DOCSLIB.ORG

Aerodynamics and Right-Left Symmetry in Wind Dispersal of Maple, Dipterocarps, Conifers and Some Genera of Apocyanaceae and Magnoliaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aerodynamics and Right-Left Symmetry in Wind Dispersal of Maple, Dipterocarps, Conifers and Some Genera of Apocyanaceae and Magnoliaceae J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 2017 45 (3): 201-217 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v45i3.8184 RESEARCH ARTICLE Aerodynamics and right-left symmetry in wind dispersal of maple, dipterocarps, conifers and some genera of apocyanaceae and magnoliaceae Kirthi Tennakone 6KHI¿HOG'ULYH3HDERG\0DVVDFKXVHWWV86$ Revised: 30 September 2016; Accepted: 19 January 2017 Abstract: 7KHZLQGGLVSHUVLQJVHHGVKDYHHYROYHGUHPDUNDEOH INTRODUCTION aerodynamic optimisation to minimise the speed of descent on GHWDFKPHQWIURPWKHWUHHVRWKDWWKH\FRXOGEHFDUULHGDZD\ E\ WKH ZLQG DQG GHSRVLWHG D GLVWDQFH DZD\ IURP WKH SDUHQW ,Q FHUWDLQ SODQWV ZLQG LV DQ HIIHFWLYH PRGH RI VHHG $QHI¿FLHQWSK\VLFDOPHFKDQLVPWKDWHQDEOHVVORZLQJGRZQ GLVSHUVDO 3ULRU WR HYROXWLRQ RI ELUGV ZLQG GLVSHUVDO could have been the sole mode of long distance seed WKHGHVFHQWLVURWDWLRQZKLFKUHGXFHVWKHWUDQVODWLRQDONLQHWLF HQHUJ\ 5RWDWLRQ DQG WUDQVODWLRQ DOZD\V GH¿QH D ULJKW RU GLVWULEXWLRQRQODQG&RQVHTXHQWO\WUHHVDGRSWLQJZLQG OHIWKDQGHGQHVV7KHSUHVHQWZRUNH[DPLQHVWKHDHURG\QDPLFV GLVSHUVDOKDYHHYROYHGVHHGVZLWKLQWULFDWHDHURG\QDPLF of the dispersal of seeds of many species in relation to DSSHQGDJHVWRVORZGRZQWKHGHVFHQWHQDEOLQJWKHPWREH ULJKWOHIWDV\PPHWU\JLYLQJH[DPSOHVWRVKRZWKDWLQQDWXUH WUDQVSRUWHGE\ZLQG *UHHQH 4XHVDGD3DQGRO¿ this symmetry is broken either spontaneously or intrinsically. ,]]R6WHYHQVRQ et al ., 2015). Plumes attached In the former situation, seeds have no geometrical right-left to lighter seeds achieve this via increase of the air drag. asymmetry, but an initial instability chooses one sense of +RZHYHUKHDYLHUVHHGVVWRULQJIRRGIRUWKHLQLWLDOSKDVH rotation (right or left). Whereas in the latter, geometrical of germination cannot utilise this method and the viable asymmetry dictates the sense of rotation. Seeds of the maple SK\VLFDODOWHUQDWLYHZRXOGEHWRPDNHWKHPVSLQZKLOH IDPLOL\EHORQJVWRWKH¿UVWFDWHJRU\DQGDWKHRUWLFDOPRGHOLV falling. Here the gravitational potential energy of a falling presented to explain the motion. Seeds of dipterocarps, conifers seed dissipates largely via transformation into rotational and some genera of apocyanaceae and magnoliaceae are found kinetic energy, effectively inducing an aerodynamic lift. WRSRVVHVVDKDQGHGQHVVZKLFKGHWHUPLQHVWKHURWDWLRQGXULQJ seed fall. In dipterocarps, conifers and magnoliaceae, both 7ZR RI WKH PRVW GLYHUVH DQG ZLGHO\ GLVWULEXWHG right-handed and left-handed seeds are produced in the same angiosperm tree genera are maple (Aceraceae) and tree but correlated to the handedness of the sprial phyllotaxy dipterocarps (Dipterocarpaceae). Former is one of the of the branch that bears the fruit. Apocyanaceae is found to PRVWFRPPRQWUHHVSHFLHVLQWHPSHUDWH]RQHVZKLOHWKH be unique and seeds of all genera have the same handedness. ODWWHU GRPLQDWHV UDLQ IRUHVWV LQ WKH WURSLFV $VKWRQ 7KH GHWDLOV RI H[WHQVLYH ¿HOG REVHUYDWLRQV H[SHULPHQWV *XQDWLOOHNH&RUOHWW 3ULPDFN*XQDWLOOHNH and theoretical interpretations are presented to illustrate the et al ., 2006; Lamarque, 2013). Their success is due to relationship of right-left asymmetry to the aerodynamics of bearing of auto-gyrating seeds. Pines and other conifers VHHGZLQGGLVSHUVDOSRLQWLQJRXWWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIHYROXWLQDU\ &RQLIHUDH GLVWULEXWHG ZRUOGZLGH ZHUH WKH GRPLQDQW optimisation in practical aerodynamics. WUHHVSHFLHVLQWKH0HVR]RLFHUD7KHQWKHLUSUHGRPLQDQW PRGHRIGLVSHUVDOPD\KDYHEHHQWKHZLQG 6WHYHQVRQ Keywords: Apocyanaceae, dipterocarps, magnoliaceae, maple, et al ., 2015), and present day conifer seeds carry a trait plant handedness, seed aerodynamics. for auto-gyration. [email protected] 202 Kirthi Tennakone Spinning and translational motion of an object involves WKH ¿UVW YDULHWLHV KDYH FORVH VLPLODULWLHV FRPSDUHG D KDQGHGQHVV 6RPHWKLQJ IDOOLQJ GRZQ DQG URWDWLQJ to the 5 th and 6 th WKDWDUHOLJKWHUDQGGLIIHULQZLQJDQG FORFNZLVH ZKHQ YLHZHG IURP DERYH GLIIHUV IURP WKH VHHG JHRPHWU\ 7KHUHIRUH PRVW H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH VDPH URWDWLQJ FRXQWHUFORFNZLVH $ PDSOH VDPDUD FRQGXFWHGZLWK1RUZD\PDSOHDQG%R[(OGHUVDPDUDV GURSSHGIURPDKHLJKWURWDWHVHLWKHUFORFNZLVHRUFRXQWHU $YHUDJH ZHLJKWV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG IURP VDPSOHV FORFNZLVH $OWKRXJK WKHUH DUH UHSRUWV LQ OLWHUDWXUH DQG VDPSOHV ZHUH XVHG IRU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH discussing kinematics of maple seed motion (Lentink GLPHQVLRQV:LQJVWUXFWXUHZDVH[DPLQHGE\ORZSRZHU et al ., 2009; Varshney et al ., 2012; Sohn et al. , 2014), to PLFURVFRS\ EHIRUH DQG DIWHU FKHPLFDO WUHDWPHQW ZLWK WKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHDXWKRUWKHDVSHFWRIKDQGHGQHVV acetone and hypochlorite. These treatments enhanced the of motion has not been investigated. Observations WUDQVSDUHQF\RIZLQJVWRH[DPLQHWKHYHLQV7KHSRVLWLRQ indicate that maple samaras or any of the macroscopic RIWKHFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\ZDVDVVHVVHGE\EDODQFLQJWKH organs of maple trees have no handedness (right-left VDPDUD RQ D YHUWLFDOO\ SODFHG KRUL]RQWDO HGJH ERWK distinguishing property) attributing maple seed rotation OHQJWKZLVHDQGEUHDGWKZLVH3K\VLFDODOWHUDWLRQVWRWKH to a spontaneous parity violation (right-left symmetry). VDPDUDVZHUHPDGHE\FXWWLQJWKHZLQJVDQGVHHGHGJHV In contrast, the dipterocarp fruit and other organs of ZLWK VFLVVRUV VDQGLQJ WKH VHHG VXUIDFHV V\PPHWULFDOO\ their trees possess handedness and the sense of rotation RU DV\PPHWULFDOO\ DQG FRDWLQJ ZLWK SDUDI¿Q ZD[ DQG of the fruit during falling is predetermined. Dipterocarp SROLVKLQJ 7HUPLQDO YHORFLWLHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ trees have distinct right-handed (RH) and left-handed releasing the seeds from varying heights and timing /+ WZLJVÀRZHUVDQGIUXLWV6WUDQJHO\WKHH[WHQVLYH WKHPRWLRQIRUWKH¿QDO௅PHWUHV7R¿[WKHVHQVH OLWHUDWXUHRQWD[RQRP\RIGLSWHURFDUSDFHDH )R[ZRUWK\ RIURWDWLRQ UHODWLRQWRWKHGRZQZDUGYHUWLFDO DUHJLRQ 1911; Ashton, 1980; Smitinand et al ., 1980; Simmathri LQWKHVHHGVXUIDFHZDVOLJKWO\SDLQWHG$VOHDGLQJHGJH 7XUQEXOO GRHV QRW UHFRUG REVHUYLQJ RI WKLV LV WKH ULGJH RYHU WKH ZLQJ REVHUYLQJ WKH XSSHUPRVW property. Pines and magnolias are also found to have VLGHHQDEOHV¿[LQJWKHVHQVHRIURWDWLRQ(DFKVHHGZDV KDQGHGQHVV DWWULEXWHV VLPLODU WR GLSWHURFDUSV ZKHUHDV dropped 100 times from a height of ~ 3 m to assess the the entire family of apocyanaceae is ambidextrous. probability of the either sense of rotation. The effect of WKH SRVLWLRQLQJ RI WKH VHHG RQ UHOHDVLQJ ZDV FDUHIXOO\ The investigation reported here based on extensive REVHUYHG %HIRUH DQG DIWHU HDFK SK\VLFDO PRGL¿FDWLRQ observations on symmetries in plants theoretically WKH DYHUDJH GLVWDQFH RI IDOO DW ZKLFK VSLQQLQJ DQDO\VHVWKHDHURG\QDPLFVRIZLQGGLVSHUVDOLQUHODWLRQ starts, (2) terminal velocity, and (3) sense of rotation to right-left symmetry. Detailed observation of the ZHUHDVVHVVHG7KHHIIHFWRIGU\LQJWKHVHHGDVDZKROH PRUSKRJHQHWLFIHDWXUHVRIVHHGVDVZHOODVSDUHQWWUHHV RUH[SRVLQJRQHVXUIDFHWRWKHVXQZDVDOVRH[DPLQHG DQGVLPSOHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQLOOXVWUDWHKRZHYROXWLRQKDV 7ZLQVLQRQHIUXLWZHUHH[DPLQHGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHU RSWLPLVHGWKHZLQGGLVSHUVDOVWUDWHJ\ there exist any correlations of sense of rotation. METHODOLOGY Dipterocarpus zeylanicus VDPSOHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP *DPSDKD .XUXQHJDOD .DOXWUD 0DWDUD DQG 7KH DQDO\VLV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ LV EDVHG RQ D ¿HOG .HJDOOH'LVWULFWVRI6UL/DQND7HUPLQDOYHORFLWLHVZHUH observations and sample collection, and experimentation DVFHUWDLQHGE\GURSSLQJWKHIUXLWVIURP௅PKHLJKW ZLWK ZLQG GLVSHUVLQJ VHHGV E H[DPLQDWLRQV RI The angular speeds of falling fruits through height of WKH RUJDQV RI SODQWV ÀRZHUV OHDI DQG EUDQFKLQJ aPZHUHHVWLPDWHGE\VWURERVFRSLFPHDVXUHPHQWV DUUDQJHPHQW WKDWEHDUWKHVHVHHGVWRDVFHUWDLQZKHWKHU :LQJ VXUIDFH ZDV H[DPLQHG E\ PDJQL¿FDWLRQ DQG WKH right-left asymmetries exist; and (c) experimentation DQJOHV EHWZHHQ WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO YHLQV ZHUH PHDVXUHG ZLWKSDSHUWR\PRGHOVVRWKDWSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHUHDGLO\ after imprinting the vein structure on paper by pressing adjusted. WKHLQNHGZLQJV7KHQXWZDVFXWLQWRWUDQVYHUVHVHFWLRQV to determine the geometry of sepal arrangement. Wing D :LQGGLVSHUVHGPDSOHVDPDUDVZHUHFROOHFWHGIURP DQGVHHGPRGL¿FDWLRQZDVGRQHLQWKHVDPHZD\DVIRU Peabody area, Massachusetts, United States. Seeds of maple. Sugar maple ( Acer saccharum 3D[ 1RUZD\ PDSOH (A. platanoides L.), Sycamore ( A. pseudoplatanus L.), (b) Whenever an opportunity arose, observations Red maple ( A. rubrum ), Silver maple ( A. saccharinum ZHUH FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WKH SDVW \HDUV WR DVFHUWDLQ Pax) and Box Elder ( A. negundo L.) often mixed the handedness of the seeds and sense of spinning to XS ZHUH VHSDUDWHG DQG VWRUHG DW DPELHQW FRQGLWLRQV GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUVHHGDV\PPHWULHVWUDQVFHQGWRRWKHU (~15 oC, relative humidity ~ 60 %). The samaras of RUJDQV 7KH DV\PPHWULHV LQ ÀRZHUV IUXLWV OHDYHV DQG September 2017 Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 45(3) Aerodynamics and right-left symmetry in seed wind dispersal 203 EUDQFKLQJ DUUDQJHPHQW ZHUH TXDOLWDWLYHO\ H[DPLQHG and dimensions of a maple samara varies from species 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS RI IUXLW KDQGHGQHVV WR WKDW RI ÀRZHU to species and perhaps climate conditions. Typically, a and leaf phyllotaxy in dipterocarps and related species 1RUZD\PDSOHVDPDUDKDVDOHQJWKaFPPD[LPXP ZDV H[WHQVLYHO\ LQYHVWLJDWHG$OPRVW DOO WKH JHQHUD RI EUHDGWKaFPZLWKDaPPVHHGDQGDPHGLDQZHLJKW DSRF\DQDFHDHLQ6UL/DQND ZLOGDQGRUQDPHQWDO ZHUH a PJ RI ZKLFK PRUH WKDQ a LV FRQWULEXWHG examined to identify traits of handedness in phyllotaxy, by the seed and the thick ridge of vein supporting the ÀRZHUVIUXLWVDQGVHHGV7ZR Sapu ( Michelia nilagrica ) ZLQJ )LJXUH 7KH%R[(OGHUVDPDUDVKDYHVPDOOHU YDULHWLHVJURZLQJLQWKH&HQWUDO3URYLQFHRI6UL/DQND dimensions; length ~ 3.8 cm, maximum breadth ~ 1 cm. DQG RUQDPHQWDO PDJQROLDV ZHUH XVHG WR DVFHUWDLQ 7KH\DUHDOVROLJKWHUZLWKDPHGLDQZHLJKWaPJZLWK WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI OHDI SK\OORWD[\ WR ÀRZHU DQG IUXLW DQHORQJDWHGVHHGFDUU\LQJDERXWRIWKHZHLJKW7KH morphology.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Initial Environmental Examination
    Initial Environmental Examination September 2014 SRI: Integrated Road Investment Program – Project 2 Sabaragamuwa Province Prepared by Environmental and Social Development Division, Road Development Authority, Ministry of Highways, Ports and Shipping for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 12 September 2014) Currency unit – Sri Lanka rupee (SLRe/SLRs) SLRe1.00 = $ 0.00767 $1.00 = SLR 130.300 ABBREVIATIONS ABC - Aggregate Base Coarse AC - Asphalt Concrete ADB - Asian Development Bank CBO - Community Based Organizations CEA - Central Environmental Authority DoF - Department of Forest DSDs - Divisional Secretary Divisions DOFC - Department of Forest Conservation DWLC - Department of Wild Life Conservation EC - Environmental Checklsit EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EPL - Environmental Protection License ESDD - Environmental and Social Development Division FBO - Farmer Based Organizations GoSL - Government of Sri Lanka GRC - Grievance Redress Committee GRM - Grievance Redress Mechanism GSMB - Geological Survey and Mines Bureau IEE - Initial Environmental Examination LAA - Land Acquisition Act MER - Manage Elephant Range MOHPS - Ministry of Highways, Ports and Shipping NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBRO - National Building Research Organization NEA - National Environmental Act NWS&DB- National Water Supply and Drainage Board OPRC - Output and Performance - based Road Contract PIC - Project Implementation Consultant PIU - Project Implementation Unit PRDA - Provincial Road Development Authority PS - Pradeshiya Sabha RDA - Road Development Authority ROW - Right of Way TOR - Terms of Reference NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Dipterocarpaceae)
    DNA Sequence-Based Identification and Molecular Phylogeny Within Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae) Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) at Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen By Essy Harnelly (Born in Banda Aceh, Indonesia) Göttingen, 2013 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Referee : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Co-referee : Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Date of Disputation : 09.01.2013 2 To My Family 3 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey for accepting me as his PhD student, for his support, helpful advice and guidance throughout my study. I am very grateful that he gave me this valuable chance to join his highly motivated international working group. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft and Prof. Dr. Raphl Mitlöhner, who agreed to be my co-referee and member of examination team. I am grateful to Dr. Kathleen Prinz for her guidance, advice and support throughout my research as well as during the writing process. My deepest thankfulness goes to Dr. Sarah Seifert (in memoriam) for valuable discussion of my topic, summary translation and proof reading. I would also acknowledge Dr. Barbara Vornam for her guidance and numerous valuable discussions about my research topic. I would present my deep appreciation to Dr. Amarylis Vidalis, for her brilliant ideas to improve my understanding of my project. My sincere thanks are to Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Gillet for various enlightening discussions not only about the statistical matter, but also my health issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Triterpenoids and Steroios of Sri Lankan Plants : a Review of Occurrence and Chemistry '
    J. Natn. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka 1986 14 (1) : 1-54 TRITERPENOIDS AND STEROIOS OF SRI LANKAN PLANTS : A REVIEW OF OCCURRENCE AND CHEMISTRY ' A. A. L. GUNATILAKA Department of Chemistry, Unfverszty of Peradenzya, Peradeniya, Sri Instztute of Fundamental Studles, Kandy, Srz Lanka. (Date of recezpt 28 02 86) (Date of acceptbnce 25 06 86) Abstraa : Studies on tr~terpenoidsand sterolds of Sri Lankan pl with special reference to their occurrence. structure elucidation.., chemo~axonornic aspects. Triterpenoids have been clhfied into their strucmra types and under each type the work carried out is d_kcussed. Occurrence of steroids and their derivatives in Sri Lankan plants are also presented. CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 6. TRITERPENOIDS OF LUPANE SERIES 2. SURVEYS FOR TRITERPENOIDS 6.1 Introduction AND STEROIDS 6.2 Structure Elucidation 3. ISOLATION OF TRITERPENOIDS 6.3 Chemotaxonomic Aspects 4. TRITERPENOIDS OF FRIEDELANE . 7. TRITERPENOIDS OF URSANE SERIES SERIES 8. TRITERPENOIDS OF OLEANANE 4.1 Introduction SERIES 4.2 Structure Elucidation 9. TRITERPENOIDS OF DAMMARANE, 4.2.1 Spectroscopic Methods SERRATANE, '4'-TARAXASTANE 4.2.2 Molecular Rotation and AND TIRUCALLANE-SERIES Circular Dichroism 10.TRITERPENOIDS WITH RE- 4.2.3 Chemical Interconversions ARRANGED STRUCTURES 4.3 Biological Activity 11.STEROIDS 4.4 Chemotaxonomic Aspects 11.1 Sitosterol and its Esters 45 Biosynthetic Aspects 11.2 Stigmasterol . 5. QUINONE-METHIDE AND PHENOLIC 11.3 a-Spinasterol and its TRITERPENOIDS OF FRIEDELANE . 8-D-glucoside SERIES . 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Introduction 13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5.2 Structure Elucidation 14. REFERENCES 5.3 Biological Activity 5.4 Chemotaxonornic Aspects 5.5 Biosynthetic Aspects t Dedicated to Rof.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazrin Full Phd Thesis (150246576
    Maintenance and conservation of Dipterocarp diversity in tropical forests _______________________________________________ Mohammad Nazrin B Abdul Malik A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Science Department of Animal and Plant Sciences November 2019 1 i Thesis abstract Many theories and hypotheses have been developed to explain the maintenance of diversity in plant communities, particularly in hyperdiverse tropical forests. Maintenance of the composition and diversity of tropical forests is vital, especially species of high commercial value. I focus on the high value dipterocarp timber species of Malaysia and Borneo as these have been extensive logged owing to increased demands from global timber trade. In this thesis, I explore the drivers of diversity of this group, as well as the determinants of global abundance, conservation and timber value. The most widely supported hypothesis for explaining tropical diversity is the Janzen Connell hypothesis. I experimentally tested the key elements of this, namely density and distance dependence, in two dipterocarp species. The results showed that different species exhibited different density and distance dependence effects. To further test the strength of this hypothesis, I conducted a meta-analysis combining multiple studies across tropical and temperate study sites, and with many species tested. It revealed significant support for the Janzen- Connell predictions in terms of distance and density dependence. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, I highlight how environmental adaptation affects dipterocarp distribution, and the relationships of plant traits with ecological factors and conservation status. This analysis showed that environmental and ecological factors are related to plant traits and highlights the need for dipterocarp conservation priorities.
    [Show full text]
  • A Handbook of the Dipterocarpaceae of Sri Lanka
    YAYASAN TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN YANG BERGUNA FOUNDATION FOR USEFUL PLANTS OF TROPICAL ASIA VOLUME III A HANDBOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA YAYASAN TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN YANG BERGUNA FOUNDATION FOR USEFUL PLANTS OF TROPICAL ASIA VOLUME III A HANDBOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA A.J.G.H. KOSTERMANS Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka A HAND BOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA A.J.G.H Kostermans Copyright © 1992 by the Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka ISBN 955-9114-05-0 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the Republic of Indonesia Published by the Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka Printed by PT Gramedia, Jakarta under supervision of PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama (Publisher), Jakarta 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface 1 Acknowledgments 3 List of illustrations 5 Introduction 8 History of taxonomy 19 Ecology and vegetation classification 22 Dipterocarpaceae and key to the genera 27 Species 29 References 137 Abbreviations 147 Collector's numbers 147 Index of vernacular names 149 Index of scientific names 149 PREFACE Since the publication of P. Ashton's revision of the Dipterocarpaceae of Sri Lanka in 1977 (reprinted in 1980), a fair number of changes have appeared in this family, a large number of new species has been published in periodicals not always easily accessible and, hence, we thought it appropriate to bring together in a single volume an up-to-date overview of the family in Sri Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • A Floristic Survey of a Unique Lowland Rain Forest in Moraella in the Knuckles Valley, Sri Lanka
    Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 40 (1): 33-51, 2011 A FLORISTIC SURVEY OF A UNIQUE LOWLAND RAIN FOREST IN MORAELLA IN THE KNUCKLES VALLEY, SRI LANKA W. W. M. A. B. Medawatte1,2*, E. M. B. Ekanayake1, K. U. Tennakoon3, C.V.S Gunatilleke1 and I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke1 1Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 3Department of Biology, University of Brunei, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam Accepted 01 June 2011 ABSTRACT The luxuriant natural forests of the western lower slope of the Knuckles range have been heavily deforested since the mid-19th century for conversion to coffee and tea plantations. Consequently, only scant floristic and ecological signatures of the original vegetation are , . Recently, an isolated forest fragment at 500-700 m amsl, not recorded previously, in Moraella Kukul Oya (stream) in the s r of Knuckles range. A vegetation survey recorded a total of 204 flowering plant species in 70 families Eighty-nine (44%) species are endemic to Sri Lanka, while 39 (20%) are nationally threatened. Among the 148 tree, treelet and shrub species identified, 4 ( 0%) have been recorded floral of the Knuckles forest reserve, while 115 (78%) are common to the lowland rain forests of south-western Sri Lanka The existence of (river), suggests that of lowland rain forest formation. These forest fragments likely mark the north-eastern-most limits of distribution of lowland rain forests in Sri Lanka and warrant urgent conservation as biodiversity refugia. They may be the last vestiges of an almost disappearing lowland rain forest type in the Knuckles range.
    [Show full text]
  • A PHYTOCHEMICAL, ETHNOMEDICINAL and PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW of GENUS DIPTEROCARPUS Innovare Academic Sciences
    Innovare International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Academic Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 7, Issue 4, 2015 Review Article A PHYTOCHEMICAL, ETHNOMEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW OF GENUS DIPTEROCARPUS MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD ASLAM*, MUHAMMAD SYARHABIL AHMAD, AWANG SOH MAMAT School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. Email: [email protected] Received: 03 Jan 2015 Revised and Accepted: 29 Jan 2015 ABSTRACT Dipterocarpus are the third largest and most diverse genus among Dipterocarpaceae. They are well-known for timber, but less acknowledged for its medicinal importance. Phytochemically genus Dipterocarpus has reported to contain resin, coumarin and dammar. The Resveratrol class of compounds is one of the major chemical constituent in this genus. Generally, the bark of Dipterocarpus is presumed to be the most active. Dipterocarpus species showed Anti-AIDS, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activities. Therapeutically important species in this genus are Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm ex Miq because it may have cured against AIDS. We document number of species in this genus, their synonyms, distribution around the World, traditional names, ethnomedicinal uses, isolated compounds, chemical structure, chemical nature of isolated compounds, pharmacological reports and explain the relationship between isolated compounds from this genus and their therapeutic use. Keywords: Dipterocarpus, Cytotoxicity, Anticancer, Anti-AIDS, Resveratrol. INTRODUCTION Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal); Indonesia (Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia); Natural products, including plants, animal and microorganism have Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam [11, 12]. List of Species with been the basis of treatment of human diseases. Indigenous people distribution of plant and their synonyms are mentioned in table 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Extracts Of
    LIFE: International Journal of Health and Life-Sciences ISSN 2454-5872 Samad & Silva, 2021 Volume 6 Issue 3, pp. 35-53 Date of Publication: 23rd January 2021 DOI- https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2021.63.3553 This paper can be cited as: Samad, S. A., & Silva, W. S. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Efficacy of Extracts of Dipterocarpus Zeylanicus. LIFE: International Journal of Health and Life-Sciences, 6(3), 35-53. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF EXTRACTS OF DIPTEROCARPUS ZEYLANICUS Shamaa Abdul Samad Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Horizon Campus, Malabe, Sri Lanka [email protected] W. Sadin de Silva Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Horizon Campus, Malabe, Sri Lanka [email protected] Abstract The overuse of antibiotics has resulted in microorganisms developing resistance to commercially available antibiotics. The present research aims to study the presence, properties, and distribution of bioactive compounds within several plant parts of Dipterocarpus zeylanicus which has been used in traditional medicine to treat various infectious diseases. The secondary metabolites were extracted from the leaf, seed, heartwood, and resin through sequential extraction. A qualitative phytochemical investigation was performed to determine the presence of secondary metabolites in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay and Folin- Ciocalteu assay was used to measure the Total polyphenolic content (TPC).
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis
    DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis „Phylogenetic community structure assessment of a mixed Dipterocarp forest using DNA barcoding and molecular phylogeny of the dominant tree family Dipterocarpaceae“ verfasst von / submitted by Jacqueline Heckenhauer, BSc, MSc angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 794 685 437 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Biologie/Biology field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dipl.-Biol. Mag. Dr. Mary Rosabelle Samuel ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Rosabelle Samuel for giving me the opportunity to write my PhD thesis about such an interesting topic, for her excellent supervision, and for supporting me to participate at conferences. She always had time when questions arose. I would also like to thank her for the helpful suggestions and the constructive criticism regarding the preparations of the manuscripts. I would like to thank all collaborators and co-authors for their great professional support, especially, Dr. Kamariah Abu Salim, for enabling trouble-free field work by dealing with the export permits and providing material; Ass. Prof. Ovidiu Paun, for being a brilliant advisor regarding the RADseq, during library preparation, as well as with analysis and interpretation of RADseq data; Prof. Mark W. Chase, for interesting debates during his visits to Vienna and his help in editing English texts; Charles Bullard Professor Peter S.
    [Show full text]
  • Backup of Hora
    YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk jYfhka oejuh jákd Ydl úfYaI 400 la muK we;' wdpd¾h ksu,a rejkam;srK- tu Ydl úfYaIj,ska jvd jeo.;afldg i,lk Ydl úfYaI100la w<,d ksfhdacH idudkHdêldrS 2011 cHd;Hka;r jkdka;r jir ieurSu ksñ;af;ka fuu úfYaIdx.h fydr ^m¾fhaIK$ixj¾Ok yd mqyqKq& bosrsm;a flf¾' fuu oej úfYaI fhdodf.k jk j.djla weröug fukau rdcH oej ixia:dj tu oej Ndú;hg wjYH uQ,sl f;dr;=re iemhSu fuu ,sms fmf,ys jeä úia;r i|yd Web - w.w.w. timber.lk wruqKhs' wo m<jkafka tys úis;=ka jk fldgihs' Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Email - [email protected] 06' oejfha iajNdjh' yeoskaùu -# fydr Ydlh Y%S ,xldjg tal foaYsh jq^endemic & Ydlhls' fuu Ydlh óg¾ 40-45 muK i j¾Kh : wrgqj - m<uqj ksrdjrKh jq úg ,d frdai mdgg yqre ÿUqre mdg isg ;o r;g Wig jefvk jg óg¾ 4-6 muK jk" lf|a fmd;a; ,d frdai mdgg yqre ÿUqre fyda ly mdgg yqre ÿUqre yqre ÿUqre mdg olajd fjkia fõ' ' mdáka hqla;h' m;% úYd,h, Tsj,dldrh' îc jHdma;shg iq<Õ u.ska isÿùug mshdm;a^wings & folla : ,d frdaijka iqÿ mdgh' M,h meyeÈ,sj wrgqfjka fjkiaj yÿkd.; yel msysghs' Y%S ,xldfú isxyrdc jkdka;rfha nyq,j ±l .; yelsh' jk ixrlaIK fomd;¾fïka;=j jk t<h - j.djla f,i o fydr Ydlh j.dlr we;' f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍug wjYH È. ññ fydr lf|ka ,nd .; ii jhsru ( iDcqh'' yelsùu, fuu Ydlh ±j jYfhka jeo.;aùug ;j;a fya;=jls' rdcH ±j ixia:dj ±j j¾.SlrKh wkqj iii jhkh ( f.dfrdaiq iuj msysá jhkhls' m<uq mx;sfha ±jhls' ueojg óg¾ tlla jk l|ka >k ógrhla re'19,000.00 jk w;r brE ±j fi'ñ'75 x 100 Èla ógrhla re'425,00 fõ' 07' oejfha ;dCIKsl .;s.=K' i >k;ajh(Kg/m3)12%m.c ( 600-800 ii f;alal j,g jvd Yla;su;ah' Order - Malvale Yla;sh ( Kingdom - Plantae Family - Dipterocarpaceae iii fjk;a ( j¾.hg úfYaIs; iqjols' T,sfhda friska we;' j¾.SlrKh - Angiosperms ksYaÑ; ù - Eudicots Genus - Dipterocarpus fkdue; - Rosids Species - Dipterocarpus zeylanicus oej Ndú;fha oS oej iïmSvkh m%n,;dj- iïmSvkh m%n,;dj fldgilg úúOdldr f;;uk Nxck m%;Hia: jhsrug ,ïnlj n,hka ord .ekSug udmdxlh jhsrug iudka;rj m%udKh udmdxlh isÿfõ.
    [Show full text]
  • Dediyagala - Nakiyadeniya (KDN) Forest Complex in Sri Lanka
    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2018): 7.426 A Review on the Floral Composition of Kanneliya - Dediyagala - Nakiyadeniya (KDN) Forest Complex in Sri Lanka M. D. K. L. Gunathilaka Department of Geography, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Abstract: Kanneliya - Dediyagala - Nakiyadeniya (KDN) forest complex is an international biosphere reserve belongs to the lower wet bio-climatic zone. The area is significant for exceptional plant endemicity. Due to the selective logging, exotic species like Alstonia macrophylla and Swetinia macrophylla have become pioneers of the forest area. This study is a literature-based review on the plant species in KDN forest complex with the objective to assess the floristic richness of KDN forest complex. Available studies from 1985 up to 2017 reported various information on the floral composition, diversity and abundance, ecological sensitivity and conservation providinga more distinct view on KDN forest complex. Calculating Important Value Index for plant families, most studies have identified Kanneliya as the core area among the three reserves than Dediyagala and Nakiyadeniya. The topography of the Kanneliya forest reserve area made it as the core area while Nakiyadeniya also reported for high floristic richness. The floristic richness recorded from Dediyagala forest reserve is lower, compared to other two reserves. Kanneliya also identified as a prominent lower wet zone forest for moss flora where species belonging to13 families and 21 genera recorded. This shows the necessity of conservation of plant species in KDN forest complex. Keywords: Conservation, Endemicity, Exotic Species, Floristic richness, KDN forest complex 1. Introduction Sri Lanka is a tropical island located in the Indian Ocean, with a total land area of 65610km2.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 07:42:43AM Via Free Access 4 IAWA Journal, Vol
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 15 (1), 1994: 3-45 SURVEY OF ENGLISH MACROSCOPIC BARK TERMINOLOGY by Leo Junikka 1 Department of Botany, P.O. Box 7 (Unioninkatu 44), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Summary Tenns of outer and inner bark characteris­ field characters of valuable timber trees with tics are critically surveyed. Different macro­ notes on barks. They were followed by Beard scopical tenns with their synonyms are listed (1944; Tobago), De Rosayro (1960; Ceylon), for a comparison of bark features. Sugges­ and Den Outer (1972; Ivory Coast). tions are given for a standardised usage of Whitmore (1962a, b, c), in his notable stud­ the tenns to stimulate a practice of pertinent ies on Dipterocarpaceae, described seven dis­ field notes and facilitate understanding of de­ tinct bark types and demonstrated that the scriptions. Preferred tenns are printed in bold bark may provide valuable taxonomic infor­ face and preferred definitions in italics. mation, and may shed light on a number of Key words: Bark morphology, tenninology. important taxonomic problems. Voorhoeve (1965) produced a comprehensive study of Introduction some Liberian high forest trees with a great Notes on the appearance of the bark or the deal of infonnation on bark characters. Roth fonn of a trunk are often wanting or inade­ (1981) summarised studies on tropical barks quate in most tropical floras. Only a minority in Venezuelan Guyana with some characters of plant collectors include various field char­ and definitions worthwhile to comment. In acters on the labels of herbarium sheets. How­ recent years good examples of tree floras ever, careful descriptions of mature barks using different bark features are Tailfer's and other vegetative parts, especially in rain (1989) work on tropical Africa and Polak's forest trees, may provide a valuable tool for (1992) work on Guyana.
    [Show full text]