSMA) ...................................................... vii Foreword (South Pole) ................................................... ix Foreword (Inter-American Development Bank) ............................. xi Authors ............................................................... xiii Introduction .......................................................... xvii Abbreviations .......................................................... xix Executive Summary . 1 Chapter 1: Overview of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, and Their Context in the ICT Industry . 5 1.1 Global Consensus and the Call to Action ............................ 5 1.2 The Latin American and Caribbean Regulatory Context ............... 7 1.3 Impact of Climate Change on Latin America and the Caribbean ....... 9 1.4 A Closer Look at Latin America and the Caribbean ...................13 Chapter 2: Leveraging the Internet of Things and Big Data Solutions to Address Climate Change and Environmental Issues . 25 2.1 Big Data .........................................................26 2.2 Untapped Potential ............................................... 27 2.3 Cities ...........................................................28 2.4 Rural Areas ......................................................39 2.5 Smart environmental protection based on mobile solutions ..........45 2.6 Current Obstacles in the Public and Private Sectors .................50 iii Chapter 3: E-Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: Update on Statistics and Sustainable Management Approaches . 53 3.1 The Current Landscape of e-Waste in Latin America and the Caribbean .......................................................54 3.2 A Sustainable Approach to e-Waste Management ...................60 3.3 Policy Recommendations for e-Waste Management .................64 Chapter 4: Climate Leadership: Strategies and Approaches for the Mobile Sector . 69 4.1 From Climate Laggard to Climate Leader: Advancing the Entire Industry ...................................................70 4.2 Understand Your Impact and Risk Exposure .........................71 4.3 Design a Strategy That Suits Your Business ......................... 72 4.4 Take Climate Action .............................................. 74 4.5 Monitor and Continuously Improve Your Performance ...............83 Chapter 5: How the ICT Industry and Mobile Ecosystem Can Reach their Potential to Address Climate Change . 85 References ............................................................ 89 List of Figures Figure 1: Type of Target, Based on Nationally Determined Contributions, Latin America and the Caribbean ............................... 8 Figure 2: Climate Action (Sustainable Development Goal 13): Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts ................13 Figure 3: Overview of the Sustainable Development Goals .................15 Figure 4: Potential of the Mobile Industry to Contribute to Each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals ..............................16 Figure 5: How the ICT and Mobile Sectors Will Deliver Substantial Carbon Dioxide Reductions Until 2030 ..................................18 Figure 6: Access Development to Various Networks in Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................20 Figure 7: Countries that Have Launched WeCare Campaigns and Initiatives Relating to the Sustainable Development Goals ......... 22 Figure 8: High Potential Areas for Information Communication Technology and Mobile Solutions in Cities ...................................31 iv Technology for Climate Action in Latin America and the Caribbean Figure 9: GSMA mAgri Deployment Tracker: Number of Products and Services Using Mobiles in Agriculture Across the Developing World .............................................40 Figure 10: International Union for the Conservation of Nature: Red List Index of Species Survival ..............................45 Figure 11: The Rainforest Connection Application: Available for Anyone Interested in Listening to the Rain Forest .......................48 Figure 12: Global Forest Watch Interface and Information for Brazil .........49 Figure 13: From Technology to Solution ...................................50 Figure 14: Estimated Total e-Waste Generated by All World Regions, 2017 (kiloton per annum) ...........................................55 Figure 15: Estimated Amounts of Total e-Waste and Growth Rates for Latin America and the World ..................................56 Figure 16: Total e-waste Generated in Latin America .......................56 Figure 17: Estimated Total and Mobile Phone e-Waste Generated in Latin America, 2017 ........................................... 57 Figure 18: Estimated Total e-Waste in Latin America (kilogram per capita) .........................................58 Figure 19: Estimated e-Waste in Latin American Markets, 2017−20 ...........58 Figure 20: Percentage of e-Waste Generated Globally, 2017 (by region) ...................................................59 Figure 21: Estimated Mobile Phone e-Waste for Latin America, 2017 (in kilotons) ..................................................59 Figure 22: Mobile Phone e-Waste Generated in Latin America, 2017 (kilogram per capita) .........................................60 Figure 23: The Circular Economy: An Industrial System that Is Restorative by Design ........................................................61 Figure 24: Four Main Elements to Be Considered in the Context of Policy Development ..........................................65 Figure 25: Steps Toward Becoming a Climate Leader ........................71 Figure 26: Definition of Scope 1 Emissions According to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol .................................................. 73 Figure 27: Taking Climate Action ......................................... 75 Figure 28: Countries with a Renewable Energy Certificate Scheme in Place ...80 Table of Contents v List of Boxes Box 1: What Is the Meaning of Climate Resilience? What Target Must the Latin American and Caribbean Region Achieve? .................. 7 Box 2: Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions ......... 9 Box 3: Sustainable Development Goal 7 ................................14 Box 4: Sustainable Development Goals .................................14 Box 5: Targets of the Information Communication Technology Industry: Telefónica .....................................................21 Box 6: Disaster Response and the Human Connectivity Charter ..........23 Box 7: Case Study: Contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action) by World Meteorological Organization ..........26 Box 8: What Is the Internet of Things About?. 27 Box 9: Protecting Data .............................................. 27 Box 10: C40 Deadline 2020: Why 86 of the Largest Cities Worldwide Are Taking Climate Action .....................................29 Box 11: A Case Study on Opinion Paper: Google and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation on a Development Approach for a Circular Economy for Cities .....................................................33 Box 12: Smart Water Metering in Chile ..................................34 Box 13: State of the Art Technology to Resolve City Challenges ..........39 Box 14: Big Data and CGIAR ............................................41 Box 15: E-Waste and Climate Change. 54 Box 16: A Circular Economy ...........................................60 Box 17: From Theory to Practice: Telefónica’s Vision of the Circular Economy .....................................................62 Box 18: Recycling. What Does this Mean? ...............................66 Box 19: Methodology .................................................67