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Relics of Cultivation in the Vascular Flora of Medieval West Slavic Settlements and Castles

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Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 22: 1-110, 2011 BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl 10.2478/v10119-011-0011-0 Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles Zbigniew Celka Department of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 PoznaÒ, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. This monograph presents results of research on relics of cultivation and the present vascular flora of sites of medieval fortified settlements and castles in Central Europe. Special attention was paid to 109 West Slavic sites located in Poland, north- eastern Germany, and the Czech Republic. For comparison, floristic data were collected also at 21 sites of medieval settle- ments and castles of Baltic tribes, East Slavs, and Teutonic knights. Results of this study confirm the hypothesis that remnants of medieval fortified settlements and castles are valuable habitat islands in the agricultural landscape, and are refuges of the plants that have accompanied West Slavs since the Middle Ages. At the 109 West Slavic archaeological sites, 876 vascular plant species were recorded. The present flora of the study sites is highly specific, clearly distinct from the surrounding natural environment, as shown by results of analyses of taxonomic composition, geographical-historical and synecological groups, indices of anthropogenic changes of the flora, and degrees of hemeroby (i.e. human influence) at the studied habitats. The sites of fortified settlements and castles are centres of concentration and sources of dispersal of alien species. Aliens account for nearly 21% of the vascular flora of the study sites. Among them, a major role is played by archaeophytes (101 species). Some archaeological sites are characterized by a high contribution of so-called species of old deciduous forests (98 species). Despite many features in common, floras of archaeological sites vary significantly, depending on their geographical location, size, typology, and chronology of their origin. Historical sites occupied in the past by West Slavs differ in the current vascular flora from the sites occupied in the Middle Ages by East Slavs or Baltic tribes and from Teutonic castles. West Slavic archaeological sites are primarily refuges for 22 relics of cultivation. Considering the time of cultivation, 3 groups of relics were distingu- ished: (i) relics of medieval cultivation (plants cultivated till the late 15th century); (ii) relics of cultivation in the modern era (introduced into cultivation in the 16th century or later), and (iii) relics of medieval-modern cultivation. These species play a special role in research on the history of the flora of Central Europe and thus also of the world flora. Thus the best-preserved sites of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles should be protected as our both cultural and natural heritage. This work is a key contribution to geobotanical research on transformation of the vegetation associated with human activity. Considering the problem of relics of cultivation it corresponds also to basic ethnobotanical issues. Key words: relics of cultivation, archaeophytes, species of old deciduous forests, Central Europe, West Slavs, archaeological sites, medieval fortified settlements, castles, Middle Ages, floristic indices, human impact, hemeroby Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Outline history of West Slavs .......................................................................................................................... 4 3. History of research on the plant cover of archaeological sites ........................................................................ 6 4. Materials and methods .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1. Selection, location, and description of study sites .......................................................................................... 7 4.2. Methods of collection and analysis of floristic data ................................................................................. 8 4.3. Nomenclature and floristic classification methods ................................................................................... 12 CHOROLOGY © Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznaÒ (Poland), Department of Plant Taxonomy. All rights reserved. 2 Zbigniew Celka Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements... 4.3.1. Geographical-historical classification ........................................................................................... 12 4.3.2. Indices of anthropogenic changes in the flora .............................................................................. 12 4.3.3. Degrees of human impact on the ecosystems: hemeroby scale .................................................... 13 4.3.4. Socio-ecological classification ........................................................................................................ 13 4.3.5. Frequency classes .......................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.6. Floristic similarity and dissimilarity indices, floristic value ........................................................ 14 4.3.7. Other species characteristics and floristic classifications ............................................................. 14 5. Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 5.1. Structure of the current vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles ....................... 15 5.1.1. Species composition ....................................................................................................................... 15 5.1.2. Frequency and abundance classes of species ................................................................................ 15 5.1.3. Geographical-historical classification and indices of anthropogenic changes of the flora .......... 16 5.1.4. Geographic elements of the native flora and the origin of anthropophytes ................................. 17 5.1.5. Spectrum of life-forms ................................................................................................................. 18 5.1.6. Degrees of hemeroby of habitats and of the flora of archaeological sites .................................... 19 5.1.7. Socio-ecological spectrum .............................................................................................................. 22 5.1.8. Species of old deciduous forests in the flora of archaeological sites ............................................. 23 5.2. Variation in the current vascular flora of West Slavic archaeological sites ............................................... 25 5.2.1. Number, frequency, and abundance classes of species ................................................................ 25 5.2.2. Anthropogenic changes of the flora ................................................................................................ 27 5.2.3. Percentage contributions of life-forms ......................................................................................... 32 5.2.4. Contributions of socio-ecological groups ...................................................................................... 32 5.2.5. Floristic similarity of archaeological sites .................................................................................... 37 5.2.6. Floristic value and distinctness of archaeological sites ................................................................. 39 5.2.7. Floristic variation depending on site type and chronology ............................................................ 39 5.3. Comparison of the current and subfossil flora of archaeological sites ..................................................... 42 5.4. Comparison of floras of medieval settlements and castles of West Slavs with those of East Slavs, Baltic tribes, and Teutonic knights ............................................................................................................ 45 5.5. Specificity of the current flora of West Slavic archaeological sites and its distinctness from the sur- rounding natural environment ..................................................................................................................... 53 6. Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 57 6.1. General remarks on the current flora of archaeological sites in Central Europe ..................................... 57 6.2. West Slavic fortified settlements and castles as sites of concentration and sources of dispersal of alien species ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 6.3. West Slavic settlements and castles as refuges of relics of cultivation ................................................... 69 6.4. Relics of cultivation in the flora of Central Europe and the world ........................................................... 71 6.5. Cultural and environmental value of West Slavic settlements and castles ............................................. 80 6.6.
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