CHAPTER 10 Species Rècorded from Fouling

A list of species recorded from fouling is given groups varies from phyla to subordinal categories; as an Appendix to this chapter. A classified bibli- in general, groups have been selected on the basis ography and an index showing the items dealing of probable convenience for the average worker. with different types of structures are included. Where there are several records for the same Analyses of the composition and the natural origin species on a given type of structure, the arrange- of fouling communities, based on this list, have ment is chronologicaL. been given in Chapter 3. The present chapter de- scribes the technicalities of the list's preparation, TABLE 1. Summary of the Types of Structures and the and presents some further analyses of its content. Number of Reports on Which the List of Recorded Fouling Organisms is Based These matters are of interest primarily to biologists No. concerned with the details of the composition of Type of Strictiire Reports fouling. SHIPS Including yachts, skiffs, barges, lighters, and 73 vessels of all descriptions except lightships and Preparation of the List wrecks. TEST SURFACES Including small objects exposed 51 to study the accumulation of organisms. Differen- TYPES OF RECORDS INCLUDED tiation by composition of units impossible with most Records of fouling on ten kinds of structures published data. BUOYS 48 have been used. Each entry in the list gives the SUBMARINE CABLES 17 type of structure from which the record came. FLOATS Including rafts, pontoons, livecars, land- 15 The ten types include all occurrences which may ing stages, etc. PIPES Including sea water circuits in ships, indus- 15 be construed as prima facie fouling for general trial installations on tide water, and tide-mil ma- naval and maritime purposes. Table 1 identifies chinery. the structures, and summarizes the number of WRECKS 14 LIGHTSHIPS Tabulated separately from ships be- 6 reports providing information about each. The cause moored in open waters or other unusualloca- total of 153 sources probably does not exhaust the tions. literature of fouling, but all the known major pub- ROPES 4 lished studies are included, together with impor- DOCK GATES 1 tant unpublished reports and data in the files of the Navy Department and the Woods Hole EXCLUDED INFORMATION Oceanographic lnstitution. The latter include a Records of species from wharf-piles, bulkhead- large volume of unpublished data from collections ing, beacons, quays, jetties, abutments, and other of fouling from navigation buoys along the coasts special harbor facilities have been excluded. Often of the United States, which have not as yet been these are regarded as fouling, and the study of completely analyzed. populations in such places has contributed im- In general, all scientifically designated genera, measurably to the understanding of growths on species, and varieties have been listed. Forms iden- ships, etc. The wharf-pile literature in particular, tified to the genus only (i.e. Ulva sp. as opposed to however, is extensive, and inclusion of even a Ulva lactuca, etc.) have been entered separately representative selection from it would multiply the and counted in the tabulations, as have also the size of the list several times. Such a mass of data records for varietÍes.The names used are those would divert attention from records more directly employed in the source reports, no changes having related to practical problems, and this considera- been made beyond adoption of uniform spellngs tion, rather than any biological distinction, has and elimination of subgenera. Some probable guided the selection. synonyms among the more important genera are Restriction of the list to scientifically desig- noted in the comments on the records of the major nated genera and species also has ruled out much groups, but correction of the list itself for errors of valuable information. Among sources not covered this sort has not been attempted. by the list for this reason are the U. S. Navy dock- The species in the list ar,e alphabetized under ing reports, test surface analyses to major groups the various major groups, which are arranged only, and all the wartime experience with mines roughly in phylogenetic order. The rank of the and nets. Exact data comprise only a small frac- 165 166 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION tion of the total general knowledge about the com- ever, is one of the most diffcult problems, for at position of fouling. least in part the unequal distribution of investiga- Organisms of interest primarily as borers, such tion must be supposed to reflect the concern of the as the teredos and related forms, have also been maritime world. To that extent, the list is a fair omitted in compiling the list. Some boring species review of fouling as met in past practice. such as the clam, Saxicava arctica, contribute to Because the list appears long, its -actual brevity fouling and are included. Exact knowledge of the is not immediately appreciated. In point of fact, habits and importance of all such species has not only a relatively small amount of precise work has been readily obtainable, and doubtless some mis- been done on fouling, and this results in the most takes have been made in rejecting or accepting important of all limitations inherent in the data. particular species as members of fouling com- All biological generalizations based on our present munities, but these errors are probably of minor knowledge of fouling are liable to considerable consequence. errors because the inadequacy of the available in- formation can not be assessed. Comparisons of the LIMITATIONS AND BIASES INHERENT IN THE DATA numbers .of species recorded from fouling with the Certain limitations or biases inherent in the data total numbers of known marine forms, such as reduce the value of the list as a basis for biological given in Table 2 of Chapter 3, are misleading in generalizations. In regard to the composition of that they are affected much more by the relative fouling, occasional authors state that they ignored intensities of the study of fouling and natural some groups, notably the free-living and the populations than by the biological characteristics microscopic forms. Other reports cited deal spe- which permit species to take part in fouling. Com- cifically with only one group, or with relatively parison of the fouling list with a list of natural few groups, as in the case of the Woods Hole records prepared from a like number of sources Oceanographic Institution data for buoy fouling. having limitations and biases similar to those of the There appears to be no investigation of fouling, fouling bibliography would afford in some ways a in fact, in which a truly complete study of all the much better insight into the nature of fouling. forms present has been made. The list, therefore, falls short of a full description even of the com- Comments on Records of Major Groups munities which have been examined. Two tables have been prepared summarizing the Inequalities exist in the amount of attention contents of the list by major groups and by types devoted to various types of structures. More test- of structures. Table 2 shows the number of forms surface units have been inspected, undoubtedly, in each group reported from the various types of than any other kind of structure, although it is structures. Table 3 shows the total numbers of diffcult to estimate the number. Navigation buoys records in the same way. These tables suggest and ships appear to be second and third in this many differences in the relative importance of respect, with perhaps 1,000 buoys and 500 ships various groups, and many distinctions in the char- as the approximate numbers of unit-inspections acter of fouling of different structures. Because of providing useful records. To a degree, the variety the limitations and biases in the data, however, it of species reported from each type of structure wil is very diffcult to evaluate these features of the depend on the intensity of its investigation. list. An attempt to point out some of the more reli- The intensity of investigation has been very un- able distinctions in the occurrence of different equal in different parts of the world. North tem- groups, and to distinguish them from apparent perate coasts have received the greatest attention, distinctions which have no real significance, is although stil far from what is to be desired. De- presented in the following comments. These notes tailed knowledge about tropical fouling is quite are based largely on Tables 2 and 3, supple- inadequate, while data from the southern hem- mented by additional tabulations which sum- isphere are almost wholly lacking. Ship fouling is marize the occurrence on different structures of the somewhat better known, geographically, than chief genera of the groups of greatest interest. other types, but even so there are many regions Several groups of minor significance are not dis- for which documentation rests on only one or two cussed. vessels. Certain apparent features of fouling prob- ably depend on these geographical inequalities, for BACTERIA example, the relatively small participation of Although bacterial slimes apparently form on all corals. The evaluation of geographical biases, how- submerged surfaces, and bacteria of other sorts SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 167

TABLE 2. Number of Species in Each Group Reported from Various Structures Total No. Light- Dock Test of Species Ships ships Wrecks Bu.oys Floats Cables Ropes Pipes Gates Siirfaces Available Bacteria 37 37 Fungi 2 12 14 Algae Diatoms 15 2 2 27 6 75 111 Blue-green 7 6 20 32 Green 24 4 24 89 8 1 19 127 Brown 7 1 35 53 1 23 88 Red 9 80 126 7 26 205 Protozoa Flagellates 1 4 5 Sarcodina (gen'l) 3 3 Foraminifera 35 8 43 Ciliata 3 5 33 39 Suctoria 2 8 9 Sponges 5 13 6 1 1 19 33 Coelenterata Hytlroids 69 6 12 171 12 31 9 3 2 30 260 Hydracorals 1 1 Alcyonaria 1 1 3 5 Actinaria 4 1 8 6 12 Madreporaria 8 2 8 Flat Worms 1 4 2 5 12 N emertea 1 1 3 2 6 11 Rotifers 1 4 5 Bryozoa 54 2 17 21 13 20 64 139 Brachiopoda 1 1 Annelida Archiannelida 1 1 Errant Polychaetes 10 3 14 16 4 2 13 44 Sedentary Polychaetes 9 1 11 20 1 1 30 55 Oligochaetes 4 4 Leeches 4 4 Arthropoda Copepods 7 7 Ostracods 5 5 Goose Barnacles 12 2 8 1 33 5 50 Acorn Barnacles 41 3 6 27 2 2 2 19 60 Amphipods 11 2 4 41 2 4 15 60 Isopods 3 17 1 3 24 Decapods 6 3 7 39 2 2 26 76 Pycnogonids 1 5 3 8 Insects 1 2 Mollusca Amphineura 3 3 Nudibranchs 2 16 13 13 32 Pteropods 3 1 4 Gastropods 4 9 17 6 26 58 Pelecypods 35 14 27 18 6 47 115 Echinodermata Crinoidea 1 2 1 3 Asteroidea 3 6 1 7 Ophiuroidea 1 2 3 Echinoidea 2 2 1 5 Holothuroidea 1 1 Tunicates 23 6 63 29 3 55 116 Fish 4 2 5 11

TOTAL 374 34 306 837 98 166 10 14 13 655 1964 are undoubtedly present in fouling communities, tures. Table 4 summarizes the more important very few species have been named so that they occurrences. Schizonema, Synedra, Licmophora, could be included in the list. These happen to come Navicula, and Nitzschia are the commonest gen- entirely from surfaces used to collect material for era, providing together more than a third of all study. The small number of entries-40-and diatoms entries. The apparent distinctive impor- their limitation to test surfaces is no index of the tance of Schizonema on buoys, and of the latter importance of the group. three genera on test surfaces, are not reliable with- out further data. Compared with the 60 species DIATOMS reported by Coe and Allen (28) for test surfaces, The 96 forms belonging to 45 genera have been and the 26 from buoys listed by Kirchenpauer reported a total of 136 times from 6 types of struc- (72), other reports of diatoms appear incidental, 168 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

TABLE 3. Number of Entries in the List, Referring to Each Group, Reported from Various Structures Total No. Light- Dock Test of Entries Ships ships Wrecks Biioys Floats Cables Ropes Pipes Gates S iirf aces Available Bacteria 40 40 Fungi 2 12 14 Algae Diatoms 15 2 2 27 6 84 136 Blue-green 7 6 20 33 Green 35 4 27 98 8 36 209 148 Brown 10 1 39 62 1 35 Red 10 88 136 7 35 276 Protozoa Flagellates 4 5 Sarcodina (gen'l) 3 3 Foraminifera 35 16 51 Ciliata 3 5 35 44 Suctoria 2 9 11 Sponges 5 14 7 21 49 Coelenterata Hydroids 88 6 16 200 13 32 9 3 2 53 422 1 Hydracorals 1 6 Alcyonaria 1 1 1 3 25 Actinaria 4 1 1 9 8 Madreporaria 8 2 10 5 13 Flat Worms 1 5 2 13 Nemertea 1 1 3 2 6 RotIers 1 4 5 Bryozoa 75 2 18 22 14 22 129 283 Brachiopoda 1 1 Annelida Archiannelida 1 1 Errant Polychaetes 10 3 14 21 4 2 18 72 Sedentary Polychaetes 20 1 11 24 1 1 57 116 Oligochaetes 4 4 Leeches 4 4 Arthropoda Copepods 7 7 Ostracods 5 5 Goose Barnacles 53 2 17 1 36 6 115 Acorn Barnacles 88 4 6 42 2 4 2 65 213 Amphipods 11 2 4 50 2 4 21 94 Isopods 3 19 1 4 27 Decapods 6 3 7 50 2 2 26 96 9 Pycnogonids 1 5 3 Insects 1 2 Mollusca Amphineura 3 3 Nudibranchs 2 16 14 1 14 47 Pteropods 3 1 4 Gastropods 4 9 18 6 28 65 Pelecypods 46 2 15 34 2 19 8 77 204 Echinodermata Crinoidea 3 1 6 1 13 Asteroidea 1 3 7 Ophiuroidea ;; 1 2 3 Echinoidea 2 2 1 8 Holothuroidea 1 1 Tunicates 31 7 76 32 3 70 221 Fish 4 2 5 11

TOTAL 547 36 331 975 104 175 10 16 13 942 3149 or to have dealt only with the most conspicuous greens, browns, and blue-greens. Marked differ- forms. Coe and Allen probably have provided the ences seem to characterize different structures, best indication of the abundance and variety of however. The first three groups are rather evenly diatoms in fouling. The degree to which their find- represented on panels, which curiously lack the ings may be extended to other structures, however, blue-greens. There are fewer reports of algae of all remains questionable. kinds on test surfaces than might be expected from the amount of investigation. This may be a true ALGAE OTHER THAN DIATOMS pecularity of the fouling of test surfaces which re- Data for the more important algae are summa- sults from exposure under conditions inimical for rized in Table 5. For fouling as a whole, the order many algae, such as the shaded sites under docks of importance II number of records is: reds, and rafts. The predominance of greens on ships SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 169

may be due to several causes. Judging from studies genus of algae, Ectocarpus. The low incidence of reviewed by Bengough and Shepheard (13), it is kelps, Laminaria, on test surfaces and ships com- at least in part a real feature of ship fouling. The pared to buoys and wrecks, is undoubtedly reaL. greens are conspicuous, however, and generally The importance of kelp on the buoys and wrecks congregated toward the water line in a well defined is probably ascribable to the long, stationary ex- band which is easily sampled. Aside from certain posures. The large number of records of Laminaria browns like Ectocarpus, the other forms are more also reflects the north-temperate bias of investiga- readily overlooked. Wrecks and buoys have re- tion. TABLE 4. Number of Light-Entries of the Principal Genera of Diatoms Test from Various Structures Ships ship Wrecks Buoys Floats Surfaces Total All 45 recorded genera 15 2 2 27 6 84 136 Synedra 4 2 6 12 Schizonema 11 Licmophora 1 8 1 10 Navicula 1 8 9 10 Nitzschia 6 7

TABLE 5. Number of Entries for Algae Other Than Diatoms from Various Structures Light- Ships ships Wrecks Buoys Floats Pipes Tests Total Blue-Green Algae All 17 recorded genera 7 6 20 33 Lyngbya 1 5 6 C alothrix 1 3 4 OsciUatoria 1 3 4 Green Algae All 37 recorded genera 35 4 27 98 8 36 209 Enteromorpha 12 1 5 18 1 12 49 Cladophora 7 1 6 16 1 6 37 Ulva 5 2 4 3 1 8 23 S olenia 2 17 19 Ulothrix 3 1 6 Brown Algae ' All 43 recorded genera 10 39 62 35 148 Ectocarpus 7 8 15 13 44 Laminaria 1 4 8 2 15 Dictyota 1 1 6 1 9 Sytosiphon 1 4 3 8 Red Algae All 93 recorded genera 10 88 136 7 35 276 Polysiphonia 4 9 19 2 4 38 Ceramium 2 6 9 5 22 callithamnion 1 6 2 2 12 Dasya 9 2 12 Gracilaria 1 8 2 11 ceived the most detailed studies, particularly in PROTOZOA the reports of Lyle (80, 81, 82) and of Delabarre The group has received inadequate attention, (150), and the lists for them are long. Exposure and little significance can be attached to the listed conditions wil be satisfactory as a rule on these data. In any complete census of prevalence of structures. Several of the more productive wrecks fouling forms, protozoans should rank near the were deep, however, which probably explains the top. Flagellates, Ciliates, and Suctoria are some- somewhat low incidence of greens. times reported as occurring in slime fims, and in Of the five important genera of greens, Solenia fouling populations generally, but are seldom and perhaps part of the Ulva listings are synonyms identified. Many of the listed records are from of Enteromorpha, making the latter easily the most Hentschel's studies of test surfaces in nearly fresh often reported genus of algae. Enteromorpha, Cla- water at Hamburg (56). Foraminifera are common dophora, Ulva, and Ulothrix all include conspicu- at moderately great depths, and the 34 records ous species. from cables are interesting in this respect. Fora- The browns include the second commonest minifera are noted occasionally in other fouling. 170 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

PORIFERA of the bryozoa in which their distribution is com- Sponges are not common in northern fouling, pared with that of the hydroids. although certain of the small, more primitive forms The hydroid records appear to contain a number are sometimes reported (Leucosolenia, Grantia, of synonyms in addition to those mentioned above. Sycon). Reniera and Halichondria are the genera Some indication of these can be obtained from listed most often. Sponges have been alleged to be Fraser (38, 39). conspicuous fouling forms in the Suez CanaL. Only a few of the species involved, however, can be as- ACTINARIA certained surely as fouling from the report on this The anemones are infrequently reported, per- area by Burton (19). The relatively high number haps due to the diffculties of identification. Speci- of forms and entries for wrecks in Tables 2 and 3 mens were present on 54 per cent of the American are due principally to Grinbart's investigations in buoys, and in 25 per cent of the more than 2,000 the Black Sea (47), which also account for the individual samples collected, indicating that the bulk of the Reniera records. group is not uncommon in some fouling. Identifica- tions are not yet available for these collections, HYDROZOA however. Listings for the anemones can be seen to The hydroids lead, the list in number of forms involve considerable synonymy. Metridium is the

TABLE 6. Numbers of Entries of the Chief Genera of Hydrozoa from Various Structures

Test Light- Dock Sur- Ships ships Wrecks Buoys Floats Cables Ropes Pipes Gates faces Total All 66 recorded genera 88 6 16 200 13 32 9 3 2 53 422 Tubularia 19 2 2 16 2 1 11 53 Obelia 12 3 17 1 1 11 46 Campanularia 10 12 1 4 29 Eudendrium 5 12 3 2 23 Clytia 4 2 13 3 22 Plumularia 3 11 2 6 22 H alecium 3 1 1 13 18 Laomedea 4 2 2 5 2 1 18 Aglaophenia 2 8 3 2 15 S ertularia 1 10 1 1 1 14 Gonothyrea 2 1 2 1 2 3 11 SertulareUa 1 1 6 2 10 BougainviUia 5 3 1 9 Pennaria 3 3 2 9 and entries among the zoological groups into which commonest genus, with 15 entries out of the total the list is divided. of 25 for the group. Sagartia, with 5 entries, is be- Table 6 summarizes the main entries. Tubu- lieved to be a synonym of Diadumene, with 2 laria and Obelia, the commonest genera, both in- entries. clude conspicuous species which cause important fouling. Some of the records for Laomedea belong MADREPORARIA with Obelia, and most of the rest are assignable to The occurrence of fouling by corals often has Campanularia, the third most important genus. been doubted. The listings are definite evidence of Aglaophenia, which includes many tropical species, it,' and there are further reliable records of un- would probably stand higher in a geographically identified forms on mines, nets, and other struc- balanced list, as would several other genera. tures in the tropical Pacific. The 6 forms recorded The dominance of the list by hydroids is due at Copenhagen by Bertelsen and Ussing (14) are mainly to the data from buoys, there being 200 from a single vessel moored for a long period at records including 171 forms. Of these, 96 forms are Bermuda. reported by Deevey (150) from American buoys alone. The very low incidence suggested for wrecks BRYOZOA is certainly a fiction due to inadequate study. The Entries for the chief bryozoan genera are dis- somewhat low incidence for test surfaces, on the tributed as shown by Table 7. All well investigated other hand, is in accord with a great deal of ex- structures are represented. Bugula, with 61 entries, perience, although diffcult to understand. For is the dominant genus, and one of the commoner further comment on this point, see the discussion of all fouling genera. Common erect types also in- SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 171 clude Scrupocellaria and Crisia. The encrusting more numerous on individual test panels than are bryozoa are represented by a number of genera, hydroids, whereas, for buoys as a group, hydroid but the synonymies are suffciently confused so fouling is far more often the conspicuous element. that definite evaluations are almost impossible. Hydroids were present in 85 per cent of the 2,000- Membranipora, the name most often used for many odd samples from 373 American buoys, while the of these (29 entries), is in part synonymous with bryozoa were found in only 46 per cent. There Electra, Callopora, Tegella, Conopeum, Acantho- were few samples, moreover, in which bryozoans desia, and Nichtina. The total entries for all these were dominant, but many in which hydroids were membraniporoid forms are 48. Many of the other the chief forms present. Possibly successional phe- names likewise are misleading. nomena are involved, such that bryozoa are fa- The bryozoa are remarkable for their very low vored by the short exposures of test surfaces, and incidence on buoys, as now known, and for their hydroids by the longer times for which most buoys relatively much higher incidence on test surfaces. are set. TABLE 7. NumbersLight- of Entries of the Chief Genera of Bryozoa fromTest Various Structures All 58 recordedShips shipsgenera Wrecks 75 Buoys 2 18Floats 22 Cables 14 22Pipes 1 Surfaces 129 283 Total

Erect Jorms Bugula 15 7 3 3 32 61 ScrupoceUaria 7 1 4 13 Crisia 2 2 7 12

Encrusting forms M embranipora 9 4 2 13 29 SchizoporeUa 5 1 1 10 18 Lepralia 7 5 1 14 Electra 1 7 9

Table 7 shows that the differences in distribution ANNELIDA of bryozoa on various structures are similar for The errant and sedentary polychaetes, Table 8, erect and membraniporoid types. Both groups of are the only subgroups of Annelids of general in- bryozoa contrast markedly in distribution with the terest in marine fouling. All records for the oli- hydroids, which many erect bryozoa (Bugula, etc.) gochaetes and leeches are from exposures in nearly closely resemble in general habits of growth. The fresh water at Hamburg recorded by Hentschel number of entries for bryozoa and hydroids on buoys, test surfaces, and the total for all structures (56). Errant polychaetes are mostly free-living; the sedentary polychaetes include most of the tube are as follows: Test Total, all worms. Buoys Surfaces structures N ereis is the common errant genus, followed by Hydroids 200 53 422 the scale worms Lepidonotus and H armothoe. The Bryozoa 22 129 283 errants are most often reported from buoys, al- In general, the distinction is supported by the fre- though the 14 entries for wrecks are numerous con- quencies with which the two groups are observed sidering the intensity of investigation. They are in large series of exposures. Bryozoa are much less common on ships and test surfaces, probably

TABLE 8. Numbers of Entries of the Chief Gen~ra of Polychaeta from Various Structures Ships shipsLight- Wrecks Biwys DockFloats Ropes GatesTest Surfaces Total Errant Polychaetes All 26 recorded genera 10 3 14 21 4 2 18 72

Nereis ' 5 2 1 S 9 24 . Lepidonotus 1 1 1 4 1 9 H armothoe 1 4 1 6

Sedentary Polychaetes All 26 recorded genera 20 11 24 57 116

H ydroides 13 6 14 33 Pomatoceros 3 3 3 11 S pirorbis 2 9 11 Serpi¡la 2 7 10 Eupomatus 3 3 7 Dasychone 1 4 6 172 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

because these do not so often accumulate the dense Among goose barnacles, Lepas and Conchoderma fouling mats that seem to be the favored habitats are mainly responsible for records from exposures of many errant species. A few of the annelids near the surface; while Scaipellum and M egalasma classified as errant build tubes, such as the genus account for most records from greater depths as Eteone, 2 species of which have been found on test from cables. Lepas and Conchoderma, furthermore, surfaces. show a definite tendency to occur more often on Hydroides is the most often reported genus of exposures away from shore. Ships have the largest , tube worms. The four entries for H. hexagona, how- number of entries, buoys next, and only a few re- ever, probably should be added to Eupomatus di- ports mention either genus on test surfaces. These anthus. Several widespread genera which are observations probably reflect correctly the dis- locally important in fouling do not place high in tributions found in nature. the list, among them Salmacina. The leading sed- Among the acorn barnacles, Balanus is the entary forms are the calcareous-tubed types dominant genus. Indeed, of all the organisms re- which are found particularly on hard substrates. sponsible for fouling it is the genus reported most Parchment- or silt-tubed forms, such as Dasy- often. chone, also attach and in some localities are not un- The data in Table 9 show the greatest number

TABLE 9. Numbers of Entries of the Genera of Barnacles from Various Structures Liglit- Dock Test Ships ships Wrecks Biioys Floats Cables Gates Surfaces Total Goose Barnacles All 9 recorded genera 53 2 17 36 6 115 Lepas 28 9 3 42 conchoderma 23 6 3 32 ScaipeUum 24 25 M egalasma 9 9 H eteralepas 1 1 2 M iteUa 1 1 2 Oxynaspis 2 2 Anatifa 1 1 Poecilasma 1 1 Acorn Barnacles All 5 recorded genera 88 4 6 42 2 4 2 65 213 Balanus 80 4 6 37 2 4 2 61 196 clitliamalus 3 1 3 7 T etraclita 4 2 (j C helonibia 1 1 3 Verruca 1 1

common. The types which normally build tubes in of acorn barnacle entries for ships, with somewhat burrows in sand or mud, such as Arenicola and smaller numbers for test surfaces and buoys. This Chaetopterus, are distinct rarities in fouling. probably is related largely to the number of reports Although about equivalent numbers of errant dealing with each type of structure (see Table 1). and sedentary forms, 44 and 55, are recorded from Acorn barnacles are often the chief forms present fouling, the sedentary species are reported more on ships and test panels, but in comparing the frequently, the total entries being 72 and 116. The numbers of barnacle entries with those of other difference is most marked for test surfaces, for groups on these structures it should be remem- which there are 57 sedentary entries but only 18 bered that the barnacles are frequently the only errant. Ships exhibit a similar, but less pronounced forms identified suffciently to be included in the difference between the two. The ability of the tube list, so far as panel and ship fouling is concerned. worms to attach to unfouled surfaces, and their The acorn barnacles exhibit considerable spe- formation of firmly adherent tubes, are possible Óalization of habitat. Balanus is the only wide- reasons for these differences between the errant spread genus common on hard substrates in wa- and sedentary forms. ters of shallow and moderate depth, so that its outstanding importance among the genera of BARNACLES barnacles occurring in fouling is 'not surprising. Table 9 gives the complete data for the distribu- Chthamalus is principally intertidal, and most spe- tion of the entries of the genera of barnacles among cies are markedly restricted geographically. Tetra- various types of structures. cZita comprises shallow water forms as well as inter- SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 173

tidal species, but most species are restricted to fied for swimming. They are common on buoys in Philppine and Malayan waters. Verruca is typi- American waters, particularly south of Cape Hat- cally a deep water genus, and Chelonibia is limited teras (79). Orton has recovered Peruvian crabs chiefly to turtles. A casta, found embedded in from ships docking in London (108) ,indicating sponges, Coronula, Cryptolepas, Xenobalanus, and that such forms are not always washed off active other of the whale and turtle barnacles, and Pyr- ships, and that individual specimens may remain goma and Creusia, patial to corals, are among the for a considerable time in a particular fouling com- genera unrepresented in fouling. Fouling records munity. for Octomeris and some other minor genera may be forthcoming when adequate data are available for MOLLUSKS the particular regions in which they are found. Table 11 summarizes the distribution of the

TABLE 10. Number of Entries of Amphipods, Isopods and Decapods from Various Structures Light- Test Ships ships Wrecks Buoy s Floats Cables Amphipods Surfaces Total All 31 recorded genera 11 2 4 50 2 4 21 94 Isopoda All 13 recorded genera 3 19 4 27 Decapods All 40 recorded genera 6 3 7 50 2 2 26 96

AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS, AND DECAPODS records for the chief genera of pelecypods, together These forms are recorded in greater variety and with the totals for nudibranchs and for other gas- with greater frequency from buoys than other tropods exclusive of pteropods. structures. (See Table 10.) This probably reflects Regarding the relative significance of fouling by a real difference in their occurrence, at least as be- pelecypods on different structures, the data are tween buoys, ships, and test surfaces. The differ- very misleading. General experience indicates ence may be ascribed to the long, stationary ex- that the group is among the most important for posures of buoys which permit the heavy mats of buoys, and less so for test surfaces and ships, in fouling in which these forms live. that order. The greatest number of entries, 77, Caprella, the most often reported genus of am- however, is for test surfaces while the number for phipods with 16 entries, is commonly associated ships also outranks that for buoys. The pelecypod with hydroids. Corophium, represented by 13 en- entries for test surfaces, moreover, outnumber tries, is the next most frequent amphipod genus. those of any other animal group except bryozoa on The decapod representation is dominated by these units, the acorn barnacles and the tunicates the xanthid crabs, including not only Pilumnus, each providing 65 and 70 entries respectively. The the most freq~ently recorded genus (13 entries), relatively large number of species of pelecypods but the panopeoid genera also. These are all crawl- which take part in fouling, and the differences in ing forms, which do not have the pleiopods modi- intensity of investigation of the various structures,

TABLE 11. Number of Entries of the Genera of Mollusca from Various Structures

Light- Dock Test Ships ships Wrecks Buoys Floats Pelecypods Cables Pipes Gates Surfaces Total All 48 recorded genera 46 2 15 34 2 19 8 77 204 M ytiliis 13 2 2 9 2 1 3 19 Ostrea 9 52 1 2 2 14 28 Anomia 8 1 5 Pecten 2 9 25 2 4 3 6 16 Saxicava 1 2 3 6 Mya 1 1 4 6 M odÙ..ius 2 1 2 5 Nudibranchs All 24 recorded genera 2 16 14 14 47 Other Gastropods All 50 recorded genera 4 9 18 6 28 65 174 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION apparently combine in giving a somewhat dis- species. The number of entries for floats is also torted impression of the importance of pelecypod very large compared to those for other groups, but fouling when estimated only from the number of this arises largely from the fact that a high propor- entries. Many of the test surface and ship records tion of the fouling records in Van Name's mono- refer to species which were not common. The pele- graph (144) are from floats. cypods from the American buoys have not been The chief genera of tunicates do not exhibit such identified except for a few of special interest, fur- . striking differences in prevalence on different thermore, which is undoubtedly the chief reason structures as do those of many other groups. No the buoy figures appear low compared to those for particular explanation of this can be advanced. Of some other groups. the genera in Table 12, Botryllus, Didemnum, and The pelecypods which are listed most frequently Botrylloides are encrusting colonial types, while the in fouling have adults with byssus attachments or rest are simple. Phallusia is synonymous with shells cemented directly to the substrate. Exam- Ascidia, and the entries for these genera should be ples of the first include mussels such as Mytilus, . combined in estimating frequencies of occurrence.

TABLE 12. Number of Entries of the Chief Genera of Tunicates from Various Structures Dock Test Ships Wrecks Bu.oys Floats Cables Pipes Gates Surfaces Total All 35 recorded genera 31 7 76 32 1 1 3 70 221

Botryllus 7 9 4 1 4 25 M olgula 5 8 1 7 22 Styela 2 5. 4 11 22 Ciona 5 1 4 3 4 17 Ascidia 1 1 5 3 5 15 Ascidiella 5 3 3 1 2 15 Didemnitm 1 5 2 5 13 Diplosoma 3 2 2 4 11 Botrylloides 1 2 6 10

Modiolus, Modiolaria, Brachidontes, and Botula, Van Name (144) should be consulted for other all belonging to the family Mytildae, as well as synonyms. some closely related forms like Anomia, Pteria, and Pecten latiauritus. The oysters (Ostrea) are the APPENDIX: LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED most conspicuous examples of the second type. FROM FOULING The nudibranchs and other gastropods are re- The following list shows for each species reported the markable in that there are no special genera promi- types of structures on which it has been found and the references for the occurrences. nently associated with fouling. The very low inci- An alphabetical list of references follows to which is dence of both on ships is probably reaL. Relative added an index showing all the items dealing with each to other groups, their occurrence on other struc- type of structure. tures also is infrequently recorded, but this may be partly because gastropods are ignored in many in- PLANT KINGDOM vestigations. Eggs of these forms may be expected Bacteria to be present much more often than reported. Achromobacter aquamarinus TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Achromobacter -marinoglutinosus TUNICATES TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Allen (152). Achromobacter mem.branoformis .Data for the distribution of the chief genera of TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Allen (152). tunicates are given in Table 12. A chromobaGter stationis TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). The low frequency of records from ships, com- Bacillus subtilis pared to buoys and test surfaces, probably rep- TEST SURFACES: Herpin & Duliscouet (61). resents a real characteristic of their occurrence. Bacterium albolactus TEST SURFACES: Hilen (63); Angst (4). Tunicates are seldom dominant on ships unless Bacterium atlerimus TEST SURFACES: Hilen (62). these have been moored for long periods, but are Bacterium GÍrcitmlaus quite common on buoys and test surfaces, particu- TEST SURACES: Hilen (62). Bacterium globigii larly when exposed in harbor waters. The larger TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). number of entries from buoys and test surfaces is Bacterium graviolens TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). due chiefly to the greater variety of forms reported, Bacterium mycoides rather than to marked prevalence of one or two TEST SURACES: Hilen (63). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 17S

Bacterium panis Septonema aquatile TEST SURFACES: Hilen (63). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). Bacterium ruminatii TEST SURFACES: Hilen (63). Bacterium simplex Algae TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). DIATOMACEAE (DIATOMS) Bacterium sociovivum TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Achnanthes sp. Bacterium subtilis SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). TEST SURFACES: Hilen (62); Angst (4). TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149); Bengough & Shepheard (13). Bacterium vulgatus A chnanthes longipes TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Chlam.ydothrix ochracea TEST SURFACES,: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Actinoptychus iindulatus Cladothrix dichotoma TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Amphiprora alata Clonoihrix fusca TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Amphora sp. Crenothrix polyspora TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28); Wharton (149). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Amphora bigibba Flavobacterium amocontactus TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURACES: ZoBell & Allen (152). Amphora decussata Micrococcus maripuniceus TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Asteromphalits heptactis Micrococcus sedentarius TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Bacillaria sp. Micrococcus sedimenteus TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Biddulphia aurita Pseudomonas coenobios TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Biddulphia pulchella Pseudomonas membranula TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). Campylodiscus thuretii Pseudomonas periphyta TEST SURFACES: Coe & Alen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). climacosphenia moniligera Pseudomonas sessilis TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). cocconeis costt/ta Pseudomonas stereotropis TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: ZoBell & Upham (153). cocconeis dirupta Sarcina sp: TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hilen (62). C occoneis pediculus Sarcina alba SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Hilen (62) (63). Cocconeis placentula Sarcina aurantiacus SHIPS: Djakonoff (30) TEST i;URFACES: Hilen (63). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Sarcina rosea Cocconeis scutellum TEST SURFACES: Hilen (63). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Sarcina "X" cocconema cymbiforme TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Sarcina "Y" Corethron sp.. TEST SURFACES: Angst (4). TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147), Siderocapsa treubii coscinodiscus sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschèl (56). TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). coscinodiscus nitidus TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Oomycetes (Fungi) cymbella prostrata Alternaria maritima SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). Diatoma sp. Amphisphaeria maritima SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). ceriosporopsis halima Diatoma hyalinum TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). H aiophiobolus longirostris Diatoma vitreum TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). H alophioboliis salin'us Diatoma i'ulgare TEST SURACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). H alosphaeria appendiculata Dimerogramma dubium TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). H elicoma maritimum Dimerogramma minor nana TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). H elicoma salinum Diploneis bombus TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Lentecospora submarina Eunotogramma debiZe TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Peritrichospora integra Pragilaria sp. TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). SHlPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Phoma naviiim TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28); Bengough & Shepheard (13); SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). Fuller (42). Remispora maritima Fragilaria hyalina TEST SURFACES: Barghoorn & Linder (9). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28), Saprolegnia sp. Frustulia nidulous ' . TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). 176 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Gomphonema sp. Pleurosigma sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Gomphonema intricatum vibrio Pleurosigma affne SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Gomphonema lanceolatum insignis Plei/rosigma ibericum SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Gomphonema olivaceum Pleurosigma intermedium nubecida SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Gramniatophora sp. Podosphenia gracilis TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). Grammatophora angulosa BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Podosphenia hyalin a Grammatophora marina BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). Psei/doeunotia doliolus BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40), Raphoneis surireUa TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). H omoeocladia germanica Rhabdonema adriaticum SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). H yalosira delicatula Rhabdonema minutum BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Licmopliora sp. Rhipidophora crystaUina WRECKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Rhipidophora elongata TEST SURFACES: Cóe & Allen (28); Miyazaki (90); Scheer (130). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Licmophora abbreviata Rhipidophora oceanica flabellata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Licmo phora californica Rhipidophora oedipus TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Licmophora debilis Rhoic,Osphenia sp. TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Licmophora ehrenbergii Rhoicosphenia curvata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). Licmophora flabeUata Schizonema sp. TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). M astogloi:i sp. WRCKS: Herpin (59). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28), TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Melosira sp. Schizonema araneosum TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Melosira moniliformis Schizonema bryopsis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Melosira nummuloides Schizonema capitaium FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Melosira salina Schizonema humile BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Melosira varians Schizonema rutilans SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). M icromega rainosissimum Schizonema sordiditm BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). NaitÏula sp. Schizonema teneUum SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28); Miyazaki (90). Schizonema viride Navicula arenaria BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). StriateUa delicatula Navicila complanata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (281. TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). StriateUa unipunctata Navicula funiculata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28) TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SurireUa sp. Navicula greviUei TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Synedra sp. Navicula inflexa TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28); Waksman, Phelps, & Hotch- TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). kiss (147). Navicula lyra Synedra affnis TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Navicula ramocissima FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Nelson & Kodet (93). TEST SURFACES: Lignau (78). Nitzschia sp. Synedra coronata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28); Waksman, Phelps, & Hotch- BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). kiss (147). Synedra fasciculata Nitzschia bilobata minor BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Synedra fulgens Nitzschia closterium TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Synedra gracilis Nitzschia longissima BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Nitzschia sigma Synedra tabulata FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Nitzschia sigma intercedens Synedra ulna TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Opephora pacifica Synedra u,ndulata TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 177

, Thalassionema sp. A nadyomene steUata TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Triceratium alternans Batophora oerstedi occidentalis TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Tropidoneis sp. TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120), TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Bryopsis hypnoides BUOYS: Delabarre (150). MYXOPHYCEAE (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE) Bryopsis muscosa WRCKS: Lyle (80). Bonnemaisonia asparagoides Bryopsis pennata WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). calothrix aeruginea Bryopsis plumosa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). calothrix braunii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Calothrix confervicola capsosiphon fulvescens BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURACES: Fuller (42). calothrix scopulorum caulerpa sp.. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chroococcus membraninus caulerpa capressoides BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dermocarpa leibleiniae Caulerpa crassifolia WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dermocarpa prasina Caulerpa racemosa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dichothrix olivcJcea caulerpa verticillata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Gomontia polyrhiza TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Chaetomorpha aerea Hydrocoelum lyngbyaceum SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chaetomorpha brachygona H yeUa caespitosa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Cliaetomorpha cannabina Lyngbya sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chaetomorpha fibrosa Lyngbya confervoides SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chaetomorpha gracilis Lyngbya hyalina BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora sp. Lyngbya majuscula SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); Neu (94); Bengough & BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Shepheard (13). L;yngbya rosea LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Delabarre (150). Lyngbya aerungineo-coerulea FLOATS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56); Miyazaki (90); Wharton (149); Nodularia sp. Fuller (43); Scheer (130). ' BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora albida OsciUatoria sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora arcta OsciUatoria coraUinae WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora crispata Oscillatoria laetevrens SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Cladophora crysiaUina BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Phormidium favosum Cladophora fasciciilaris SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Phormidium moUe Cladophora fiiliginosa SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Phormidium retzii Cladophora glaucescens SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Pleurocapsa jtuviatilis Cladophora glomerata SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). Scytonema sp. Cladophora glomerata marina BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). S pirulina subsala Cladophora gracilis BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). S pirulina subtilissima BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora hutchinsiae S piriZina tenuissima BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Cladophora lanosa Symploca hydnoides WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Cladophora luteola Trichodesmium sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora nitida BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cladophora polyacantha CHLOROPHYCEAE (GREEN ALGAE) BUOYS: Delabarre (150). A cetabularia crenulata Cladophora prolifera BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Cladophora repens TEST SURACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). 178 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Cladophora l'upestris Enteromorplia salina WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Enteromorpha torta TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). SHIPS: Visscher (I46). Cladophora sericea BUOYS: Milne (88); Delabarre (ISO). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Ernodesmis verticillaia Cladophora virgatula BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Halicystis sp. Cladophoropsis membranacea, BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Halimeda discoidea Codium isthmocladum BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Halimeda simulans Codiuni mucronatum BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). WRECKS: Lyle (81). H ormotrichium collabens Codiiim tomentosum BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Hormotrichium isogonuni Conferva sp. BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Hormotrichium youngianum Conferva flacca BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Ilea sp. Cosmarium sociale BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). Ilea fascia Dasycladus vermicularis TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Monostroma sp. Derbesia sp. TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). M onostroma fuscum Derbesia fastigiata WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). M onostroma greviUei Derbesia laniourouxii WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Lyle (82); Delabarre (ISO). M ougeotia sp. Derbesia tenitissima SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). WRECKS: Lyle (80). N eomeris annulata Derbesia turbinata BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Oedogoniumsp. Dictyosphaera sp. SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Oedogonium capiUare Endoderma viride BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Ostreobium quekettii Enteromorpha sp. WRCKS: Lyle (81). SHIPS: Hentschel (58); Visscher (I46); Bengough & Shepheard Protococcus marina (I3). WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40); Gray (46); Delabarre (ISO). Rhizoclonium arenosum TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (58); Saito (I2f)); Miyazaki (90); WRCKS: Lyle (81). Wharton (I49); Richards (I25); Nelson & Kodet (93); Scheer Rhizoclonium implexiim (I30); Graham & Gay (44). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides Rhizoclonium interruptum SHIPS: Visscher (I46). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Enteromorpha clathrata Rhizoclonium riparium BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Enteromorpha compressa Schizogonium sp. SHIPS: Paspaleff (I13). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). LIGHTSHIPS: Neu (96). Solenia aureola WRECKS: Lyle (80) (81). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Nienburg (99); Delabarre (ISO). Solenia clathrata Enterrmorpha erecta BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Solenia clathrata uncinata Enteromorpha flexuosa BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SHIPS: Lyle (82). Solenia complanata BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). FLOATS: Pomerat (I20). Solenia compressa Enteromorpha intestinalis BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (I46); Orton (I08); Masseile Solenid compressa prolifera (85). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRCKS: Lyle (81). S olenia gigantea BUOYS: Orton (I08); Milne (88); Delabarre (ISO). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90); Orton (I08). Solenia intestinalis Enteromorpha linza LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Solenia intestinalis compressa TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Enteromorpha marginalis BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SHIPS: Visscher (I46). Solenia intestinalis cornucopiae BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Enteromorpha marginata BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Solenia intestinalis mesenteriformis Enteromorpha minima BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Solenia linza Enteromorpha plumosa BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). . Solenia linza augusta Enteromorpha prolifera BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Delabarre (ISO). Solenia linza genuinea TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 179

Solenia linza lanceolata Colpomenia sinuosa BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Solenia linza spiralis Desmarestia aculeata BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Solenia olivacea Desmarestia viridis LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Dictyopteris sp. Spongomorpha arcta BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dictyopteris polypodiodes Spongomorpha spinescens BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus Stigeoclonium sp. LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Stigeocloniiim tenue Dictyota sp. SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Uloihrix sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13). TEST SURACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Dictyota bartayresii Ulothrix flacca BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Dictyota cervicornis WRCKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dictyota dicholoma Ulothrix zonata WRECKS: Lyle (81). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ulva sp. Dictyota divaricata SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Neu (94); Bengough & Shepheard (13). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Dictyota pardalis TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67); Johnson, BUOYS: Delabarre (150). McNeil, & Iredale (71); Johnson & McNeil (70); Wharton Ectocarpus sp. (149). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Paspaleff (113); Bengough & Shepheard Ulva lactuca (13). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Paspaleff (113). WRCKS: Herpin (59). WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Milne (88); Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Scheer (130). FLOATS: Fuller' (42). TEST SURFACES: Johnson, McNeil, & Iredale (71); Johnson & TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). McNeil (70); Scheer (130); Graham & Gay (44). Ulva lactuca latissima Ectocarpiis arctus WRCKS: Lyle (80). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). Ulva lactuca rigida Ectocarpus confervoides FLOATS: Pomerat (120). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); PaspaJeff (I13). Ulva latissima WRCKS: Lyle (81). PIPES: Dobson (31). BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Ulva linza Ectocarpus cylindricus BUOYS: Milne (88). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Ulva pertusa TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90). Ectocarpus diichassaignianus Valonia macrophysa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ectocarpus fasciciilatus Valonia ventricosa WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ectocarpus ferrugineus Vaucheria sp. BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Ectocarpus gracillimus WRECKS: Lyle (81); Herpin (59). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). ;BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ectocarpus granulosus TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Vaucheria littorea BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Ectocarpus granulosoides TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). PHAEOPHYCEAE (BROWN ALGAE) Ectocarpus hincksiae A cinetospora pusiUa WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Ectocarpus irregularis Agarum cribrosum SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ectocarpus liUoralis A laria esculenta WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Ectocarpus mitcheUae BUOYS: Delabarre (150). AscophyUum nodosum TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRCKS: Herpin (59). Ectocarpus paradoxus BUOYS: Milne (88). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). A sperococcus echinatus Ectocarpus peniciUatus WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ectocarpus sandrianus Castagnea howei WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chorda filum Ectocarpus secundatus BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Chordaria flagelliformis Ectocarpus siliculosus WRECKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: D~labarre (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). 180 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Ectocarpus terminalis Sargassum filicin,um WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: DeJabarre (150). Sargassum filipendula Egregia laevigata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Sargassum horneri Eisevia bicyclis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Sargassum natans Elachista fiicicola BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Sargassum polyceratium Fucus sp. BUOYS; Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Sargass'lm polyceratium ovatum Fucus platycarpus BUOYS: Delabarre" (150). WRCKS: Herpin (59). Scytosiphon sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Gray (46). Fucus serratus TEST SURACES: Scheer (130). WRCKS: Lyle (81); Herpin (59). Scytosiphon lomentaria Fucus vesiculosus WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Nienburg (99); Delabarre (150). H alidrys siliqiiosa TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRCKS: Lyle (80). Sorocarpus uraeformis Homoeostroma latifoliiim BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Sphaularia sp. Hydroclathrus clathratus , BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Sphaularia cirrhosa Isthmoplea sp. WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Sphaularia cirrhosa fusca Laminaria sp. WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Gray (46). Undaria pinnatafia Laminaria aghardhii TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). Zonaria varigata Laminaria digitata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). BUOYS: Milne (88); De:abarre (150). RHODOPHYCEAE (RED ALGAE) TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Laminaria saccharina Acanthophora delilei SHIPS: Orton (lOS). SHIPS: Lyle (82). WRCKS: Beaumont (10); Lyle (81). Acanthophora spinifera BUOYS: Orton (108); Milne (88); Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURACES: Orton (108). Acrochaetium sp. Leathesia dijormis SHIPS: Visscher (146). WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & AJlen (28), Acrochaetium dufourii Lithoderma fatiscens BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). A crochaetium flexuosum Lithosiphon laminariae BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). A crochaetium sargassi M esogloia divaricata BUOYS: DeJabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Acrochaetium virgatiilum Myrionema sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). A gardhieUa tenera M yrionema vulgare BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Agardhinula browneae M yriotricha filiformis BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Amphiroa fragilissima N eurocarpus justii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Amphiroa tribulus Neiirocarpus plageogammus BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Antithamnion sp. Padina vickersiae BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Antitliamnion americanum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Petalonia fascia Antithamnion cruciatum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). PhyUitis fascia Antithamnion plumula BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Nienburg (99). WRECKS: Lyle (81); Herpin (59). Punctaria sp. A ntithamnionella sarniensis BUOYS: Gray (46). WRECKS: Lyle (80). Punctaria latifolia Asterocystis ramosa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). Bangia sp. Punctaria plantaginea BUOYS: Nienburg (99). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Brogniartella byssoides PylaieUa litoralis WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRECKS; Lyle (81). Bryocladia cuspidata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). PylaieUa litoralis longifrictus Bryothamnion triquetrum WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (1~0). Saccorhiza bulbosa caUithamnion sp. WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). Sargassum enerve callithamnion byssoides TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRCKS: Lyle (81). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 181

BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chrysemenia pyriformis FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). Chrysemenia uvaria Callithamnion corymbosum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). chylocladia kaliformis WRCKS: Herpin (59). WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Milne (88). Compsothamnion graciUimum callithamnion hookeri WRECKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (80). Conchocelis rosea caUithamnion polyspermuni WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). corallina cubensis caUithamnion roseum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). corallina gracilis Callithamnion tetragonum TEST SURFACES: Cae (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRECKS: Lyle (80). coraUina ojfcinalis callocolax neglectus BUOYS: DeJabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Corallina squamata caUophyUis laciniata WRECKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). crouania attenuata calosiphonia verticiUifera BUQYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Cruriopsis sp. Ceramium sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). cruriopsis ens is BUOYS: Nienburg (99); Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Bengough & cryptonemia crenulata Shepheard (13); LaQue & Clapp (76). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ceramium Gircinnatum cystoclonium piirpu.runi WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Ceramium deslongchampsii BUOYS: Gray (46). WRCKS: Lyle (80). Dasya sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ceramium diaphanum TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Dasya arbuscula Ceramium fastigiatum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dasya corynib~fera Ceramium flabelligeriim BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (80). Dasya crouania Ceramium floridanum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Dasya harreyi Ceramiiim rubrum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). Dasya mollis WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Milne (88); Gray (46); Delabarre (150)., , Dasya pedicellata TESi: SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Ceramium teniiissimiim FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). centroceras clavulatu,m Dasya ramosissima BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). champia parviila Dasya rigidula WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Delesseria alata TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). chantransia caespitosa Delesseria hypoglossum WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Chantransia chalybea Delesseria involvens SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chantransia daviesii Delesseria rusGifolia WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRECKS: Lyle (81). chantransia hallandica Delesseria sanguinea WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Chantransia virgatiila Delesseria sinuosa lingulata WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). WRECKS: Lyle (81). chantransia virgatula luxurians Digenia simplex WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chantransia virgatula secundata Dilsea' edulis WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). chondria dasyphyUa Dumontia sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chondria floridana Eacheuma acanthocladiim BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chondriis sp. Epilithon membranaceiim BUOYS: Gray (46). WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Erythrocladia irregiilaris Choreonema tliiiretii WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle(81). Erythrotrichia bertholdii chrysemenia agardhii WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Erythrotrichia carnea chrysemenia enteromorpha WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). chrysemenia holymenioides Euthora cristata BUOYS: Delaharre (150). WRCKs. Lyle (81). 182 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

F alkenbergia hiUebrandii J ania rubens BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FurceUaria fastigiata Kylinia scapae WRECKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Gelidium sp. Laurencia sp. TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). WRECKS: Lyle (80). Gelidiitm corneum Laurencia coraUopsis WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Lyle (82); Delabarre (150). Laiirencia intricata Gelidium rigiditm BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Laiirencia microcladia Gigartina spinosa BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Laiirencia obtusa Goniotrichum alsidii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Laiirencia pinnatijia Gracilaria sp. WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Laiirencia poitei Gracilaria blodgettii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Gracilariû compressa TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Liagora pinnata Gracilaria confervoides BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). Lomentaria articiilata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Lomentaria catenata Gracilaria cornea TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Lomentaria claveUosa Gracilaria cylindrica WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Lomentaria rosea Gracilaria ferox . WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Lomentaria iincinata Gracilaria filicina BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Lophocladia trichoclados Gracilaria lacinulata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Lophosiphonia villum Grateloupia sp. TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). M elobesia lejolisii Grateloiipia filicina WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). NitophyUum sp. Grateloitpia gibbesii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). NitophyUiim laceratum GriJthsia jloscitlosa WRCKS: Lyle (81). WRCKS: Lyle (80). Odonthalia dentata Griffthsia globij era WRECKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). GrinneUia americana Peyssonnelia sp. BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Gymnogongrus sp. Peyssonnelia dubyi BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Gymnothamnion elegans P hycodris rubens BUOYS: Deliibarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). H alosaccion sp. PhyUophora traiUii BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRECKS: Lyle (81). Ii at ymenia jloridana Pleonosporium borreri BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRECKS: Lyle (81), H erposiphonia pectin-ve;i-Ü Plocainiiim coccineum BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRECKS: Lyle (81). H erposiphonia verticeUata Plitinaria elegans TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRECKS: Lyle (80) (81). Ii eterosiphonia gibbesii Plumaria pectinata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). , BUOYS: Delabarre (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Polysiphonia sp. TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Bengough & Shepheard (13). H eterosiphonia japonica BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). FLOATS: Bengough & Sehpheard (13). Heterosiphonia pliimosa TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90); Wharton (149); LaQue & Clapp WRCKS: Lyle (81). (76). Hypnea sp. Polysiphonia atro-rubescens TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRCKS: Lyle (81). H ypnea cervicornis Polysiphonia brodiae BUOYS: Delabarre (150). WRCKS: Lyle (81). Polysiphonia denudata H ypnea cornuta BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Polysiphonia elongata H ypnea mitsciformis WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Lyle (82); Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Nienburg (99); Milne (88). J ania adhaerans Polysiphonia exilis BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). J ania capiUacea Polysiphonia ferulacea BUOYS: Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). J ania micai-t/¡rodia FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Lyle (82). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 183

Polysiphonia fibrillosa W iirdmannia setacea BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). , Polysiphonia harveyi BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Polysiphonia harveyi olneyi ANIMAL KINGDOM BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Protozoa Polysiphonia havenensis BUOYS: Delabarre (150). MASTIGOPHORA Polysiphonia macrocarpa A mphimonas globosa WRCKS: Lyle (81). PIPES; Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). A nthophysa vegetans Polysiphonia nigra TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). WRCKS: Lyle (80). codonosiga botrytis Polysiphonia nigrescens TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Distephaniis sp. WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Exuviaella sp. Polysiphonia subtilissima TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Polysiphonia urceolata sARCOD~A (GENERAL) WRCKS: Lyle (81). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Actinosphaerium sp. Polysiphonia va,-iegata TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). BUOYS: Gray (46); Delabarre (150). Actinophrys sp. Polysiphonia z,iolacea TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Visscher (146). H yalodiscus limax WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). BUOYS: Gray (46). Porphyra linearis SARCODINA (FORAMINIFERA) WRCKS: Lyle (80). ''\ Porphyra umbiUcalis A nomalina coronata WRECKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Porphyra viilgaris Bulimina buchiana BUOYS: Delabarre (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Porphyropsis coccinea Biilimina punctata WRECKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Pterosiphonia bipinnata corniispira foliacea involvens TEST SURACES: Scheer (130). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Pterosiphonia parasitica cornitspira involvens WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Ptilota plumosa cristellaria rotiilata WRCKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Piinctalia sp. Discorbina globularis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhabdonia ramosissima Discorbis isabeUeana BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Rhodochorton sp. Globigerina buUoides BUOYS: Delabarre (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhodochorton jloridiilum Globigerina conglomerata WRCKS: Lyle (81). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Alen (28), Rhodomela lycopodioides Globigerina injlata WRCKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhodomela siibfiisca Lagena lyellii WRCKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). RhodophyUis appendiculata Lagena marginata WRCKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). RhodophyUis bijia Nodosaria scalaris WRCKS: Lyle (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhodymenia palmata Operciilina ammonoides WRCKS: Lyle (80) (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Milne (88). Orbulina universa Rhodymenia palmata marginifera CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). WRCKS: Lyle (81). P ateUina corriigata Rhodymenia palmetta TEST SURAcEs:Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Planorbulina haidingerii Seirospora occidentalis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Delabarre (150). Planulina ariminensis Spermothamnion sp. CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Planulina ornata BUOYS: Delabarre (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). S pyridia aculeata Polymorphina compressa BUOYS: Lyle (82); Delabarre (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). S pyridia filamentosa Polymorphina lactea BUOYS: Delabarre (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Polytrema miniaceum TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TraiUieUa intricata Pulvinulina canariensis WRECKS: LyIe (81). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). W ildmannia umbilicalis Pulvinulina elegans BUOYS: Lyle (82). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Wrangelia argiis Piilviniilina menardii ¡¡i;oys: Delabarre (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). 184 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

P2Ilvinulina micheliniana Stentor polymorphus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Piilvinulina repanda Stentor roeseli CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Quinquelociilina lamarckiana Stichotricha sp. TEST sUlUACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Quinqueloculina subrotunda Stilonychia sp. CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Rotalina orbiciilaris Tintinnidium sp. ' CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). J Textularia abbreviata Tinti17psis sp. '('\ CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST'SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). T extiilaria agglutinans Trachelius ovum CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Textularia pygmaea Vaginicola decumbens CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Textularia sagittula Vaginicola longicollis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Tretomphaliis buUoides Vorticella sp. TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Hutchins (150). Triloculina circularis TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56); Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). (147) . Triloculina trigonula angulata V orticeUa campanula CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Triincatiilina lobatula V orticeUa citrina CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Tfuncatiilina refulgens V orticeUa marina CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Ui1igerina angulosa V orticeUa sertulariim CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Uvigerina irreg2llaris Zoothamnium sp. CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SHIPS: Hutchins (150). Valvulina conica TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56); Scheer (130). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Zoothamniiim arbuscula TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Zoothamnium mariniim CILIATA BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40). Aspidisca sp. FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Carchesium polypiniim TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SUCTORIA Colpidium sp. Acineta grandis TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Cothiirnia cristallina A cineta tuberosa i TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). FLOATS: J. H. Fr-eser (40). Cothurnia ingenita TEST SURFACES: FulleT (41) (42). FLOATS: J. H. fraser (40). Dendrosoina radians Cothurnia maritima TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Ephelota sp. Epistylis sp. TEST SURACES: Scheer (130). TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). Ephelota gemmipara Epistylis pliGatilis FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). M etacineta mystacina Epistylis umbeUaria TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Tokophrya quadripartita Euplotes sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). Trichophrya epistylidis F oUiciilina sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Trichophrya rotunda F oUiculina am puUa TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Lionotus anser ' TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). PORIERA (SPONGES) Loxodes sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). chalina oculata Loxophylliim sp. WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Waksman, Phelps, & Hotchkiss (147). Desmacidon fruticosum Operciilaria niitans . WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). Elysia viridis Ophrydimn versatile WRCKS: Herpin (59). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Ephydatia jliiviatilis Ophryoglena atra TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Ephydatia müUeri Oxytricha sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Esperella lorenzii Platycola sp. WRECKS: Grinbart (47). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). Euspongia sp. Spirostomiim sp. SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Grantia sp. Stentor coeriileiis BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Miyazaki (90). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 185

Grantia compressa Aglaoplienia marginata SHIPS: Marine Biological Association (84). SHIPS: Ritchie (127). WRCKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Stechow (134). BUOYS: Milne (88). Aglaophenia myriophyUum Halichondria sp. CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Aglaophenia perpusila BUOYS: Milne (88); Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). Aglaophenia pluina H alichondria panicea SHIPS: N eu (94). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Bilard (16); Broch (18). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). A glaophenia struthionides TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Halisarca dijardini TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). WRCKS: Grinbart (47). Aglaophenia tubitlifera Hymeniacidon sanguineum CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Orton (107). A nlenneUa avalonia I sodictya fiinalis BUOYS: Deevey' (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). A ntenneUa ciirvitheca Leucandra fistulosa BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). A ntenneUa gracilis Leucetta losangelensis CABLES: Hargitt (51). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). A ntennella quadriaurita Leucosolenia sp. BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Hutchins (150). AntenneUa secundaria BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). CABLES: Bedot (12). Leucosolenia complicata A ntennularia irregularis BUOYS: Milne (88). CABLES: Quelch (124). Microciona prolifera A ntennularia pinnata :FEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (39). Mycale denyi A ntenniilaria profitnda TEST SURACES: Burton (19). CABLES: Quelch (124). M yxiUa incrustans Bimeria fransciscana TEST SURACES: Burton (19). BUOYS: Leloup (77); Deevey (150). Reniera sp. Bimeria gracilis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Reniera boutschinski Bimeria hiimilis WRCKS: Grinbart (47). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Reniera densa Bimeria pusilla WRCKS: Grinbart (47). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Reniera inflata Bimeria robusta WRECKS: Grinbart (47). FLOATS: C. M. Fraser (38). Reniera informis Bimeria tenneUa WRCKS: Grinbart (47). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Reniera pallida Bimeria tunicata WRCKS: Grinbart (47). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Reniera spinoseUa BougainviUia sp. SHIPS: Burton (19). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). TEST SURFACES: Burton (19). BougainviUia carolinensis Reniera tubifera SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: McDougall (8.6). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Rhabdodermella nuttingi BougainviUia inaequalis TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Deevey (150). S pongiUa fragilis BougainviUia longicirra TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Stechow (136). S pongiUa lacustris BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). BougainviUia ramosa Sycon coronatum TEST SURACES: Orton (108). WRCKS: Herpin (59); Forrest & Chrichton (37). Bougainvillia ramosa muscus BUOYS: Milne (88). SHIPS: Bilard (16). TEST SURACES: Orton (108). BougainviUia rugosa SHIPS: Stechow (136). CalyceUa syringa BUOYS: Deevey (150). Coelenterata Calyptospadix cerulea HYDROZOA (HYDROIDS) SHIPS: C. M. Fraser (39). Campanularia sp. A bietinaria greenei SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Deevey (150). LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). A cryptolaria exsert:i BUOYS: Gray (46). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). campanitlaria amphora A cryptolaria pulcheUa SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Campanitlaria angulata Aglaophenia acacia SHIPS: Stechow (136). CABLES: Quelch (124). campanularia brevithecata Aglaophenia dichotoma ROPES: Thornely (139). BUOYS: Broch (18). Campanularia calceolifera Aglaophenia diagensis SHIPS: C. M. Fraser (39). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Grave (45). Aglaophenia late-carinata campanularia caliculata BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Stechow (134). 186 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Campanularia jlexiiosa BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Gray (46); Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Grave (45). coryne vaginata Campanularia gelatinosa SHIPS: Beaumont (IO). BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Beaumont (IO). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Coryne vanbenedenii Campaniilaria groenlandica FLOATS: r H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38). CuspideUa costata Campaniilaria hummelincki BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (150). ciispideUa grandis Campanularia integra BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Kramp (73); Deevey (150). CuspideUa humilis Campanularia marginata SHIPS: Ritchie (I27); Kramp (73). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). CABLES: C. M. Fraser (39). Dendrocoryne misakinensis Campanularia miitabilis WRECKS: Stechow (I34). SHIPS: Ritchie (I27). Diphasia alata campaniilaria neglecta CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Diphasia digitalis Campanularia noliformis BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). SHIPS: Leloup (77). Diphasia miitulata campaniilaria portium FLOATS: Thornely (I40). SHIPS: Visscher (I46). D-phasia pinaster Campanularia ptychocyathus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68); Quelch (I24). SHIPS: Ritchie (I27). Diphasia rosacea campanularia raridentata BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). SHIPS: Stechow (I36). ROPES: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Campanularia verticeUata Dynamena pumila SHIPS: Visscher (I46). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Campanularia voliibilis Ecfopleura dumortieri BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). C ampanulina forskalea Ectopleura grandis BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). campanulina huniilis Eiicopella caliculata SHIPS: Bale (8). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Campanulina repens Eudendrium sp. ROPES: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). SHIPS: Hincks (64); Visscher (I46); Paspaleff (J 13). Campaniilina rugosa BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendrium album CerateUa crosslandi BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). SHIPS: Thornely (I40). Eudendrium annulatum Cladocoryne jloccosa CABLES: Quelch (I24). CABLES: Hargitt (51). Eudendriiim attenuatum Clytia sp. CABLES: Hargitt'(51). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). Eudendrium capillare BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38); Deevey (ISO). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Eudendriiim carneum Clytia attenuata TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendriiim dispar Clytia coronata BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendrium eximium CL ytia cylindrica BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendrium hargitti Clytia edwardsi BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (39); Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendrium racemosum macronatiim Clytia elsae-oswaldae BUOYS: Bilard (I6). SHIPS: C. M. Fraser (39). Eudendrium rameum BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). FLOATS: Torrey (142). clytia fragilis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). TEST SURACES: Coe & Allen (28). clytia geniculata Eudendriiim ramosiini SHIPS: Ritchie (I27). SHIPS: Visscher (I46); Neu (94). clytia inconspicua BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Eudendrium teneUiim clytia johnstoni BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). SHIPS: Beaumont (IO). Eudendrium tenue WRECKS': Beaumont (IO); Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). FileUum serpens TEST SURFACES: Orton (I08). SHIPS: Ritchie (I27). Clytia longicyatha BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Filellum serratiim clytia macrotheca BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Gonothyrea sp. clytia raridentata SHIPS: Paspaleff (I13). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Gonothyrea clarki clytia universitatis TEST SURACES: Graham & Gay (44). BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). Gonotliyrea gracilis cordyiophora albicola BUOYS: Deevey (ISO). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Gonothyrea longicyatha cordyiopliora lacistris FLOATS: Thornely (I39). SHIPS: Hincks (64); Allman (3). ROPES: Thornely (I39). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 187

Gonothyrea loveni Laomedea gelatiiiosa SHIPS: Orton (108). SHIPS: Stimpson (137). WRECKS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Stammer (133). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). ROPES: Purchon (123). PIPES: Philbert (117). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Grave (45). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). Grammaria abietina Laomedea geniculata BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). H alecium annulatum Laomedea longissima BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). H alecium beanii Laomedea sargassi SHIPS:, Ritchie (127). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Laomedea spinidosa minor H aleGÍiim bermiidense SHIPS: Leloup (77). SHIPS: Stechow (136). TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Lytocarpus sp. H aleciitm corrugatum CABLES: Hargitt (51). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Lytocarpus auritus H alecium curvicaule CABLES: Bale (7). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Lytocarpus philippiniis H alecium haleciniim minor BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Leloup (77). Margelis sp. BUOYS: Leloup (77). BUOYS: Gray (46). H alecium haleGÍum M argelis carolintnsis WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Gray (46). H alecium insolens M onostaechas qiiadridens BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). H aleciiiii muricatum N emertesia antennina BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38). CABLES: Bedot (12). H alecium nanum N emertesia belini BUOYS: Deevey (150). CABLES: Bedot (12). H alecium nitidatiim Nemertesia ramosa LlGHTSHIPS: Bilard (15). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). H alecium pygmaeum Obelia sp. BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). If aleGÍum sessile BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). H alecium tenelluii Obelia articulata BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38); Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). H ebeUa cylindrica TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Obelia bicuspidata H ebella pociUum BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Obelia commissuralis Hydra sp. SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Hent~chel (56). TEST SURFACES: Grave (45); McDougall (86). H ydractinia echinata Obelia dichotoma BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Ritchie (127); C. M. Fraser (39). , H ydractinia miUeri BUOYS: Stechow (135); BiJlard (16); C. M. Fraser (39); Deevey BUOYS: Deevey (150). (150). H ydractinia polycarpa PIPES: Philbert (117). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Scheer (130); H ydranthea australis Fuller (43). ROPES: Thornely (139). Obelia dubia Idiella prisiis BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Obelia jlabeUata Kirchenpaueria haleGÍoides WRCKS: Verril & Smith (145); C. M. Fraser (39). BUOYS: Bilard (16). Obelia gelatinosa ' Lafoea adhaerens SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Obelia geniculata Lafoea dumosa SHIPS: Beaumont (10); Vanhöffen (143); Orton (108); Bengough WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). & Shepheard (13). BUOYS: Deevey (150). WRCKS: Beaumont (10). Lafoea fruticosa BUOYS: Orton (108); Deevey (150). BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38). FLOATS: C. M. Fraser (39). Lafoea graciUima TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Coe & Allen (28); Bengough & BUOYS: C.M. Fraser (38). Shepheard (13). Laf oea tenellula Obelia grifni CABLES: Quelch (124). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Lafoea venusta Obelia hyalina BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Lafoeina tenuis ' Obelia longissima BUOYS: Deevey (150). \ SHIPS: Kramp (73). Laomedea sp. BUOYS: Kramp (73); Orton (108); Deevey (150). LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (94). Obelia oxydentata , Laomedea dichotoma SHIPS: Stechow (135) (136). LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Laomedea jlexuosa Obelia plicata WRECKS,: Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Herpin (59). BUOYS: C. M. Fraser (38). BUOYS: irchenpauer (72); Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Obelia serrulata FLOATS: . H. Fraser (40). ROPES: Thornely (139). 188 MA-RINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Opercidarella lacerata SertulareUa tricuspidata SHIPS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Deevey (150). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). Sertidaria sp. OperciilareUa pumila TEST SURFACES: Phelps (116). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Sertularia argentea Oplorhiza parvula BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Sertularia dalmasi Orthopyxis caliciilata BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Sertulai'ia exigua Orthopyxis everta BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Sertularia flowersi Pennaria cavolinii BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Ritchie (127). S ertularia furcata Pennaria disticha aiistralis BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: B iJlard (16). Sertularia inflata BUOYS: Bilard (16). BUOYS: Deevey (150), Pennaria tiareUa Sertularia minima SHIPS: Stechow (136). FLOATS: Thornely (140). BUOYS: Gray (46); Deevey (150). Sertidaria operculata FLOATS: C. M. Fraser (39). WRECKS: Lyle (80). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34); McDougall (86). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Perigonimus jonsii Sertidaria sigmagonangia SHIPS: Visscher (146). CABLES: Hargitt (51). Perigonimus serpens Seriiilaria stookevi BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Deevéy (150). ROPES: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Sertularia subtilis Plumularia sp. BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Johnson & McNeil (70). Sertidaria tiirbinata Plitmularia delicatula BUOYS: Deevey (150). CABLES: Quelch (124). Silicularia rosea Plumularia dendritica CABLES: Hargitt (51). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Soleniopsis dendriforinis Plumularia diaphana SHIPS: Ritchie (127). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Streptocaulus pulcherriinii Plumularia halecioides CABLES: Quelch (124). SHIPS: Ritchie (127); Leloup (77). Syncoryne eximia BUOYS: Stechow (134) (136). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Plumularia inermis ROPES: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Syncoryiie mirabilis Plumularia lagenifera BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Syncoryne sarsi Plitmularia margaretta BUOYS: Bedot (11). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Synthecium moldii'ense Pliimularia pinnata FLOATS: Thornely (140). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Thamnocnidia tubularoides Plumularia setacea SHIPS: Agassiz (1). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Thiiiaria argentea BUOYS: Stechow (136); Broch (18); Deevey (150). BUOYS: Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); T huiaria articiilata Bengough & Shepheard (13). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Plumularia teneUa Thuiaria carica BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Pliimularia variabilis Thuiaria cupressina CABLES: Quelch (124). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Podocoryne sp. Thuiaria latiuscula SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Podocoryne carnea Thuiaria similis BUOYS: Deevey (150). BUOYS: C. M: Fraser (38); Deevey (150). Poiyplumaria flabeUata Thuiaria tenera CABLES: Bedot (12), BUOYS: Deevey (150). Scapus tubulifer Thyroscyphiis rainosus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Schizotricha tenella Trichydra pudica BUOYS: Gray (46); Deevey (150). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). SertidareUa sp. Tiibidai'ia sp. SHIPS: Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); Orton (108). SertulareUa gayi BUOYS: Gray (46). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67); Richards Sertularella pinnata (125); Fuller (43); Mosher (92). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Tubularia calamaris ' SertulareUa polyzonias LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Tiibularia coronata CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SertulareUa r'ugosa Tubularia couthouyi BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). S ertitlareUa tanneri BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Tubularia crocea SertulareUa teneUa SHIPS: Vanhöffen (143); Visscher (146); Marine Biological BUOYS: Deevey (150). Assoc. (84); C. M. Fraser (39). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 189

BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Gray (46); Deevey (150). M etridium senile dianthiis PIPES: Dobson (31). BUOYS: Milne (88). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (41) (42); McDougall (86); Graham & DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). Gay (44). M etridiu.m senile pallidum Tiibiilaria huniilis BUOYS: Milne (88). SHIPS: Ritchie (127). Sagartia sp. Tubiilaria indivisa BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Beaumont (10), TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). BUOYS: Beaumont (10); Deevey (150). Sagartia luciae FLOATS: Hincks (64); J. H. Fraser (40). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Tubularia larynx Sagartia viduata SHIPS: Hincks (64); Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). SHIPS: Orton (108). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). WRECKS: Beaumont (10); Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Bedot (11); Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); J. H. Fraser (40); Deevey (150). MADREPORARIA (TRUE CORALS) TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). Acabaria erythraea Tubularia mesembryanthenium SHIPS: Dean (29). SHIPS: Stechow (134); Hargitt (52). BUOYS: Dean (29). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Astrangia sp. Tubularia polycarpa SHIPS: Visscher (146). SHIPS: Allman (3). BUOYS: Gray (46). Tiibu.laria ralphii Isophyllia fragilis SHIPS: Bale (6). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Tubulai'ia solitaria M adracis decactis SHIPS: Ritchie (127). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). . Titb'ularia spectabilis M aeandra labyrinthiformis SHIPS: C. M. Fraser (39). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Turritopsis fasciciilaris OctocoraUia sp. BUOYS: Deevey (150). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Tiirritopsis nutricola Oculina diifusa SHIPS: Stechow (136). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Siderastraea radians Zanclea implexa SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). BUOYS: Deevey (150). Zygophylax pro/iinda Platyhelminthes (Flat W oTms) CABLES: Quelch (124). Discocelia japonica TEST"SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). HYDROCORALLINAE Lepto plana tremeUaris M iUepora alcicornis WRCKS: Beaumont (10). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Microslomum lineare TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Opisthogenia tentaculata ALCYONARIA (SOFT CORALS) SHIPS: Palombi (112). Plagiostoma girardi Alcyoniiim digitatum WRCKS: Beaumont (10). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). Plagiostoma vittatum WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRCKS: Herpin (59); Beaumont (10). Caryophyllia arcuata Planaria sp. CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). CaryophyUia electrica Prosthiostomum sipunciilus CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). cladocera arbuscula Stylochus ijimai SHIPS: Duerdan (32). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Thalassiotrochus telegraphiciis Stylochus suesensis CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). BUOYS: Palombi (112). Thysanzoon brocchii TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). ACTINARIA (SEA ANEMONES) T1 orticeros auriculatum Actinia mesembryanthemum WRCKS: Beaumont (10). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). A ctinoloba dianthus N emeTtea TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Aiptasia diaphana Amphiporiis bimaculatus BUOYS: Carlgren (24). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Diadumene luciae A mphiporiis imparispinosus SHIPS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Emplectonema gracile Metridium sp. TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Lineus sp. BUOYS: Gray (46); Hutchins (150). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). PIPES: Hutchins (150). BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURACES: Richards (125); Mosher (92). Lineus pardalis M etridium dianthus TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Gray (46). Lineus pictifrons TEST SURFACES: Fuller (41) (42). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). M etridium senile Paranemertes perigrina LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Tetrastemma sp. jlUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Gray (46). 190 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Tetrastemma dorsale BUOYS: Orton (108). SHIPS: Beaumont (10). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Grave (45); Fuller (41); Richards WRCKS: Beaumont (10). (125); Richards & Clapp (126). Tetrastemma melanoceplialum Bugiila gracilis uncinata WRECKS: Beaumont (10). CABLES: Osburn (109); Sumner, Osburn, & Cole (138). Tetrastemma vermiculatum Bugiila johnstoniae WRECKS: Beaumont (10). CABLES: Hutchins (150). Biigiila miirrayana BUOYS: Gray (46). Rotifera Bugula neritina Branchionus sp. SHIPS: Osburn (110); Hentschel (57); Waters (148); Hastings TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). (53); Edmondson (33); Weiss (150). Diurella pacifica BUOYS: Hastings (54). LIGHTSHIPS: Kuntz (75). FLOATs:Pomerat (120); Scheer (130). M elicerta ring ens TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67); TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Miyazaki (90); Edmondson & In- Oecistes sp. gram (34); Pomerat & Reiner (121); Richards (125); McDougall TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). (86); Edmondson (33); Richards & Clapp (126); LaQue & Clapp Rotifer vulgaris (76); Scheer (130); Miler (87); Weiss (150). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Bugula turbinata SHIPS: Hentschel (57). Bitgula turrita Bryozoa SHIPS: Visscher (146). A cantliodesia denticulata BUOYS: Gray (46). FLOATS: Hastings (54). TEST SURFACES: Phelps (116). Acanthodesia serrata Bitgula uncinata BUOYS: Hastings (54). BUOYS: Hutchins (150). A canthodesia tenitis Buskia armata TEST SURFACES: Pomerat & Reiner (121); McDougall (86). BUOYS: Hutchins (66). A etea anguina Callopora sp. SHIPS: Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Hutchins (150). Callopora craticula A etea truncata TEST SURFACES: FuJler (43). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). callopora lineata Alcyonidium sp. SHIPS: Hentschel (57). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). Cateriaria lafontii BUOYS: Gray (46). FLOATS: Hastings (54). TEST SURACES: Fuller (42). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). Alcyonidium gelatinosiim Cellaria diifusa , SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Alcyonidium mytili cellaria mandibulata SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Amathia sp. Cellitlaria sp. SHIPS: Edmondson & Ingram (34). SHIPS: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). BUOYS: Orton (108). A mathia brasiliensis TEST SURACES: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). SHIPS: Hastings (53). Conopeum reticuliim TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53). BUOYS: Hutchins (66). A mathia distans Crisia sp. SHIPS: Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). A ngu,ineUa palmata WRECKS: Lyle (80). SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). Crisia eburnea Bowerbaiikia caudata BUOYS: Gray (46); Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146), TEST SURFACEs:,Coe & Allen (28). Bowerbankia gracilis crisia elongata SHIPS: Visscher (14Ô); Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Hutchins (150). BUOYS: Hutchins (66). Crisia franciscana Bowerbankia imbricata TEST SURFACES: Coe (27). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). crisia geniculata Bugula sp. TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53); Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Herpin (60); Bengough & Shepheard (13). Crisia pacifica TEST SURFACES: Johnson & McNeil (70); Bengough & Shep- TEST SURFACES: Coe (27). heard (13); Richards (125); Richards & Clapp (126); Mosher Crisulipora occidentalis (92). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Bugula avicularia TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Scheer (130). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Hutchins (150); Weiss (150). cryptosula pallasiana WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). FLOATS: Scheer (130). BUOYS: Hastings (54). PIPES: Hutchins (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120), TEST SURFACES: Richards (125); Richards & Clapp (126). TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53); Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil Diastopora obelia (67); McDougall (86); Weiss (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Bugula caraibica Diastopora patina . SHIPS: Osburn (110). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Bugula C2ciillifera Electra sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Mosher (92). Bitgula dentata Electra beUula bicornis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRCKS: Hastings (54). Bugula eburnea Electra criistitlenta TEST SURFACES: Coe (27). TEST SURACES: Richards (125); Richards & Clapp (126). Bitgula jlabeUata Electra hastingsae SHIPS: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat & Reiner (121). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 191

Electra monostachys WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Richards & Clapp (126). TEST SURFACES: Saito (129). -Electra pilosa Membranipora membranacea SHIPS: Hentschel (57). SHIPS: Osburn (110). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42) (43). LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). Entalophora sp. BUOYS: Milne (88). CABLES: Hutchins (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Eschara rosacea Membranipora monostac1lys CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SHIPS: Visscher (146), E2Icratea chelata M embranipora pilosa WRECKS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). WRCKS: Lyle (80). TEST SURFACES: 'Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). M embranipora savartii Eiicratea clavata SHIPS: Hentschel (57). TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). Membranipora tehuelcha Flustra pilosa TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Scheer (130). LIGHTSHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). Membranipora tuberculata Hippodiplosia a.mericana TEST SURF ACES: Pomera t (120); Scheer (130). BUOYS: Hastings (54). M embraniporeUa nitida Hippoporina pertitsa WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). Menipea longispinosa H ippothoa cateniilaria TEST SURFACES: Saito (129). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). M enipea occidentalis H ippothoa divaricata TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). MicroporeUa violacea H ippothoa divaricata carinata WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). M iicroneUa varioZosa Hippotlioa hyalina WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). CABLES: Sumner, Osburn, & Cole (138). Nichtina tuberculata TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Fuller (42) (43). WRCKS: Hastings (54). H oloporella albirostris N oleUa gigantia TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67). CABLES: Hutchins (150). H oloporeUa aperta PaludiceUa sp. SHIPS: Hastings (53). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). FLOATS: Scheer (130). PediceUina cerniia TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). HoloporeUa brunnea TEST SURFACES: Hutchins (150). FLOATS: Hastings (54). PetralieUa bisinitata Holoporella iiagans CABLES: Hutchins (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). P heritsa tubulosa Idmonea atZantica SHIPS: Masseile (85). CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). Plu.mateUa fungosa Lepralia sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). PlumateUa repens Lepralia audouinii TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Osburn (110). ReteporeUina marsiipiata Lepralia brongniartii CABLES: Hutchins (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhynchozoon nudum Lepralia ciliata TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). Rhynchozoon tumulosii1n Lepralia ciicuUata FLOATS: Scheer (130). SHIPS: Osburn (110). Salicornaria farciminoides Lepralia innominata CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89); Jeffreys & Norman (68), CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SavignyeUa lafontii Lepralia microstoma SHIPS: Osburn (110). CABLES: Jefferys & Norman (68). SchizoporeUa biaperta Lepralia otto-mueUeriana CABLES: Sumner, Osburn, & Cole (138). SHIPS: Waters (148). SchizoporeUa linearis Lepralia paUasiana WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37), SHIPS: Waters (148); Purchon (123). SchizoporeUa iinicornis BUOYS: Milne ((~8). SHIPS: Osburn (110); Hentschel (57); Waters (148); Hastings Lepralia pertiisa (53); Edmondson (33). SHIPS: Visscher (146). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Lepralia ventricosa TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53); Saito (129); Edmondson & In- CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). gram (34); McDougall (86); Richards (125); Edmondson (33); Lepralia vestita aiistraZis Richards & Clapp (126); Weiss (150). TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67). SchizoporeUa venochros Lichenopora 1'adiata TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90l. TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Scruparia sp. Lichenopora verriicaria SHIPS: N eu (94). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (43). Membranipora sp. ScriipoceUaria sp. SHIPS: N eu (94). SHIPS: Visscher (146); N eu (94); Paspaleff (113). BUOYS: Gray (46). ScriipoceUaria berthoUetii SHIPS: Hastings (53). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Miyazaki (90); Phelps (116)'; Paul TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53). (114). M embranipora denticiilata ScrupoceUaria cervicornis WRCKS: Lignau (78); Grinbart (47). SHIPS: Osburn (110). TEST SURFACES: Lignau (78). ScrupoceUaria diegensis M embranipora lacroixii FLOATS: Scheer (130). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Scheer (130). M embranipora lineata ScrupoceUai'ia joUoisii SHIPS: Visscher (146). SHIPS: Hastings (53). 192 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Scrupocellaria reptans Harmothoe boholensis SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Fauvel (36). Scrupocellaria. scabra H armotlioe imbricata SHIPS: Hutchins (150). W1CKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Scrupocellaria scrupea BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40). SHIPS: Masseile (85). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Scrupocellaria scruposa Harmothoe impar , W1CKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Milne (88). Smittia collifera H esione pantherina TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Fauvel (36). Smittia egyptiaca H esione reticulata SHIPS: Hastings (53). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). TEST SURFACES: Hastings (53). Lagisca extenuata Smittia reticulata WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Lepidonotiis sp. Smittia landsborovii BUOYS: Gray (46). . WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Lepidonotus squamatiis Synnotu.m aviculare SHIPS: Purchon (123). SHIPS: Hastings (53). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). T egeUa unicornis WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (43). BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40); Gray (46); Milne (88). TlialamoporeUa rozieri californiensis FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). TriticeUa elongata Lysidice ninetta BUOYS: Hutchins (66). W1CKS: Herpin (59). Tiibiilipora serpens Magalia peramata WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRECKS: Herpin (59). U mboneUa verriicosa Marphysa sp. SHIPS: Masseile (85). BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Milne (88). Nereis sp. TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). SHIPS: MacGinitie (83). V ictoreUa pavida BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). SHIPS: Osburn (111). TEST SURFACES: Richards (125). Watersipora ciiciUata N Breis agassizi SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Hutchins (150); Weiss (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120); Weiss (150). N ereis costae Zoobotryon peUitcidu.m SHIPS: Fauvel (36). SHIPS: Neu (94); Edmondson & Ingram (34). BUOYS: Fauvel (36). TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Edmondson & In- N ereis coutierei gram (34); Pomerat (120). SHIPS: Fauvel (36). N ereis cultrifera Brachiopoda TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). N ereis latescens T erebratula caput-serpentis TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Nereis pelagica SHIPS: Visscher (146). Annelida (True Worms) LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). ARCHIANNELIDA BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40); Gray (46); Milne (88). Ctenodrilus serratus FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). W1CKS: Herpin (59). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA N ereis succinea LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). A iitolytus edwardsi N ereis vexiUosa l 1:t W1CKS: Herpin (59). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). A utolytus prolifer N ereis zonata persica FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). SHIPS: Fauvel (36). Branchiomana disparocilatum OdontosyUis ctenostoma TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). W1CKS: Herpin (59). Cirratulus cirratiis P liyUodoce s p. W1CKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Gray (46). Eulalia sp. TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Gray (46); Milne (88). Platynereis dumerilii Eunice antennata W1CKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Fauvel (36). Polynoe gymnonota Exogone gemnifera TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRECKS: Herpin (59). Polynoe sqiiamatus F abricia sabella W1CKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Gray (46). Glycera sp. Procerastea halle,ziana SHIPS: Visscher (146). FLOATS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). H alosydna brevisetosa Pseudonereis anomalia TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Fauvel (36). H alosydna gelatinosa Syllis sp. W1CKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Milne (88). H alosydna insignis ' SyUis variegata SHIPS: MacGinitie (83). SHIPS: Fauvel (36). H armothoe sp. TyposyUis variegata BUOYS: Gray (46). W1CKS: Herpin (59). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 193

POLYCHAETA SEDENTARIA (TUBE WORMS AND RELATIVES) Polydora ligni TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). Amphitrite sp. Polymnia nebulosa BUOYS: Gray (46). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Pomatoceros sp. Amphitrite johnstoni TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40). Pomatoceros triqueter Amphitrite ornata SHIPS: Orton (108); Herpin (60); Bengough & Shepheard (13). BUOYS: Gray (46). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Arenicola marina BUOYS: Orton (108); Milne (88); Turner (150). WRECKS: Herpin (59). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Sollthgate, & Bassindale (2). Capitella capitata TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). WRCKS: Herpin (59). Protula tubilaria capitellides giardi WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRECKS: Herpin (59). Pygospio elegans chaetopterus sp. ROPES: Purchon (123). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Sabella sp. C haeto pteriis vario pedatus TEST SURACES: Orton (108). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SabeUa pavonina crucigerawebsteri LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser BUOYS: Turner (150). (40). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Dasychone sp. , TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Richards (125). Sabellaria sp. Dasychone bairdi TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (58). SabeUaria viilgaris Dasychone bombyx TEST SURACES: McDougall (86). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Salmacina dysteri Dasychone conspersa BUOYS: Potts (122). TEST SURACES: Pomerat (120); Walton Smith (150). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). Dasychone lucuUana . ' Salmacina incrustans BUOYS: Potts (122). BUOYS: Turner (150). Eteone californica Serpula sp. TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). BUOYS: Gray (46); Turner (150). Eteone lighti TEST SURACES: Saito (129); Iredale, Johnson & McNeil (67)' TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). Nelson & Kodet (93); LaQue & Clapp (76). ' Eupomatiis sp. Serpula columbiana BUOYS: Turner (150). TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Eupomatus dianthus Serpula vermicularis BUOYS: Turner (150). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Eiipomatus elegantulus TEST SURACES: Orton (108). BUOYS: Turner (150). Eiipomatits gracilis Spirographis spaUanzanii SHIPS: Neu (94). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Spirorbis sp. TEST S.URF ACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Scheer (130). SHIPS: N eu (94). Galeolaria sp. TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (58); Saito (129)' Coe (27)' Coe & TEST SURFACES: Johnson & McNeil (70). Allen (28); Miyazaki (90) ; Edmondson & Ing~am (34)' Pomerat Galeolaria wespitosa TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson & McNeil (67). S pirorbis(120). pagenstecheri ' Hydroides sp. SHIPS: Masseile (85). SHipS: Visscher (146); Hutchins (150). S pirorbis spirillum BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURACES: Fuller (42). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90); Phelps (116); Pomerat & Reiner S pirorbis spirorbis (121); Pomerat (120). Hydroides bispinosa TEST SURFACES: Fuller (43). T erebella ehrenbergi BUOYS: Turner (150). BUOYS: Potts (122). H ydroides hexagona Thelepus sp. ~ SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). , TES~ SURFACES: Grave (45); Wharton (149); McDougall (86). -r H ydroides liinulifera SHIPS: Fauvel (35); Edmondson (33). BUOYS: Potts (122). OLIGOCHAETA TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34)' Edmondson (33). Aeolosoma sp. H ydroides norvegica ' TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Potts (122); Orton (108); Masseile (85); Chaetogaster diaphanus Edmondson & Ingram (34); Bengough & Shepheard (13); ,Ed- TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). mondson (33); Turner (150). Dero sp. BUOYS: Potts (122); Orton (108). TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Edmondson & Ingram (34)' Paul Stylaria lacustris (114); Bengough & Shepheard (13); Edmondson (33). ' TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). H ydroides parvits BUOYS: Turner (150). M erciereUa enigmaiiw SHIPS: Purchon (123). HIRUDINEA (LEECHES) Oridia armandi Glossosiphonia sp. WRECKS: Herpin (59). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). PamsabeUa sp. H elobdeUa sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Parasabella micropthalmia H erpobdella sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). _Polydora ciliata Piscicola sp. TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Fuller (42) (43). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (50). 194 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Arthropoda Lepas pectinata COPEPODA SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Krüger (74). Lepas pectinata pacifica Alteutha interripta BUOYS: Newell (150). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma carinatum H arpacticus fleXM CABLES: CaIman (21). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma gigas H arpacticus gracilus CABLES: Caiman (21); Nilsson-Cantell (101). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma hamatum ldya fureata CABLES: CaIman (21); Nilsson-Cantell (101). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma minus . Laophonte strömi CABLES: CaIman (21). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma orientale Parathalestris claiisi CABLES: CaIman (21). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M egalasma pilsbryi Thalestris longimana CABLES: Caiman (21). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc, (84). M egalasma striatum CABLES: CaIman (21). M itella miteUa OSTRACODA SHIPS: Saito (129). Cytheropteron nodosiim Mitella polymerus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Newell (150). Loxoconcha miiltifora Oxynaspis celata CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (103). Paradoxostoma ensiforme Oxynaspis pulchra CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (102). Paradoxostoma variabile P oecilasma crassa CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Schlerochiliis contortus Seaipelliim aciitiim 'CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). CABLES: CaIman (20). Scalpellum alcockianum CABLES: CaIman (20); Nilsson-Cantell (101). CIRIPEDIA (BARNACLES) Scaipellum annandalii LEPADOMORPHA (GOOSE BARNACLES) CABLES: CaIman (20). ScalpeUum bengalense Anatifa laevis CABLES: Caiman (20). SHIPS: Kirchenpauer (72). ScalpeUum ecaudatiim Conchoderma sp. CABLES: CaIman, (20). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). Scaipellum elongatum TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13). CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (101). Conchoderma auritum Scalpellum gibbei'um SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Pilsbry (118); Gruvel (48); Chilton WRCKS: Nilsson-Cantell (104). (25); Jennings (69); Hentschel (57); Krüger (74); Visscher ScalpeUu,m gruvelianitm (146); Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Wharton CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (100), (149). Scalpellum gruvelii BUOYS: Pilsbry (118); Orton (108); Newell (150). CABLES: CaIman (20). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). ScalpeUum juddi Conchoderma virgatum CABLES: CaIman (20). SHIPS: Verrill & Smith (145); Pilsbry (118); Chilton (25); Jen- Scalpelliim laccadii'Ïcum nings (69); Hentschel (57); Krüger (74); Visscher (146); Orton CABLES: CaIman (20). (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Wharton (149). Scalpelliim novae-zelandiae BUOYS: Annandale (5); Orton (108); Newell (150). CABLES: CaIman (20). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Sealpellum nudipes H eteralepas corniita CABLES: Caiman (20). BUOYS: Newell (150). Scalpellum portoricaniim H eteralepas japonica CABLES: CaIman (20). CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (103). Scal pellum projectum Lepas sp. CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (100). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Scalpellum persona Lepas anatifera CABLES: CaIman (20). S:(UPS: Verril & Smith (145); Beaumont (10); Gruvel (48); Scalpellum regina Jennings (69); Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); Orton (108); CABLES: CaIman (20). Saito (129); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Neu (94); Bertelsen ScalpeUum regiÛus & Ussing (14); Wharton (149); Bengough & Shepheard (13). CABLES: CaIman (20). WRECKS: Beaumont (10). Scalpellum retrieveri BUOYS: Stechow (134); Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (100). (84); Newell (150). ScalpeUum rubrum TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Bengough & Shepheard (13). CABLES: CaIman (20). Lepas anserifera Scaipellum soror , SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Hentschel (57); Krüger (74); CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (100). Visscher (146). Scalpelliim trispinosum BUOYS: Annandale (5); Newell (150). CABLES: CaIman (20). Lepas australis ScaipeUum velutinuni SHIPS: Chilton (25) ; Jennings (69). CABLES: CaIman (20). Lepas fascicularis ScalpeUum wood-masoni SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145). CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (101). Lepas hillii SHIPS: Gruvel (48); Chilton (25); Jennings (69); Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); Orton (108). BALANOMORPHA (ACORN BARNACLES) BUOYS: Orton (108); Newell (150). Balanus sp. TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Orton (108); Bertelsen & U ssing (14). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 195

WRECKS: Lignau (78). . BUOYS: Newell (150). BUOYS: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Lignau (78); Orton (108); Iredale, Johnson & Balanus hameri McNeil (67). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Balanus amaryllis WRCKS: Forre~t & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Hoek (65); Pilsbry (119). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus amaryllis eiiamaryUis Balanus imProvisus CABLES: Nilsson-Cantell (101) (102) (103). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119); Krüger (74); Visscher (146); Stammer Balanus amphitrite (133); Paspaleff (113); Wharton (149); Henry (55). SHIPS: Hoek (65); Pilsbry (119); Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Neu (94); Edmondson & Ingram WRECKS: Grinbart (47). (34); Wharton (149). BUOYS: Neu (95); Milne (88); Newell (150). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34); Phelps (116); Paul TEST' SURFACES: Neu (97); Phelps (116); Richards (125); Mc- (114); Richards (125); Richards & Clapp (126); Edmondson Dougall (86); Richards & Clapp (126); Mosher (92); Graham & (33); Graham & Gay (44). ' Gay (44); Walton Smith (132); Weiss (150). Balaniis amphitrite albicostatus Balanus improvisus assimilis TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Neu (98). Balanus amphitrite communis Balaniis improvisus communis SHIPS: N eu (94) (98). SHIPS: N eu (98). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Balanus nigrescens Balanus amphitrite denticiilata SHIPS: Krüger (74). SHIPS: Broch (17). Balanus nubilis BUOYS: Broch (17). SHIPS: MacGinitie (83); Henry (55). Balaniis amphitrite hawaiiensis BUOYS: Newell (150). SHIPS: Edmondson & Ingram (34). Balanus perforatus TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146). Balanus amphitrite inexpectatus TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus porcatus Balanus amphitrite niveus WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119); Weiss (150). Balanus psittacus BUOYS: Newell (150). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Pomerat (120); McDougall (86); Balanus tintinnabiilum , Walton Smith (132); Weiss (150). SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Chilton (25); Hoek (65); Hentschel Balanus amphitrite poecilosculpta (57); Visscher (146); Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. CABLES: Nilsson-Can tell (102). (84); Wharton (149); Bengough & Shepheard (13). Balanus amphitrite stutsbui.i BUOYS: Orton (108); Gray (46); Newell (150). SHIPS: Krüger (74). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Balanus amphitrite veniistiis TEST SURACES: Hentschel (58); Orton (108); Saito (129); TEST SURFACES: Neu (98). Bengough & Shepheard (13); Scheer (130). Balanus balanoides Balaniis tintinnabulum antiUensis SHIPS : Verril & Smi th (145); N eu (94); Bengough & Shepheard SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). . (13). , BUOYS: Newell (150). LIGHTSHIPS: Neu (96). Balanus tintinnabiiliim californiciis BUOYS: Pilsbry (119); J. H. Fraser (40); Milne (88); Gray (46); SHIPS: MacGinitie (83); Henry (55). Newell (150). BUOYS: Newell (150). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Grave (45); Zenkewitsch (151); Bengough & Balanus tintinnabuliim coccopoma Shepheard (13); Fuller (42) (43); Mosher (92). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119); Henry (55). Balanus balanus BUOYS: Newell (150). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus tintinnabulum concinnus Balaniis calidus WRECKS: Pilsbry (119). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus tintinnabulum costatus Balanus cariosiis SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus tintinnabuliim dorbignyii SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). Balanus cl'enatus Balanus tintinnabulum occátol' SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Pilsbry (119); Hentschel (57); SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). Visscher (146) ; Chilton (26); Masseile (85); Henry (55); Balanus tintinnabulum plicatus Bengough & Shepheard (13). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). LIGHTSHIPS: Neu (96); J. H. Fraser (40). Balanus tintinnabulum spinosus WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Pilsbry (119); Neu (95); J. H. Balanus tintinnabulum tintinnabuliim Fraser (40); Gray (46); Newell (150). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Balanus tintinnabulum volcano DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13); Fuller (43); Balanus tintinnabuliim zebra Mosher (92). . SHIPS: Gruvel (48); Pilsbry (119). Balanus crenatus delicatus Balanus trigonus BUOYS: Pilsbry (119). SHIPS: Pilsbry (119); Newell (150). B alaniis eburneiis BUOYS: Newell (150). SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145); Hoek (65); Pilsbry (119); Visscher Balaniis tiilipiformis (146); Neu (98); Wharton (149). SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Verril & Smith (145); Gray (46); Newell (150). Balaniis vinaceus TEST SURFACES: Grave (45); Neu (97) (98); Phelps (116); Fuller BUOYS: Newell (150). (41) (42); Pomerat & Reiner (121); McDougall (86); Richards Chelonibia patula (125); Richards & Clapp (126); LaQue & Clapp (76); Mosher SHIPS: Hentschel (57). (92); Walton Smith (132); Weiss (150). BUOYS: Newell (150). Balanus flos C helonib ia testudinaria BUOYS: Pilsbry (119). TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34), Balanus glandula Chthamalus sp. SHIPS: Henry (55). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). 196 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Chthamalus dentatus Corophiiim insidiosum SHIPS: Hoek (65). BUOYS: Purchon (123). Chthamaliis fissiis TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). corophiiim spinicorne Chthamaliis fragilis BUOYS: Miler (150). SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Graham & Gay (44). BUOYS: Newell (150). Elasmopus pectenicriis TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). Chthamalus steUatus Elasmopus rapax TEST SURACES: Richards (125). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). T etraclita coerulescens Erichthonius brasiliensis SHIPS: Hoek (65). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). T etraclita radiata FLOATS: Scheer (130). SHIPS: Hoek (65); Pilsbry (119). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). T etraclita squamosa pateUaris Erichthonius disjunctus SHIPS: Pilsbry (119). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). T etraclita squamosa rubescens Gammarellus homari BUOYS: Newell (150). BUOYS: Purchon (123). T etraclita squamosa stalactifera Gammaropsis erythrophthalmiis BUOYS: Newell (150). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Gammariis sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). VERRUCOMORPHA Gammariis locusta LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). Verriica sp. BUOYS: Purchon (123); L H. Fraser (40); Milne (88). BUOYS: Newell (150). FLOATS: L H. Fraser (40). Gammarus zaddachi LIGHTSHIPS: N eu (96). AMPHIPODA TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). Grubia filosa Aegina phasma SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Schellenberg (131). A egineUa sp. H yale nilssoni BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Milne (88). AUorchestes angustus I schyrocerus anguipes BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Miler (150). Ampithoë simitlans J assa falcata BUOYS: Miler (150). SHIPS: Orton (108). A mpithoë valida WRECKS: Marine Biological Assoc..(84). BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); lH. Fraser A mpithopsis latipes (40); Milne (88). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Coe & Allen (28). Aoroides californica J assa marmorata BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Gray (46); Miler (150). CapreUa sp. Lembos concavus BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). CapreUa aciitifrons Lembos leptocheiriis BUOYS: Miler (150). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Leiiothoe furina C apreUa aequilibra SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). WRCKS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). BUOYS: Schellenberg (131). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Milne (88); Miler (150). M aera inaequipes TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Schellenberg (131). caprella alaskana Melita dentata , BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Miler (150). CapreUa geometria Melita fresneUii BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). CapreUa kennerlyi BUOYS: Schellenberg (131). BUOYS: Miler (150). Melita nitida CapreUa linearis BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Melita palmata CapreUa scaura BUOYS: Milne (88). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); Miyazaki (90). Metopa sp. CapreUa septentrionalis BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Gray (46). N eopleltstes pugettensis Cheliira terebrans BUOYS: Miler (150). SHIPS: Orton (108). Orchestia littorea WRCKS: Herpin (59). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Orton (108). Pleonexes gammaroides TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Corophium sp. BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90); Richards (125); Mosher (92); Podoceriis sp. Graham & Gay (44). BUOyS: Miler (150). Corophiiim acherusicum P odoceriis brasiliensis BUOYS: Purchon (123); Milne (88). SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). corophiuni baconi Podoærus spongicolus TEST SURFACEs:Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Corophium boneUii Podoceriis variegatus BUOYS: Miler (15Q). BUOYS: L H. Fraser (40). Corophiiini crassicorne Proboliiim sp. WRECKS: Herpin (59). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 19ï

Stenothoe gaUensis Cancer pagiirus SHIPS: Schellenberg (131). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). Stenothoe monoculoides WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Milne (88). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Stenothoe valida carcinus moenas BUOYS: Schellenberg (131). WRECKS: Grinbart (47). Sympleustes glaber BUOYS: Milne (88). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). U ni:oola irrorata ,~, ' TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). :IuOYs: Gray (46). Charybdis sp. TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Charybdis sexdentata ISOPODA TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Crangon vitl~aris A rctitreUa damnoniensis BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Ebalia tuberosa Cilicaea sciilpta CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Miler (150). Epialtus prodiictus Cirol(Lna sp. TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Gray (46). Eupanopeus texaiia Cymodoce spinosa BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Omer-Cooper (106). Galathea dispersa Cymodoce tuberculata CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). SHIPS: Chilton (25). Galathea nexa DynameneUa benedicti WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Miler (150). H eteractaea ceratopus Exosphaeroma oregonensis BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). BUOYS: Miler (150). H eteropanope vaiiqiielini Idotea baltica SHIPS: CaIman (22). BUOYS: Purchon (123); Gray (46). H yas araneiis I dotea pelagica BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). BUOYS: Milne (88). H yas coarctatiis Idotea phospliorea WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Gray (46); G. B. Deevey (150). I dotea viridis Hýppolyte pusiola BUOYS: Purchon (123); Milne (88). BUOYS: Gray (46). ¡ ) J aniropsis kincaidi I nachoides tiiberciilatits BUOYS: Miler (150). TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). Miinna sp. Latreutes mucronatus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Pentidotea resecata Latreiites platirostris BUOYS: Miler (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Pentidotea stenops Leander serratus BUOYS: Miler (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Pentidotea wosnesenskii Leander serrifer BUOYS: Miler (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Spliae;roma sp. Leander sqitiUa TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRCKS: Grinbart (47). Sphaeroma walkeri Leptodiiis agassizii SHIPS: Omer-Cooper (106). BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). Synidotea sp. Libinia dubia BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Synidotea harfordi Libinia emarginata TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Synidotea hirtipes Menippe sp. BUOYS: Omer-Cooper (106). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Synidotea laticauda M enippe convexa BUOYS: Miler (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Tanais sp. Menippe mercenaria BUOYS: Miler (150). BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150), Tanais normani M etopograpsus messor TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: CaIman (22). Mithrax co,.yplie BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). DECAPODA (CRABS, SHRIMPS, ETC.) N autilograpsiis minutiis A canthonyx petiverii SHIPS: Orton (108). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Neopanope texana Actaea riifopunctata nodosa BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Neopanope texana nigrodigita Brachynotus longitarsis BUOYS: Lunz (79). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Neopanope texaiia sayi Brachynotus peniciUatus BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Neopanope texaiia texana Brachynotus sanguineus BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Pachygrapsus crassipes Cancer borealis BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). BUOYS: Gray (46); G. B. Deevey (150). Pacliygrapsus transversus Cancer gibbosus SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Cancer irroratiis Panopeus sp. BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). BUOYS: Gray (46). 198 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Panulirus japoniciis Plioxichiliis spinosus TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRECKS: Beaumont (10). Pelia sp. Pycnogonum littorale BUOYS: Gray (46). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). P elia miitica BUOYS: Gray (46); G. B. Deevey (150). Percnon gibbesi INSECTA BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). A nisolabis maritima Pilumnoides perlatiis BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Orton (108). chironomus sp. Piliimniis dasypodiis TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). Pilumniis jloridanus BUOYS: Lunz (79). Mollusca Piliimnits hirtellus LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). AMPHINEURA (CHITONS; SEA CRADLES) WRECKS: Grinbart (47). A canthochiton ribrolineata Pilumnus lacteus TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). Chaetopleura apiculata Pilumnus longleyi TEST SURFACES: Grave (45). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Ischnochiton comptae Piluniniis oahiiensis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). Pilumniis pannosus BUOYS: Lunz (79); G. B. Deevey (150). GASTROPODA Pilumniis savignyi SHIPS: CaIman (22). NUDIBRANCHIATA (SEA SLUGS) Pilumnus sayi Aeolis sp. BUOYS: Lunz (79). BUOYS: Gray (46). Pinnotlieres sp. TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). TES,T SURFACES: Richards (125). A ncula cristata Pinnotheres maculatus FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Gray (46); G. B. Deevey (150). A rchidoris britannica Pinnotheres ostreiim WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Gray (46). CorypheUa lineata Plagusia dentipes WRECKS: Beaumont (10). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Corypliellina riibrolineata Plagusia depressa BUOYS: O'Donoghue (105). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Cratena aurantia Porcellana longicornis WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Dendrodoris nigra Portunus arcuatiis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Dendrodoris riibra nigJ"omaculata Portuniis piiber TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Dendronotus sp. Pugettia sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Dendronotus arborescens Pugettia minor WRECKS: Beaumont (10). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Gray (46). Pugettia producta TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). BUOYS: G. B. Deevey (150). Dendronotus frondosus Piigettia qiiadridens SHIPS: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Rhithropanopeiis harrisii Doris sp. BUOYS: Lunz (79). BUOYS: Gray (46). S pirontocaris sp. Doris japonica BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Spirontocaris japonica Doto coronata TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). WRECKs:,Beaumont (10). S pirontocaris rectirosti'is BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Duvaucelia plebeia Thalamita poissonii WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: CaIman (22). Eiibranchiis exigiius WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). PYCNOGONIDA (SEA SPIDERS) BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Eiibranchus pallidus A mmonthea echinata BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). WRECKS: Beaumont (10). Facelina coronata A no plodactylus petiolatiis WRECKS: Beaumont (10). WRECKS: Beaumont (10). Facelina drummondi Anoplodactylus portus WRECKS: Beaumont (10). BUOYS: CaIman (23). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). A noplodactylus saxatilis F acelina longicornis SHIPS: CaIman (23). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Milne (88). BUOYS: CaIman (23). Flabellina iodinea PaUene sp. TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Gray (46). Galvina exigiia Phoxichilidiiim femoratum WRECKS: Beaumont (10). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 199

Calvina picta cypraea curopaea WRCKS: Beaumont (10). WRCKS: Beaumont (10). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Emarginula reticulata müUeri I ditlia coronata WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton ((37). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). FissureUa sp. BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). LameUidoris bilameUata Fiisiis lameUaris WRCKS: Beaumont (10). CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). Limaportia nigra H aminoea cymbalum WRECKS: Herpin (59). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Montagua sp. H elcion peUucida BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). M usciilus oahiius H ydrobia ventrosa TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). WRECKS: Grinbart (47). P olycera quadrilineata Lacuna vincta SHIPS: Beaumont (10). BUOYS: Gray (46). WRCKS: Beaumont (10). Littorina scabra Plurobranchaea novaezealandiae TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Lymnaea ovata Sphaerostoma hombergii TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Margarita sp. Tergipes despectus , BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). M elaneUa aciculata TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). M onodorita limbata CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). PTEROPODA N assarius incrassatus WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). cavolina aurantiaca Odostomia bisiituralis WRECKS: Beaumont (10). BUOYS: Gray (46). cavolina gymnota PateUa cernica WRECKS: Verril & Smith (145). TEST SURACES: Paul (114). cavolina olivacea P ateUa vulgata WRECKS: Beaumont (10). TEST SURFACES: Orton. (108). S pirialis retroversiis jaffreysi PateUoida virginea CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Peristerina clilorostoma TEST SURACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). GASTROPODA-OTHERS (SNAILS, LIMPETS, ETC.) Pliiline japonica TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Acmaea testudinalis Physa sp. TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). A letes sqiiamigerus Plocamopliorus tilesii TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Anachis avara PseudoborneUa orientalis BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). A nachis sinitlis Rapana tliomasiana BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURACES: Miyazaki (90). A ncyliis sp. Rissoa soluta TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). A styris lunata Skenea planorbis BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Gray (46). Atys semistriata T liais clavigera TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Bitliynia sp. Thais lapiUis TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). BUOYS: Gray (46). Bittiiim sp. T ricolia pullus BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). Calliostoma zizyphinum conitloide BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Triforis incisus C erithiolum reticiilatum TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). WRCKS: Grinbart (47). Trifor-i perversa Ceritliiopsis terebralis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Gray (46). Trivia monacha monacha Concholepas peruviana WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Orton (108). Troc1ius erythraeus TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). BUOYS: Tomlin (141). Crepidiila sp. Trochus miUigranus BUOYS: Gray (46). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Crepidula aculeata Urosalpinx sp. TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). BUOYS: Gray (46). Crepidiila fornicata Urosalpinx cinerea SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Verril & Smith (145); Gray (46). BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURACES: Richards (125). Crepidula plana Valvata sp. BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). crucibulum spinosum Velutina velutina TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & AJlen (28). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Cyclostrema nitens V ivipariis sp. CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56). 200 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

PELECypùuA (MUSSELS, OYSTERS, CLAMS, ETC.) Circe minima CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). A nadora subcrenata Corbula swiftiana TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). PIPES: Hutchins (150). Anomia sp. Cumingia tellinoides SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146). TEST SURACES: Grave (45). BUOYS: Gray (46). Dreissena polymorplia TES:: SURFACES: Wharton (149); Mosher (92). SHIPS: Djakonoff (30). A nomia aculeata TEST SURFACES: Hentschel (56)." SHIPS: Orton (108). Gouldia mactracea BUOYS: Orton (108); Gray (46). BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). H iateUa arctica Anomia ephippium BUOYS: Milne (88). SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Visscher (146). H iateUa gaUicana WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Anomia ephippium aculeata H iateUa orientalis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Anomia ephippiiim squamula KeUia suborbiciilaris CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). A noinia glabra CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). BUOYS: Gray (46). Lima basilanica Anomia fidenas TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). Lima loscombii Anomia lischkei CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Lima subauricitlata A noinia nobilis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (60). SHIPS: Edmondson & Ingram (34); Edmondson (33). Lithophagus nigra TEST SURFACES: Edmondson (33). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). A nomia simplex M actra solida eUiptica BUOYS: Gray (46) CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Richards (125); Pomerat (120); Richards & M aUeus anatiniis Clapp (126); Fuller (43). SHIPS: Tomlin (141). Arca sp. M aUeus regula TEST SURFACES: Richards (125). BUOYS: Tomlin (141). Arca domingensis M odiolaria coenobita SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). BUOYS: Tomlin (141). Arca noae ' M odiolaria ehrenbergi SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). BUOYS: Tomlin (141). A rca transversa M odiolaria marmorata BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Arca iimbonata Modiolus confusus SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67). Astarte triangularis Modiolus demissus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). A vicula hirundo Modiolus modiolus CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). A xinus cycladius BUOYS: Gray (46). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). Mqdioliis phaseoliniis Barnea sp. WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Gray (46). Botula diegensis M onia pateUiformis WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). TES:: SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Brachidontes senhausi M onia squama TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Brachidontes variabilis Mya sp. SHIPS: Tomlin (141). SHIPS: Visscher (146). BUOYS: Tomlin (141). M ya arenaria Cardium edule BUOYS: Gray (46). WRECKS: Grinbart (47). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90); Fuller (41) (42)' Graham & Gay Cardium edule maeotica SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). 0~. ' Mytilus sp. cardiiim minimum TEST SURFACES: Neu (97); Mosher (9Z). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). M ytilus californianiis cardiiim pinniilatiim SHIPS: MacGinitie (83). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (42). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Chama circinata M ytiliis edulis SHIPS: Hutchins (150). S~ips:. Hentschel (57); Visscher (146); Orton (108); Marine Chama macrophyUa Biological Assoc. (84); Neu (94); MacGinitie (83); Bengough & SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Shepheard (13). Chione canceUata LIGHTSHIPS: Neu (96); J. H. Fraser (40). PIPES: Hutchins (150). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). chironia japonica B-iOYS: Kirchenpauer (72); Petersen (115); Orton (108); Marine TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Biological Assoc. (84); J. H. Fraser (40)' Milne (88)' Gray chironia porculus (46); Hutchins (150). " TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). FLOATS: J. ~. Fraser (40); Scheer (130). chlamys distorta PIPES: Ritchie (128); Dobson (31); Hutchins (150). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). chlamys nipponensis TEST Sl!RFACES: Orton (108); Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28); TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Zenkewitsch (151); Miyazaki (90); Fuller (41) (42) (43); Ben- chlamys tigerina gough & Shepheard (13); Nelson & Kodet (93)' Graham & Gay WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). (~. ' SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 201

M ytilus edulis gaUoprovincialis P holas gunnellus SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). BUOYS: Gray (46). M ytilus edulis pellucidum Pinctada nebulosa BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Edmondson & Ingram (34). M ytilus exustus TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). Pinctada vulgaris M ytilus galloprovincialis BUOYS: Tomlin (141). SHIPS: Masseile (85). Plicatula ramosa , WRCKS: Grinbart (47). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). M ytilus hamatus Protothaca jedaensis SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Hutchins (150). Pteria colymbus TEST SURFACES: Richards (125); Richards & Clapp (126). BUOYS: Hutchins (150). Mytilus obscurus Saxicava sp. TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67). BUOYS: Gray (46). M ytilus phaseolinus TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). CABLES : Jeffreys & Norman (68). Saxicava arctica M ytilus pictus SHIPS: MacGinitie (83). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Gray (46). M ytili¡s viridis Saxicava plioladis TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Ostrea sp. Sphaerium sp. SHIPS: Hentschel (57); Bertelsen & Ussing (14). TEST SURACES: Hentschel (56). WRECKS: Grinbart (47). Spondylus sp. PIPES: Hutchins (150). SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). TEST SURFACES: Phelps (116); Wharton (149); Richards (125). T eUina pusiUa Ostrea cochlear CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89); Jeffreys & Norman (68). Trapezium japonicum Ostrea edulis TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Neu (94). Venerupis pliilippinarum Ostrea elongata TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Venus ovata Ostrea gigas ' CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90). V olseUa barbata Ostrea lacerata TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Hutchins (150). Ostrea lamelosa SHIPS: Paspaleff (113). Ostrea lurida Echinodermata TEST SURFACES: Coe '(27); Coe & Allen (28). CRINOIDEA (SEA LILIES, FEATHER STARS) Ostrea madrasensis TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). A ntedon bifida Ostrea parasitica SHIPS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). SHIPS: Hentschel (57). WRCKS: Beaumont (10); Forrest & Chrichton (37). Ostrea plicatitra A ntedon petasus TEST SURFACES: Saito (129). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Ostrea sandvichensis A ntedon rosacea SHIPS: Edmondson & Ingram (34); Edmondson (33). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Edmondson (33). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Ostrea thaanunti TEST SURFACES: Edmondson & Ingram (34). Ostrea virginica ASTEROIDEA (STAR FISH; SEA STARS) PIPES: Dobson (31). Asteracanthium rubens TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86); Nelson & Kodet (93); Richards & Clapp (126). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). Pecten sp. Asterias forbesii BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). Pecten circularis Asterias littoralis BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28L A sterÏtj;s rub Pecten ilandians ens BUOYS: Gray (46). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). Pecten irradians WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: J. H. Fraser (40); Milne (88). BUOYS: Gray (46). Pecten latiauratus FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). i Asterias vulgaris BUOYS: Hutchins (150). PIPES: Dobson (31). BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Fuller (41). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Pecten mageUanica H enricia sanguinolenta BUOYS: Gray (46). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Pecten opercularis BUOYS: Gray (46). WRECKS: Milne-Edwards (89); Beaumont (10). Leptasterias mülleri WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). Pecten similis CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). OPHIUOIDEA (BRITTLE STARS; SERPENT STARS) Pecten testae Ophiopholis aculeata CABLES: Milne-Edwards (89). BUOYS: Gray (46). Perna sp. Ophiothrix fragilis TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Petricola pholadiformis Ophiothrix savignyi BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Mortensen (91). 202 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

ECHINOIDEA (SEA URCHINS) BotryUoides sp. TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeill (67). Echinocyamiis angulosus Botrylloides a,urantiÚm CABLES: Jeffreys & Norman (68). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (PO). Echinus esciilentus BotryUoides diegense WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). FLOATS: Van Name (144). BUOYS: Kirchenpauer (72). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Echinus miliaris BotryUoides leachi SHIPS: Orton (108). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). BotryUoides nigrum Psammechinus miliaris BUOYS: Zinn (150). LIGHTSHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). , TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). Strongylocentrotus drobachensis B otrylloides rubrum BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). B otryllus s p. BUOYS: Gray (46); Zinn (150). HOLOTHUROIDEA (SEA CUCUMBERS) TEST SURFACES: Mosher (92). Stichopus japonicus Botryllus arenata TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). SHIPS: Visscher (146). Bolrylliis castaneiis FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Tunicata (Sea Squirts) B olrylliis goitldii Amaroucium sp. SHIPS: Verril & Smith (145). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Grave (45). A maroucium bermudae BotryUus niger BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Harant (50). Amaroucium californicum BolryUiis nigrum FLOATS: Van Name (144). SHIPS: Visscher (146). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). B otryUiis planus A maroucium consteUatum BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Gray (46); Zinn (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). A maroucium glabrum TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Zinn (150). B otryllus riibens Ascidia sp. BUOYS: Milne (88). BUOYS: Zinn (150). BotryUus schlosseri Ascidia californica _ SHIPS: Visscher (146); Paspaleff (113); Van Name (144). TEST SURACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). BUOYS: Milne (88); Zinn (150). Ascidia caUosa FLOATS: Van Name (144). BUOYS: Zinn (150). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). A scidia ceratodes B otryUus violaceiis FLOATS: Van Name (144). SHIPS: Orton (108). A scidia curvata BUOYS: Orton (108); J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Zinn (150). FLOATS: J. H. Fraser (40). Ascidia hygomiana TEST SURACES: Orton (108). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Ciona sp. TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). A scidia inlerrupta BUOYS: Gray (46). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). C iona intestinalis ' TEST SURFACES: Pomerat Vao). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Orton (108); Marine BiologicaJ Assoc. Ascidia mentitla (84); Masseille (85). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). Ascidia nigra BUOYS: Orton (108); Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). FLOATS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Scheer (130); Van Name TEST SURFACES: Weiss (150). (144). A scidia ovalis TEST SURFACES: Orton (108); Miyazaki (90); Scheer (130). SHIPS: Van Name (144). ciona teneUa AscidieUa sp. . BUOYS: Gray (46). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). clavelina lepadiformis TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shëpheard (13). WRECKS: Herpin (59). AscidieUa aspersa ' clavelina oblonga SHIPS: Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Paspaleff BUOYS: Zinn (150). (113). clione sp. WRCKS: Beaumont (10); Forrest & Chrichton (37). TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67). BUOYS: Orton (108); Marine Biological Assoc. (84); Milne (88). coreUa wiUmeriana FLOATS: Marine Biological Assoc. (84). FLOATS: Van Name (144). DOCK GATES: Alexander, Southgate, & Bassindale (2). Culeoliis suhmi TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). CABLES: Van Name (144). A scidieUa scabra Cynthia sp. WRCKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). BUOYS: Gray (46). A scidieUa virginea Diandrocarpa brackenhielmi SHIPS: Hentschel (57). TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). Boltenia sp. Didemniim albidum TEST SURFACES: Johnson & McNeil (70). BUOYS: Gray (46); Zinn (150). Boltenia echinata Didemnum candidiim WRECKS: Forrest & Chrichton (37). SHIPS: Harant (50). BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Harant (50); Zinn (150). Boltenia ovifera FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 203

Didemniim candidiim lutariitm - M olgiila manhattensis FLOATS: Pomerat (120). SHIPS: Visscher (146); Van Name (144). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Gray (46); Zinn (150). Didemnum carnitlentum FLOATS: Van Name (144). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). PIPES: Dobson (31). Didemnum gelatinosum TEST SURFACES: Grave (45); McDougall (86). BUOYS: Milne (88). Mol gula occidentalis Didemnum lutariitm BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). Mol giila pr ovisionalis Diplosoma sp. BUOYS: Zinn (150). SHIPS: Bengough & Shepheard (13). M olgiila siphonalis TEST SURFACES: Bengough & Shepheard (13), BUOYS: Zinn (150). Diplosoma gelatinositm M olgitla tubifera SHIPS: Orton (108). SHIPS: J. H. Fraser (40). BUOYS: Orton (108). M olgiila verrucifera TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Diplosoma gelatinosum koelileri M orchellium argus SHIPS: Hentschel (57). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc, (S4) , Diplosoma macdonaldi TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Paramolgula guttitla FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURACES: Pomerat (120). Perophora annectans Diplosoma mitsiikiirii TEST SURFACES: Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90), Perophora bermudensis Diplosoma pizoni BUOYS: Zinn (150). FLOATS: Van Name (144). Perophora viridis Distalpia bermudensis BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES': McDougall (86), Distalpia occidentalis P hallusia arabica TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). SHIPS: Harant (50). Ecteinascidia conklini Phallusia hygomiana FLOATS: Pomerat (120). TEST SURFACES: McDougall (86). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). PhaUusia nigra Ecteinascidia tortiigensis SHIPS: Harant (50). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Polyandrocarpa jloridana TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Ecteinascidia turbinata Polyandrocarpa maxima FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). Polyandrocarpa tincta Eudistoma sp. BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Polycarpa sp. Eiidistoma capsulatum TEST SURFACES: Paul (114). BUOYS: Zinn (150). P olycarpa obtecta Eudistoma clariim BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Polyclinum sp. Eudistoma convexiim BUOYS: Zinn (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Polyclinum aurantium TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Marine Biological Assoc, (84). Eiidistoma olivaceiim Polycliniim consteUatum BUOYS: Zinn (150). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). Euherdmannia claviformis TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). Polyclinum saturnium H alocynthia johnsoni BUOYS: Harant (50). FLOATS: Scheer (130). Pyura sp. Halocynthia pyriformis BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Pyura vittata Hartmeyeraria sp. BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Styela sp. Leptoclinum albiditm BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Gray (46). TEST SURFACES: Iredale, Johnson, & McNeil (67), Leptoclinitm albiim Styela barnharti TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). FLOATS: Van Name (144); Scheer (130), Lissoclinum fragile TEST SURFACES: Scheer (130). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Styela clava M icrocosmits exasperatus TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90). BUOYS: Zinn (150). Styela montereyensis FLOATS: Pomerat (120). TEST SURFACES: Coe (27); Coe & Allen (28). TEST SURACES: Pomerat (120). Styela partita M icrocosmits heUeri SHIPS: Van Name (144). BUOYS: Zinn (150). BUOYS: Gray (46); Zinn (150). Molgula sp. FLOATS: Pomerat (120). BUOYS: Gray (46); Milne (88); Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). TEST SURFACES: Mosher (92). Styela plicata M olgula ampulloides SHIPS: Van Name (144). SHIPS: Orton (108). BUOYS: Zinn (150). TEST SURFACES: Orton (108). FLOATS: Pomerat (120). _ M olgula arenata TEST SURFACES: Saito (129); Miyazaki (90); McDougall (86); SHIPS: Visscher (146). Pomerat (120). M olgula liiida Styela rustica TEST SURFACES: Wharton (149). BUOYS: Zinn (150). 204 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Symplegma viride 15. BILLAR, A. Note sur deux espèces dHydroïdes du littoral BUOYS: Zinn (150). dOstende. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zoo!. Malaco!. Belg., 52, 135- FLOATS: Pomerat (120). 139. 1921. TEST SURFACES: Pomerat (120). 16. BILLAR, A. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. IV. Rapport sur les Hy- Pisces (Fish) droïdes. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London, 22, No.1, 85-104. Blennius sp. 1926. SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). 17. BROCH, H. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedition Blennius yatabei to the Suez Canal, 1924. VII. Report on the Crustacea TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). Carassius carassius Cirripedia. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London, 22, No.2, 133-137. WRCKS: Grinbart (47). 1927. Enedrias nebiilosus 18. BROCH, H. Zur Kenntnis der Adriatischen Hydroidenfauna TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). von Split. Skr. Norsk. Vidensk. Akad. Oslo, Mat.-Naturv. H ypleitrochitus sp. Klasse, 1933, No.4, 1-115. 1933. SHIPS: Bertelsen & Ussing (14). 19. BURTON, M. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- Leptecheneis na2lcrates tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. III. Report on the Sponges. SHIPS: Gudger (49). Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London, 22, No.1, 71-83. 1926. M esogobius batrachocephalus WRCKS: Grinbart (47). 20. CALMAN, W. T. On Barnacles of the Genus Scalpellum from Petroscirtes elegans Deep-Sea Telegraph-Cables. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist" Ser. 9, TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). 1,96-124. 1918. Remora brachypteJ" 21. CALMAN, W. T. On Barnacles of the Genus Megalasma from SHIPS: Gudger (49). Deep-Sea Telegraph-Cables. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, Tridentiger bifasciatus 4,361-374. 1919. TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). 22. CALMAN, W. T. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- VeUitor centropomils tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XIII. Report on the Crus- TEST SURFACES: Miyazaki (90). tacea Decapoda (Brachyura). Trans. Zoo!. SOL London, 22, No.2, 211-219. 1927. REFERENCES 23. CALMAN, W. T. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- 1. AGASSIZ, A. Ilustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Com- tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXVIII. Report on the parative Zoölogy, at Harvard College. No. II. North Pycnogonida. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.3, 403- American Acalephae. 1865. 410. 1927. 2. ALEXANDER, W. B., B. A. SOUTHGATE, and R. BASSINDALE. 24. CARGREN, O. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- Survey of the River Tees, Part II. The Estuary Chemical tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXI. Report on the Ac- and Biologica!. Department of Scientific and Industrial tinaria and Ceriantharia. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London, 22, Research, Water Pollution Research, Technical Paper No. No.4, 443-445. 1927. 5, London. 1935. 25. CHILTON, C. Note on the Dispersal of Marine Crustacea by 3. ALLMAN, G. J. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubu- Means of Ships. Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., 43, larIan Hydroids. 2 Vols., London, for the Ray Sòciety, 131-133.1911. Robert Hardwicke, 1871, 1872. 26. CHILTON, C. Note on Two Northern Cirripedes Recorded 4. ANGST, E. C. The Fouling of Ship Bottoms by Bacteria. En- from New Zealand. New Zealand Jour. Sci. Techn. 3, p. closure with Letter, Puget Sound to Bur. C & R, Nov. 53. 1920. 26, 1923. 10 pp. Filed C & R 13-61 6, Dec. 31, 1923, and 27. COE, W. R. Season of Attachment and Rate of Growth of Bur. Ships Libr., J 226. 1923. Sedentary Marine Organisms at the Pier of the Scripps 5. ANNANDALE, N. The Rate of Growth in conchoderma and Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. Bull. L~pas. Rec. Indian Mus. (Calcutta) 3, p. 295. 1909. Scripps Inst. Ocean. (Tech, Ser.), 3, No.3, 37-87.1932. 6. BALE, W. M. Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes. 28. COE, W. R., and W. E. ALLEN. Growth of Sedentary Marine Sidney, 1884. Organisms on Experimental Blocks and Plates for Nine 7. BALE, W. M. Further Notes on Australian Hydroids II. Successive Years at the Pier of the Scripps Institution of ,~ Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (n.s.), 26, 114-147. 1914. Oceanography. Bull. Scripps Inst. Ocean. (Tech. Ser.), i:~ 8. BALE,W. M. Report on Some Hydroids from the New Zea- 4, No.4, 101-136. 1937. ' land Coast, with Notes on New Zealand Hydroida Gen- 29. DEAN, L. M. I. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- -r, erally, Supplementing Farquhar's List. Trans. Proc. New tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXVII. Report on the Zealand Inst., 55, 225-268. 1924. Alcyonaria. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. London, 22, No.6, 707-712. 9. BARGHOORN, E. S., and D. H. LINDER. Marine Fungi: Their 1929. Taxonomy and Biology. Farlowia 1, No. .', 395-467. 1944. 30. DJAKONOFF, F. F. Einige Beobachtungen über den Bewuchs 10. BEAUMONT, W. I. The Fauna and Flora of Valencia Harbour an den Dampfern der unteren Wolga. Arbeiten der bioI. on the West Coast of Ireland. VII: Report on the Results Wolga-Stat., 8, 135-156. 1925. of Dredging and Shore-Collecting in: Browne, E. T., and 31. DOBSON, J. G. The Control of Fouling Organisms in Fresh- others: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 5, No.3, 754-798. 1900. and Salt-Water Circuits. Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng., 11. BEDOT, M. Notes sur les Hydroïdes de Roscoff. Arch. Zoo!. 68, No.3, 247-265. 1946. Expér. et Gén., 46, No.6, 201-228. 1911. 32. DUERDEN, J. E. West Indian Madreporarian Polyps. Mem. 12. BEDOT, M. Hydroïdes proven ant des campagnes des yachts National Acad. Sci., 8, 399-649. 1902. HirondeUe et Pi'incesse-Alice (1887-1912). I. Plumularidae. 33. EDMONDSON, C. H. Incidence of Fouling in Pearl Harbor. Res, Camp. Sci. Albert I, Prince de Monaco, 60, 1-73. Occas. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Honolulu, Hawaii, 1921. 18, No.1, 1-35. 1944. 13. BENGOUGH, G. D., and V. G. SHEPHEAR. The Corrosion and 34. EDMONDSON, C. H., and W. M. INGRAM. Fouling Organisms Fouling of Ships. Jour. Inst. Iron & Steel, 147, 339-451. in Hawaii. Occas. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Honolulu, 1943. Hawaii, 14, No. 14,251-300. 1939. 14. BERTELSEN, E., and H. USSING. Marine Tropical Animals 35. FAUVEL, P. Faune de France: XVI. Polychètes Sedentaires. Carried to the Copenhagen Sydhavn on a Ship from the Paris, Lechevalier. 1927. Bermudas. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturh. Foren KØb. 36. FAUVEL, P. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedition 100, 237-245. 1936. to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXiX. Rapport sur les AnnéJides SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 205 Polychètes Errantes. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.4, déterminant la salissure des coques de bateux. C. R. 411-439. 1927. Acad. Sci. Paris, 204, 1142-1143. 1937. 37. FORRST, J. E., and M. 1. CHRICHTON. Notes Concerning 61. HERPIN, R., and R. DULISCOUET. Le rôle d'une membrane Some Animals Obtained from Three German Warships microbienne dans I'effcacité des peintures destinées à Recently Salved at Scapa Flow, Orkney. Scottish Nat- protéger les carènes de bateaux contre les organismes en. uralist 1938, No. 229, 3-8. 1938. crassants. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 207, 193-195. 1938. 38. FRASER, C. McL. Hydroids of the Pacific Coast of Canada and 62. HILEN, E. J. Report on Bacteriological Analysis of Slime the United States. University of Toronto Press. 1937. Formed on Glass Slides Exposed in Tank of Ocean Tap 39. FRASER, C. McL. Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North Water. Enclosure with Letter from Puget Sound to Bur. America. University of Toronto Press. 1944. C & R, Feb. 1, 1923. Filed C & R 13-61, 4, Feb. 16, 1923. 40. FRASER, J. H. The Fauna of Fixed and Floating Structures 63. HILEN, E. J. Report on a Bacteriological Study of Ocean in the Mersey Estuary and Liverpool Bay. Proc. Trans. Slime. Enclosure with Letter from Puget Sound to Bur. Liverpool BioI. Soc., 51, 1-21. 1938. C & R, Nov. 26, 1923, 1 p. Filed C & R 13-61, 6, Dec, 31, 41. FULLER, J. L. Observations on the Growth of Sessile Organ- 1923. isms on the Maine Coast During the Summer of 1942 64. HINCKS, T. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes. Manuscript, Report to Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- 2 Vols. London, John Van Voorst. 1868. tution. 1942. (see No. 43). 65. HOEK, P. P. C. The Cirripedia of the Siboga Expedition. 42. FULLER, J. L. The Occurrence and Growth of Sessile Organ- Siboga Exped., Monogr. 31, Livre 67. 1913. isms at Lamoine, Maine. Manuscript, Report to Woods 66. HUTCHINS, L. W. An Annotated Check-List of the Sait- Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1944. (see No. 43). Water Bryozoa of Long Island Sound, Trans. Conn. Acad. 43. FULLER, J. L. Season of Attachment and Growth of Seden- Arts Sci., 36, 533-551. 1945. tary Marine Organisms at Lamoine, Maine. Ecology, 27, 67. IREDALE, T., R. A. JOHNSON, and F. A. McNEILL. Destruc- No.2, 150-158. 1946. (Includes most data from Nos. 41, tion of Timber by Marine Organisms in the Port of Syd- 42.) ney. Sydney Harbor Trust. 1932. 44. GRAHAM, H. W.,and H. GAY. Season at Attachment and 68. JEFFREYS, J. G., and A. M. NORMA . Submarine-Cable Growth of, Sedentary Marine Organisms at Oakland, Fauna. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, 15,169-176. 1875. California. Ecology, 26, No.4, 375-386. 1945. 69. JENNINGS, L. S. Pedunculate Cirripedia of New Zealand and 45. GRAVE, B. H. Rate of Growth, Age at Sexual Maturity, and Neighboring Islands. Trans. Proc. New Zealaiid Inst., Duration of Life of Certain Sessile Organisms, at Woods 47, 285-293. 1915. Hole, Massachusetts. BioI. Bull., 65, No.3, 375-386. 1933. 70. JOHNSON, R. A., and F. A. McNEILL. Destruction of Timber 46. GRAY, G. M. Buoy Collecting 1937-1940. "Our Floating by Marine Organisms in the Port of Sydney. Supple- Population." Manuscript: Marine Biological Laboratory mentary Report No.2. Maritime Services Boardof New Library, Woods Hole. 1940. South Wales. 1941. 4-7 GRIN BART, S. B. Organisms Growing on Boats Sunk in the 71. JOHNSON, R. A., F. A. McNEILL, and T. IREDALE. Destruc- Black Sea. (With English Summary.) Trudy Odes'kogo tion of Timber by Marine Organisms in the Port of Syd- Derzhavnogo Universititu, BioI., 2, 49-55. 1937. ney. Supplementary Report No. 1. Maritime Services 48. GRUVEL, A. Die Cirripedien der Deutschen Südpolar-Ex- Board of New South Wales. 1936. ptldition, 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Exped., Zool., 11, 72. KIRCHENPAUER, J. U. Die Seetonnen der Elbmundung. Ein 195-229. 1910. Beitrag zur Thier- und Pflanzen-Topographie. Abhandl. 49. GUDGER, E. W. The Myth of the Ship-holder: Studies in a. d. Gebiete d. Naturwiss. her. V. d. naturwiss, Ver. in Echeneis or Remora.-1. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist" Ser. 9, 2, Hamburg, 4, No.4, 1-59. 1862. 271-307. 1918. 73. KRAMP, P. L. Marine Hydrozoa. a. Hydroida. Zoology of 50. HARANT, H. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- Iceland. 2, No. Sa, 1-82. 1938. tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXIV. Rapport sur les 74. KRÜGER, P. Cirripedia Thoracica der Dänischen Gewässer. Tuniciers. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.3, 365-373. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturh. Foren. KØb., 84, 11-16. 1927. 51. HARGITT,1927. C. W. Hydroids of the Philippine Islands. Philip-' 75. KUNTZ, E. The Rotatoria of Washington. Unpublished MS. pine Jour. Sci., 24, No.4, 467-505.1924. Thesis, Univ. of Washington. 1942. 52. HARGITT, C. W. Some Hydroids of South China. BulL. Mus. 76. LAQUE, F. L., and W. F. CLAPP. Relationships Between Cor- Compo Zool., 67, No. 16,491-520.1927. rosion and Fouling of Copper Nickel Alloys in Sea Water. 53. HASTINGS, A. B. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Ex- Unpublished Manuscript. 1944. pedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. XX. Report on the 77. LELOUP, E. Une collection d'Hydropolypes appartenant Polyzoa. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.3, 331-354. I'Indian Museum" de Calcutta. Rec. Indian Mus. 34, 131- 1927. 170. 1932. 54. HASTINGS, A. B. Cheilostomatous Polyzoa from the Vicinity 78. LIGNAU, N. G. Über den Bewuchs von Seeorganismen im of the Panama Canal Collected by Dr. C. Crossland on the Hafen von Odessa. (Russian, German Summary.) Gidro- Cruise of the S. Y. St. George. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, biologicheskii Zhurnal, 4, 1-10. 1925. 1929, 697-740. 1929. 79. LUNz, G. R., JR. Xanthidae (Mud Crabs) of the Carolinas. 55. HENRY, D. P. Studies on the Sessile Cirripedia of the Pacific Charleston Museum Leaflet No.9. 1937. Coast of North America. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 80. LYLE, L. Marine Algae Found on a Salvaged Ship. Jour. 4, No.3, 95-134. 1942. Botany, 64, 184-186. 1926. 56. HENTSCHEL, E. Biologische Untersuchungen über den tier- 81. LYLE, L. Marine Algae of Some German Warships in Scapa ischen und pflanzlichen Bewuchs im Hamburger Hafen. Flow and of the Neighboring Shores. Jour. Linn. Soc. Mitt. Naturhist. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 33, 1-176. 1916. Botany, 48, 231-257. 1929. 57. HENTSCHEL, E. Der Bewuchs an Seeschiffen. Inter. Rev. ges. 82. LYLE, L. Algae of the Suez CanaL. Jour. Botany, 68, 327- Hydrobiol. u. Hydrogr. 11, No. 3/4-, 238-264. 1923. 333. 1930. 58. HENTSCHEL, E. Das Werden und Vergehen des Bewuchses 83. MACGINITIE, G. E. Littoral Marine Communities. Amer. an Schiffen. Mitt. Naturhist. Staatsinst. Zool. Mus. Ham- Midland Nat., 21, No.1, 28-55. 1939. burg, 41, 1-51. 1925. 84. Marine Biological Association. Plymouth Marine Fauna. 59. HERPIN, R. La Flore et la Faune d'un Vieux Bateau. BulL. 2nd edition, Plymouth, 1931. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, 682, 1-16. 1935. 85. MASSEILLE, H. Notes sur la Salissure et les Procédés d'En- 60. HERPIN, R. Les époques de fiation des organismes animaux tretien des Carènes Immergées, Voir Peintures Pigments 206 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION

Vernis nO d'Aout 1937. Peintures, 14, No. 10, 204-209. Other Substances. Jour. Mar. BioI. Assoc, U. K. (n.s.), 1937. 16, 373-452. 1930. 86. McDOUGALL, K, D. Sessile Marine Invertebrates of Beau- 109. OSBURN, R. C. The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region. fort, North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr., 13, No.3, 321-374. BulL. U. S. Bur. Fish., 30, Doc. No. 760, 205-266. 1912. 1943. 110. OSBURN, R. C. The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida. 87. MILLER, M. A. Toxic Effects of Copper on Attachment and Carnegie Inst. of Wash. Publ., 182, 181-222. 1914. Growth of Bugida neritina, BioI. BulL., 90, No.2, 122-140. 111. OSBURN, R. C. A Survey of the Bryozoa of Chesapeake Bay. 1946. Department of Research and Education, State of Mary- 88. MILNE, A. The Ecology of the Tamar Estuary. IV. The Dis- land, Board of Natural Resources, Publ., 63, 1-59: 1944. tribution of the Fauna and Flora on Buoys. Jour. Marine 112. PALOMBI, A. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedition BioI. Assoc. U. K. (n.s.), 24, 69-87. 1940. to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXIV. Report of the Turbel- 89. MILNE-EDWARDS, A. Observations sur lExistence de Divers laria. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.5, 579-631. 1928. Mollusques et Zoophytes a des Très Grandes Profondeurs 113. PASPALEFF, G. S. Hydrobiologische Untersuchungen über dans la Mer Méditerranée. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 15, Ser, 4, den Golf von Varna. 2. Schiffsbodenbewachsung. Trudove 149-157. 1861. na Chernomorskata Biologichna Stantsiia V'Varna, 4, 1- 90. MIYAZAKI, i. On Fouling Organisms in the Oyster Farm. , 10. 1935. BulL. Jap. Soc. ~ci. Fish., 6,223-232. 1938. 114. PAUL, M. D. Studies on the Growth and Breeding of Certain 91. MORTENSEN, T. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Ex- Sedentary Organisms in the Madras Harbour. Proc. Indian pedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. VI. Report on the Acad. Sci., 15B, No.1, 1-42. 1942. Echinoderms. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.1, 117- 115. PETERSEN, C. G. J. Valuation of the Sea. II. The Animal 131. 1926. Communities of the Sea-Bottom and Their Importance for 92. MOSHER, L. M. Marine Borers and Fouling Organisms and Marine Zoogeography. Rep. Danish BioI. Sta., 21, 3-4. Their Prevalence in the Vicinity of Bethlehem ~hipyard 1913. ' Properties. Bethlehem Steel Co., Shipbuilding Division, J.6. PHELPS, A. Observations on Fouling on Test Panels at Port Central Tech. Department, Quincy, Mass. Research Re- Aransas, Texas. Report to the Bureau of Ships, January port 22,21 May 1945. 25, 1941-May 31, 1941. Dated June 30, 1941. Filed Bur. 93. NELSON, T. C., and E. R. KODET. Paint Destruction and Ships, SI9-1-(3). 1941. N(etal Corrosion-Zoological Aspects. OSRD Report 117 PHILBERT, M. Liste préliminaire des Hydraires récoltés 4512. 1944. dans la région de Saint-Servan. BulL. Lab. Marit. St. 94. NEU, W. Untersuchungen über den Schiffsbewuchs. Interü. Servan, 14, 19-28. 1935. Rev. gesam. Hydrobiol. und Hydrogr., 27,105-119. 1932. 118. PILSBRY, H. A. The Barnacles (Cirripedia) Contained in the 95. NEU, W. Das Vorkommen von Balanus improvisus Darwin Collections of the U. S. National Museum. BulL. U S. auf Helgoländer Seetonnen. Zool. Anz" 99,143-149, 1932. Nat. Mus., 60, 1-119. 1907. 96. NEU, W. Qualitative und quantitative Bewuchsuntersuch- 119. PILSBRY, H. A. The Sessile Barnacles (Cirripedia) Contained ungen am Elbe-Feuerschiff Bürgermeister Bartels 1932. in the Collections of the U. S. National Museum; Including Arch. für Hydrobiol., 25, 383-393. 1933. a Monograph of the American Species. BulL. U. S. Nat. 97. NEU, W. Balaniis eburneus Gould und Balaniis improvisiis Mus., 93, 1-366. 1916. Darwin als Bewuchs 'ausgehängter Platten im Goldenen 120. POMERAT, C. M. Notes on Fouling Organisms, Florida Area, Horn von IstanbuL. Zool. Anz., 112, 92-95. 1935. 1942-1943. Manuscript Report to Woods Hole Oceano- 98. NEu, W. Bemerkungen über einige balanomorphe Cirripedien graphic Institution. 1943. der Istanbuler Gewässer. Zool. Anz., 125, 209-219. 1939. 121. POMERAT, C. M., and E. R. REINER. The Infuence of Sur- 99. NIENBURG, W. Die Besiedelung des Felsstrandes und der face Angle and of Light on the Attachment of Barnacles Klippen von Helgoland. Teil II. Die Algen. Wiss. Meere- and Other Sedentary Organisms. BioI. BulL., 82, No.1, sunt., Abt. Helgoland. N.F., 15, No. 19,,1-15. 1930. 14-25. 1942. 100. NILSSON-CANTELL, C. A. New and Interesting Species of 122. POTTS, F. A. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Expedi- Scalpellum from a Telegraph Cable Near the Coast of tion to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXVI. Report on the North Chile. Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 37, No. 250, Annelids (Sedentary Polychaets). Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon- 61-78. 1930. don, 22, No.5, 693-705. 1928. 101. NILSsON-CANTELL, C. A. Cirripedes from the Indian Ocean 123. PURCHON, R. D. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Chan- and Malay Archipelago in the British Museum (Natural neL. II. An Ecological Study of the Beach and the Dock at History), London, Ark. Zool., 23A, No. 18, 1-12. 1932. Portishead. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 8, No.4, 311-329. 102. NILSSON-CANTELL, C. A. Indo-Malayan Cirripedes in the 1938. Raffes Museum, Singapore. Bull. Raffes Mus., 9, 42-73. 124. QUELCH, J. J. On Some Deep-sea and Shallow-water Hy- 1934. drozoa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 16, 1-20, 156. 1885. 103. NILSsON-CANTELL, C. A. On a Second Collection of Indo- 125. RICHARS, B. R. A Study of the Marine Borers and Fouling Malayan Cirripedes from the Raffes Museum. BulL. Organisms at Wilmington, N. C. Wiliam F. Clapp Labora- Raffes Mus., 13, 93-96. 1937. tories. Laboratory BulL. No. 12 (mimeogr.), May 28,1943. 104. NILSSON-CANTELL, C. A. Thoracic Cirripedes Collected in 126. RICHARDS, B. R., and W. F. CLAPP. A Preliminary Report on 1925-1936. Discovery Reports 18, 223-238. 1939. the Fouling Characteristics of Ponce de Leon.Tidal Inlet, 105. O'Donoghue, C. H. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Daytona Beach, Florida. Jour. Mar. Res., 5, No.3, 189- Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXVIII: Report 195. 1944. on the Opisthobranchiata. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, 127. RITCHIE, J. On Collections of the Cape Verde Islands Marine No.6, 713-841. 1929. Fauna, Made by Cyril Crossland, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Se. L06. OMER-COOPER, J. Zoological Results of the Cambridge Ex- (Lond.), F.Z.~., of St. Andrews University, JulY to Sep- pedition to the Suez Canal, 1924-. XII. Report on' the tember, 1904. The Hydroids. Proc. Zool.Soc. London, Crustacea Tanaidacea and Isopoda. Trans. Zoo!. Soc. 1907, 488-514. 1907. London, 22, No.2, 201-209.1927. 128. RITCHIE, J. Reports on the Prevention of the Growth of 107. ORTON, J. H. Sea Temperature, Breeding and Distribution Mussels in Submarine Shafts and Tunnels at Westbank in Marine Animals. Jour. Mar. BioI. Assoc. U. K. (n.s.), Electric Station, Portobello. Trans. Roy. Scot. Soc. Arts, 12, 339-366. 1920. 19 (29 Dec. 1921), 1-20. 1927. 108. ORTON, J. H. Experiments in the Sea on the Growth-In- 129. SAITO, T. Researches in Fouling Organisms of the Ship's hibitive and Preservative Value of Poisonous Paints and Bottom. (In Japanese; English Translation available SPECIES RECORDED FROM FOULING 207

W. H. O. I.) Zosen Kiokai (J. Soc. Naval Arch.), 47, 13- 146. VISSCHER, J. P. Nature and Extent of Fouling of Ships' Bot- 64. 1931. toms. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 43, No.2, Document No. 130. SCHEER, E. T. The Development of Marine Fouling Com- 1031, 193-252. 1928. munities. BioI. BulL. 89, No.1, 103-121. 1945. 147. WAKSMAN, S. A., A. PHELPS, and M. HOTCHKISS. Observa- 131. SCHELLENBERG, A. Zoological Results of the Cambridge tions on the Film Acquired by Submerged Surfaces. Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. XXXV. Report on U. S. N. Project 519-(3) RI. Report of Investigations on the Amphipoda. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.5, Project of Fouling of Ships' Bottoms, Period Covering 633-692. 1928. June 10, 1939 to June 30, 1940. 1940. 132. SMITH, F. G. WALTON. Effect of Water Currents upon the 148. WATERS, A. W. Ancestrulae and Frontal of Cheilostomatous Attachment and Growth of Barnacles. BioI. Bull" 90, Bryozoa,-Part IV. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 17, Ser. 9, No.1, 51-70. 1946. 425-439. 1926. 133. STAMMR, H. J. Die Fauna der Ryckmündung, eine Brack- '149. WHARTON, G. W., JR. Report of the Biologist, Norfolk Navy wasserstudie. Zeit. Morph. Ökol. Tiere, 11, 36-101. 1928. Yard. June 1941-August 1942. 1942. 134. STECHOW, E. Hydroiden der Münchener Zoologischen 150. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Unpublished data Staatssammlung, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., Geog., BioI., from navigation buoys, test surfaces, ships, water circuits, 32, No.4, 333-378. 1912. and other structures. Determinations chiefly: Algae, D. H. 135. STECHOW, E. Zur Kenntnis neuer oder seltener Hydroid- Delabarre; Hydroids, E. S. Deevey, Jr.; Barnacles, I. M. polypen, meist Campanulariden, aus Amerika und Nor- Newell; Titnicates, D. J. Zinni Amphipods and Isopods, wegen. Zool. Anz., 45, 120-136. 1914. M. A. Miler; Crabs, G. B. Deevey; Tiiba Worms, H. J. 136. STECHOW, E. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittel- Turner; Bryozoa and misceUaneous others, L. W. Hutchins. meeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben Also, miscellaneoiis records iIl some groups, C. M. Weiss, über einige Kirchenpauer'sche Typen von Plumulariden. and F. G. Walton Smith. Zool. Jahrb., Abt, Syst" Geog., BioI., 42, No. 1-3, 1-172. 151. ZENKEWITCH, L. A. Some Observations on Fouling in Ekater- 1919. ininskaya Bay (Kola Fjord, Barents Sea). (Russian, Eng- 137. STIMPSON, W. Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand lish summary.) BulL. Soc. Nat. Moscow, Sect. BioI. Manan: or the Region about the Mouth of the Bay of (n.s.), 44, No.3, 103-112. 1935. Fundy, New Brunswick. Smithsonian Contributions to 152. ZOBELL, C. E., and E. C. ALLEN. The Significance of Marine Knowledge. Washington, U. S, Printing Offce. 1853. Bacteria in the Fouling of Submerged Surfaces. Jour. Bact" 138. SUMNER, F. B., R. C. OSBURN, and L. J. COLE. A Biological 29, No.3, 239-251. 1935. Survey of the Waters of Woods Hole and Vicinity. Part 153. ZOBELL, C. E., and H. C. UPHAM. A List of Marine Bacteria II, Section III. A Catalogue of the Marine Fauna. Bull. Including Descriptions of Sixty New Species. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 31, No.2, 549-794. 1913. Scripps Inst. Oceanog. (Tech. Ser,), 5, No.2, 239-292. 139. THORNELY, L. R. The Hydroid Zoophytes Collected by Dr. 1944. 458.Wiley in the Southern1899. Seas. Zool. . Res. (Wiley), 4, 451- 140. THORNELY, L. R. Reports on the Marine Biology of the Index to the References, showing items dealing with Sudanese Red Sea. X. Hydroida Collected by Mr. C. each of the types of structures fouled. Crossland from October 1904 to May 1905. Jour. Linn. SHIPS: 1,3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19,22,23,25,26,29,30,32, Soc. London, Zool., 31, No. 204, 80-85. 1'908. 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 141. TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Zoological Results of the Cambridge 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 94, 98, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. XVIII. Report on the 113, 118, 119, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, Mollusca (Amphineura, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Pele- 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150. cypoda). Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 22, No.3, 291-320. LIGHTSHIPS: 15,40,72,75,94,96. 1927. WRCKS: 10,37,39,47,54,59, 78,80,81,84, 104, 119, 134, 145. 142. TORRY, H. B. The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North FLOATS: 13,38,39,40,42,54,64,84, 120, 130, 139, 140, 142, 144. America. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 1, No.1, 1-104. BUOYS: 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18,23,24,29,36,'38,39,40,46, 50, 54, 1902. (56, 72, 73, 77, 79, 82, 84, 88, 91, 95, 99, 105, 106, 108, 112, 115, 143. VANÖFFEN, E. Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Südpolar- 118, 119, 122, 123, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141, 145, 150. Expedition, 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpol. Exped" 1901- CABLES: 7, 12, 20, 21, 39, 51, 68, 89, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 124, 1903, 11, (Zool. 3), 269-340. 1910. 138, 144, 150. 144. V AN NAME, W. G. The North and South American Ascidians. PIPES: 31, 84, 117, 128, 150. BulL. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 84, 1-476. 1945. GATES: 2. 145. VERRILL, A. E., and S. I. SMITH. Report upon the Inverte- ROPES: 84, 123, 124, 139. brate Animals of Vineyard Sound and Adjacent Waters, TEST SURACES: 4, 9, 13, 19, 27, 28, 33, 34,41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53, with an Account of the Physical Features of the Region. 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 67, 70, 71, 76, 78, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98, Extract from Report of U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 107, 108, 114, 116, 120, 121, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 147, 149 1871-1872, 295-754. 1873. 150, 151, 152, 153.