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The U.S. Army Spruce Production Division at Vancouver Barracks, Washington, 1917-1919

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The U.S. Army Spruce Production Division at Vancouver Barracks, Washington, 1917-1919 THE U.S. ARMY SPRUCE PRODUCTION DIVISION AT VANCOUVER BARRACKS, WASHINGTON, 1917-1919 March 1, 2013 Prepared for Ft. Vancouver National Historic Site National Park Service Contract P11PX842-51 Prepared by East Slope Cultural Services, Inc. Ward Tonsfeldt, PhD, Principal Investigator THE U.S. ARMY SPRUCE PRODUCTION DIVISION AT VANCOUVER BARRACKS, WASHINGTON, 1917-1919 March 1, 2013 Prepared for Ft. Vancouver National Historic Site National Park Service Contract P11PX842-51 Prepared by East Slope Cultural Services, Inc. Ward Tonsfeldt, PhD, Principal Investigator (Cover photo: Aircraft-grade wing stock enters the dry-kiln at the Cut-up Plant. Photo from NARA, College Park, MD) Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ iii Chapter I Overview of the U.S. Army Spruce Production Division and Spruce Production Corporation ............................................................1 Mobilizing Sitka Spruce for the War The Summer of 1917 The Advent of Colonel Disque Solving the Labor Problem Solving the Production Problem Aftermath Chapter II Personnel and Policies in the Spruce Production Division ......21 Getting Started Communications Management—Military Organization and Officers The Roster, 1918 Labor—Finding the Spruce Soldiers Life in the Logging Camps Life at the Cut-up-Plant Clothing Medical Services What the Soldiers Had to Say Chapter III Building and Operating the Vancouver Cut-up Plant ............50 Genesis and Concept Building the Main Mill Other Parts of the Mill Equipment in the Mill Cutting Aircraft Stock Chapter IV Railroad and Spruce Production ...........................................75 Logging Railroads Branch Lines The SP&S Hub with Service to Vancouver Rail Facilities at the Cut-up Plant Traffic Chapter V The Spruce Production Corporation and the Beginnings of Military Aviation at Vancouver, 1917-1925 ....................105 Pearson Field Overview Aviation Culture at Vancouver Barracks Aviation During the War Years The Spruce Production Corporation Takes Over The Flying Field, September 1919-September 1921 i Chapter VI Significance of the Spruce Production Division ..................122 Air Power and the War One Hundred Million Board Feet The Supremacy of Spruce The Labor Problem Revisited Sabotage and Vigilante Violence Dissolution One Hundred Years Later Appendix A Published Sources Cited .....................................................146 Appendix B Revelant Holdings, NARA, College Park, MD .................155 Appendix C Relevant Holdings, NARA, Seattle, WA ...........................161 Appendix D Selected Bibliography of Secondary Sources ....................167 Appendix E Notes on the Railroads Supplying the SPD ........................192 Appendix F Authorization to Built the Cut-up Plant ..............................201 Appendix G Glossary… ..........................................................................203 ii INTRODUCTION This report discusses the formation and operations of the U.S. Army Spruce Production Division and its successor agency, the Spruce Production Corporation, during World War I. The Spruce Production Division (SPD) was a hybrid military/industrial organization that provided special lumber for manufacturing military aircraft in Europe and in the U.S. At its peak, it consisted of nearly 30,000 officers and men from the U.S. Army Signal Corps. It had administrative offices in Portland, Oregon. The military command for the organization was located at Vancouver Barracks, Washington. Soldiers attached to the SPD were stationed in lumber mills and logging camps throughout western Oregon and Washington from the Canadian border south to Coos Bay. Vancouver was the Division’s central place. Between February and November, 1918, the SPD built and operated a large re-manufacturing plant at Vancouver that produced 139 million board feet of aircraft-grade lumber. Despite the brevity of its period of activity, and the ephemeral nature of wood-and-fabric aircraft construction, the SPD participated in several themes important in 20th century U.S. history. These include the acquisition and management of strategic natural resources, government intervention in social and political disputes, and cultural response to rapid technological change. Now, nearly 100 years after the events of World War I, these themes can be seen to echo through most of the last century. When the Americans entered the war in April, 1917, they were completely unprepared for the pace of technological change on the Western Front. European military aircraft technology was so volatile, and American aviation was so backward, that the British and French Allies asked the Americans not to build any combat aircraft. Surprisingly, the Americans agreed to build only training planes for the war. This was despite that fact that aircraft design and production facilities in Britain and France were strained to the breaking point. The situation at home in 1917 was also uncomfortable. Disruptive strikes, vigilantism, sabotage, and open violence between social classes were occurring in many parts of the country. The American public was told that their safety was threatened by “an unseen foreign hand” bent on their destruction. The Pacific Northwest was especially afflicted with political violence. The Everett Massacre in 1916 and the Centralia Massacre in 1919 bracketed the dates of World War I. Securing a supply of a strategic material deemed essential for the military is common enough in wartime. Enriched uranium in recent times has its historical antecedent in many other periods. The material in World War I was high-grade lumber from the Sitka spruce—an obscure tree found in the coastal rainforests of the Pacific Northwest. Exactly how the European Allies stumbled upon Sitka spruce as the best lumber for aircraft remains a mystery, but they asked for 100 iii million board feet of lumber from this species for their war effort. In 1916— when the Europeans began buying Sitka spruce from Northwest mills—the tree yielded only 10% aircraft-grade lumber. The quota of 100 million board feet set for 1918 would require that one billion board feet of Sitka spruce be cut, and approximately 900 million board feet be rejected. Logging a minor species on this scale could obviously not be sustained. The old-growth forests where the spruce lived were fragile and the total accessible volume of Sitka spruce was estimated at no more than four billion board feet—four years’ supply. One of the SPD’s successes was finding new milling methods to increase the yield of aircraft-grade lumber. Another success was finding alternative species to substitute for Sitka spruce. The SPD met the 100 million board feet quota with half Sitka spruce and half other species. They also produced about 60% aircraft-grade material from their logs. On the social front, the SPD also found an effective stop-gap solution to the unrest crippling the Northwest lumber industry. By creating the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen, the SPD got labor and management to agree to end strikes, lockouts, and sabotage in exchange for eight-hour working days, health and accident insurance, and a pension fund. The arrangement did not last long, but it worked long enough to get through the war. As we move toward the centennial of World War I, it is appropriate that we make details of this period available for public interpretation. Fort Vancouver NHS offers excellent potential for archaeological investigations that can make the period come alive by revealing the material culture of the spruce soldiers and their times. iv CHAPTER I OVERVIEW HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY SPRUCE PRODUCTION DIVISION AND THE SPRUCE PRODUCTION CORPORATION The U.S. Army Spruce Production Division was a branch of the Signal Corps Aviation Section during World War I. Its purpose was to ensure that the United States produced over 100 million board feet of Sitka spruce lumber for the Allies to manufacture military aircraft. The U.S. entered the war on April 6, 1917, and the Army established the Spruce Production Division (SPD) on November 17, 1917. During the summer of 1918—about nine months later—the SPD phased out operations and transferred all of its assets to the Spruce Production Corporation. This was a government corporation which continued to produce aircraft lumber for the remainder of the war. By the end of the war in November, total production of aircraft lumber had reached 139 million board feet, more than meeting the goal established in 1917. In September of 1919, ten months after the Armistice, the Spruce Production Corporation (SPC) began to liquidate the logging equipment, railroads, sawmills, and timber lands that the SPD had accumulated. The timber lands were sold on contract, so the SPC’s life was artificially prolonged as it continued to manage the sales contracts for the government until 1946. In reality, the government spruce production program lasted only a year, from November 1917 to November 1918. Reduced to its simplest terms, the Army’s venture into lumber production seems short-lived and perhaps a little anomalous. Strange things happen during wars. It is easy to relegate the SPD to the category of activities that seemed like a good idea at the time but do not, perhaps, bear too much scrutiny after the fact. The Army’s own initial reports on World War I military aviation (E.S. Gorell, Final Report, 1919, and W.C. Sherman, “Tactical History,” 1921) do not mention the Spruce Production Division or Spruce Production
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