Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines
25-26 June 2018 Athens, Greece IGME A udit orium
Abstracts Book & Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion
Guide i
ISBN: 978-618-80280-2-9 Kalaitzidis, S. (Editor), 2018. Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines: Abstracts Book and Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion Guide. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece, 174 pp.
ii Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Preface
The Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines was held in Athens during the period of 25-26 June 2018, and included one day of presentations followed by one-day field trip to the Lavreotiki-Lavrion area in Attica. This Symposium aimed to bring together, for the first time, scientists from the Balkan area and the adjacent countries to discuss on the emerging issue of abandoned and degraded post-mining areas. The event was funded by the Sulaimani Polytechnic University, and co-sponsored by the Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration, and the Kurdistan Institution of Strategic Studies and Scientific Research. The Organizing Committee acknowledges the assistance of the Personnel of all the Organizations for the successful implementation of this Symposium. Colleagues from Romania, Serbia, Greece, Cyprus and Kurdistan Region of Iraq had the opportunity to exchange experiences, know-how and ideas in the fields of Sustainable Mining Closure. Several heavily degraded post-mining areas across the Balkans were presented, covering the whole span of the extractive raw materials, from coal, uranium and oil to metallic and industrial minerals. The discussed mining areas represented various cases, some of them operating for centuries, which ceased operating due to resource depletion, negative market circumstances, as well as war-conflict induced shut-downs. Additional topics covered included principles and best practices for post-mining rehabilitation, the nowadays threat of the E-wastes, which impose an increasing environmental concern, as well as the role of the Media in public educating and environmental policies supporting activities. Concluding the overall discussions between the presenters and the audience in IGME Auditorium, it is evident that the Abandoned Mine Sites impose challenges at various levels, with the main being the deterioration of the environment, including concerns for the general public health, and secondly the opportunities for local communities to benefit from the development of micro-economy around eco-touristic activities. A strategy that comprises the implementation of well-known best practices for rehabilitation, interdisciplinary scientific approaches, education and funding schemes for eco-friendly investments, seems being the ideal mixture for improving the life standards in the affected areas.
Dr. Stavros Kalaitzidis Chair of the Organizing Committee Member of the IGME Board of Directors Athens, 26 August 2018
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Table of Contents
Part A Preface v Alan Faraydoon Ali and Rozhen Kamal Moahammed-Amin “Sustainable re- 1 use and re-development of abandoned mine sites” Katerina Adam “Sustainable Mine Closure” 2 Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu “Environmental impact of 3 coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania” Polla Khanaqa “Environmental effects of mining from Kurdistan Region 6 of Iraq: Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining” Vladimir Simić “Abandoned mines in Serbia – Environmental, Societal 9 and Economical challenges” Costas Constantinou “Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus 12 case” Dragana Životić “Environmental Pollution from petrochemical industry 14 caused by bombing of Serbia” Alexandros Liakopoulos “Environmental impacts from abandoned or 17 Inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece)” Alecos Demetriades “Environmental contamination caused by abandoned 20 mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki-Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas” Nymphodora Papassiopi “Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of 22 Lavrion” Alih Salih “Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using 24 synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin” Khabat M. Ahmad “Remediation of Brownfield Land” 25 Soran Beana “The importance of electronics recycling and e-waste for 26 decreasing mining and environmental pollution” Hakim Othman Hameed “Role of Media in environmental protection” 27 PART B: Presentations 29 PART C: Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion Guide 114
v Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Sustainable re-use and re-development of abandoned mine sites
Alan Faraydoon Ali and Rozhen Kamal Moahammed-Amin
Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, [email protected], [email protected]
Abandoned mine sites are resource-exhausted lands that had been temporarily used for raw-material extraction. In addition to socio-economic issues for the local communities, abandoned mine sites cause environmental challenges to the respective areas, related to reduced environmental quality and degraded landscapes (Kivinen, 2017). Other landscape and environmental challenges caused by mining industry and subsequent abandonment include waste rock dumps, open pits, tailings, and contamination that create future land use and planning problems. While some mine sites are properly closed, restored, re-used, and/or re-developed, many other sites around the world are poorly or inadequately closed or abandoned without proper planning and impact assessment. These further increase social and environmental problems at post-mining sites. Through presenting a number of case studies from various mining types and countries, in this study we first highlight the negative impacts from mining industry and abandoned mine sites on local and regional environments. We also discuss the social and environmental challenges these mine sites create to their surrounding local communities, and the risks arisen from their abandonment and inappropriate closure. We then examine and present cases from best planning and management practices in post-mining lands and sustainable re-use and re- development of abandoned mine sites. We conclude with recommendations for appropriate mine sites closure and reclamation from effective land use and urban planning points of view.
1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Sustainable Mine Closure
Katerina Adam School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, [email protected]
This presentation refers to the techniques employed by the extractive industry so that the end of the Mine Life Cycle meets the principles of Sustainable Development. The key points derived from the review of international Mine Closure guidelines and comprehensive Environmental Regulations are summarized. General objectives of Mine Closure include the Protection of Human health, the Physical and chemical stability and safety of structures left in place at the mine site, e.g. Open pits, TMF, the Biological stability, i.e. natural rehabilitation with the minimum after care needs, Protection of Water resources. International practices clearly document that for the design of a sustainable closure and rehabilitation scheme, these issues need to be considered from the earliest stages of mine planning and before any operation commences, taking into account the views of public consultation. The methodology for developing a Mine Closure Plan, alongside with the relevant mining stages is presented, demonstrating that closure planning is an ongoing process, developed throughout the mine life cycle. A period of environmental monitoring is allowed for the after closure and reclamation period to ensure that the rehabilitation goals have been met.
2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Environmental impact of coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania
Mihai Emilian Popa1 and Georgeta Predeanu2
1 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, Laboratory of Palaeontology, 1, N. Bălcescu Ave., 010041, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
2 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-friendly Technologies, 1, Polizu St., 011061, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
Coal mining in Romania represented and still represents a highly important industrial branch for economic and social reasons. In 1998, following the analysis on economic rehabilitation of all mines in Romania conducted with the World Bank assistance, it was decided that a total of 230 mines had to be closed, with an estimated cost of these closures of approx. 400 million US$ (Fodor and Baican, 2001). The technical decommissioning or conservation operation, included a program for post-closure monitoring of the environment. The problem of the environment rehabilitation and/or its deterioration prevention was done in accordance to the Mining Law no.85/2003. In case of the old Romanian exploitation by state-owned operators, the issue of ensuring closing funds remained the responsibility of the State and the community (Ştefănescu, 2010 ). Coal mine closures since 2000 affected numerous operations in the South Carpathians, Transylvania and East Carpathians, with abandoned coal mining sites emerging frequently in these regions. In the South Carpathians, for example, abandoned coal mines occur in Anina, Doman, Lupac and Secu, for the Reșița Basin, and in Cozla, Camenița, Buschmann, Stanca, Pietrele Albe, Palașca, Chiacovăț-Ostreșu and Pregheda, for the Sirinia Basin, in Schela for the Cerna-Jiu Basin and in Câmpul lui Neag, Uricani, Petrila and Paroșeni for the Petroșani Basin. These abandoned coal mines include former underground mines, which are
3 dominant, as well as former quarries such as in Anina and Pregheda. Several environmental threats were identified, related to abandoned coal mines: water and air (through dust) contamination, soil pollution, landscape degradation, as well as social problems and health hazards. Although a series of measures were undertaken at various administrative levels for contening these threats, insufficient funding often made these measures ineffective. However, abandoned coal mining sites were proven beneficial for geological research and even for special branches of tourism. Sterile dumps and abandoned quarries are usually rich in fossil flora and fauna, becoming valuable palaeontological information resources. From this point of view, new Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) as palaeontological reserves are proposed for preserving the palaeontological heritage in Anina and Secu, and new palaeontological and geological museums are planned in Anina and Petroșani. Even a geopark in Anina is proposed, for preserving palaeontological, geological and coal mining heritage in the area. Closed uranium mines in the South Carpathians occur in Jitin, Lișava and Ciudanovița, for the Reșița Basin and in Elișeva, for the Sirinia Basin. Some of these uranium mines are kept in conservation for possible re-opening in the future, such as Lișava, while others are closed. Environmental threats related to these sites include water and air pollution, posing health hazards especially in Ciudanovița and Elișeva. Sterile dumps, when abandoned and not covered with thick concrete layers, pose health hazards, although their palaeontological content is valuable and rich. The recovery of mining waste from processing and burning of coal is an economic and ecological alternative of the use of secondary resources. This category includes variable by-products of processing activities, such as rocks or ash and slag from power plants (Onose et al., 2017; Valentim et al., 2017). The main pollution sources in mining areas are acid mine waters (MW), which leached the rocks from the extraction and processing prior and after the preparation plants. The quality of water discharged from underground, resulted by infiltration from surface mining works or process water, is variable. Highly acidic mine waters with high degree of mineralization and very high content of metal ions (Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Mn, Fe, U, Ni) and rare earth elements (REE) (Ce, Y, Nd, Ga, and others) are noted, specially related either to sulfide and uranium ore deposit or coal deposits. Demand for critical metals which is expected to increase since they are needed in
4 the new generation of high-tech materials used by the EU industries by “remining”. The term “remining” is defined, in this context, as the recovery of the precious metal content left in tailing dumps. This reduces pollution by recycling useful mineral substances. “Remining” is an extension of the life cycle of operation, during which contribute to the sustainable development and slower transition to closure, while preparing the community and local economy. Recycling large volumes of MW generated every year by coal mines cannot be ignored as one of the most promising and potential secondary unconventional resource of heavy and rare metals in Europe.
References Fodor, D., Baican, G., 2001. Mine closure and conservation correlated with protection and restoration of the environment, In: The impact of mining on the environment, 363-381, Ed. Infomin, Deva, ISBN 973-85031-3-2 (in Romanian). Ştefănescu, L., 2010. Research on the impact to the closure of gold mines in Roşia Montană metallogenetic field. PhD thesis, University Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj Napoca, Romania. Valentim, B., Abagiu, A.T., Anghelescu, L., Flores, D., French, D., Gonçalves, P., Guedes, A., Popescu, L.G., Predeanu, G., Ribeiro, J., Slăvescu, V., Ward. C.R., 2017. Assessment of landfilled Oltenia lignite bottom ash (Romania) as a source of rare earth elements. ICCP Program & Abstract Book. 69th Annual Meeting of the ICCP, September 3-9, 2017, Bucharest, Romania. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften Heft 92, 145-147. ISBN 978-3-510-49239-8. Onose, C., Mihaly, M., Rogozea, E.A., Predeanu, G., Valentim, B., Guedes, A., Cadar, D., Olteanu, N.L., Meghea, A., 2017. Extraction of heavy and rare earth metals from bottom ash: a kinetic study of the acid attack. ICCP Program & Abstract Book. 69th Annual Meeting of the ICCP, September 3- 9, 2017, Bucharest, Romania. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften Heft 92, 114-116. ISBN 978-3-510-49239-8.
5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Environmental effects of mining from Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining
Polla Khanaqa
Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, [email protected]
Various open pit mines operations for extracting raw materials for different industrial uses are raised dramatically following the economic development in Kurdistan region of Iraq since 2003. Concurrently, the negative environmental aspects of these mining activities increase dramatically. Based on site observation most mining activities in Kurdistan region of Iraq are related to non-metallic mineral resources, such as clay, limestone, gypsum, sand, and gravel deposits used by construction companies to produce clay brick, concrete block and Portland cement. The negative impacts include soil contamination, loss of biodiversity, degradation of landscapes, air pollution and reducing the agriculture land. 1. Clay Harvesting in Kurdistan Clays and clay minerals have been mined since the Sumerian in Mesopotamian region in form of clay tablet (Chiriu et al., 2016). Today they are among the most important minerals used by the construction industries. Clay is a natural mineral resource with economic and physicochemical properties allowing clay to be the best target for industries. It becomes cohesive when molded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired (Speight and Toki, 2000). In Kurdistan region of Iraq, clay is a widely distributed and abundant natural mineral resource, and the most common and famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit methods. The environmental impacts of clay mining can be allocated into two groups: the potential environmental impact during mine production and the environmental
6 impact after mine closure. The vicinity of the clay harvesting sites to water table level is a major source of underground water pollution in Sulaimani area. Drawdown of the ground water table caused by evaporation is obvious particularly in a gigantic and strategic underground water basin near Sulaimani city. Concurrently the Open-pit clay mining in the Kurdistan region changes the topography, vegetation, destroys landscapes and is reducing the agriculture land. The thickness of removed clay deposits in Bazian area sometimes reaches 20-25 m depth, thus leading to the establishment of some local ponds. These new ponds form new habitat for animal and plant species in the area. 2. Limestone mining in Kurdistan The nearly pure limestone of Snijar Formation is widely distributed outcropping in Kurdistan region of Iraq, especially in Sulaimani governorate. The chemical and physical composition of Sinjar limestone is ideal raw material for Portland cement industry. Since 2003 five Portland cement factories were built in the area to fill-up the demand of Portland cement in the entire Iraqi territory. The annual production is about 1 Mt/year. The potential environmental impacts during mine production include the following: During the extraction of limestone using blasting methods in open pit mines a huge amount of fugitive dust is released to the air (Tabatabaei and Mohammadi, 2013). At Bazine mine, which is one of the most important limestone mines in Sulaimani area the dust problem has been noticed by the inhabitants for a long time. Among the other activities that increase the rate of dust generation, the transportation of the raw materials from the excavation site to the plant, and wind erosion of the stockpiles are included. Consequently this deteriorates air quality and constitutes a potential health hazard in the area around the mines. Less commonly, limestone mining can affect the ground water quality in the nearby areas. Mining operations decline the ground water table to expose the quarrying site, causing changes on how water flows through the rock formations. The site observations revealed that if the present quarrying rate remains constant, within few years (10 to 15 years) the Bazine side of the Tainal ridge will be completely diminished and furthermore, the environmental problem will become a more serious issue as already there is a lot of dust and people are suffering of many lung diseases.
7 References Speight, C.F., Toki J., 2000. Hands in Clay (4th Edition). New York: U.S.A., McGraw-Hill Companies. Chiriu, D., Ricci, P.C., Carbonaro, C.M., Nadali, D., Polcaro, A., Mocci, F., 2016. Drying oil detected in mid-third Millennium B.C. Mesopotamian clay artifacts: Raman spectroscopy and DFT simulation study, Microchemical J. 124, 386–395. Tabatabaei, J., Mohammadi, F., 2013. Environmental Effects of Mining Industries in Meymeh Region, North West of Isfahan. APCBEE Procedia 5, 388–393.
8 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Abandoned mines in Serbia – Environmental, Societal and Economical challenges
Vladimir Simić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Economic Geology Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]
The extractive mining industry in Serbia has always been an important sector of the economy; however, the intensive ore mining in Serbia has caused exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources and pollution of water, air and soil, and significant deterioration and degradation of soils. Most of the terrain has been degraded by surface mining of copper and coal. Large areas are covered with tailings and fly ash deposits. Such localities in Serbia have been estimated to contain around 170 Mt of ash from coal-fired power plants, between 1.4 and 1.7 Gt of overburden wastes (mostly backfilled in the open pits), and around 700 Mt of flotation and separation tailings. Although this data shows contemporary pollution from existing mines, there are numerous abandoned mines and quarries of metallic and non-metallic mineral commodities, which also cause, or may cause, certain ecological and societal impacts. The most important metallic mineral resources of Serbia are non-ferrous and precious metals. Especially important, regarding resource potential and economic importance, are the deposits of copper and lead-zinc, with the accompanying association of elements. Historically, antimony was an important metal produced mostly in western part of Serbia. Legal basis for geological exploration and mining activity is the Law on Mining and Geological Exploration from 2015, with the Ministry of Mining and Energy in charge for both activities. The mining legislation covers the whole life-cycle: prospection, exploration, exploitation, processing, closure, environmental rehabilitation and post-closure activities. All mineral commodities are state-
9 owned, and abandoned mines are defined in the Law as the State is in charge for all historical pollution. Regarding abandoned mines, it is also important to mention the set of environmental laws from 2004 (with subsequent amendments and improvements), and the Nature Protection Law from 2009/2010. The Ministry of Mining and Energy is in charge of the mine wastes in Serbia. Environmental challenges of abandoned/existing mines have been summarised in several documents: Cadastre of waste dumps and tailings of Pb-Zn and Sb mines, Geological Institute of Serbia, 2006; Environmental Assessment of RTB Bor Operations – Final report, ERM’s Milan Office, 2006; The Study on Master Plan for Promotion of Mining Industry in Republic of Serbia, Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering C., Ltd, 2008 and Cadastre of abandoned mines on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and accompanying database, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, 2015. There is a large ongoing project "The Cadastre of Mining Waste in the Republic of Serbia", aiming to further develop and improve the mining waste management system in the Republic of Serbia by creating an inventory – a cadastre of mining waste. The cadastre is to be created in the form of a web application and a book, containing also risk assessment, characterization of mining waste and its classification. The project is implemented by a consortium of German companies PLEJADES and DMT and should be completed in January 2021. The results in reclamation of abandoned mines are so far mainly as studies and documents prepared, but not enough concrete studies and performed actions have been completed. Coal industry in general performs reclamation (not at the desirable scale due to lack of public finances). In 2018 the final reclamation of the Zajača smelter waste that was strongly affected after large floods in 2014, should be finished (financed by the Serbian government, performed by French Company SADE). All abandoned mines and quarries in AR of Vojvodina should be reclaimed till 2020, and already several large open pits in Vojvodina were successfully reclaimed, mostly by creation of lakes and mire environments, either for birds and other animals, or for recreational purposes. There are certain economic challenges of old tailings in Bor copper complex. Flotation wastes, produced during 70 year of copper ore processing in the RTB Bor, Serbia, is deposited in the flotation tailings pond. In total, 26.4 Mt could be considered as available for eventual reprocessing. An average concentration of targeted metals in the tailings is: 0.183 % Cu, 0.35 g/t Au and 2.17 g/t Ag. Copper is in form of oxide and sulphide minerals. Metal potential of tailings was
10 estimated at 330 M US$ (Stanković et al, 2018). An interesting approach was presented by Stanković et al. (2015): basic bioleaching experiments showed that significant amounts of copper could be recovered from samples taken from the old flotation tailings of the Copper Mine Bor (around 80% on average), by application of water from the extremely acidic metal-rich water body of Lake Robule as lixiviant. In general, there are at least three benefits of the presented approach: the recovery of substantial amounts of copper, a reduction of the environmental impact from the tailings, and the use of abundant and free water from an extremely acidic lake.
References Stanković, V., Milošević, V., Milićević, D., Gorgievski, M., Bogdanović, G., 2018. Reprocessing of the old flotation tailings deposited on the RTB Bor tailings pond – a case study. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly • January 2018, DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ170817005S. Stanković, S., Morić, I., Pavić, A., Vojnović, S., Vasiljević, B., Cvetković, V., 2015. Bioleaching of copper from samples of old flotation tailings (Copper Mine Bor, Serbia). J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 80(3), 391–405.
11 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case
Costas Constantinou
Geological Survey of Cyprus, [email protected]
The natural resources of Cyprus come mainly from the Troodos Range and are directly linked to the Troodos Ophiolite Complex and its evolution, which resulted in the formation of copper, asbestos and chromite deposits. The copper deposits are found mainly in the Pillow Lavas sequences and the asbestos in the upper mantle sequence. Cyprus was the largest center for the production and trade of copper for three thousand years. Until 500 AD and during that period, 200,000 t of copper had been produced. It was also regarded as one of the most ancient sources of asbestos. The modern exploration activities for massive sulphides (copper) ore commenced in 1908, where the first deposit was discovered. In the following years, more and larger deposits were discovered. The copper mining industry reached its climax between 1950-1970, following the mechanization and application of opencast mining. It is estimated that about 850,000 t of massive sulphides / copper were produced during the last century mining activities. Since 1996, only the Skouriotissa mine operates, where metallic copper is produced with the application of bioleaching and hydrometallurgy. The modern large-scale exploitation of asbestos began in 1934 and until 1988 about 130 Mt of rock had been excavated, producing 1 Mt of chrysotile asbestos fibers. The Amiantos asbestos mine is located in the central part of the Troodos Ophiolite at an elevation of about 1400 m above sea level. The exploitation of both massive sulphides and asbestos ore resulted in the existence of 25 abandoned copper mines and one asbestos mine, causing serious
12 environmental problems, as well as problems related to the stability of the huge waste dumps created during the long period of exploitation. The main environmental issue related to copper mines is the effect of acid drainage, mainly from the tailings heaps. Fortunately, the effect on the surface and groundwater resources is insignificant because the tailings are located at low altitude areas with low precipitation and minor runoffs. In addition, calcareous sediments that usually occur downstream of the tailings, are causing rapid neutralization of acid drainage. In regards to the sulphides abandoned mines, two of them, namely the Limni mine and the Mangaleni mine were restored and further restoration works are ongoing for two other mines, Agrokipia and Skouriotissa, and there are plans for the restoration or reuse of all remaining abandoned mines. The restoration efforts are carried out by both public and private sector. On the other hand, the long-term operation of the Amiantos asbestos mine, by the open cast method, has unavoidably affected the natural environment of the area and has had more serious impacts on the wider environment. The main environmental problems are the extensive waste dumps with steep, unstable, slopes, the complete destruction of the pine forest of the area, as well as the pollution of the air and the surface water. Following the termination of the mining activities in 1992, the Government of Cyprus undertook the rehabilitation works of the area, which began in 1995, focusing mainly on the stability of the waste dumps and the reforestation and re-vegetation of the restored areas. At first, a reprofiling / stabilization program of the waste dumps was executed, followed by a reforestation program aiming at the restoration of the natural landscape and the rehabilitation of the environment at the mine site. In addition, in the area of the crater, a small lake was designed and constructed. Until today, an area of 4.7 km2 has been stabilized and an area of 3.7 km2 has been reforested. On the edge of the mine area a Botanic Garden with a Visitor Center and the Troodos Geopark Information Center have been created.
13 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Environmental Pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Serbia
Dragana Životić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Economic Geology, Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected]
Mineral industry, especially this of fossil fuels, is an important part of the economy in Serbia. Serbia has significant resources of fossil fuels, particularly lignite and oil shale, while oil and gas reserves have been considerably exhausted. Lignite makes up almost 90% of energy resources of the country, while oil and gas account for less than 10%. Total geological resources of brown coal in Serbia amount to 4.88 Gt (excluding Kosovo), and the resources of bituminous coal amount to about 46.62 Mt. Oil and gas accumulations are spatially related to the local depressions in the Pannonian Basin in Miocene clastic sediments, at the depths of 400-3500 m (Kostić and Ercegovac, 2002). Minor occurrences of hydrocarbons have been found in several small Tertiary basins. The Banat Depression with more than 260 deposits, 90 oil and gas occurrences and 40 exploitation fields, is the most promising exploration area in Serbia. The production of oil in Serbia begun in 1956, and a total of about 41 Mt have been produced so far. The quantities produced meet only 20-30% of the domestic requirements. The peak oil production was in 1982 (Ercegovac et al., 2003), when it amounted to over 1.3 Mt. That was followed by a general decline of production. The production of gas began earlier, in 1952, and so far about 28 Gm3 have been produced. The production peak was in 1979, when it reached 1.1 Gm3. The favourable geographical position of Pančevo and Novi Sad influenced the early development of petrochemical industry. Even before the bombing, Pančevo and its surroundings suffered from air pollution. The chlorinated solvents were found in both soil and groundwater samples, while higher content of mercury,
14 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and 1,2-dichloroethane were detected in the waste channel near the Danube River. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 the chemical/petrochemical industry complexes (chemical fertilizer factory, oil refinery, petrochemical plant and wastewater treatment plant) were destroyed or/and seriously damaged (Bancov, 1999; Dalmacija et al., 2000; Gopal and Deller, 2002). Consequences of destruction of these plants to the environment and population are long-term and extremely harmful. Immediate consequences of the bombing were multiple: combustion of large quantities of toxic chemical compounds, leakage of oil, petroleum products, ammonia, nitrogen and sulphur compounds directly into the Danube, leakage of large amount of harmful substances on surrounding soil, permanent pollution of groundwater etc. Long- term consequences are much more dangerous and harmful, and they are reflected in permanent changes in the environment affecting the health of local population. Decades of air pollution have extremely negative consequences for the health of the local population. The most extensive steps in technological improvement were made in the Oil Refinery Pančevo, after 2009, through investments by Russian Gazprom. According to data of the Public Health Institute of Pančevo and Environmental Protection Agency, since 2001, the biggest polluters of air in the city and its surroundings are ammonia, benzene, soot and suspended particles. Over the last 16 years, due to the modernization of production plants, higher and stricter quality control, mean annual concentration of benzene and ammonia (Živanović, 2017) are significantly reduced.
References: Bancov, S., 1999. Day to Day Report About the Side-effects of Bombardment on Human Environment and Citizens [sic] Health. Pančevo: Republic of Serbia, Ministry of the Protection of Human Environment, South Banat District. Dalmacija, B., Ivančev Tumbas, I., Bikit, I., Vesković, M., Đurendić, M., Miladinov-Mikov, M., Batalić, V., Čonkić, Lj., Bečelić M., 2000. Environmental pollution of Novi Sad and its surroundings and health risks. Archive of Oncology 8 (3), 113-8. Ercegovac, M., Grgurović, D., Bajc, S., Vitorović, D., 2003. Oil shales in Serbia: geological and chemical-technological investigations, actual problems of exploration and feasibility studies. In: Mineral material complex of Serbia
15 and Montenegro at the crossings of two millenniums, ed. by S. Vujić, 368- 378. Belgrade: Margo-Art (in Serbian, with a summary in English). Gopal, S., Deller, N., 2002. Precision Bombing, Widespread Harm Two Case Studies of the Bombings of Industrial Facilities at Pancevo and Kragujevac During Operation Allied Force, Yugoslavia 1999. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, pp. 103. Kostić, A., Ercegovac, M., 2002. Modeling of Petroleum Generation in the Banat Depression (Pannonian Basin). Geologica Carpathica 53, 110–113. Živanović, V., 2017. Environmental Changes in the City of Pančevo. Collection of Papers - Faculty of Geography at the University of Belgrade 65 (1a), 449- 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub1765449Z.
16 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Environmental impacts from abandoned or Inactive mines, an overview: the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece)
Alexandros Liakopoulos
Head of Geochemistry and Environment Department, IGME Sp. Loui 1, Olympic Village, Acharnai 13677, Greece, [email protected]
Since the Palaeolithic times, mining, alongside agriculture, represents one of man’s earliest activities, that has played a fundamental and important role in the development and continuation of civilization. Intense ancient mining activity in Greece was the source for the gold during the period of Philip II and Alexander the Great (Kassandra and the Pangeon mines), whereas the exploitation of Laurion mines, by the city of Athens during the Classical period (5th and 4th c. BC), for silver and lead, had a direct and major effect on the creation of the Athenian empire. Rocks and minerals are also crucial to now days, as every segment of our modern society could not function without the products of the extractive mining industries. However mining is a finite economic activity, also called “robber economy”, or “robber industry”, meaning that mining is also one of the industrial enterprises that are known in advance to have a finite life. All mine operations will be required to close at some point, when: (a) the mineral deposit is exhausted or (b) Becomes uneconomic to mine or abstract. In countries with a long mining history, the magnitude of the impacts from past mining activity is often considerable. The present paper in the first part, discusses a little more general about the abandoned mines legacy, also called “negative legacy”, or “orphaned pollution”,
17 whereas in the second part is focused on a typical Greek case, namely the abandoned mines of the KIRKI area, explicating the identification and classification of environmental hazards, and presenting how the use of field instruments improved the démarche. In this purpose, field analytical methods, including portable XRF, were extensively used to allow a more precise identification of the source, to draw relevant conceptual models and outline a monitoring network. Data interpretation was based on temporal series and on a geographical model. A classification method for mining waste was established, based on data on pollutant contents and emissions, and their long-term pollution potential. Mining waste present at the Kirki mine and plant sites comprises (A) extraction waste, mainly metal sulphide-rich rocks; (B) processing waste, mainly tailings, with iron and sulphides, sulphates or other species, plus residues of processing reagents; and (C) other waste, comprising leftover processing reagents and Pb-Zn concentrates. The most urgent action is thus dam’s consolidation (type B waste). Type A waste is by far the most bulky one, and cannot be economically moved, whereas an amount of 23,12 t of unused chemical reagent (type C waste), have been successfully removed from the site, to minimise the impact and clean up the area at 2005, 2008 and 2013. All waste management options require the implementation of a monitoring network for remediation plan design, efficiency control, and later, community alert in case of accidental failure of mitigation/remediation measures.
References Bussière, B., 2009. Acid mine drainage from abandoned mine sites: problematic and reclamation approaches, in Proc. of Int. Symp. on Geoenvironmental Eng., ISGE2009 September 8-10, 2009, Hangzhou, China. National Orphaned/Abandoned Mines Initiative, 2016. Orphaned and Abandoned Mines: Risk Identification, Cost Estimation and Long-term Management. December 2016, http://www.abandoned-mines.org UNEP, 2000. Mining and sustainable development II Challenges and perspectives. industry and environment Volume 23 Special Issue 2000
18 Warhurst, A., 1999. Environmental regulation, innovation and sustainable development. In A. Warhurst (ed), Mining and Environment: Case Studies form the Americas, International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada Ficklin, W.H., Plumlee, G.S., Smith, K.S., McHugh, J.B., 1992. Geochemical classification of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas, in Kharaka, Y.K., Maest, A.S., eds., Water-rock interaction: Seventh International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992, Proceedings, v. 1, Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 381-384. Liakopoulos, A., Lemiere, B., Michael, K., Crouzet, C., Laperche, V., Romaidis, I., Drougkas I., Lassin, A., 2010. Environmental impacts of unmanaged solid waste at a former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki”, Waste management research V28, pp 996-1009, 2010. Liakopoulos, A., 2009. Environmental study of the former Kirki mines area. Pollution extension and proposed abatement measures. Unpublished IGME internal report. IGME—Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, pp. 227, 2 appendixes. Lemière, B., V. Laperche, 2006. Test and feasibility of the implementation of monitoring tools foe mining and industrial environmental applications on Kirki mining area (Greece), Phase 1. Unpublished BRGM report Papassiopi, N., Mylona, E., Xenidis, A., Paspaliaris, I., Liakopoulos, A., Angellatou, V., Drougas, J., 2009. Assessment of major acid generation sources in the mining site of Agios Filippos, Kirki, GR. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Environmental Geotechnology (Amireg) 2009, pp. 333– 338. Papassiopi, N., Zaharia, C., Xenidis, A., Adam, K., Liakopoulos, A., Romaidis, I., 2014. Assessment of contaminants transport in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, by coupling hydrological and geochemical modeling tools, in Minerals Engineering 64 (2014) 78–91.
19 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki-Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas
Alecos Demetriades
Treasurer and Chairperson of the Sampling Committee, IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, [email protected]
The Hellenic Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration has studied the potentially hazardous element concentrations in one of the most ancient mining and smelting areas in the World, the Lavreotiki-Lavrion part of Attiki Prefecture, which is situated approximately 35 km to the south-east of Athens. The intense mining and metallurgical activities since 3500 BC to the end of the 20th century caused the contamination of soil with Pb, As, Sb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Hg, Zn, etc.
The health-related hazard and effects of contamination in Lavrion were detected to begin with by cross-sectional epidemiological studies in the 1980’s. Their conclusion was that children of nursery and primary school age had a severe problem of lead-poisoning (plumbosis). The last cross-sectional epidemiological study, which was carried out in 1988 on 235 children from Lavrion, showed the seriousness of environmental contamination on the health of children, i.e. (a) 90% of the children had more than 100 micrograms of Pb per litre of blood, the limit set by the World Health Organisation, and (b) 8.4% had more than 20 micrograms of arsenic in 24-hour urine.
A soil geochemical survey was carried out on approximately 170 km2 of the Lavreotiki peninsula, and the results have shown that about 75% of the area (~130 km2) is contaminated by potentially hazardous elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). The subsequent detailed geochemical mapping of the Lavrion urban area (7 km2), which included the chemical characterisation of metallurgical processing wastes, together with the geochemistry of soil cover and house dust, have shown
20 that the whole area is seriously contaminated with respect to As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The geochemistry of parent rocks defined the natural background concentrations, before human activities began to contaminate the whole area. For example, Pb concentrations in parent rocks vary from 1 to 1850 mg/kg Pb, with a median at 22 mg/kg, while in the soil cover vary from 850 to 151,579 mg/kg Pb, with a median at 7305 mg/kg.
As the Officers of the Municipality of Lavrion considered that the health-related hazard was solely caused by the smelter, and not the contaminated soil cover, urine samples were collected in 1998 from 65 people in collaboration with the Lavrion Medical Centre. The results showed that 37% of the inhabitants had urine As levels >100 μg As/l urine. It was, therefore, concluded that As is still available for absorption 9 years after the closure of the metallurgical complex, and the source was still active, and can be none other than the metallurgical processing wastes and the contaminated soil.
Considering all available results (geochemical distribution maps of potentially hazardous elements, metallurgical processing wastes map, land use map, hazard and child exposure assessment maps, pilot project rehabilitation techniques, etc.) an integrated environmental management scheme for the Lavrion urban area was developed on blocks of 50 x 50 m to facilitate the soil cover rehabilitation with different cost-effective techniques. The cost for rehabilitating 7 km2 has been estimated at about 42 million Euro, if the Municipality does the work with its own employees and assisted by the Lavrion inhabitants.
21 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion
Nymphodora Papassiopi
School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, [email protected]
The Lavrion area in Greece, located 50 km SE of Athens, has been the center on mining and metallurgical activities for more than 2700 years. These activities generated huge stockpiles of wastes and resulted in the widespread contamination of soils. Mining and metallurgical operations ceased in 1977 and 1984, respectively. Since that date, an intense activity took place in Lavrion to evaluate the environmental status, identify the high risk areas, and apply appropriate technologies for the rehabilitation of mining wastes and contaminated soils. Some representative pilot and full scale rehabilitation projects are briefly described in this presentation. The pilot-scale projects were implemented between 1994 and 2000 in the framework of two EU funded projects and aimed at evaluating the performance of alternative remediation technologies. In the case of sulphidic tailings, the main environmental problem is the oxidation of sulfur and the generation of highly acidic waters under the action of atmospheric oxygen and meteoric water. The investigated rehabilitation options included the application of synthetic or natural dry covers and the addition of limestone in order to reduce the contact with atmospheric water. Based on the monitoring results over a period of six years, it was found that the synthetic HDPE cover eliminated the percolation of water over a period of five years, though a leakage was observed in the 6th year of monitoring. Covering the tailings with a compacted clay layer reduced the volume of infiltrated water to approximately 5% of the respective amount in the control area. Addition of limestone initially resulted in the increase of hydraulic
22 conductivity of the system. During a period of 3 years water infiltration gradually decreased due to the formation of a hardpan layer. The efficiency of stabilisation techniques was evaluated with demo-scale tests for the rehabilitation of oxidic beneficiation tailings. Five mixtures combining phosphates, fly ash, biological sludge and compost were tested as stabilisers in the field. Stabilisation was carried out at a depth of 45 cm, using common construction and agricultural equipment. The addition of stabilisers has reduced the solubility of Pb, Zn, and Cd by a factor ranging between 60 and 95%, and the stabilised material was characterised as non-toxic according to the TCLP test. Stabilisation was also found to be an indispensable pretreatment stage to support the development of vegetation, as a final protective cover suppressing the generation of dust. The full-scale projects which are described in the presentation include: (i) the rehabilitation works that were carried out inside the premises of the former metallurgical complex of the French Company of Lavrion Mines, which is currently the Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP) operated by NTUA; and (ii) the rehabilitation of Thoricos bay. The main restoration works in LTCP were the rehabilitation of a dam (2.5 ha), containing sulphidic tailings, and the remediation of contaminated soils, which were dispersed in the whole area (25 Ha) of the LTCP. The rehabilitation of tailings dam took place in 1994-1995 and costed 335,000 USD. The remediation of soils was carried out between 2003 and 2007 and the total cost was approximately 3.5 million Euros. In Thoricos bay, the beach (8 ha) consisted of acid generating sulfidic wastes. Rehabilitation works were implemented between 2005 and 2013 and the cost amounted to 3.8 million Euros.
23 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin
Alih Salih
Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, [email protected]
Synthesis of zeolite A materials through hydrothermal transformation of kaolin was performed, in order to investigate the behavior of zeolite A as adsorbent and understand the removal mechanisms involved in the adsorption process. The kaolin clay used in the present investigation was supplied from Iraq. The starting kaolin and produced zeolite A samples were characterized by using different analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT- IR) Spectroscopy. The synthetic zeolite type A was obtained after activation of kaolin and metakaolin followed by different thermal and chemical treatments. Then 4 g of produced zeolite A samples were in contact with 100 ml of multi- component solutions for 360 minutes. The results show that the uptake of heavy metal cations from solution using synthetic zeolite mostly occurs in the first hour and the highest removal ratio of Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions was achieved in the first hour.
24 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Remediation of Brownfield Land
Khabat M. Ahmad
Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG-Iraq, and University of Miskolc, Faculty of Earth Science and Engineering, Hungary, [email protected]
Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underutilized industrial or commercial sites, when expansion or redevelopment is complicated by actual or perceived environmental contamination. Brownfields are produced as a regular outcome of industrial changes and restructure in any country. The remediation and redevelopment of brownfield lands require substantial resources over a period of time measured in decades. However, brownfield redevelopment can make an important contribution to local economic development. The selection of the most appropriate soil and sediment remediation technique depends on the site characteristics, concentration, type of pollutants to be removed, and the end use of contaminated medium. However, most remediation techniques involve a wide range of activities that result in environmental, social and economic impacts. The most obvious parameters being usually taken into account when selecting an appropriate technology to be applied, are particularly the cost and the duration of the implemented techniques. In general, this work explores and reviews all the brownfield land remediation techniques through the consecutive elements of understanding a) the statutory framework, which applies in the brownfield land to be remediated, and b) the techniques for remediation of the brownfield site. From these analyses, the risk of brownfield can be reduced and the remediation process can be established in order to achieve the concerns of public health, environmental protection, and cost efficiently and remediation control.
25 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
The importance of electronics recycling and e-waste for decreasing mining and environmental pollution
Soran Beana
Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, [email protected]
E-waste production and subsequent pollution around the world is estimated at about 50 Mt, reaching a dangerous level for all living beings on Earth. Although the top three producing countries of e-wastes are China, USA and Japan, toxic e- wastes are often exported to and dumped in developing countries. Still, e-waste pollution and its consequent health and environmental challenges remain a global challenge. Realizing about its dangerous and negative impacts, in the last 30 years a number of richer countries started initiations and projects for e-waste management and re-cycling. As part of this, they collect, sort, classify, and disassemble e-waste for recovering valuable and/or re-usable metals such as gold, copper, and others. Similarly, a number of middle-eastern countries started to take responsibility for their e-waste and started to improve their e-waste management and reduce e-waste by substituting the hazardous materials in e-waste through encouraging re-design of and use of non-toxic materials in electronic equipment production to better control and mitigate the negative impacts of e-waste. This study first discusses the state and statistics of e-waste around the world. It will then discuss the importance of e-waste re-cycling and re-use for environmental protection and decreasing electronic sector related mining.
26 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece
Role of Media in environmental protection
Hakim Othman Hameed
Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, [email protected]
The growing environmental challenges from global warming and environmental pollution require multi-disciplinary and multi-layer actions and solutions on both individual and mass scales. As an effective medium for affecting individual and public awareness and potentially changing their perceptions and behaviors, media can play a critical role in environmental awareness and protection. The past decades’ growing media coverage on environmental issues has increased people’s awareness and number of environmental protection policies and initiations. The first publicly broadcasted photograph of Earth from the space in 1960s changed the world’s understanding of the planet to one that is fragile and finite. Pictures of the aftermath of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in media and social media caused a big public backlash against oil companies and increased public demands for stronger environmental protection policies and regulations. Similar to many industries, mining has significant negative environmental impacts. By informing policy and decision makers, as well as the general public, media can play a major role in limiting or mitigating environmental pollutions from mining and abandoned mining sites. This paper discusses the role and impact of media on raising environmental protection (in general) and mitigating environmental pollutions from abandoned mine sites. This paper also presents the state of environmental discussions in Kurdish media and the effective ways for increasing policy makers’ and public environmental awareness and protection through Kurdish local media.
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28 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines
25-26 June 2018 Athens, Greece IGME A udit orium
PART B Presentations 1 Table of Contents
Introduction Assist. Prof. Dr. Stavros Kalaitzidis, University of Patras, Greece
Sustainable mine closure Assoc. Prof. Dr. Katerina Adam, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Environmental impact of coal and uranium aba ndoned mines in Romania Prof. Dr. Mihai Emilian Popa, University of Bucharest, Romania
Environmental effects of mining from Kurdistan Region of Iraq Prof. Dr. Polla Khanaqa, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, K RG-Iraq
Abandoned mines in Serbia - Environmental, societal and economical challenges Prof. Dr. Vladimir Simić, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case Dr. Costas Constantinou, Geological Survey of Cyprus
Environmental pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Serbia Prof. Dr. Dragana Životić, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Environmental impacts o f abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case o f the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) Dr. Alexandros Liakopoulos, Institute of Geology and Mine ral Exploration, Greece
Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki-Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas Dr. Alecos Demetriades, EurGeol, IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, Greece Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion Prof. Dr. Nymphodora Papasiopi, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin Dr. Ali Mohammed Salih, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG-Iraq
Remediation of Brownfield Land Mr. Khabat Mohammed Ahmad, Sulaimani P olytechnic University/Miskolc
University, KRG-Iraq
The importance of electronics recycling and e-waste for decreasing mining and environmental pollution Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soran Beana, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG-Iraq
Role of Media in environmental protection Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakim Othman Hameed, Sulaimani P olytechnic University, KRG-Iraq
30 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Monday 25th of June 2018 Opening Session
Dr. Stavros Kalaitzidis
Chair of the Organizing Committee
Organizing Committee
Prof. Dr. Polla Azad Khanaqa, Head of KISSR Dr. Alexandros Liakopoulos, IGME Dr. Rozhen Kamal Mohammed‐Amin, Research Center Coordinator of SPU Dr. Adamantia Chatziapostolou, Secretary of the Organizing Committee
1st Joint Meeting of the Organizers Geoscientific and Engineering communities KRG‐IRAQ and Greece
Symposium on Environmental Protection Theme as an Emerging Issue for our Societies Sulaimani Polytechnic University IGME Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies KRG‐Iraq & Scientific Research Bring together colleagues from Balkan and surrounding areas to Invited Colleagues increase awareness, Cyprus share experiences, Romania and establish synergies Serbia
Monday, 25th June, 2018 IGME Auditorium Scientific Sessions 10:00‐10:30 Welcome and Opening of the Symposium Presentations Dr. Dimitrios Tsagkas, Director General of IGME
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soran Beana, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq
Prof. Dr. Polla Khanaqa, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq
Dr. Petros Tzeferis, Hellenic Ministry of Environment & Energy
Mr. Athanasios Kefalas, President of the Greek Mining Enterprises Association
31 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Monday, 25th June, 2018 IGME Auditorium Monday, 25th June, 2018 IGME Auditorium Session Chairs: Dr. Nymphodora Papasiopi & Dr. Soran Beana 12:00‐12:20 Environmental effects of mining from Kurdistan Region of Iraq Session Chairs: Dr. Kimon Christanis & Dr. Dragana Životić Prof. Dr. Polla Khanaqa, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq
10:30‐10:50 Sustainable re‐use and re‐development of abandoned mine sites 12:20‐12:40 Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ Environmental, societal and economical Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alan Faraydoon Ali, Dr. Rozhen Kamal Moahammed‐Amin, challenges Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vladimir Simić, University of Belgrade, Serbia
10:50‐11:10 Sustainable mine closure 12:40‐13:00 Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case Assoc. Prof. Dr. Katerina Adam, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dr. Costas Constantinou, Geological Survey of Cyprus
11:10‐11:30 Environmental impact of coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 13:00‐13:20 Environmental pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Prof. Dr. Mihai Emilian Popa, University of Bucharest, Romania Serbia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dragana Životić, University of Belgrade, Serbia
13:20‐13:40 Environmental impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) Dr. Alexandros Liakopoulos, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Greece
Monday, 25th June, 2018 IGME Auditorium Monday, 25th June, 2018 IGME Auditorium
Session Chairs: Dr. Mihai Emilian Popa & Dr. Polla Khanaqa Session Chairs: Dr. Vladimir Simić & Dr. Costas Constantinou
15:00‐15:20 Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting 16:30‐16:50 Remediation of Brownfield Land plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas Mr. Khabat Mohammed Ahmad, Sulaimani Polytechnic University/Miskolc University, Dr. Alecos Demetriades, EurGeol, IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, KRG‐Iraq Greece 16:50‐17:10 The impact of mines on city expansion in Sulaimani‐Kirkuk area, KRG‐Iraq 15:20‐15:40 Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion Mr. Tahir Shikhani, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq Prof. Dr. Nymphodora Papasiopi, National Technical University of Athens, Greece 17:10‐17:30 The importance of electronics recycling and e‐waste for decreasing mining 15:40‐16:00 Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite and environmental pollution converted from Iraqi natural kaolin Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soran Beana, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq Dr. Ali Mohammed Salih, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq 17:30‐17:50 Role of Media in environmental protection Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakim Othman Hameed, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq
32 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Sustainable Mine Closure
Katerina Adam M. Sc., Ph.D. Associate Professor School of Mining & Metallurgical Engineering
SUSTAINABLE MINE CLOSURE 1. INTRODUCTION‐ CHALLENGES OF MINE CLOSURE CONTENTS Mine Closure: When deposit’s resources are 1. Introduction‐Challenges of Mine Closure depleted and no longer economically viable, 2. Innovation ‐ Good Practice the mine ceases operation. At this point, the final stage of site rehabilitation begins. The 3. Case studies aim is to remove or neutralize 4. Conclusions contaminants from the site so that it may begin a new life in a non‐mining capacity.
1. INTRODUCTION‐ 2. GOOD PRACTICES IN MINE CLOSURE CHALLENGES OF MINE CLOSURE General Objectives of Mine Closure Sustainable Mine Closure, with minimal residual risk depends on setting from the very early Protection of Human health stages of the mine life continually reviewing and Physical & chemical stability validating and finally meeting closure goals that align and safety of structures left in place at the with the prevailing legal framework and the stakeholder mine site, e.g. Open pits, TMF requirements. Biological stability, i.e. natural rehabilitation NOT THE CASE IN ABANDONED MINES with the minimum after care needs Protection of Water resources Closure Planning multi parametric process
Katerina Adam, Sustainable Mine Closure1 33 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
2. GOOD PRACTICES IN MINE CLOSURE 2. INNOVATION‐GOOD PRACTICE General Objectives of Mine Closure Tools for Closure Planning Used at Exploration, Feasibility, Construction, Operation, Decomissioning, Closure & rehabilitation, after Closure, Optimization of the ultimate land use and its starts in abandoned mines compatibility with the surrounding area Guarantee of adequate funds for closure Identification of prevailing policy framework Consideration of the needs of the local Stakeholders Engagement Plan community, minimization of the socio‐ Collection & Evaluation of Monitoring Data Impact‐Risk‐Opportunity Assessment economic impact of closure, and optimization Goal setting‐Final land use‐Success criteria of local opportunities Closure Cost estimate –Financial Guarantee
2. GOOD PRACTICE –POLICY FRAMEWORK 2. GOOD PRACTICE‐STAKEHOLDERS TITLE ENGAGEMENT Dir. 2014/52/EU Dir. on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (EIA) Directive) Planning for Dir.2012/18/EU Dir. on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances, (SEVESO Directive) Closure Dir.2010/75/EU Dir on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)
Dir. 2006/21/EC Directive on the management of waste from extractive industries
Dir.2006/118/EC Dir. on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration
Dir.2003/4/EC Dir. on public access to environmental information
Dir. 2003/35/EC Dir. providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment Dir.2002/49/EC Dir. relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise
Dir.2000/60/EC Dir. establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy Planning for Integrated (EU Water Framework Directive) Mine Closure: Dir. 92/91/EC Council Dir. on the minimum requirements for improving the safety and health Toolkit (ICMM, 2008) protection of workers in surface and underground mineral-extracting industries Dir, 92/43/EC Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, NATURA Directive
3. GOOD PRACTICE‐ STAKEHOLDERS 2. GOOD PRACTICES‐ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ENGAGEMENT Data used in the design of Mine Closure & Reclamation Site factors: topography, hydrogeology, and climate Beneficial Physical, Geotechnical and geochemical • Views, characteristics of the wastes, remaining facilities concerns, outcomes to the aspirations, Effective company and Environmental media Habitats, Flora, Fauna efforts and closure the community knowledge of Land Use internal and planning Mining Industry Cultural Environment external stakeholders Risk‐ Assessment to estimate environmental impact of mine facilities in the post closure period, Prioritise
Katerina Adam, Sustainable Mine Closure2 34 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
2. INNOVATION-GOOD PRACTICE 2. INNOVATION-GOOD PRACTICE Extractive Waste Management, Mine closure Planning for Closure and Rehabilitation interlinked issues
Based on BAT, Prevention of waste production, beneficial & innovative use of waste as secondary raw material and/or for backfilling and rehabilitation works, and minimisation of waste for final disposal, and improved environmental stability,
Satisfies Good Practice goal criteria Reduction of risks and unknowns during the mining operation ICMM, 2008.
3. CASE STUDIES 3. 1 Case Study: Closure of an old pyrite disposal area, NE Greece, 1997‐2000 Risk Assessment based on pyrite properties, and long term Post Mining Potentials, monitoring MIN-GUIDE, Del. 5.2 Pyrite Stockpile if not reclaimed to remain active AMD source for decades
3. 1 Closure of an old pyrite disposal area, 3.1. Case Study: Closure of an old pyrite NE Greece disposal area, NE Greece Objectives for closure &rehabilitation √ Improve Embankment stability √ Increase embankment stability √Prevent further pyrite oxida on √Protect water quality √ Revegetation √ Improve √ Monitoring
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Katerina Adam, Sustainable Mine Closure3 35 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
3.1. Case Study: Closure of an old pyrite 3.1. Case Study: Closure of an old disposal area, NE Greece pyrite disposal area, NE Greece √ Prevent further Pyrite Oxidation √ Revegitation
170 165 160 155 Stabilising berm 150 145 Bottom of 140 disposal area Elevation (m) Elevation 135 130 Groundwater level 125 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Distance (m) Topography of the area before the reclamation Topography of the area after the reclamation HDPE geomembrane G eotextile Soil layer
3.1. Case Study: Closure of an old 3.2 Case Study: Reclamation of the pyrite disposal area, NE Greece Zuta Prla abandoned Pb‐Zn mine site Successful closure and in Mojkovac MNE, 2010‐2012 reclamation evidenced by monitoring data
UNDP “Hot Spots” reclamation projects in SE Europe
3.2 Recommendations for the treatment of 3.2 Case Study: Reclamation of the AMD in Zuta Prla Mines‐Preliminary design Zuta Prla abandoned Pb‐Zn mine site R.P.3.4 Zuta Prla Passive Parameter treatment
pH 2.6 Scheme for the Al, mg/L 28.1 Mn, mg/L 11.3 AMD at the Zuta Fe, mg/L 409 Prla Mine, Zn, mg/L 222 Cu, mg/L 7.73
SO4,mg/L 850 Cost, 40.000‐ Flowrate, l/s 0,6 50.000 Euros
Katerina Adam, Sustainable Mine Closure4 36 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
3.3 CASE STUDIES- Design Reclamation of an old 3.4 CASE STUDIES- Reclamation of AMD quarry- Natural Potential- Landscaping! contaminated site Environmental Sustainability - Environmental authorities- NTUA-Technical experts
Thorikos Bay, Lavrion Greece
4. CONCLUSIONS 4. CONCLUSIONS
Mine Closure Planning ongoing process, throughout Good Practice to allow a period of comprehensive the mine life cycle, starting in the early stages of the environmental monitoring during planning and mine life for the after closure and reclamation period to Waste management and integral significant ensure the rehabilitation goals have been met. component of Closure Planning Planning for the different areas of the mine Often not in abandoned mines facilities simplifies the closure management – Reclamation: Compliance with Policy framework‐ Estimate of Financial guarantees Good industry practices CSR Best Available Techniques in Mine closure Active cooperation with stake holders‐ provision of financially profitable due to the proper financial assurance, essential requirements for a management of resources scheme. sustainable mine closure.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Good Practice goal criteria •Thank you for your Resources Security Economic sustainability attention Environmental sustainability Social responsibility Katerina Adam Good governance Associate Professor, NTUA [email protected]
Katerina Adam, Sustainable Mine Closure5 37 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Environmental impact of coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania Mihai Emilian Popa1, Georgeta Predeanu2 1 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics 2University Politehnica of Bucharest
Geological structure of Romania Coal bearing basins of Romania
Pit I, Anina Anina, Resita Basin, South Carpathians: a case study
Jewel in the crown of Romanian hard coals: 1792-2006, deepest, largest, coke, powerplant, quarries, social.
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 38 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 39 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 40 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Powerplant Colonia Ceha and Ponor Quarries
Colonia Ceha and Ponor Quarries Pit I sterile dump
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 41 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Neogene coal bearing basins of Romania
Uteriș and Pit I, Anina
Roșioara Quarry, Filipeștii de Pădure
Lupoaia Quarry
Environmental impact of abandoned coal mines Positive impact of abandoned coal mines
1. water pollution (acid mine waters); 1. geological and palaeontological research; 2. air pollution (dust and gases); 2. geological and palaeontological heritage; 3. landscape alteration (dumps, quarries); 3. education; 4. physical hazards; 4. coal bed methane (CBM); 5. waste accummulation; 5. coal gasification; 6. respiratory hazards; 6. remining for rare and heavy metals; 7. Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN); 7. business opportunities. 8. social probems.
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 42 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines 2010
Jarzembowski
resitensis
Phylloblatta
Acitheca cf. hemitelioides (from Popa, 2003) Alethopteris zeilleri & Pachytesta elongata (from Cleal and Popa, 2016) schmiedelii
Zamites
Williamsonia banatica (Krasser) Popa 2014 Zamites schmiedelii
Vertebrate burrows, Hettangian, Anina
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 43 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Dinosaur footprints, Hettangian, Colonia Ceha Quarry, Anina Uranium in Romania
Lisava uranium mine Uraninite, Lișava sterile dump
Ciudanovita Lower Permian black shales
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 44 6 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Early Permian flora (Popa, 1999)
Environmental impact of abandoned uranium mines
1. water pollution (acid and radioactive mine waters); 2. air pollution (dust); 3. landscape alteration (dumps, quarries); 4. health hazards.
Acknowledgements:
1. Organizing Committee; 2. Prof. Kimon Christanis; 3. Prof. Polla Khanaqa; 4. KISSR.
Mihai Emilian Popa and Georgeta Predeanu, Environmental impacts from coal and uranium abandoned mines in Romania 45 7 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Prof. Dr. Polla Khanaqa
Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research
Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining
Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining • In KRI, Clay is a widely distributed and abundant • Various pone pit mines operation for using raw materials for natural mineral resource, the most common and different industry are raised dramatically with economic famous way of clay harvesting is by open pit method development in KRI since 2003. Pollution * Clay Harvesting ‐ Underground water pollution • It becomes cohesive when molded, expands when wet, shrinks when dry and gains strength when fired ‐ Drawdown of GWL as result of evaporation • Clays and clay minerals have been mined since the Sumerian in Mesopotamian region in form of clay tablet (Chiriu et al ., 2016), color, alchemy,…… • Until now in many villages houses are built with clay (Insulates the heat in summer and the cold in winter) • Cement
* Limestone • As a nearly pure limestone of Snijar formation (Paleocene‐Eocene) is widely distributed and cropped out in Kurdistan region of Iraq especially in Sulaimani governorate. Production of Portland cement
• Singar: thickness 30‐70m • Oligocene limestone: thickness 4‐60m (Extension 500Km, in KRI 300Km) (Bazian area, 11 Km2, 40 000 –45 000t/day)
Polla Khanaqa, Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining 46 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Cement
• Cement is a manufactured product that is made by mixing of different raw materials and burning them at a high temperature in order to achieve precise chemical proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron in the finished product, known as cement clinker. Cement is therefore essentially a mixture of calcium silicates and smaller amounts of calcium aluminates that react with water and cause the cement to set.
Portland cement
CaCO3‐‐‐‐> CaO + CO2 Furan + Dioxin
0,5t‐‐‐‐>0,5t CO2 (tiers as fuel)
0,5t CO2 (Power, Transport,….)
1t cement/ 1t CO2
Polla Khanaqa, Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining 47 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Ground water pollution Ground water pollution
destruction of agriculture destruction of agriculture
0xide Portland White Sarchinar Tasluja Qyrja % Cement Cement Lst. Lst. Lst.
Cao >45,(58‐67) >45 44.5 52.15 54.8 0.71 MgO Max. <2,(1‐5) <2 0.21 0.2
Na2O+K2O 0.05,(0‐1) 0.05 0.05 Al2O3 Max. (4‐8) 3.34 1.93 0.06
SiO2 Min. (16‐25) 11.78 2.57 0.44
Fe2O3 Max. (2‐5) <0.1 0.72 0.4 0.11
I.R. Max. 11 L.O.I Max. (0.5‐3) 36.61 41.65
Sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O Na2O LSF SM AM
Qyrja1 92 0.11 0.21 54.00 1.09 0.05 0.04 0.02 1697.44 3.36 0.55
Qyrja2 0.38 0.01 0.08 54.00 0.22 0.04 0.01 0.02 4962.20 5.52 ‐0.15
Qyrja3 0.26 0.08 0.05 55.35 0.21 < 0.07 0.04 ‐ 645.10 2.0 1.6
Mean 0.54 0.06 0.11 54.1 0.71 0.05 0.03 0.02 2434.9 3.63 0.66
Polla Khanaqa, Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining 48 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Ore mining
Magnetic separation
Magnetic separation
Polla Khanaqa, Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining 49 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ευχαριστώ πολύ
Polla Khanaqa, Evidence from Clay and Limestone Mining 50 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ABANDONED MINES IN SERBIA – ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIETAL AND ECONOMICAL CHALLENGES
VLADIMIR SIMIĆ
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece June 25‐26, 2018 2
CONTENT INTRODUCTION • INTRODUCTION • All mineral commodities are state‐owned • Law on mining and geological exploration (101/15) • GEOLOGY AND METALLOGENY OF SERBIA • Ministry of Mining and Energy is in charge for most activities • LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION • Permits issued by Ministry only (for AR of Vojvodina by Secretary in charge) FOR ABANDONED MINES • Abandoned mines defined in the Law • ENVIRONMENTAL POLUTION FROM • The State is in charge for all historical pollution ABONDONED/EXISTING MINES • Real pollution mostly related to metallic ores and products of their processing • Main ecological threat tailings and all ores exposed to weathering and alteration which leads to formation of new minerals or desintegration of ore minerals, and coal ash/slag disposals
Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 3 June 25‐26, 2018 4 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
GEOLOGY AND METALLOGENY OF SERBIA METALS AND ORES FROM HISTORIC ABANDONED MINES Mineral resources of Serbia occur within four regional metallogenic units: • The most important metallic mineral resources of Serbia are 1) Dinaric Metallogenic Province non‐ferrous and precious metals. Especially important, (DMP), covering western and south‐ regarding resource potential and economic importance, are the western Serbia, deposits of copper and lead‐zinc, with the accompanying 2) Serbo‐Macedonian Metallogenic elements of association. Historically, antimony was an Province (SMMP) in the central part important metal produced mostly in western part of Serbia. of Serbia, 3) Carpatho‐Balkan Metallogenic Province (CBMP) in the eastern part • Copper of the Serbia, and 4) Dacian Metallogenic Province (DcMP). • The most important copper ores are located in the Bor metallogenic zone of the Carpatho‐Balkan metallogenic Dimitrijević M., 2000. Geological province (porphyry Cu and related high sulphidation Cu‐Au Atlas of Serbia, No. 14 massive sulphide deposits) (1:2.000.000). Metallogenic map • Cu +/‐ Au, Ag, Se, Te, As from primary ores (chalcopyrite, and map of ore formations. bornite) and chalcocite, covellite, but also As‐rich enargite Ministry of Mining and Energy of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade. Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 5 June 25‐26, 2018 6 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
Vladimir Simić, Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ environmental, societal and economical challenges 51 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
• Pb and Zn LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION • Pb‐Zn mineral deposits are located in the metallogenic zones of Kopaonik, Šumadija, Lece, Besna Kobila and • the Podrinje. The basic characteristics of these Law on Mining and Geological Exploration deposits are a predominantly low metal content and • Legal basis for geological exploration and mining relatively small resources/reserves. activity is the Law on Mining and Geological • Mostly primary galena and sphalerite, but occasionally enriched in pyrite, As minerals, Bi, Cd etc. Exploration (LMGE) No. 101/15. Ministry of Mining and Energy is in charge for both activities. • Sb • The mining legislation covers the whole life – • Large exploitation for Serbia in the period before cycle: prospection, exploration, exploitation, WW1 and WW2, as well after WW2 processing, closure, environmental rehabilitation • Numerous deposits and mines with a lot of tailings in and post –closure activities. the vicinity of mines • Smelter in the area
Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 7 June 25‐26, 2018 8 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
ROYALTIES Royalties for utilisation of mineral resources are defined by the Law on Mining and Geological Exploration (2015): • for coal and oil shales 3 % of income; Distribution of Royalties : • for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons 7 % of income; • State budget –60 % • for radioactive raw materials 2 % of income; • for all metallic raw materials 5 % of net smelter income; • Budget of Municipalities –40 % • for technogenous (secondary) raw materials created by exploiatation or mineral processing 1 % of income; • for industrial minerals 5 % of income; In case of AR of Vojvodina: • for all types of salt and salt waters 1 % of income; • State budget –50 % • for underground waters from which mineral resources are produced 3 % of income; • Budget of AR Vojvodina – 10 % • for construction materials royalty is paid per ton of excavated raw material according to the Decision of the Government of • Budget of Municipalities –40 % the Republic of Serbia issued each year and is between 0.15‐0.5 EUR/t. Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 9 June 25‐26, 2018 10 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
SPATIAL PLANNING ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION • The Spatial Plan stated that mineral resources should be implemented in spatial plans at all levels, from national to • Environmental Protection Law (135/04 and 36/09) local. Result: not much till now! • Strategic Assessment of Impacts on the Environment • So far, only Special Purpose Area Spatial Plans have been Law (135/04 and 88/10) prepared for large mining areas: • Assessment of Impacts on the Environment Law • The spatial plan of the exploitation area of the Kolubara (135/04 and 36/09) lignite basin, adopted in 2008, No. 122/08; • The Special Purpose Area Spatial Plan of Kostolac coal • Law on Integrated Prevention and Control of basin, adopted in 2013, No. 1/13 Environmental Polution (135/04) • Amendments to the spatial plan of the exploitation area of the Kolubara lignite basin, in progress; • • Amendments to the spatial plan of the exploitation area Nature Protection Law (36/09 and 88/10) of the Koostolac coal basin, in progress; • Law on waste management (except mine waste) • The Special Purpose Area Spatial Plan of Bor‐ (36/09 and 88/10) Majdanpek mining basin, in progress.
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Vladimir Simić, Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ environmental, societal and economical challenges 52 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF ONGOING PROJECT ABONDONED/EXISTING MINES Documents: • The Cadastre of Mining Waste in the Republic of • Cadastre of waste dumps and tailings of Pb‐Zn and Sb Serbia is a project aiming to further develop and mines, Geological Institute of Serbia, 2006 improve the mining waste management system in the • Environmental Assessment of RTB Bor Operations – Republic of Serbia by creating its inventory –a Final report, ERM’s Milan Office, 2006 cadastre of mining waste. The cadastre is to be • The Study on Master Plan for Promotion of Mining created in the form of a web application and a book, Industry in Republic of Serbia, Mitsui Mineral Development Engineering C., Ltd, 2008 containing also risk assessment, characterization of mining waste and its classification. • Cadastre of abandoned mines on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and • The project is implemented by a consortium of accompanying database, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, 2015 German companies PLEJADES and DMT. The project duration is from February 2017 – January 2021.
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VOLUME OF MINING WASTE IN SERBIA RESULTS • The extractive mining industry in Serbia is an important sector of the economy, yet the intensive mining of raw materials in Serbia has caused exhaustion of non‐renewable natural resources and pollution of water, air and soil, and Mainly from studies and documents, not enough concrete studies significant deterioration and degradation of soils. Most of the terrain has been degraded by surface mining of copper and coal. Large areas are covered with and performed actions. tailings and fly ash deposits. Such deposits in Serbia have been estimated to contain: • around 170 million tons of ash from coal‐fired power plants, Bor example • between 1.4 and 1.7 billion tons of overburden waste (mostly backfilled in the Key identified sources of soil and groundwater contamination at open pits), Bor include (ERM study, 2006): • around 700 million tons of flotation and separation tailings. ‐ wet/dry deposition of air pollutants deriving from the smelter • Since 2005 Serbian Environmental Protection Agency started creation of and dusts from tailing ponds, open dumps and waste heaps; National Inventory of contaminated sites. On the territory of the Republic of Serbia 338 potentially contaminated and contaminated sites have been ‐ historical waste dumping and contaminated stormwater identified (Vidojević et al. 2013). infiltration into the ground and leakage from the underground • Preliminary estimates (Directorate for Environmental protection, 2005) show pipeline connecting Cerovo open pit to Bor; that annual cost of degradation of the environment in Serbian economy is between 4.4% (conservative scenario) and 13.1% (maximum scenario) of GDP. ‐ historical discharge of contaminated effluents into surface A bulk of this burden is assessed to be caused by air pollution (53% of total watercourses and consequent sediments contamination. expenses), water pollution (22%) and waste management (11%).
Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 15 June 25‐26, 2018 16 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
RECLAMATION RESULTS – ZAJAČA SMELTER RECLAMATION RESULTS – EPS • In 2018 should be finished the final reclamation of the Zajača smelter waste, that was strongly affected after large floods in 2014, financed by the Serbian government, performed by French Company SADE • This waste disposal contains an estimated 500,000 t of antimony burning residues, 80,000 t of antimony slag, 15,000 t of lead slag and 5,000 t of filter oxide. • Slag generated during reduction of antimony contained, according to historical data, up to 15% of lead and 2.5% of arsenic. Reclamation of ash disposal Reclamation of open pit • Slag from the process of refinement contained 20‐50% of Sb and was subsequently processed in shaft kilns to maximise the yield.
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Vladimir Simić, Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ environmental, societal and economical challenges 53 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
KOSTOLAC COAL, BOTTOM ASH AND FLY ASH (unpublished data) U and Th in coal Element Coal Bottom Fly ash Clarke for Clarke for (mg/kg) ash (mg/kg) lignite lignite • U and Th from the coals in Serbia and Montenegro show (mg/kg) (mg/kg) a bottom ash, (mg/kg) a no identifiable unfavourable impact on the surrounding As 16,41 20,72 36,88 7,6±1,3 48±7 environment, due to their low natural concentrations. Be 0,90 1,86 2,33 1,2±0,1 6,7±0,5 • Investigations revealed that in some Serbian coals Cd 0,21 0,29 0,31 0,24±0,04 1,10±0,17 (particularly, parts of the coal seams) U and Th contents Co 8,51 18,72 28,03 4,2±0,3 26±1 are rather high. Such coals should be carefully studied Cr 48,92 107,62 135,29 15±1 82±5 particularly for U and Th concentrations in ash, fly ash and Hg 0,18 0,02 0,03 0,10±0,01 0,62±0,06 waste disposals together with land and soil nearby and Mn 301,50 708,90 1082,71 100±6 550±30 ground water. Further studies should include Ni 39,41 84,06 129,65 9,0±0,9 52±5 Pb 36,51 58,74 17,89 6,6±0,4 38±2 determination of the radioactivity of all these products, Sb 1,24 2,86 2,36 0,84±0,09 5,0±0,4 and estimation of eventual health impact. Th 3,16 5,69 5,41 3,3±0,2 19±1 Source: U 1,22 2,54 3,09 2,9±0,3 16±2 Životić D., Gržetić I., Lorenz H., Simić V., 2008: U and Th in Some Brown Coals of Serbia and Montenegro No direct threat to health, but necessary to monitor air, and Their Environmental Impact. ‐ Environ Sci & Pollut Res, 15 (2) 155‐161. soil and water pollution Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 20 Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece June 25‐26, 2018 19 Mines IGME Auditorium Athens Greece
SOCIETAL CHALLENGES Tamnava East and West fields Coal industry in general performs reclamation (not at the • All abandoned mines and quarries in AR of Vojvodina should be reclaimed till 2020 desirable scale due to lack of financies) • Already several large open pits in Vojvodina were successfully reclaimed, mostly by creation of lakes and mire environments, either for birds and other animals, or for recreational purposes
KANJIŽA CLAY PITS
Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Environmental Pollution from Abandoned June 25‐26, 2018 21 June 25‐26, 2018 22 Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece Mines IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece
SOCIETAL CHALLENGES ‐ BOR EXAMPLE ECONOMICAL CHALLENGES – OLD TAILINGS IN Old open pit in Bor –no reclamation of rock waste for decades BOR • Flotation waste, produced through the 70–year of Many mines and copper ore processing in the RTB Bor, Serbia, is quarries are not deposited in the flotation tailings pond. In total, 26.4 reclaimed, which Mt could be considered as available for eventual produces no toxic reprocessing. An average concentration of targeted pollution, but metals in the tailings is: 0.183 % Cu, 0.35 g/t Au and creates a negative 2.17 g/t Ag. Copper is in oxide and sulphide minerals. image of • Metal potential of tailings was estimated at 330 M mining/quarrying USD. in country and provoking Source: opponents of Stanković V., Milošević V., Milićević D., Gorgievski M. and Bogdanović G., 2018: Reprocessing of the old flotation tailings deposited on the RTB Bor tailings pond – a case study. Chemical Industry mineral industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ∙ January 2018, DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ170817005S
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Vladimir Simić, Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ environmental, societal and economical challenges 54 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
COMBINED ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES – OLD TAILINGS IN BOR
• Basic bioleaching experiments showed that significant THANK YOU FOR YOUR amounts of copper could be recovered from samples taken from the old flotation tailings of the Copper Mine Bor ATTENTION! (around 80 % on average), by application of water from the extremely acidic metal‐rich water of Lake Robule as lixiviant. • In general, there are at least three benefits of the presented approach: the recovery of substantial amounts of copper, a reduction of the environmental impact of the tailings, and the use of abundant and cost‐free water from an extremely acidic lake. Source: Stanković S., Morić I., Pavić A., Vojnović S., Vasiljević B. and Cvetković V., 2015: Bioleaching of copper from samples of old flotation tailings (Copper Mine Bor, Serbia), J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 80 (3) 391–405 (2015)
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Vladimir Simić, Abandoned mines in Serbia ‐ environmental, societal and economical challenges 55 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case
Dr Costas Constantinou Geological Survey of Cyprus
Mineral resources distribution Appearances of mineral resources associated with the Troodos Ophiolite
Last century mining activity Exploitation of Copper in ancient times Ancient smelting furnace • Massive sulphides /Copper: 848.389 tones (1931‐2011) used in antiquity for the production of copper • Chromite: 560.254 tones (1930‐1983) • Cyprus was the largest copper production • Asbestos (Chrysotile): 943.659 tones (1959‐1988) center for more than 3.000 years • Gold: 167.241 ozs (1934‐1944) • The name of Cyprus is synonymous with copper • Most of the exploitation was done before the Independence of • All known surficial exposures of massive Cyprus (1960), by foreign mining companies, with the lack of any A copper ingot (talanto) from sulfides were exploited by the ancients Engomi (16th Century BC) provisions to restore the environment • Because of copper deposits, Cyprus has been for centuries a major economic, technological, trading and cultural center
A large ancient slag deposit (2MT) at Skouriotissa – Pyrometatallurgical activities from 2000 BC to 500 AD
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case1 56 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Late 19th and 20th century exploration Active copper mining and exploitation of copper deposits in Cyprus • Skouriotissa Mine and Plan‐ Producing metallic copper though • The first recent exploration activities started in 1908. bioleaching with purity 99,999% Cu • Major ore discoveries: • In 1908 the Limni ore deposit (3,5 million tons, 1,1% Cu) • In 1914 the ore deposit of Phoukasa ‐ Skouriotissa (6 million tons, 2,5% Cu) • In 1919 the ore deposit of Mavrovouni (17 million tons, 4,5% Cu) • The copper mining industry reached its climax between 1950‐1970, following the mechanization and the application of opencast mining • In total, 25 massive sulfides (copper) mines were developed
Phoukasa The Phoenix mine mine
Placing the ore on a Piled the ore in layered Crushing of the ore membrane heaps
Sprinkling and leaching Solution rich in Copper with of the ore with sulfuric Metallic copper produced the application of using electrolysis acid rich in hydrometallurgy Skouriotissa Mine chemolithotrophic bacteria
Abandoned mines restored or Risk of pollution from copper to be restored abandoned mines • Negatives • 25 Copper or massive sulphides abandoned • Acid drainage from tailings mines • Pollution of surface and ground water • Two mines have been restored (Limni and • Air pollution Mangaleni Mines) • Positives • Two mines under rehabilitation (Agrokipia • Located in low altitude areas and Skouriotissa Mines) • Low precipitation (less than 300mm mean annual • 22 mines to be restored rainfall) • One asbestos mine (Amiantos Mine) under • Limited surface runoff rehabilitation since 1995 • No major aquifers downstream of the mines • Limited groundwater recharge • Calcareous sedimentary outcrops downstream of the mines • Acid drainage neutralized due buffering effect • Heavy metals are deposited short after been in conduct with
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case2 57 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
“Agrokipia ” mine (under “Mathiatis South” mine rehabilitation)
Mathiatis North mine Acid drainage from the Bretsia mine
Kalavasos underground mine ‐ Acid Abandoned tailing ponds of drainage CMC in Xero
Tailings heaps on chalks “Koikkinopezoula” mine
Abandoned mines restored or under rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of Company CSCC the “Limni Mine” Exploitation Surface method mining Cu Content (%) 1,11 Sulphur Content The Limni mine before rehabilitation (%) 15 Size of deposit
(tons) Tailings8.143.460 heap prior to remova Period of operation 1937-1979 Crater of the mine
Heap of tailings Runoff from the heap of the tailings
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case3 58 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Removal of the Deposition of the tailings in the crater of the tailings mine “Limni Bay Project” ‐ Plans for the development of golf courses in the rehabilitated site of the “Limni Mine”
Crater of the Tailings mine heap
Company HCM “Mangaleni Mine” Exploitation Surface “Mangaleni Mine” – method mining Restored Cu Content (%) 0,7 Sulphur Content (%) 3 Size of deposit (tons) 142.707 Period of operation 1976-1977
• A Multi‐theme park (Santa Marina Retreat):Horse riding, playground, archery, climbing, sky trail
Company HCM “Agrokipia” Mine “Agrokipia Mine” – Under rehabilitation Exploitation Surface method mining Cu Content (%) 1 Sulphur Content (%) 30-44 Size of deposit (tons) 322.838 Period of operation 1952-1971
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case4 59 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation of the “Skouriotissa Mine” - Active “Skouriotissa Mine” – Active – Under rehabilitation 1923 1995
2018 Active part of the Mine Mine name Company Period of Exploitation method Copper Size of deposits (tons) operation (%) Phoukasa CMC 1921-1974 Underground / Surface 2,5 6.784.604
HMC 1979-1996 Leaching - 9.597
Phoenix mine CMC 1973-1974 Surface 0,8 1.019.597 HMC 1979-1996 Leaching 0,8 598.323 On going HCM 26.570.000 rehabilitation and 1996 – Present Surface - Leaching 0,44 (64.736 tons metallic copper) reforestation
“Amiantos” Asbestos Mine –Under rehabilitation
• First production of asbestos started in 1904 (extensive production in 1934) and the Mine operated until 1988. • 130 million tones of rock has been excavated. • One million tones of asbestos fibers. The Amiantos • The largest asbestos mine in Europe Asbestos Mine (4,7 Km2).3
The sudden closure of the mine in 1988 created a need Consequences of the sudden closure of the to urgently address the issue of the stability of the mine waste dumps and to restore the environment to its • The adverse effects on the environment original status. • the enormous open pit • the extensive waste dumps and their stability • pollution of the soil/water • the barren nature of the dumps
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case5 60 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Ministers and Technical Committees Rehabilitation plan for the “Amiantos” Asbestos mine • The rehabilitation program started in 1995 and • In 1992, a Ministers Committee and a Technical includes: • Re-profiling and stabilizing of the waste Committee were established. Their main obligation was dumps (4,7 Km2) to execute all necessary works for the stabilization of • Construction of berms and covering them the waste dumps, the rehabilitation and reforestation with fertile soil of the whole area of the mine and to bring the site as • Re-forestation and re-vegetation of the close as possible to its original condition. berms • Executing a risk assessment study • Creating of a Master Plan for the future uses of the mine site • It is estimated that an additional fifteen years are needed to complete the project
Sequence of rehabilitation works Reforestation • Systematic work started in 1996. • According to experience gained, it is estimated that they will last until 2035. • The planning and execution of the reforestation works Waste heaps before stabilization Reprofiling and stabilising of the waste were undertaken by the Forestry Department. dumps
Construction of berms and covering the with fertile soil Revegetation and reforestation Rehabilitation with mulch ‐ mats Close view of mulch ‐ mats
Hydro‐seeding
Facing the main negative conditions for reforestation
• Adverse chemical properties of the substratum: • Transport and deposit of large quantities of topsoil, Hydro‐seeder Application of hydro‐seeding deposit of manure and fertilization. • 5.000 m³ of topsoil are needed for every hectare, i.e. 2 First hydroseeding (2001) Hydroseeding above the main excavation front million m³ soil (with present prices the cost will rise at least up to 8 million Euros only for the provision of soil) • Very steep slopes: • Development of minor terraces, controlling erosion and establishment of a bank at the foot of the slope.
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case6 61 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Asbestos mine risk assessment • Assess the likely impacts of the mine on humans and 2001 the surrounding environment Amiantos • Evaluate the risk based on the information produced Asbestos / collected Mine ‐ Six • Manage the risk and protect the public health by: • establishing levels of emissions of airborne years after asbestos fibers the first • fitting the remediation actions into a large-scale rehabilitatio rehabilitation project • Monitor the environment: air, soil, surface and n works groundwater – 460 samples analysed for asbestos fibers • Conclusions - Only immediate surroundings are affected by the presence of the mine
Botanical Garden Master plan of the site of Amiantos Mine - 2014
Troodos Geopark Visitor’s Center
1955 1996 2017
2017
Costas Constantinou, Rehabilitation of abandoned mines: The Cyprus case7 62 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION FROM PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY CAUSED BY BOMBING OF SERBIA
Prof. Dr. DRAGANA ŽIVOTIĆ
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
June 25‐26, 2018 IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece 2
CONTENT Fossil fuels of Serbia
• FOSSIL FUELS OF SERBIA • Mineral industry has been an important part of the • COAL RESOURCES economy in Serbia since the Ancient time (Roman Empire, • OIL SHALE RESOURCES Middle Ages, and modern mining period from the • OIL AND GAS RESOURCES second half of 19 century), • 1999. SERBIAN TOWN BOMBED BY NATO especially fossi fuels. • Serbia has significant • POLLUTION OF PANČEVO PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX resources of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil shale. • POLLUTION OF NOVI SAD PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX • Oil and gas reserves have • ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES been considerably exhausted.
June 25‐26, 2018 IGME Auditorium, Athens, Greece 3
Measured+ Total Probable Indicated Geological Reserves Resources Resources Mt Mt Mt Soft brown coal 1,494.57 2,587.19 4,339.92 Coal resources Coal resources Lignite Dull brown coal 73.57 403.60 495.08 Sub‐ Bright brown coal 12.02 16.24 46.62 • There are 52 basins, deposits and occurrences of coal (15 bituminous bituminous and 37 brown) basins in Serbia. • The bituminous coals of Serbia played an important role in former Yugoslavia until 1970s, but since then numerous mines have been Total Brown coal 1,580.16 3,007.03 4,881.62 • Currently coal is exploited in 13 basins (2 bituminous coal and 11 closed and abandoned. There are many explored, exhausted and brown coal basins). abandoned deposits of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Neogene age Total Bituminous coal 4.05 7.31 13.42 basins. At present, bituminous coal is mined only in the Ibar basin • Some of the others are exhausted, some are under exploration, and (Low‐rank bituminous coals) and at Vrška Čuka (High‐rank Total coals 1,584.21 3,014.34 4,895.03 some are abandoned because of mining accidents bituminous coals). • The brown coals of Serbia vary in their quality and rank (Ercegovac et al. 2006). They developed in various clastic and terrigenous • Coal potential. Lignite makes up almost 90% of energy resources of lithostratigraphic units (from the lower to the upper Miocene and the country, while oil and gas account for less than 10%. The lower Pliocene). geological resources of brown coal in Serbia amount to 4.88 billion tons (excluding Kosovo), and the reserves (Proved+Probable) are • Almost all the basins belong to the intramontane fresh water type, 1.58 billion tons. The geological resources of bituminous coal with exceptions of coals from the Despotovac basin, which belong amount to about 46.62 Mt, and the reserves (Proved+Probable) are to the paralic type. 12.02 Mt. The greatest resources of coal (lignite) are in the • Brown coals, particularly soft brown coal (lignite; 0.26%‐0.30% Rr), Kolubara, Kostolac and Kovin deposit. are of great economic importance as they represent the main source for energy production. The most important basin and • The lack of these resources may be a limiting factor to the deposit are Kolubara, Kostolac, Kovin and Kosovo. development of the energy generation sector, since the lignite resources in coal mines are Kolubara (2.64 billion tons) and • The resources of dull brown coals (lignite; 0.31%‐0.40% Rr) are of Kostolac (1.37 billion tons), and the annual exploitation capacity is secondary economic significant due to complex tectonic and about 40 million tons of lignite. lithological composition and difficult exploitation conditions. The most important basin are Despotovac, Krepoljin, Lubnica, Sjenica, • The current rate of exploitation of reserves in the Kolubara and Zapadna Morava, Soko Banja basin. Kostolac basin guarantee another 55 years of exploitation. It is • Bright brown coals (sub‐bituminous; 0.41%‐0.50% Rr) are of black worthwhile to mention that in only one surface mine in Kolubara in colour, banded structure, are of secondary economic significant coal is mined and represents 32% in the power generation in due to complex tectonic. The most important basin are Aleksinac Serbia. and Senje‐Resavica.
Dragana Životić, Environmental pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Serbia 63 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Oil shale resources Oil and gas resources
• The petroleum exploration carried out so far in • Serbia has a considerable number of rather rich deposits of oil Serbia have resulted in the discovery of shales, but not all of them have been thoroughly explored commercial accumulations of oil and gas in the (Ercegovac et al. 2003). Pannonian Basin (the Banat Depression) only. • The oil shales in Serbia associated with the lacustrine depositional environments, which existed from the end of the Late Cretaceous • Minor occurrences of hydrocarbons have also era, in the Paleogene and Miocene. been found in some small Tertiary basins in Serbia. • The major deposits of oil shales are in the Tertiary basins of Serbia and in a part of the Senonian tectonic trench in eastern Serbia. • Most of the hydrocarbon deposits are located in Miocene clastic sediments, at depths of • The oil shales of Serbia are typically lamosite, with the domination of kerogen types I and II. Generally they have kerogen content below 400—3500 m. As many as two thirds of Serbian 5 %, maturity levels that correspond to huminite/vitrinite reflection deposits are in the sands and sandstones of the up to 0.45 % Rr and oil yield below 5 %. lower and upper Pontian, and a third are associated with the earlier Miocene sediments • The total estimated oil shales resources of Serbia is about 5 billion and the basement (Paleozoic schist and tons. Mesozoic sediments). • The largest and most important deposit of oil shales in Serbia is 2 • From the point of view of proven reserves, the Aleksinac. It covers an area of 20 km and it has two thick productive most important are the basal Miocene sequences. The upper sequence of oil shale is 75 m thick and yields sandstones and their basement (mainly 10 mas. % of oil, on average. Lower sequence of oil shale is 26 m • The most important oil fields are “Velebit”, “Kikinda”, “Kikinda‐varoš”, “Mokrin”, thick and yields 12.5 mas. % of oil, on average. The potential fractured Paleozoic schist). “Elemir” and “Turija sever”. About one third of oil is still produced in the field “Velebit”, and “Kikinda‐varoš” and “Kikinda” yield about 17 % each. “Turija sever” reserves of oil shales in the Aleksinac deposit are estimated at about contributes about 14 % of the annual production. As regards gas, the gas‐oil field 2.1 billion tons. Test production of oil from Aleksinac shale yielded • More than 90 oil and gas discoveries, with more “Mokrin” gives nearly a third of the annual production. 80—90 l/t; 400 m3 of gas/t, and the resources in‐place shale oil of than 260 deposits, have been discovered in the • The gas fields “Srpska Crnja”, “Itebej” and “Srbobran” are also of considerable this deposit are estimated at about 210 Mt (Ercegovac et al. 2003). Banat Depression, which is still the most importance. • The current study of the use of oil shales for the production of promising exploration area in Serbia. There are synthetic oil will take into consideration all the relevant 40 fields being exploited, and some are already technological, economic and ecological factors. exhausted.
Oil and gas resources 1999. SerbianTownBombedbyNATO
• NATO had two types of targets in Serbia: Tactical • The production of oil in Serbia began in 1956, and a • Petroleum deposits closely related to the local and strategic. Novi Sad total of about 41 Mt has been produced so far. The depressions in which the sediments are more than quantities produced meet only 20—30 % of the 2500—3000 m thick. The lateral migrations of domestic requirements. hydrocarbons are practically in all cases rather short • The oil refinery in Pancevo and Novi Sad was strategic target. It was a key installation that • The peak oil production was in 1982, when it –10 to 20 km (Kostić & Ercegovac 2002). provided petrol and other elements to support the Yugoslav Army. amounted to over 1.3 Mt. That was followed by a • The main oil source‐rocks in the Banat Depression general decline of production. are Pannonian and Sarmatian marly limestones and • The production of gas began earlier, in 1952, and so marls, then Badenian shales and siltstone, and to a far about 28 billion m3 have been produced. The less extent Ottnangian‐ Carpathian shale (Kostić, greatest production was in 1979, when it reached 2000). The sediments of the “lower Pontian” (local 1.1 billion m3. stratigraphic division), represent source‐rocks only for gas, mostly in central and northern Banat, where • The deposits of oil and gas in the Banat Depression they are sufficiently matured. are primarily associated, as in most parts of the Pančevo Pannonian Basin, with the elevated basement structures. Most deposits of the Banat Depression have paraffinic oil, but about 30 % of the reserves and production consist of biodegraded naphthenic oil (“Velebit”, “Kelebija”).
Pollution of Pančevo Pollution of Novi Sad Petrochemical Complex Petrochemical Complex • Pancevo is an industrial town located 20 kilometers northeast of the capital • In the course of NATO aggression, Oil Refinery in Novi Sad was bombed 12 of Belgrade (population 1.2 million) at the confluence of the Tamiš and Danube rivers. times (April‐June, 1999). By destroying the factory installations, 73,569 t of crude oil were lost, of which 90% burnt down, 5600 t were discharged into • The industrial complex covers about 290 hectares is home to the HIP Azotara chemical fertilizer factory, the HIP Petrohemija petrochemical the Danube, and the rest was spilt over the soil of the Refinery area plant, and the NIS Oil Refinery. (Dalmacija et al., 2000).
• The petrochemical plant and the oil refinery are linked to the Danube via a 2 1.8‐kilometer channel into which treated wastewater is released. The • The total area of contaminated soil was 85524 m . The soil layer contained in fertilizer factory uses an adjacent drainage canal. Before the conflict, average 67 g/kg of crude oil and oil derivatives, whereas the layers beneath wastewater from the petrochemical plant and refinery was treated by a two‐step process (separation and biological treatment) before being it, above the groundwater table, contained free oil derivatives in the amount released into the wastewater channel. of 56 ml/l of the drained water. • Even before the bombings, Pancevo and its immediate surroundings The results of radioactive control of contamination showed that no ammunition containing suffered from air pollution. Chlorinated solvents (e.g., trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethane, dichloroethene, trichloroethene, and • In the Danube sediment, depleted uranium on the territory of Novi Sad city and its surroundings, was used. others) were found in both soil and groundwater samples. Also, higer Summary of pollutants released as a result of the 1999 polycyclic aromatic content of mercury, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and 1,2‐dichloroethane bombings in Pancevo were detected in higer content in the waste channel. hydrocarbons (PAHS) were PAH contents in the Danube sediment samples (Dalmacija et al., 2000) • On April 18th 1999 Petrochemical Complex was hit (Gopal & Deller, 2002): found in the amounts of 0.266‐ 1. vinyl chloride storage tank and 440 metric tons of material was burned, 123.5 mg/kg 2. 2‐dichloroethane storage tanks were indirectly damagedwith2,100 metric tons of material • Contents of other oil 3. chlor‐alkali plant was heavily damaged and this released 8 metric tons of metallic mercury into the environment. derivatives were 219‐293 4. wastewater treatment plant was seriously damaged. mg/kg (Dalmacija et al., 2000). The transformer station at the factory was also damaged polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were released from the transformer. • The oil refinery was the most heavily bombed. Approximately 62,000 Pollutants emitted into the air after metric tons of crude oil and oil products burned and 5,000 to 7,000 metric tons leaked onto the soil and into the sewer system. The spills resulted in the burning oil derivatives 100,000 square meters (10 hectares) of contaminated soil within the refinery complex (Bancov, 1999). • The HIP Azotara factory was bombed twice the ammonia storage tank. The 250 metric tons of calcium ammonium nitrate, phosphates, and potassium chloride leaked into the wastewater canal or burned.
Dragana Životić, Environmental pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Serbia 64 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Pollution today • The favorable geographical position of Pančevo and Novi Sad influenced the early development of industry. The intensive development of the petrochemical industry has greatly influenced changes in the environment in both cities. The environment of Pančevo and Novi Sad was especially polluted during the NATO bombing in 1999, when large amounts of toxic and dangerous chemicals were released into the air, surrounding AIR ‐ Mean annual content of AIR ‐ Mean annual concentration soils and main river (Danube, Anđelković Lukić, benzene (mg/m3) in Pančevo of ammonia (mg/m3) in Pančevo 2015). (Živanović, 2017) – (Živanović, 2017) – 3 • Decades of air pollution have extremely negative max allowed 5 mg/ m max allowed 8 mg/ m3 consequences for the health of the local population. • WATER ‐ Increased pollution of surface waters is also a result of natural disasters. During the flood, the • The most extensive steps in technological concentration of iron and suspended particles increases. improvement were made in the Oil Refinery Pančevo, after 2009, and investments by Russian • The biggest problems related to the waste waters are: “Gazprom“. insufficiently built sewage system, lack off facilities for purification of municipal waste waters before discharging • According to data of the Public health institute of into the Danube. Pančevo and Environmental protection agency, • SOIL –Area of the city of Pančevo for a long time, has been since 2001, the biggest polluters of air in the city exposed to a permanent emission of acid oxides, heavy Decembar, 2017 and its surroundings are ammonia, benzene, soot Jun 2018 and suspended particles. Over the last 16 years, metals and other harmful substances. Since 2009, two https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/in/Pa the modernization of production plants, higher projects for land quality research have been carried out. ncevo‐Serbia https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/in/No and stricter quality of control, mean annual Above mentioned projects in the wider area indicate high vi‐Sad concentration of benzene and ammonia are content of PAHs while heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, ZN, Cr, As significantly reduces. and Ni) are below the maximum allowed concentration.
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
• • Anđelković Lukić M., 2015. Gifts of Milosary Angel. Balkanija, Beograd, pp 275. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, several industrial • Bancov S., 1999. Day to Day Report About the Side‐effects of Bombardment on Human Environment and Cityens [sic] Health. objects in the city of Pančevo and Novi Sad were attacked. The Pancevo: Republic of Serbia, Ministry of the Protection of Human Environment, South Banat District. complexes of chemical and petrochemical industries were the • Dalmacija B., Ivančev Tumbas I., Dukić M., Zejak J., Đurendić M., Bečelić M., 1999. Intervention monitoring of “Ratno ostrvo” spring target of attacks in April, May and June. . University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Natural Science, Institute for Chemistry, Novi Sad. • Dalmacija B., Ivančev Tumbas I., Bikit I., Vesković M., Đurendić M., Miladinov‐Mikov M., Batalić V., Čonkić Lj., Bečelić M., 2000. • Consequences of destruction of these plants to the environment Environmental pollution of Novi Sad and its surroundings and health risks. Archive of Oncology 8 (3), 113‐8. and population are long‐term and extremely harmful. • Ercegovac M., Grgurović D., Bajc S., Vitorović D., 2003. Oil shales in Serbia: geological and chemical‐technological investigations, actual problems of exploration and feasibility studies. In Mineral material complex of Serbia and Montenegro at the crossings of • Current consequences of the bombing were multiple: combustion two millenniums, ed. by S. Vujić, 368‐378. Belgrade: Margo‐Art (in Serbian, with a summary in English). • Ercegovac M., Životić D., Kostić A., 2006. Genetic–industrial classification of brown coals in Serbia. International Journal Coal of large quantities of toxic chemical compounds, leakage of oil, Geology 68, 39‐56. petroleum products, ammonia, nitrogen and sulfur compounds • Gopal S., Deller N., 2002. Precision Bombing, Widespread Harm Two Case Studies of the Bombings of Industrial Facilities at directly into the Danube, leakage of large amount of harmful Pancevo and Kragujevac During Operation Allied Force, Yugoslavia 1999. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, pp. substances on surroundings soil, permanent pollution of 103. • Kostić A., 2000. The Generative Petroleum Potential of the Tertiary Sediments in the Banat Depression (Pannonian Basin). AAPG groundwater etc. Bulliten 84/11: 1866. • Kostić A., Ercegovac M., 2002. Modeling of Petroleum Generation in the Banat Depression (Pannonian Basin). Geologica • Long –term consequences are much more dangerous and Carpathica 53, 110–113. harmful, and they are reflected in permanent changes in the • Živanović V., 2017. Environmental Changes in the City of Pančevo. Collection of Papers ‐ Faculty of Geography at the University of environment that affect the health of local population. Belgrade 65 (1a), 449‐462. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub1765449Z
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Sulaimani Polytechnic University, KRG‐Iraq • Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq • IGME • University of Patras
• Prof. Dr. Kimon Christanis, University of Patras • Prof. Dr. Polla Khanaqa, Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq
Dragana Životić, Environmental pollution from petrochemical industry caused by bombing of Serbia 65 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece)
Dr. Alexandros Liakopoulos Head of Geochemistry and Environment Dpt IGME
INTRODUCTION Introduction Mining , since the Paleolithic Times, represents one of man’s earliest activities. Mining activity and Environment ‐ The cycle life of a mine
Orphaned /abandoned mines, definitions Mining has been part of the Greek civilization. ‐ mining activity, since the 4th century BC , of the Main impacts – Abandoned Mine Drainage Kassandra mines in NE Chalkidiki, as well as the The polluter pay principle in abandoned mines gold and silver mines of Pangeon the main sources of gold during the period of Philip II and Alexander the Great ‐ The Ag‐bearing galena of the Lavrion mines Short introduction to Kirki mines direct and major effect on the creation of the studying and mapping the pollution Athenian empire, and on the century of the Golden Detail of a Corinthian ceramic plaque (580 BC, Altes Museum, Berlin). Age of Athenian democracy On site measurements and techniques Rocks and minerals are also crucial to Conclusion _ The challenge of Abandoned mines now days, each of us will use over 1,000 tons of minerals , including Symposium on "Environmental Athens,25th‐26th June metallic, non metallic, aggregates, Pollution from Abandoned 2018 rock types, by products. Mines" Dr Alex. Liakopoulos Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines" Dr 3 Alex. Liakopoulos Athens,25th‐26th June 20184
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The term mining covers all aspects of Mining always involves disruption of the environment, either metal production, including: at the surface, with open‐pit mines, or ‐mine development, underground with deep mines and ‐extraction, by the production of enormous volumes of waste among them the tailing ‐smelting, is the waste chief. ‐ re‐mining , ‐waste management and Mining operations inevitably cause ‐Mine closure (planned or not). changes in the surrounding environment and so have an environmental impact the relationships between the mining process, its waste products, and the hazards they present (modified from Warhurst, 1999)
The extent depends: The most significant effect on the •The nature of the ore, environment typically relates to the •The mining and treatment methods used and mining production and mineral •The size, geometry and location of the processing phase; exploration generally deposit.Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from have little or no impact. Abandoned Mines" Dr Alex. Liakopoulos 5 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 6
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 66 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
THE CYCLE LIFE OF A MINE THE FINITE LIFE OF A MINE Mine closure can occur at any stage of the life Mining operation is a finite economic activity, mining are known in advance to cycle of the mining have a finite life. operation. Types of mine closure include: All mine operations will be required to close at some point, when : •Planned closure the mineral deposit is exhausted or •Sudden or unplanned becomes uneconomic to mine or abstract due to important negatives market closure prix fluctuations. •Temporary closure (suspension)
Non planned closure ‐‐> the site remains Consequently mine closure, and its related hazardous ‐‐> post‐closure social, environmental and contributes to the economic characteristics, is part of the life legacy of pollution cycle of mining operations. left by historic
Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from mining activities Abandoned Mines" Dr Alex. Liakopoulos Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 7 8
ORPHANED –ABANDONED MINE SITES ORPHANED–ABANDONED MINES: IMPACTS The legacy from the historic precise definitions may vary, and /or recently Orphaned sites : mine sites for which an owner cannot be found or no longer exists. abandoned mining Abandoned sites : mine sites for which an owner does exist, but is financially unable activities includes : to remediate the site (voluntary, or involuntary as in the case of bankruptcy) (National The potential Orphaned/ Abandoned Mines Initiative 2016) , environmental impacts abandoned and orphan mines : mine sites and mineral operations that are: •, associated with ‐no longer operational; abandoned mines, may be • openings to underground mine, ‐Not actively managed; • heaps of more severe than those ‐not rehabilitated; that occurred during ‐causing significant environmental or social problems; mining operations ‐and for which no one is currently accountable for site remediation or rehabilitation (UNEP Volume 23 Special Issue 2000) Environmental concerns and environmental regulation of mining A mine site is considered abandoned if there activities have, recently been are no solvable identifiable owners or introduced (as Directive operators for the facilities, or if the facilities 2006/21/ΕU (Μine Waste have reverted to governmental ownership Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines" Dr Directive/MWD) (BrunoAthens,25th Bussière, 2009)‐26th June 2018 9 Alex. Liakopoulos Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 10
ACID GENERATION
Abandoned Mine Drainage (AMD, ARD) acid generation: one of the largest problems from abandoned mines (Wastes spoil heals, .tailings dumps, mine waters from underground galleries, open pits etc.)
Acid is generated at mine sites when metal sulphide minerals are oxidized and sufficient water is present to mobilize the sulphur ion. Pyrite oxidation is a complex process because it involves numerous biogeochemical pathways.
2+ 2‐ + 2FeS2 + 7O2 +2H2O 2Fe +4SO4 +4H (1)
2+ + 3+ 2Fe + 1/2O2+2H 2Fe +H2O, (2), or 2+ + Fe +1/4O2+3/2H2OFeOOH+2H (3) pH>4 : 3+ + Fe +3H2OFeOH3 + 3H , (4) pH<4 3+ 2+ 2‐ + FeS2 +14Fe +8H2O15Fe +2SO4 + 16H (5)
The overall reaction for complete oxidation of pyrite :
FeS2+15/4O2+7/2H2OFeOH3+2H2SO4 (6) (from : Bruno Bussière, 2009) 11 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 12
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 67 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ACID GENERATION ACID GENERATION
AMD contains elevated levels of metals . The kind of In former mine works, AMD was convoyed to nearby streams, increasing metal concentrations in water and mobilized elements varies depending on the ore deposits overbank sediments for more kilometres downstream. composition: Cd, Pb, Zn are the most common, while As, Cu, Co, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Te, are less frequent.
Dissolved pollutants are primarily metals but may include Mixed with ground water, surface water, sulfates, nitrates, and radionuclides; these contaminants, once and soil, AMD may have harmful effects dissolved, can migrate from mining operations to local ground and on humans, animals, and plants as it surface water poisons ground and drinking water and destroys aquatic life and habitat
Acid generation can occur rapidly, or it may take years or decades to appear and reach its full potential. For that reason, even a long-abandoned Water pollution can continue for a long period site can intensify in regard to its environmental impacts after the abandon of the mine Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 13 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 14
METAL CONTAMINATION OF METAL CONTAMINATION OF GROUND/SURFACE GROUND/SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENTS WATER AND SEDIMENTS Abandoned mines can result in the contamination of associated sediments: Old Mining operations can affect surface and ground water quality. Extraction wastes •when dissolved pollutants discharged to surface waters partition to were placed in the stream beds (natural depressions). This loaded the stream with metal sediments in the stream rich sediments and AMD •fine grained waste materials eroded from mine sites become sediments
In abandoned mining and mineral processing sites, extraction waste and particularly tailings were, in some cases, deposited directly into streams , or placed at the edge of them. Erosion would transport the tailings to the surface waters
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ORPHANED –ABANDONED MINE SITES ORPHANED –ABANDONED MINE SITES The polluter‐pays principle “Polluter Pays” refers to the principle that companies have to internalize the external costs of Abandoned mines : a global problem many countries are environmental damage caused by their activities; they should pay the rehabilitation cost of the area yet to effectively deal with. that they have polluted. However the polluter pays only if is discovered and prosecuted. In can be : a health and safety, financial, and environmental liability the case of abandoned or orphaned mines areas.? for communities, the mining industry, and governments. Abandoned mines : it is highly difficult to attribute responsibility for the harms and establish the respective “negative legacy,” “orphaned pollution” rehabilitation obligations of mining companies
Who is responsible for the remediation? One way or another, society pays for reclamation Who is going to pay the giant cost. This cost for a single abandoned mine may rehabilitation cost? range from thousands to millions of euro, depending on the size, location, the nature of the contamination present, and the resources affected. 17 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 18
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 68 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
KIRKI CASE STUDY
The fundamental question in relation to the abandoned mine sites in Greece is: •how many of these sites exists PART 2 : THE CASE OF KIRKI MINE AREA •how many of these sites actually constitute an environmental problem (GREECE) IGME ‐‐> undertaken and implemented a national inventory (2009) A preliminary data base of 107 abandoned mines areas of public ownership Only few systematic surveys to quantify the real environmental problem
Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines" Dr Alex. Liakopoulos Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 19 20
KIRKI MINES KIRKI MINES • Located in mountain • Exploitation started since 1880, Extensive lowlands, 22km NW from exploitation from: Alexandroupolis town. • 1973 to 1982 and from
ΙΓΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ ΕΩΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ & Μ ΕΤΑΛΛΕΥΤΙΚΩΝ Ε ΡΕΥΝΩΝ ΣΤΕΡΕΑ ΓΕΩΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΑΠΕΙΚΟΝΙΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΡΥΤΕΡΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΗΣ ΚΙΡΚΗΣ Ν. ΕΒΡΟΥ • 1989 to 1995. A total 250.000 tonnes Pb‐Zn ore were mined.
υψομετρική κλίμακα 750 700 • Early underground mining 650 600 550 500 • Later open‐pit exploitation 450 400 350 300 250 • Mineralisation: galena, sphalerite, pyrite, 200 150 Main constraints Mine100 chalcopyrite 50 0 > Lower mountain location: role • Many accessory minerals (sulphides & sulphosalts) with Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Sb Plant of slopes Small littoral catchment • Abandoned site since then, without any > precaution Ψηφιακή επεξ εργασία: Ευρ. Βασιλειάδης, Μ αθηματικός GIS > Littoral settlements, • Under Public ownership since 2004 Alexandroupolis agriculture, industry and tourism 21 22
KIRKI MINES KIRKI PLANT
• Ore transport by cableway from the mine • Milling & flotation to the plant, 5 km downstream • Hydrographic site setting : narrow valley into crystalline formations • Kirkalon and Eirini streams • Concentrates were shipped by railway
• Totally abandoned after mine abandon 1995
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Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 69 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
ACID MINE DRAINAGE ACID MINE DRAINAGE • Galleries runoff • Contamination flows down the Kirkalon brook • Neutralisation in the watercourse • • Open‐pit overflow Kirkalon Biofilms • Focalisation and dams • Downstream drainage of the waste pile
25 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 26
June Dec. Drinking 2005 2005 water CHEMISTRY OF OPEN CHEMISTRY pH (βαθμοί) 2,85 2,94 6,5-8,5 PIT AND KIRKALON OF AGHIOS Αγωγ/τα 2.000 2.270 1.000 SEDIMENTS (μS/cm2)
PHILLIPOS Ni (ppb) 830 970 20 mg/kg code Ni Mn Cr Pb Cu Zn As Cd Ba Sb Bi Co Ce Eu U Th AMD Co (ppb) 117 125 0 ΚΟ 32 946 158 6.074 890 3.880 2.180 14 280 64 114 5 0 0 10 13 Cd (ppb) 1.810 2.400 5 Κ2 17 480 86 586 55 1.460 52 0 104 5 4 3 0 0 3 10 Κ3 270 3.040 140 9.534 2.080 50.200 420 136 74 24 40 15 0 0 100 20 Pb (ppb) 706 750 10 Κ4 280 12.840 27 690 280 153.600 1.800 440 470 21 3 31 33 1 43 4 Κ5 56 3.620 140 5.960 440 10.100 290 30 1.040 28 64 19 46 1 23 15 Cu (ppb) 7.900 13.000 20 Mn (ppb) 52.000 72.000 50 Fe (ppb) 12.500 88.800 100 Zn (ppb) 18.000 240.000 500 U (ppb) 166 0 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 27 28 Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines" Dr Alex. Liakopoulos
TYPOLOGY OF MINING TYPOLOGY OF MINING WASTE WASTE (A)extraction waste: Apart from mine water runoff, waste is the main potential pollution source > the most bulky category; Storage in at the site. immediate downstream > Sheet and gully erosion patens > it cannot be economically moved extraction waste: (A) > unfortunately, also the main mine site source of AMD (seepage pH 1 to 2) (B) processing waste (tailings): plant site (C) other waste: mainly plant site, but may be found anywhere
29 Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 30
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 70 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
CHEMISTRY OF TAILING TYPOLOGY OF mg/kg (ppm) (B) processing waste MINE WASTE IGME Ni Mn Cr Pb Cu Zn As Cd Ba Sb Bi Co (tailings): 8 tailing damps Γ4-5 68 4.290 112 7.012 365 9.875 201 97 1.713 40 72 10 without any environmental Γ4-3 41 1.734 91 2.269 194 4.110 52 49 652 13 34 10 protection measure. Γ4-1 51 3.515 117 4.699 192 6.449 96 75 801 22 63 9 Γ4-4 53 2.857 89 4.424 180 11.631 113 107 1.827 23 62 9 BRGM 64 58 6.850 324 13.138 155 153 1.165 23 82 11
CHEMISTRY OF TAILING’S AMD μgr/l (ppb) (Dec.2005) Condicti pH κ.δ. vity Ni Mn Fe Pb Cu Zn Cd Al Co Se U Τ1 4,08 2.130 1.100 102.000 240 1.050 3.600 216.000 2.800 33.000 195 6 327 Τ2 3,94 2.740 1.180 145.000 9.500 1.130 1.520 225.000 2.600 21.500 295 7 230 Breach in dam Tailing erosion Τ3 7,90 2.110 47 7.000 <100 5 17 5.700 55 24 5 <5 <5 31 32
FICKLIN DIAGRAM TYPOLOGY OF MINE WASTE (C) other waste:
Flotation cake Ore concentrates
‐Na2S ‐ZnSO4.7H2O ‐Na2SiO3 2‐4 toluene diisocyanate NaCN ‐Na2CO3
Ficklin diagrams of pH versus dissolved metal content in water samples collected from the Kirki Mine and the Kirki plant area (from An amount of 23,12 ton of unused chemical reagent, have been successfully removed from the Liakopoulos et al. 2010) 33 site, to minimise the impact and clean up the areaAthens,25th at 2005,‐26th 2008 June and 2018 2013 34
WATER DOWNSTREAM THE PLANT > Gorge valley, no basin > The course crosses a limestone zone with water losses
Eirini river Alexandroupolis area water supply MEASUREMENTS ON SITE Sea
Basement: Volcano-sedimentary units, phyllite series (Makri unit), molasses, flysch Base conglomerate Limestone-bearing formations Marl Alluvium
35 36
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 71 6 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL DIAGRAPHIES > Idronaut OCEAN SEVEN 302 probe HYDROGEOCHEMICAL DIAGRAPHIES • Down well > Operation in Shallow groundwater near the plant operation open water Revealing a stratification • Conductivity • Redox potential • pH • Temperature
38
On site analysis of heavy metals : SWASV FIELD PORTABLE XRF : TAILINGS, SOILS, SEDIMENTS (AND ORE, ROCK, WASTE ALL SORTS...) > Electro‐ > Strategic role of chemical > direct measurement on the on site analysis surface, or measurement > Anodic stripping > measurement on voltammetry of metals and metalloids in homogenised sample water samples > In the field lab at Kirki
Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 39 40
Dissolved Zn concentration (μg/l) in waters
Water pollution Samples show strong variation in dissolved metal concentration from measure to measure depending to the rain fall.
41 42
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 72 7 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Pb concentration (mg/kg) in stream sediments Stream sediments contamination remains in high levels in Kirkalon stream and drops gradually at Eirini river (from Liakopoulos et al 2010).
Cartographic distribution of Pb measurements in the plant area
Cartographic distribution of Pb measurements along Kirkalon and Eirini rivers from Kirki to sea (including mine and 43 plant areas).(From Lemière, B. and V. Laperche, 2006) 44
TODAY SITUATION A CHALLENGE Abandoned mine sites constitute a chance, ‐‐> open mine parks and Museums IGME is in discussion with the ministry of energy and environment and the local authorities of the Alexandroupolis (Kirki) area in view : ‐To rehabilitate the area around the processing plan (mainly the 8 tailing damps) (en 1rst priority) ‐To implement in the area a monitoring system in order:
> Monitoring the emissions of the main sources > Flow measurement of the main vectors > Monitoring target resources (groundwater, soil) > Health risk alert (automatic warning) > Relation between rainfall and transfer
Athens,25th‐26th June 2018 45 46
REFERENCES Bussière Bruno 2009 : Acid mine drainage from abandoned mine sites: problematic and reclamation approaches, in Proc. of Int. Symp. on Geoenvironmental Eng., ISGE2009 September 8‐10, 2009, Hangzhou, China
National Orphaned/ Abandoned Mines Initiative 2016 : Orphaned and Abandoned Mines: Risk Identification, Cost Estimation and Long‐term Management” December 2016, http://www.abandoned‐mines.org
UNEP 2000: Mining and sustainable development II Challenges and perspectives. industry and environment Volume 23 Special Issue 2000
Warhurst, A (1999) : “Environmental regulation, innovation and sustainable development “ In A. Warhurst (ed), Mining and Environment: Case Studies form the Americas, International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada
Ficklin, W.H., Plumlee, G.S., Smith, K.S., and McHugh, J.B., 1992, Geochemical classification of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Water‐rock interaction: Seventh International Symposium on Water‐Rock Interaction, Park City, Utah, July 13‐18, 1992, Proceedings, v. 1, Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 381‐384.
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Bruno Lemiere, Konstantinos Michael, Catherine Crouzet, Valerie Laperche, Ioannis Romaidis, Iakovos Drougkas and Arnault Lassin,(2010) : «Environmental impacts of unmanaged solid waste at a former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki”, Waste management research V28, pp 996‐1009, 2010
Liakopoulos Alexandros, (2009): Environmental study of the former Kirki mines area. Pollution extension and proposed abatement measures. Unpublished IGME internal report. IGME—Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, pp. 227, 2 appendixes
Lemière, B. and V. Laperche, 2006: Test and feasibility of the implementation of monitoring tools foe mining and industrial environmental applications on Kirki mining area (Greece), Phase 1. Unpublished BRGM report
Papassiopi, N., Mylona, E., Xenidis, A. Paspaliaris, I. Liakopoulos, A., Angellatou, V. Drougas, J., 2009. Assessment of major acid generation sources in Thank you for your attention ! the mining site of Agios Filippos, Kirki, GR. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Mineral Resources Management and Environmental Geotechnology (Amireg) 2009, pp. 333–33
Nymphodora Papassiopi, Christina Zaharia, Anthimos Xenidis, Katerina Adam, Alexandros Liakopoulos, Ioannis Romaidis 2014 : Assessment of contaminants transport in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, by coupling hydrological and geochemical modeling tools, in Minerals 47 Engineering 64 (2014) 78–91.
Alexandros Liakopoulos, Environmental Impacts of abandoned or inactive mines, an overview; the case of the former base metal mining and ore processing site Kirki (Thrace, Greece) 73 8 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki-Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas
EurGeol Alecos Demetriades, CEng, CGeol, CSci IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines
Lavreotiki peninsula Presentation structure Lavrion urban 1. Geographical location area 2. Historical outline Cape 3. Minerals Sounion 4. Mining and smelting activities from ancient to recent times in the Lavreotiki and Lavrion areas Athens 5. Geochemical survey of the Lavreotiki peninsula 6. Lavrion urban geochemical study 7. Risk assessment Lavreotiki 8. Environmental management scheme 9. Project Reports and Bibliography
100 km 0
HISTORICAL OUTLINE
• 3500 B.C. (?) – Earliest record of mining and ore processing of argentiferous galena. • 7th to 4th century B.C. mining peak • 3rd to 1st century B.C. waning down of mining with the opening of Au mines in Macedonia and Thrace, and final closure. By the 1st century A.D. Lavrion is completely forgotten. • 1864 to 1977 A.D., year of mine closure • 1989 A.D. Closure of ore beneficiation and metallurgical plant
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 74 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
The Golden Age of Athens in the 5th century B.C. Ancient and recent depended on the mining activities & revenues from the metallurgical Lavrion Ag‐Pb mines installations and wastes [from Conophagos (1980) & I.G.M.E. work]
C. Conophagos, 1980. Le Laurium antique et la technique Grecque de la production deo l’argent. National Technical University of Athens, 458 pp.
Calcite [CaCO ] Aragonite Azurite 3 Calcite [CaCO3] [CaCO3] [Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2] Galena [PbS] Malachite
[Cu2CO3(OH)2]
Gypsum Barite [BaSO4] [CaSO4.2H2O]
In classical Hellenic times the City State of Athens leased the mining concessions, ore beneficiation and smelting plants to ΣΙΜΟΝ ΚΑΤΕΛΑΒΕ ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΚΟΝ individuals after SIMON LEASED ASKLIPIAKON a public tender. Ancient adits & wastes
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 75 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Lavreotiki had a water shortage. Hence, the ancient Hellenes constructed large cisterns. Ancient cisterns and washing plants for separation & beneficiation of ore Seasonal stream
Cistern Settling pond
Lavrion
Recent exploitation/Wastes & Installations of French Co.
Slag
Pyritiferous wastes and slag
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 76 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Slag heaps House on pyritiferous wastes
Flotation tailings (sandy material) Olive and fruit trees and vines on flotation tailings
Slag and earthy material
Slag used on roads and as hardcore in buildings
Transportation of slag to the new dock (hardcore) The result of this intense mining and metallurgical activity is soil contamination
over the whole Lavreotiki peninsula (130 out of 170 km2 investigated), with the greater intensity in the Lavrion urban area of 7 km2.
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 77 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
The Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration was involved in three environmental projects in the Lavreotiki-Lavrion area:
1. 1990-1992: Environmental geochemistry study of the area of Lavrion and Aghios Constantinos (Kamariza) Attiki (co-funded by the Hellenic Ministry of Finance and the EU Structural Funds Results of the Lavreotiki Peninsula programme (Attiki Region project No: 202.088.00). 2. 1992-1994: Environmental Geochemistry Study of the Lavreotiki Geochemical Survey Peninsula Attiki (co-funded by the Hellenic Ministry of Finance and the EU Structural Funds programme (Attiki Region project No: 202.088.00), and 3. 1994-1999: Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion (co- funded by the Hellenic Ministry of Finance and EU LIFE Programme (Contract No.: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576).
6000 Keratea Arsenic Avlaki As Objectives: 4000 Olympos mg/kg 100 2000 7066 • To document the impact on the environment of Plaka 97.5 1265 the mining and smelting activities from ancient to 95 909 0 recent times. 90 466 Thorikon 75 211 -2000 Anavissos Kamariza 50 93 Methodology: P. Fokaea 25 40
-4000 Percentiles Lavrion 15 30 10 2115 10 • Evaluation of all available data and information. -6000 Thimari 5 3 • Geochemical survey using a grid of 500 x 500 m 0 <3-100 European baseline 2 -8000 over an area of 170 km . In total, 698 soil samples P As levels in soil ass Legraena al 0.3-23 mg/kg (0‐10 cm) were collected. im -10000 an i Median = 0m 2000m Cape Sounion 7 mg/kg -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
6000 6000 Keratea Antimony Keratea Lead Avlaki Avlaki Pb 4000 Sb 4000 Olympos mg/kg Olympos mg/kg 100 70032 2000 100 650 2000 Plaka Plaka 97.5 21550 97.5 233 95 14114 0 0 90 7633 95 185 75 2232 Thorikon Thorikon -2000 Anavissos 90 97 -2000 50 692 Anavissos 500 Kamariza Kamariza 306 75 30 25 P. Fokaea 27 P. Fokaea 15 201 Percentiles -4000 -4000 Percentiles Lavrion 50 7 Lavrion 10 150 5 110 25 3 5 100 -6000 Thimari -6000 Thimari 2.5 87 0 <3-100 0 24-500 European baseline European baseline -8000 Sb levels in soil -8000 P P Pb levels in soil ass assal Legraena al 0.02-1.9 mg/kg Legraena im im 5-51 mg/kg -10000 an -10000 an i Median = i 0m 2000m 0m 2000m Median = Cape Sounion 0.6 mg/kg Cape Sounion -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 -2000m 0m 2000m 4000m 6000m 8000m 10000m 22.6 mg/kg
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 78 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
6000 Contamination Keratea index (C.I.) for Avlaki urban areas 4000 Olympos C.I. 100 2000 846.6 Plaka 97.5 184.6 95 149.6 0 90 92.5 75 30.2 Thorikon Results of the Lavrion Urban Geochemical Survey -2000 Anavissos 50 7.2 Kamariza 25 0.6 24.8% 0 P. Fokaea 15 -1.1
-4000 Percentiles Lavrion 10 -2.0 5 -3.4 -6000 Thimari 2.5 -4.1 0 -100.0-5.8 -8000 C.I. = (As/10 + P ass Cd/3 + Cr/600 + Legraena al im Cu/150 + Ni/210 + -10000 an i Pb/500 + Sb/27 + 0m 2000m Cape Sounion Zn/720) - 8 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
SOIL REHABILITATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF LAVRION The main objectives of the project were: LIFE Programme Contract No.: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576 •To determine the current state of environmental contamination in the greater Lavrion area, focusing mainly on soil contamination, with Municipality of Lavrion respect to lead and other potential hazardous elements. PRISMA •To define the main sources of contamination. •To select and apply methods, which will hinder the further contamination of soil by applying preventive measures at the I.G.M.E. N.T.U.A. contamination sources. • British Geological Survey •To select and apply remedial measures for the rehabilitation or Knight, Piesold & Partners, U.K. • Imperial College (Univ. London) neutralisation of contaminated land, and • Lavrion Medical Centre • Aachen Technical University •To develop an integrated environmental management scheme for the • Connecticut University, U.S.A. greater Lavrion urban area.
In the EU LIFE project the Institute of Geology The National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) and Mineral Exploration was responsible for: was responsible for: • Geochemical mapping of soil (overburden), house dust, parent rocks and mining wastes; • Chemical characterisation of mining wastes; • Groundwater geochemistry; • Testing of different rehabilitation technologies in the • Mapping of wastes & contaminated overburden; laboratory; • Mapping of parent rocks (lithology); • Drilling operations for assessing depth of contamination; • Logging of drill holes; • Demonstration scale application of rehabilitation • Land use mapping; • Property mapping; technologies; • Risk assessment and management; • Monitoring of demonstration scale rehabilitation • Environmental planning (in collaboration with NTUA); technologies, and • Processing of all data by G.I.S., and • Environmental planning (in collaboration with I.G.M.E.). • Report presentation.
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 79 6 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
The different types of Pb distribution in metallurgical processing wastes metallurgical processing
wastes were 80,00 mapped at a 0
scale of 1:5000, 60,00 and 0 (mg/kg)
representative 40,00 Pb samples 0 collected and 20,00 analysed. 0 0 Flotation Pyritiferous Pyritiferous Sand‐blast Slag Slag‐earthy residues sand tailings material
Total arsenic (As) Total antimony (Sb) -2000 in overburden -2000 in overburden Lavrion urban area Lavrion urban area % As % Sb (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
4.3802108764648 100 24000 100 2.7535800933838567 4.1461281776428 97.5 14000 97.5 2.7168400287628521 4.0413918495178 95 11000 95 2.6063799858093404 -3000 3.7781510353088 -3000 90 6000 90 2.5072000026703322 3.3482999801636 75 2230 75 2.3138699531555206 3.1105890274048 50 1290 50 2.0807099342346 2.8892920017242 121 25 775 25 1.8000299930573 2.7634270191193 63
15 580 1.5185099840164
2.5797829627991 15 33 10 380 10 1.4456000328064 2.3010289669037 28 5 200 5 1.004320025444 1.9804569482803 10
2.5 96 0.53148001432419 -4000 -4000 2.5 3 1.6989699602127 0 50 0 0.531479001045233
Guideline value Lavrion Guideline value for urban areas = harbour 10 mg As/kg for urban areas = 24 mg Sb/kg
-5000 -5000 (n=224) (n=224)
0m 500m 0m 500m
7000 8000 7000 8000
Distribution of Lead (Pb) Distribution of total lead in house dust House dust is also highly in overburden contaminated as is shown by Pb concentrations, which vary from % Pb % Lead (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 100.0 151579 100.0 18617 488 to 18,617 mg/kg. 97.5 52737 97.5 11225 95.0 33856 95.0 9263 90.0 21615 90.0 8598 ======75.0 13256 75.0 4935 50.0 7305 50.0 3091 Surface soil varies from: 25.0 4216 25.0 1985 15.0 2909 15.0 1540 10.0 2594 10.0 1117 5.0 2265 5.0 836 810 to 151,579 mg/kg Pb 2.5 1777 2.5 666 0.0 810 0.0 488 Lavrion (n=224) Lavrion harbour (n=127) ======harbour Parent rocks vary from: Guideline value for urban areas = 1 to 1,850 mg/kg Pb 500 mg Pb/kg
Ν
0m 500m 0m 500m
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 80 7 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Contamination Index (C.I.) -2000 (As+Ba+Be+Cd+Cr+ Distribution of total lead (Pb) Since surface soil is highly Cu+Ni+Pb+V+Zn) in rock samples in overburden using Lavrion urban area contaminated, it is statutory levels impossible to determine % C.I. G u 3.4596796035767 l 100 2882 f o 3.2900700569153 f Th its natural geochemical 97.5 1950
o 3.0847899913788 r % Lead 95 1216 iko -3000 n (mg/kg) background variation. 90 2.9021699428558798 100.0 1850 75 2.5477900505066353 97.5 730 50 2.2652399539948184
95.0 240 2.0448598861694 90.0 135 25 111 Rock geochemistry was 1.9350500106812 75.0 54 15 86 50.0 22 10 1.766880035400458 25.0 12 used as an indirect 5 1.620990037918142 15.0 8 2.5 1.523769974708633 7 -4000 10.0 method of learning 1.2558410167694 5.0 5 0 18 2.5 4 something about the 0.0 1 Lavrion C.I.=[As/10+Ba/600+Be/0.14+ harbour primary natural “C‐soil” Cd/3+Cr/100+Cu/130+Ni/70+ (n=140) horizon geochemical Pb/500+V/470+Zn/300]-10
conditions. -5000
N 0m 500m
0m 500m
7000 8000
µ Plant type Lead Lead Distribution of lead (Pb) in child blood The effects of soil (mg/kg) in (mg/kg) in It is noted that 10 μg lead/100 ml blood is considered to be the maximum contamination are quite admissible value for children produce/frui leaves G S u mo lf evident from the results of ked o µ uc f t T h % Lead t o r blood‐Pb levels in children. ik in blood o n (μg/100 ml) 100.0 60.49 Olive trees 5.6 386 3rd Primary 97.5 40.68 school 95.0 37.77 More than 90% of the 235 90.0 31.12 1st Primary 75.0 school 22.73 Vines 8.7 175 50.0 17.83 children involved in this 25.0 13.74 15.0 11.77 study have 10.0 10.58 5.0 9.00 blood‐Pb levels 2.5 7.75 2nd & 4th 0.0 5.98 Lavrion Primary μg Pb/100 ml blood EU Directive 0.1 0.3 schools harbour 22.73µ to 60.5 >10 μg/100 ml 10 to 22.73 Sm o 5.98 to 10 ke du ct Smelters/ beneficiation plants Battery factory N
0m 500m
Micrograms of Lead per litre of blood Results of the 1988 study by (μg Pb/l)ύβ Makropoulos et al. (1991, 1992) Results of the 1988 study by μg Pb/l Makropoulos et al. (1991, 1992) 500 >380 • 8.4% of the children (n=235) that 400 Micrograms of Arsenic in 24-hour urine >310 participated in the cross‐ (μg As/24h) • 90% of the children 300 μg As/24h (n=235) that sectional epidemiological study 200 >180 70 >65.9 participated in the >100 had more than 20 micrograms of 60 cross‐sectional 100 100 μg Pb/l in blood is the maximum 50 admissible level arsenic in 24‐hour urine, and 40 0 epidemiological 30 90% 50% 10% 5% >20 Child proportion 20 study had more upper • 5.0% had more than 65.9 10 >5.76 admissible than 100 level 0 • 10% had more than 310 micrograms of 50% 8.4% 5% micrograms of lead micrograms of arsenic in 24‐hour Child proportion per litre of blood, lead per litre of blood, and urine.
• 50% had more than • 5% had more than 380 micrograms of lead It is noted that 20 μg of Arsenic (As) in 24 180 micrograms of per litre of blood. hour urine is the W.H.O. upper acceptable lead per litre of blood, It is noted that 100 μg Pb/litre of blood is the W.H.O. upper limit for children (20 μg As/24 hr) acceptable limit for children (i.e., 10 μg Pb/100 ml or 10 μg Pb/decilitre).
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 81 8 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
New Urine samples Degree of child Eight factors and two constraints were considered in a multicriteria exposure 1500 Samples of urine were collected assessment, including Pb concentrations in th exposure on the 19 November 1998 from overburden/soil: 1200 65 Lavrion inhabitants. Distribution of degree g of exposure of children (A) Factors: to environmental 1. Lead (Pb) concentration in Based on the non‐occupational limit of contaminants 900 overburden/soil; 100 μg As/l urine (Caroli et al., 1994), % Exposure block* degree As/l) 2. Degree of dustiness of the metallurgical 37% of the inhabitants had urine As 0.0 0.000 to 0.9 600 0.0 1.00>1 to 17. waste; levels above this limit. 0.0 18.0018 to 35 0.8 36.0036 to 54 3. Proximity to metallurgical wastes;
Urine Arsenic Urine Arsenic ( μ 11.4 55.0055 to 72 300 33.6 73.0073 to 90 4. Proximity to current or previous stacks; 13.5 91.0091 to 10 It is inferred that As is still available for 8.8 109.00109 to 5. Proximity to roads; 100100 μg/l 16.1 128.00128 to absorption 9 years after the closure of 9.9 146.00146 to 6. Proximity to rivers; 0 3.3 164.00164 to
------the metallurgical complex. Therefore, Lavrion harbour 0.4 182.00182 to 7. Proximity to Pb‐industry; 1.5 200.00200 to 2 the source is still active, and this is 0.6 219.00219 to 2 8. Degree of exposure. 0.1 237.00237 to 2 considered to be the metallurgical 0.0 >255 255.00 to 2 * Number of blocks (B) Constraints: processing wastes and the (50 x 50 m) = 2960 9. Area with metal‐related industry, and contaminated soil. 0m 500m 10. Area over Quaternary deposits.
14 REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR Metallurgical processing wastes and SULPHIDIC WASTES demonstration scale application of rehabilitation techniques ΤΕΧΝΙΚΕΣ ΑΠΟΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ Thorikon Lavrion urban area Seven factors and two constraints are ΘΕΙΟΥΧΩΝ ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΩΝsl Θορικόν Child risk Fig. 7 Μεταλλουργικά απορρίμματα και Σχ. 7 επιδεικτική εφαρμογή τεχνικών αποκατάστασης Geomembrane Aστική περιοχή Λαυρίου fr Beneficiation/flotation residues Απορρίμματα εμπλουτισμού/επίπλευσης (Σαβούρα) considered in this multi‐criteria Risk sl sbl sl sl Lumpy slag Estimation of child risk Compacted clay Πλινθώματα σκουριάς py sla Lumpy and pelletised slag Πλινθώματα και συσφαιρώματα σκουριάς sla sla Control Disseminated slag to environmental Assessment Model, including Pb dsl ∆ιάσπαρτες σκουριές Sulphides mixed Sand-blast material from slag sbl Υλικά αμμοβολής από σκουριές with limestone Flotation sands with disseminated pyrite sbl sw Άμμοι επίπλευσης με διάσπαρτο πυρίτη sbl Kavodokanos pollution Pyritiferous tailings concentrations in overburden/soil: Καβοδόκανος py Πυριτούχα υλικά επίπλευσης Disseminated slag and coarse-grained flotation residues sfa ∆ιάσπαρτες σκουριές με αδρόκοκκα υλικά επίπλευσης fr Flotation sands and coarse-grained materials sl fa fa Αδρόκοκκα υλικά επίπλευσης και άμμοι py Pilot project dsl Flotation residues and disseminated slag Kavodokanos frs Σαβούρα (υλικά επίπλευσης) και διάσπαρτες σκουριές sl pilot test area Probable boundaries % Risk py Πιθανά όρια fa
sbl Mapping : A. Demetriades and K. Vergou-Vichou, IGME block* scale Χαρτογράφηση: Αλ. ∆ημητριάδης και Αικ. Βέργου-Βήχου, ΙΓΜΕ sl Pilot tests: Laboratory of Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens sfa Digital processing : E. Vassiliades, IGME sl sw Αποκατάσταση: Εργαστήριο Μεταλλουργίας, Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο Ψηφιακή επεξεργασία: Ε. Βασιλειάδης, ΙΓΜΕ py py EU programme LIFE : 93/GR/A14/GR/4576 0,0 0 (A) Factors: "Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipallity of Lavrion" sbl sl areas where sl sl Πρόγραμμα Ε.Ε. LIFE: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576 "Αποκατάσταση Εδάφους στο ∆ήμο Λαυρίου" Kiprianos py 0,0 >1 sl Κυπριανός sl sbl sla sl sla py sbl 0,0 18 1. Lead (Pb) concentration in Phenikodassos dsl Φοινικόδασος sl sw sl Komobil 0,0 36 sl Κομομπίλ py different 0,9 py 55 overburden/soil; sl Nichtochori fr Santorineika Νυχτοχώρι 8,0 frs 73 Σαντοριναίϊκα 32,8 91 2. Degree of dustiness of the metallurgical Prassini Alepou 25,3 109 Πράσινη Αλεπού fr rehabilitation 10,2 128 waste; dsl Ayia Paraskevi sl 6,5 146 dsl Αγία Παρασκευή
dsl 3,2 164 3. Proximity to metallurgical wastes; dsl dsl sl 5,1 182 dsl technologies sbl fr Ayios Andreas 4,9 200 4. Proximity to current or previous stacks; Αγιος Ανδρέας sl 2,4 219 sw
sl 0,7 237 5. Proximity to roads; Lavrion harbour Neraki were tested Λιμήν Λαυρίου 0,1 >255 pilot test area Noria sl sbl Νόρια 6. Proximity to rivers; Neapoli sl Νεάπολη
STABILISATION TECHNIQUES FOR OXIDIC TAILINGS AND SOILS 7. Proximity to Pb‐industry. sl
ΤΕΧΝΙΚΕΣKoukos ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΓΙΑ82.27 Κούκος * Number of blocks ΟΞΕΙ∆ΩΜΕΝΑ ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ ΚΑΙ Ε∆ΑΦΗ Fougara t s Φουγάρα o (50 x 50 m) = 2960 p m o dsl c t d s n o dsl a p s m d te o n (B) Constraints: a c a h d p n e s a g o d h h lu s s h P a l s d y a a n l ic a F g ly e o f g e l ud s g io l te d sl 0m 500m B l s a lu 9. Area with metal‐related industry, and a h s Town plan: From 1:5000 map sheets 6478/5 & 6478/7 of the Hellenic c p l Army Geographical Service & mapping by A. Demetriades and i s a g o c K. Vergou-Vichou sbl Panormos lo h i Οικιστικό σχέδιο: Από 1:5000 Φ.Χ. 6478/5 & 6478/7 της Γεωγραφικής io p g l Υπηρεσίας Στρατού και τη συμπληρωματική χαρτογράφηση από Πάνορμος lo ro Αλ. ∆ημητριάδη και Αικ. Βέργου-Βήχου B o t i n dsl Vilanoira B o C Βιλανόϊρα Perdika 10. Area over Quaternary deposits. Πέρδικα 29.79 0m 100m 200m dsl Publication date: October 1998 Ημερ. έκδοσης : Οκτώβριος 1998
STABILISATION TECHNIQUES FOR OXIDIC TAILINGS AND SOILS REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR SULPHIDIC WASTES
t s o p m o c t d s n o a s p te m Geomembrane a o d h c n p d a s n e o a g h h d d P s lu n a s h a y l s Compacted clay l a a e F ic y g g fl d s o lu te l s a e io l h g B a p d ic s lu g o s o h l Control l p a io ic B g lo l o o i tr Sulphides mixed B n o with limestone C
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 82 9 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Least cost technologies for the Cost/Benefit index of the methods for the rehabilitation of overburden rehabilitation of the Lavrion urban area materials in the Lavrion urban area
Clean soil cover (60 cm) Cost/ +vegetation (7.07 Euro/m2) % Benefit Limestone+clean soil (30 cm) block index +vegetation (10.80 Euro/m 2) Compacted clay cover 0.4 >35-40 35.00 to + vegetation (10.94 Euro/m2) 18.8 >40-45 40.00 to Biological sludge+phosphates 1.9 >45-50 45.00 to +clean soil cover (30 cm) 2.0 >50-55 50.00 to +vegetation (14.99 Euro/m2) 7.4 >55-60 55.00 to % Million 6.9 >60-65 60.00 to block Euro 5.9 >65-70 65.00 to 86.2 0.0045.10 to 2500 9.2 >70-75 70.00 to 4.4 2501.003.52 to 3 >75-80 75.00 to 3601.00 to 4 38.8 2.9 2.35 80.00 to 6.5 4001.007.21 to 5 8.2 >80-85 0.5 >85-90 85.00 to Total 58.18 0.1 >90-120 90.00 to -30% 42 million Euro Number of 50 x 50 m blocks Rate of exchange = 2960 1Euro = 330 drs. Number of 50 x 50 m blocks = 2960
0m 500m 0m 500m
Having as aim the quality of life of the inhabitants and especially children, the results of this study should be used for: • taking protective measures (short term aim); • the rational land use management (medium term All agricultural and animal rearing activities must stop aim), and (short term aim) • improvement of living conditions (long term aim, provided if this action is possible). Otherwise other solutions should be found, including the resettlement of all inhabitants.
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 83 10 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
The inhabitants Children must not must be informed play with beach immediately in sand and with soil order to change (short term aim) their way of life (short term aim)
INFORMATION & LIABILITY QUALITY OF LIFE
Please note: The project ended in 1999, and the report was Finally, I leave you with these Questions: given to the Municipality of Lavrion and other State authorities in 2000. We are now 18 years later, and nothing has been done to improve the environment in Lavrion, and not even the Can quality of life exist in such a highly contaminated information leaflet with the precautionary measures was environment? and distributed to the inhabitants. The Municipality officers were informed that they are obliged to inform all the inhabitants, and also all new residents of the Should children grow up in such an environment? potential health related hazards, otherwise they are legally liable.
Environmental Geochemistry Study Geological Surveys consider it their Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki obligation to provide to the present and future generations of humankind Attiki Region Structural Funds project No.: 202.088.00 high quality geochemical databases 1. Stavrakis, P., Demetriades, A. & Vergou‐Vichou, K., 1994. Environmental impact assessment in the Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 1, 43 pp. (In Greek with an English for environmental and resource summary). 2. Stavrakis, P., Demetriades, A. & Vergou‐Vichou, K., 1994. Maps of the environmental geochemistry study of Lavreotiki Peninsula. management, and for improving the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 2, 36 pp. (In Greek). living conditions on our home planet 3. Demetriades, A., Stavrakis, P. & Vergou‐Vichou, K., 1994. Environmental soil geochemistry survey of Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 3, 147 pp. (In Greek with an English Earth summary). 4. Tsompos, P., Stefouli, M. & Vassiliou, D., 1994. Location and delineation of surficial contaminants from the mining activities in the Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki by remote‐sensing methods. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 4, 25 pp. (In Greek with an English abstract). 5. Tarenides, D. & Perdikatsis, V., 1994. Analysis of soil samples from the Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki by XRF. Institute of Geology and Thank you for your Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 5, 25 pp. (In Greek). attention 6. Demetriades, A., Vergou‐Vichou, K. & Stavrakis, P., 1994. Orientation soil geochemical survey in the Lavreotiki Peninsula Attiki. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Hellas, Open File Report Ε7424., Vol. 6, 64 pp. (In Greek with an English summary).
Symposium on "Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines“, I.G.M.E., Athens, 25 June 2018
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 84 11 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
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Papanikolaou, D. & Syskakis, D., 1991. Geometry of acid intrusives in Plaka, Laurium and relation between magmatism and deformation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 25(1): 355-368. Petrascheck, W.E. & Marinos, G., 1953. Zur Geology von Süd-Attika. Kober-Festschrift, Wien 1953: 52-59. Photiades A., 2003. Geological structure of the Lavreotiki area (Attica, Greece). In: A. Demetriades (Editor), Lavreotiki Excursion Guide, 29th August Tristán, E., Demetriades, A., Ramsey, M.H., Rosenbaum, M.S., Stavrakis, P., Thornton, I., Vassiliades, E. & Vergou-Vichou, K., 2003, Excursion leaders A. Demetriades, A. Photiades and C. Panagopoulos, 7th Biennial S.G.A. Meeting “Mineral Exploration 2000. Spatially Resolved Hazard and Exposure Assessments: An Example of Lead in Soil at Lavrion, Greece. Environmental and Sustainable Development, August 24-28, 2003, Athens, Greece. Research, Section A, 82: 33-45. Photiades, A. & Carras, N., 2001. Stratigraphy and geological structure of the Lavrion area (Attica, Greece). Bull. Geol. Soc. Tsaimou, C.G., 1997. Ancient knowledge of metals. Ancient mining and metallurgical technique. Athens, 237 pp. (text in Hellene). Greece, 34(1): 103-109. Xenidis, A., Komnitsas, K., Papassiopi, N. & Kontopoulos, A., 1997. Environmental implications of mining activities in Lavrion. In: Photiades, A. & Saccani, E., 2006. Geochemistry and tectono-magmatic significance of HP/LT metaophiolites of the Attic-Cycladic P.G. Marinos, G.C. Koukis, G.C. Tsiambaos & G.C. Stournaras (Editors), Engineering Geology and the Environment. A.A. zone in the Lavrion area (Attica, Greece). Ofioliti, 31(2): 89-102. Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 3: 2575-2580. Photiades, A., Carras, N. & Mavridou, F., 2004. Geological map of Greece on a scale of 1:50.000 “Lavrion-Makronisos” sheet. Zotiadis, V. & Kelepertzis, A., 1997. Pollution of bottom sediments from the Aegean region south-east of the Lavreotiki Peninsula, as Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece. an impact of the mining activity of Lavrion Sulfide deposits, Greece. In: P.G. Marinos, G.C. Koukis, G.C. Tsiambaos & G.C. Stournaras (Editors), Engineering Geology and the Environment. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2: 2297-2300. Sindowski, K.H., 1948. Der geologische Bau von Attika. Ann. géol. des pays Hellén., 2: 163-218. Skarpelis, N., 2001. Geodynamics and evolution of the Miocene mineralisation in the Cycladic – Pelagonian belt. Proc. 9th Congress Geol. Soc. Greece, Athens (in press) Skarpelis, N., 2002. Geodynamic and evolution of the Miocene mineralisation in the Cycladic-Pelagonian belt, Hellenides. Bull. ======Geol. Soc. Greece, 34(6): 2191-2206. Skarpelis, N., 2007. The Lavrion deposit (SE Attica, Greece): geology, mineralogy and minor elements chemistry. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Abh. 183 (3), 227–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2007/0067. Contact details: [email protected] Skarpelis, N., Argyraki, A., 2009. Geology and origin of supergene ore at the Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn deposit, Attica, Greece. Resour. Geol. 59 (1), 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00076.x. Skopelitis, S.V., 1996. Lavrion. Exantas, Athens, 471 pp. (text in Hellene, French and English). Stavrakis, P., Vergou-Vichou, K., Fosse, G., Makropoulos, V., Demetriades, A. & Vlachoyiannis, N., 1994. A multidisciplinary study on the effects of environmental contamination on the human population of the Lavrion urban area, Hellas. In: S.P. Varnavas (Editor), Environmental Contamination. 6th International Conference, Delphi, Greece, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh: 20-22.
Alecos Demetriades, Environmental contamination caused by abandoned mines and smelting plants: the Lavreotiki‐Lavrion case study, Attiki, Hellas 86 13 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion
• Nymphodora Papassiopi • School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Lavrion: environmental impact of mining activities
Huge stockpiles of mining and S1 Mining Wastes and Pilot scale rehabilitations Contaminated Soil metallurgical wastes Widespread contamination of soils projects
ROLCOSMOS (BRITE/EURAM) Mining Wastes and S2 Thoricos Contaminated Soil Kavodokanos project: 1997‐2000 Bay
Carbonated Bodosakis Pyrites and Oxidic Tailings Sulfidic wastes: Kavodokanos Thoricos Bay Thoricos Carbonated Tailings Bodosakis Pyrites and Oxidic Slags S1: Kavodokanos Pyrites Tailings Savoura
Thoricos Tailings Sulfidic Slags Lavrion City S2: Bodosakis Pyrites Savoura Tailings
Sulfidic O1 Lavrion City Tailings Contaminated Lavrion Port Soil Oxidic wastes and soils: Contaminated Lavrion Port Soil O1: Savoura wastes N N O2 O2: Contaminated soils 0 m 5 0 0 m 0 m 5 0 0 m LIFE project: 1994‐1998 LIFE project: 1994‐1998 LIFE project: 1994‐1998 IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Pilot scale projects –Sulfidic wastes
Kavodokanos pyrites, S1 Main problem: Lavrion Full scale Mining Wastes and Technological • Oxidation of S by O2 and H2O Contaminated Soil projects and Cultural Park • Generation of highly polluted acidic waters (LTCP) Kavodokanos Thoricos Bay Thoricos Bay pH 1.9, Zn 760 mg/L, As 43 mg/L
Carbonated LTCP Bodosakis Pyrites and Oxidic Tailings Objectives of rehabilitation: Thoricos Tailings Slags • Reduce the contact of wastes with meteoric water and oxygen and Savoura • Neutralize the acidity and improve the quality of pore water Sulfidic Lavrion City Tailings Pilot tests at Kavodokanos pyrites, S1
Contaminated Cover 1 Cover 2 Lavrion Port Soil Impermeable Geomembrane Clay of Low Permeability
20 m
20 cm 40 cm Top Soil 40 cm 70 cm
60 cm N 160 cm Protective Soil 30 cm Sand and Gravel Clay Layer
0 m 5 00 m Lysimeter Transfer Pipe 10 m Geomembrane Pyrites IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion1 87 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Pilot scale projects –Oxidicwastes Pilot scale projects –Sulfidic wastes Pilot scale projects –Sulfidic wastes
Pilot tests at Kavodokanos pyrites, S1 Savoura wastes, O1 Main problem: Representative monitoring results High solubility – availability of contaminants
Amount of infiltrated water: TCLP solubility (limit): Pb 230 (5), Cd 2.5 (1) mg/L
Control area: 21 mm/y HDPE geom.: 0 mm/y Objectives of rehabilitation: Clay: 1 mm/y Limestone mix.: 41 mm/y • Reduce the solubility‐availability of contaminants • Reduce wind‐erosion by promoting the development of a vegetative cover Quality of infiltrated water: Pilot tests at Savoura oxidic wastes, O1
Control Area Area Control Biological Sludge 8 % Fly Ash 5 % + Compost 6 % 6 + Compost % 5 % Ash Fly Phosphates 0.44 % + Compost 6 % Compost 0.44 % + Phosphates Fly Ash 5 % + Biological Sludge 8 % Ash Biological 5 % + Sludge Fly Phosphates 0.44 +8 Phosphates Biological Sludge% %
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Pilot scale projects –Oxidicwastes and soils Representative monitoring results Mining Wastes and Contaminated Soil TCLP solubility Lavrion Technological
40 and Cultural Park (LTCP) 35 Kavodokanos Thoricos 30 Bay Thoricos Bay Pb 25
Carbonated 20 LTCP Bodosakis Pyrites and Oxidic 15 Tailings Control Area Area Control TCLP limit 10 Biological 8 % Sludge Thoricos 5 Fly Ash 5 % + Compost 6 % 5 % + Ash Fly Tailings Slags Phosphates 0.44 % + Compost 6 % 6 + 0.44 Compost % Phosphates % Concentration in TCLP leachate, mg/L TCLP Concentration in Fly Ash 5 % + Biological Sludge 8 % Biological 5 % + Sludge Fly Ash 0 Savoura Phosphates 0.44 % + Biological Sludge 8 % 0.44 % + Phosphates + Control Fly ashFly Sulfidic + Fly ash + Compost + Compost Compost + Compost Phosphates Phosphates Lavrion City Biol. Sludge Biol. Sludge Biol. Sludge Tailings
Contaminated Lavrion Port Soil
N Full scale projects
0 m 5 00 m
Treated areas Control area IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park Lavrion Technological and Cultural Park (LTCP) (LTCP) 42 stone‐built buildings with high architectural and historical value Former metallurgical complex of the An area of ~25 hectares with “Compagnie Francaise de Mines de Laurium” tailings and highly polluted soils • Restoration of buildings • Rehabilitation of the tailings dam • Establishment of a cultural and technological center. Attraction of . • Rehabilitation of soils In operation between 1875‐1984 innovative companies for installation in the . Mining ceased in 1977 park . Metallurgical activities ceased in 1984 . Sold to the Greek public in 1989 . Assigned to NTUA in 1992 for the development of a Technological and Cultural Park
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion2 88 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation of tailings dam in LTCP (1994‐1995) Rehabilitation of tailings dam in LTCP (1994‐1995)
Total area 2.5 hectares
Topsoil 30 cm
Protective soil 40 cm
Drainage layer NNP, kg CaCO3/t (gravel, 15 cm) Surface: -200 Lower levels: -100 to +300
Chemical analysis, wt% (total concentration) Tailings mixed Fe S Pb Zn Cd (ppm) As Ca Al with ground 3-15 2-5 1-3 0.5-5 50-200 0.1-2.5 4-16 1-4 limestone (80 cm)
Tailings
1993 IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of tailings dam in LTCP (1994‐1996) Rehabilitation of tailings dam in LTCP (1994‐1995) Leveling - Mixing Drainage layer – protective soil
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of tailings dam in LTCP (1994‐1995) Rehabilitation of soils in LTCP (2003‐2007) View (1996) - monitoring Main Results Extremely high concentration of contaminants in the soils The pore water pH increased from 2.3 to neutral values (7.1) The redox potential decreased from 400 to 65 mV. Selected remediation scheme The concentration of heavy metals . Excavation, transfer and disposal of decreased by 4‐8 the contaminated soil at an on‐site times. repository, i.e. a watertight (dry‐ tomb) construction . Backfilling of the excavated areas Total cost of rehabilitation 335.000 USD with ‘clean’ soil 13.4 USD /m2
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion3 89 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation of soils in LTCP (2003‐2007) Rehabilitation of soils in LTCP (2003‐2007) Encapsulation of the waste
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of soils in LTCP (2003‐2007)
Rehabilitation of soils in LTCP (2003‐2007)
Lower sealing system Excavation in Zone 4
The disposal area after the installation of upper geomembranes
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay (2005‐2013)
In Thoricos bay wastes contained acid generating sulfidic materials that constituted active sources of contamination
Despite the high pollution, recreation activities 1992: SE part of the beach: Bodosakis sulfidic tailings were taking place in the area Rehabilitat with a pool of acidic waters, e.g. pH 1.9, Zn ion of 1150 mg/l, As 800 mg/l Thoricos Surfing Bay in Lavrion (2005‐ 2013) Bar
Commercial center Leveling works were carried out during 1995 to avoid accumulation of acidic waters
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion4 90 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines
Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay (2005‐2013) Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay Assessment of existing status IMPORTANT DATES Total area: 8.0 Ha Total volume of wastes asl: 214.000 m3 April 2005‐March 2006 Design of rehabilitation project by a team of 3 consulting Bodosakis pyrites area: 0.7 Ha companies (ECHMES, ADK and SIBYLLA) Volume of Bodosakis pyrites: 7.300 m3 April 2009 Completion of permitting procedures January 2011 Approval Decision for the financing of the project in the framework of O.P. “Environment and Sustainable Sub-Area 3 Development “ (2007‐2013) –Priority axis 4 “Soil Protection and Waste Management”‐ Thematic priority “Municipal Sub-Area 2 and industrial waste management” co‐financed by Cohesion Fund Sub-Area 1 April 2012 Tendering of project Sulfidic wastes of Bodosakis area April 2013 Award of contract to a joint venture of construction companies May 2015 Completion and delivery to the Prefecture of Attica Α ' IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay in Lavrion Spatial analysis of paste pH in the Project area at Thoricos bay Spatial analysis of %Stot in the Project area at Thoricos bay
4175200 Θ 10 9.0 4175200 Θ 10 Θ 11 SW4 8.5 Θ 11 4175100 8.0 SW4 Γ 3Α Θ 09 20 7.5 4175100 Γ 3Α Θ 09
O
T E Θ 08 SS2 7.0 18 Θ 12
O
T 4175000 E 6.5 Θ 08 SS2 4175000 Θ 12 16 T3 6.0
T3 14 4174900 Θ 07 5.5 SW3 Θ 13 5.0 4174900 Θ 07 SW3 12 4.5 Θ 13 Γ 2Α Θ 06 4174800 4.0 10 Θ 05 Γ 2Α 4174800 Θ 06 3.5 Θ 05 8 Θ 15 Θ 14 Θ 04 SW2 3.0 4174700 2.5 Θ 15 Θ 14 Θ 04 SW2 6 Θ 18 Θ 03 SS1SW1 4174700 T2 Θ 02 Θ 01 2.0 Θ 18 Θ 03 SS1SW1 Θ 19 T2 Θ 02 Θ 01 4 4174600 Γ 1Α Θ 20 1.5 Θ 19 T1 1.0 4174600 Γ 1Α Θ 20 Θ 16 2
T1 Θ 17 Θ 16 0 504400 504500 504600 504700 504800 504900 505000 505100 505200 505300 Θ 17 504400 504500 504600 504700 504800 504900 505000 505100 505200 505300
IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece
Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay Spatial analysis of NPR in the Project area at Thoricos bay Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay
16 4175200 Θ 10 NPR<0 : Active acid generation 15 Alternatives Examined for the reclamation of Θ 11 14 SW4 0 T1 -1 Θ 16 the reclamation of the Thoricos bay. This option results in reduced land Θ 17 504400 504500 504600 504700 504800 504900 505000 505100 505200 505300 take, shorter reclamation period, less potential impacts on soils, water resources, atmospheric and acoustic environment. NPR=NP/AP IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion91 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay Design of reclamation works Rehabilitation of Thoricos Bay Rehabilitation of the area took place between April 2013 and May 2015 Wastes+20% limestone+10% clay Cost of rehabilitation works: 3.81 million Euro (47.6 Euro/m2) IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece 13 April 2013 23 February 2016 Thoricos Bay in Lavrion IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece Relevant Publications Relevant Publications (cont.) Xenidis, A., Komnitsas, K., Tabouris, S., Kontopoulos, A., 2000. Composite cover for the prevention of acid mine drainage, Mining Environmental Management, 8(6), pp. 14‐18. Mylona, E., Papassiopi, N., Xenidis A., and Paspaliaris, I., 2003. Field Performance of Dry Covers Theodoratos, P., Papassiopi, N., Xenidis A. and Paspaliaris, I. 2000. Use of biological sludge for and Limestone Addition for Acid Generation Control of Lavrion Sulfide Tailings, Greece, rehabilitation of heavy metal contaminated land”, Protection and Restoration of the Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), Cairns, Environment V, eds. Tsihritzis et al., Proceedings of an International Conference held in Queensland, Australia, 12‐18 July 2003, T. Farrel and G. Taylor eds., The Australasian Institute of Thassos, Greece, July 2000, V1, pp. 591‐598. Mining and Metallurgy, Publication Series No 3., pp. 319‐326. Papassiopi, N., Mylona, E., Xenidis, A., and Paspaliaris, I., 2000. Field application of surface barriers Panagopoulos, A. Karayannis, K. Adam, K. Aravossis, 2009. Application of risk management and limestone addition for the prevention of acid generation from sulphidic tailings in Lavrion. techniques for the remediation of an old mining site in Greece, Waste Management, Vol. 29, Proceedings of the 3rd Mineral Wealth Congress, November 22‐23, 2000, Athens, Vol. pp. 309‐ No. 5, 2009. 318 (In Greek, Abstract in English). Bernardos A. 2017. Rehabilitation of old mine sites: The case of Lavrion Technological and Cultural Xenidis A., Papassiopi, N. and Paspaliaris, I., 2000. Stabilisation of oxidic tailings and contaminated Park.PresentationintheMIN‐GUIDE Workshop, “Innovations and Supporting Policies for soils using a mixture of phosphates and peated lignite – Field tests, Proceeding of the 3rd Waste Management and Mine Closure”, Athens, Greece on 21‐22 September 2017. Mineral Wealth Congress, November 22‐23, 2000, Athens, Vol.1, pp 329‐338 (In Greek, Abstract in English). Theodoratos, P., Papassiopi N., and Xenidis, A., 2002. Use of phosphates and sewage sludge mixtures for remediation of contaminated land, Proceedings of the International Conference Protection and Restoration of the Environment VI, Skiathos, Greece, 1‐5 July 2002, pp. 513‐520. IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece IGME, 25‐26 June 2018, Athens, Greece Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion6 92 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines •Thank you for your attention Nymphodora Papassiopi, Rehabilitation activities in the mining site of Lavrion7 93 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin Dr Ali Salih Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, KRG‐Iraq Problem statement Objectives • The accumulation of a huge quantity of hazardous waste in the environment has become a worldwide concern. • To develop an effective, low cost, flexible, sustainable and • The reduction of heavy metal contamination in aquatic systems is environmentally friendly adsorbent as an alternative method for removing a global problem heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. • Various waste materials and pollutants are dumped in the • To study the effectiveness of zeolite A as an adsorbent in industrial environment annually; this is sourced from household, industrial, wastewater treatment and further investigating characteristics of the Iraqi transports, mining and agricultural wastes, etc Zeolite A. • The adsorption and ion exchange process are the most widely used techniques Zeolite forms The application of zeolite • Ion exchange: zeolite has high ion exchange ability since they can interact with phases and swap over ions. • Molecular sieves: zeolite can selectively adsorb or release ions and molecules depending on their cavities in their structures. • Catalytic cracking: zeolite can also react with large molecules and break in them down into smaller pieces. Ali Salih, Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin 94 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Graphical Abstract Synthetic zeolite procedure Al2Si2O5 (OH)4 (kaolin) → Al2Si2O7 (metakaolin) + 2H2O 6Al2Si2O7 (metakaolin) + 12NaOH → Na12 (AlO2)12(SiO2)12 (zeolite A) .27H2O + 6H2O • Kaolin has a low adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity compared to zeolite. • using kaolin to produce zeolite type A is to provide a cheaper silica and alumina source material • The synthesis of zeolite A from kaolin involves two basic steps: 1. Metakaolinization, (thermal treatment). Kaolin undergoes a series of phase transformations when thermally treated 2. Chemical treatment of the obtained metakaolin with NaOH • Dehydration & Dehydroxylation • Recombination of silica and alumina into the structure of metakaolin • The Al(O,OH)6 atoms transform from octahedral to tetrahedral geometry • not have much effect on the SiO4 tetrahedral sheet due to the more stable Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) X-ray diffraction (XRD) It has highest peaks at 2θ value of 12.23° and 24.82°, which are the characteristic peaks o • The transition of kaolin to metakaolin was observed near 570 C. of kaolin. • water was liberated below 400°C Synthetic zeolite experimental Procedure Conclusions Zeolite A. Natural zeolite 100 • 100 The main aim of using kaolin to produce zeolite type A is to provide a cheaper silica and alumina source material; in the meantime it can 80 80 reduce material waste. (%) (%) Cu 60 Cu 60 Fe Fe 40 Pb 40 Pb Adsorbtion • Adsorbtion the raw materials used in this study have properties suitable for Zn Zn 20 20 zeolite synthesis. 0 0 Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Γενικός τύπος Time (min) Time (min) • Finally, zeolite A could be used as a good adsorbent material for the Batch studies were used in order to investigate the behaviour and to understand the metal uptake of heavy metal cations from industrial wastewater removal efficiency from solution The percentage adsorbed value of HM cations using SZ was > 99 % While using NZ achieved 90 % in the first hour Ali Salih, Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin 95 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Recommended www.iza-online.org www.iza-structure.org/databases IZA Synthesis Commission IZA Catalysis Commission IZA Commission on Ordered Mesoporous Materials IZA Commission on Natural Zeolites Thank You IZA MOF Commission Ali Salih, Heavy metal removals from industrial wastewater using synthetic zeolite converted from Iraqi natural kaolin 96 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Remediation of Brownfield Land Khabat Ahmad Sulaimani Polytechnic University/ Miskolc University Miskolc Hungary Outlines: What is a Brownfield? - Brownfield is a legal term for urban soil that is contaminated with • Definition of brownfield hazardous waste or high levels of pollutant. • Types of brownfields - The term of “Brownfield” refers to a land that has been used previously based on the UK definition (DETR, 2000), while • Impact of brownfields according to the US the term “Brownfield” refers to a land that is abandoned or underused. • What’s brownfield redevelopment • Benefit of brownfield redevelopment - Brownfield define as a “ real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the • Element of brownfield redevelopment presence or potential presence of hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant” (US EPA, 1996). • Why do care about brownfields • Remediation methods - In EU the term of “Brownfield” has no institutional recognition, and simply refers to previously developed land burdened with real or perceived contamination (Carlton et al., 2009). Types of Brownfields Are these Brownfield? Brownfield exist in a number of forms such as: ‐ Former Industrial Sites Closed Factories and Mills Closed Chemical Plants ‐ Mine Scarred Land Former Strip Mines Mine Refuse Piles ‐ Former Service Stations Gas Stations with old underground storage tanks Maintenance and Repair Shops with petroleum and/ or cleaning solvent contamination. Khabat Ahmad, Remediation of Brownfield Land 97 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Impact of Brownfields What is brownfield redevelopment? • Redevelopment of brownfield site is complicated by • Brownfield sites are considered to be one of the leading actual or perceived environmental contamination. pollutants of the environment which directly affect people • Brownfield redevelopment seeks to environmentally health. assess existing brownfield properties, prevent further contamination, safely cleanup polluted • The decontamination of polluted soil is an indispensable step properties, and design plans for reuse. in the process of brownfield regeneration. • The higher cost and longer timeline associated with brownfield redevelopment, compared to development of “Greenfields”, act as barriers to redevelopment on • In order to completely remove or reduce pollution from these sites. brownfield land, to a level that will not pose a threat to the environment and human beings, it is necessary to implement some of decontamination methods, that have been marked as soil remediation technologies. Benefits of Brownfield Redevelopment Elements of Brownfields Redevelopment Local Stakeholders - Blighted and contaminated land harms the vitality and health of community, while cleaning up and redeveloping brownfields can restore economic and environmental health. - The benefits of brownfield development extend far beyond the removal of contaminants. Prioritize Determine Identify Conduct Leverage Cleanup and brownfiel environmental funding revitalize to reuse goals brownfield - Increase local tax - Reduces environmental and d assessments resource productive reuse bases health risks - Facilities job growth - Improve quality of life and - Creates opportunities preserves cultural values for economic growth - Take development pressure off through new undeveloped open land business and jobs - Protecting natural and EPA’s Grants and - Support cleaner air Greenland. Tools Why do we care about All brownfield sites go through the brownfields? same basic process: • Perceived or real contamination • Identify the problem • Land has economic value • Determine nature and extend of release • Access to existing infrastructure (e.g. roads, sewer) • Evaluate potential risks to public health and the environment and threats to water quality posed by • Additional tax revenue the release • Availability of existing buildings • Set cleanup goals • Removes stigma of blight • Select an appropriate remedy • Implement the remedy • Reduces sprawl Khabat Ahmad, Remediation of Brownfield Land 98 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Remediation methods of brownfield Brownfield Remediation Methods Nowadays, contemporary science and technology There are different types of soil remedies depending on the either offer a wide range of different types of soil contamination levels of a brownfield or type of contaminations. remediation methods, the choice of remediation ‐ Soil, Sediment, Bedrock and Sludge Treatment Technologies: technology mostly depends on the degree and ‐ Biological treatment nature of soil contamination, then the price, the ‐ Physical/ Chemical treatment complexity of the proceedings, as well as the time ‐ Thermal treatment available for decontamination ‐ Ground water, Surface water, and Leachate treatment technologies. ‐ Biological treatment (enhanced bioremediation‐ In situ; The selection of a method for site remediation will Phytoremediation, In situ, etc.) rarely be a clear‐ cut decision; many factors will play ‐ Physical/ Chemical treatment (Air Sparging‐ In situ; Bioslurping‐ In situ; Thermal treatment‐ In situ; Dual Phase a role in the assessment of clean‐ up options, extraction‐ In situ, etc.) including (Syms, 2000): Bioremediation System Biological Treatment Applicability for pollutants: Petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticide and other organic chemicals Biological Treatment (FRTR 2001) Duration: Long‐ term technology which may take several years (6 Biovent months‐ 5 years). Enhanced Phytorem Biopiles‐ Compost Landfar Slurry ing‐ In Bioremedia ediation, ing, Ex‐ ming‐ Ex Phase‐ tion, In Situ Ex Situ Typical costs for enhanced Situ In Situ Situ Situ Ex Situ bioremediation range from $30 to $100/cubic meter https://frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4‐2.html Soil Flushing‐ In situ Physical/ Chemical Treatment Applicability for Physical/ Chemical Treatment pollutants: Inorganic (FRTR 2001) including radioactive contaminants, fuels Chemi Solidific Chemic Electrok Soil and pesticides. cal Fractu Vapor ation/ al Chemical inetic ring‐ Stabiliz Soil Extract Extracti Reductio washing oxidati Separati In & ation, on, In ion‐ In on‐ Ex n‐ Ex Situ Duration: short‐ on‐ In Ex Situ In & Ex‐ Situ Situ Situ Situ Situ medium‐ term technology, it may take few weeks to several months https://frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4‐6.html Khabat Ahmad, Remediation of Brownfield Land 99 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Thermal Treatment Thermal Treatment (FRTR 2001) Thermal Hot gas Incinerat Treatme Pyrolysis Thermal decontaminat ion, Ex Desorption nt ‐ In ‐ Ex Situ ion, Ex Situ Situ , Ex‐ Situ Situ Typical Pyrolysis Process‐ Ex Situ (FRTR 2001) Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F). Applicability for pollutants: SVOCs and Pesticides (Semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)) Duration: short‐ to long period‐ term Cost: The overall cost for remediating ($300 per ton). http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4‐25.html References: • C. Carlton, Hope B., Quercia F. (2009), “Contaminated Land: A Multi‐ dimensional problem European Commission Join Research Center, Thank you for Institute of Environment and Sustainability, Rural water and ecosystem resource unit, Via E. Fermi 1, I‐ 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy. • Department of the Environment, Transport and the Region (DETR) your attention (2000), ‘Policy Planning Guide Note” No. 3 Housing (London, HMSO). • FRTR 2001, Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0 http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_1.html ; https://frtr.gov/ • Mimica M.; Dusan M.; Ana S; and Aleksandra M., 2017 “The choice of soil remediation methods in braunfild regeneration process by MCDA”, Any 5th International Conference, 21st April 2017, Subotica, SERBIA, pp. 553‐ 562. • Natalie Brown; Martha Faust and Terese Nygard, 2017. “Benefits of Brownfield redevelopment in Minnescota”, pp. 1‐ 16. ? • Syms, P.,. (2000) ‘Contaminated land’ Blackwells, Oxford. • United State Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (1996), available online at: http://www.epa.gov/swerosps , accessed on: 10/06/2018. E‐mail: [email protected] Khabat Ahmad, Remediation of Brownfield Land 100 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Sulaimani Polytechnic Decreasing Mines University and Environmental Assistant Prof. Dr. Soran A. Saeed Pollution” M. Sc., P. hD. Computer Science / Artificial Intelligence Strategies, Interests Vice president of Scientific Affairs & Higher & Opportunities Education Sulaimani Polytechnic University What is E‐Waste? What is E‐Waste? The amount of e-waste produced each year in the world is about 50 million tons. Soran A., Saeed, E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Decreasing Mines and Environmental Pollution 101 1 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Countries generate E‐Waste Pulling out E‐waste The International Flow of E‐waste The global impact of e‐waste Addressing Dumping the challenge Risks to human health and the environment Chemicals of primary concern in e‐waste 4 Soran A., Saeed, E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Decreasing Mines and Environmental Pollution 102 2 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Material Occurrence in E-waste Health and Environmental Impact Beryllium copper-beryllium alloys, beryllium sensitization/chronic (OECD 2003, Taylor springs, relays and beryllium disease et al. 2003) connections; human carcinogens Public Health Factors released as beryllium oxide dust or fume during high temperature metal processing Cadmium Contacts, switches, nickel- persistent and mobile in aquatic cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, environments (ATSDR 2000) printer inks and toners damage to the kidneys and bone toxicity, released if plastic is burned or Factors during high temperature metal processing Lead Circuit boards/ cathode ray Risk for small children and fetuses tubes CTR (1 – 3 kg per CRT); Damage to the nervous system, red blood cells, kidneys and potential increases in high blood pressure; Health Incineration can result in release to the air Mercury Lighting devices that Impacts the central nervous system illuminate flat screen displays, Land filling and incineration of flat switches and relays panel displays results in the release to Public the environment PCBs Insulating fluids for Suppression of the immune system, (polychlorinated transformers and capacitors, liver damage, cancer promotion, biphenyls) flame-retardant plasticizers damage to the nervous system Damage to reproductive systems End‐of‐Life Options for E‐waste E‐waste Processing Steps End‐of life management options for electronic waste include: (1) Reuse of functional electronics. (2) Refurbishment and repair of electronics. (3) Reuse and recovery of electronic components. (4) End‐processing for recovering metals (5) Disposal . Sorting and Dismantling E‐waste Methods for E‐waste Processing Soran A., Saeed, E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Decreasing Mines and Environmental Pollution 103 3 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Example: RECOVERING METALS FROM E‐WASTE E‐WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE U.S. • Valuable Metals: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Palladium (Pd) • Base and Special Metals: Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), etc. • Toxic/Hazardous Metals: Mercury (Hg), Beryllium (Be), Cadmium (Cd), etc. • Halogens: Bromine (Br), Chlorine (Cl), etc. • Organics, including plastics • Glass and ceramic Arab country include Kurdistan Regional Value of Metals in Electronics Government Example: Research papers Electrical and Electronic Waste Management–A Case Study in University of Duhok, Iraq, By Rafia Afroz2 THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING IN THE UNITED STATES: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions, By Jennifer Namias The global impact of e‐waste Addressing the challenge, Safe Work and SECTOR International Labour Organization By Karin Lundgren, Geneva ICT Industry in the Arab Region Some Facts Mobile phone subscribers • One ton of recycled cell phones can generate up to (MPS) in the Arab countries -ITU 230 grams of gold Statistics 2009 • More than 70% of a mobile phone can be recycled. Internet users in the Arab • Current mass of phones being recycled is only countries - about 0.001‐0.003% of the total weight of waste ITU electronic equipment each year. Statistics 2009 Soran A., Saeed, E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Decreasing Mines and Environmental Pollution 104 4 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines Legal Framework Inventory Collection Recycling & Reusing Technology Level 1 – No legal framework, There is no inventory There is no collection There is no recycling/reusing mechanism LOW strategy, or norms Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon*, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, UAE*, Yemen Lebanon*, Syria, Lebanon*, Kuwait Yemen E‐waste Management Activities Survey in the Yemen Level 2 There is only plan to There is the inventory for E-waste is locally collected by Only recyclable and reusable E-waste is recycled and Arab States develop legal municipal solid waste, but no local recyclers, scavengers, etc. reused by local stakeholders framework designated inventory for E- without any legal framework. waste. Only recyclable E-waste is well Runs by: collected Bahrain, Egypt, Syria Bahrain, Syria, UAE*, Kuwait, Syria, UAE* Jordan Yemen Level 3 A legal framework is E-waste inventory is being E-waste is well collected by local There is a plan to set up E-waste facility being prepared and will prepared collection mechanism. Pilot be issued/enforced in separation and collection • National Authorities very near future systems have been setup Jordan, Tunisia*, Tunisia* Bahrain, Egypt • Private Sector Enterprises UAE* Level 4 Enforcement, but the E-waste inventory is Collection system for E-waste is There is E-waste • NGOs legal framework is not conducted, but lack of operational and includes Recycling facility, but not achieve to full operation for all well conducted information and data environmentally sound disposal E-waste in the • country Non‐Arab Enterprises Morocco*, Tunisia Bahrain Level 5 – Full enforcement and E-waste inventory is fully Collection systems are fully E-waste recycling facility is fully operated for all E-waste HIGH model legal framework conducted and available on operational. Our collection is in the country and the model as the stat oft the-art recycling for other countries website recognized as a model system by facility other countries Tunisia* References Electrical and Electronic Waste Management–A Case Study in University of Duhok, Iraq, by Naz Arif1*, Rafia Afroz2 THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONIC WASTE RECYCLING IN THE UNITED STATES: Obstacles and Domestic Solutions, By Jennifer Namias The global impact of e‐waste Addressing the challenge, Safe Work and SECTOR International Labour Organization By Karin Lundgren, Geneva Soran A., Saeed, E‐Waste and the Importance of Electronics Recycling for Decreasing Mines and Environmental Pollution 105 5 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness Assistant Professor Dr Hakim O Hameed Environmental media in Kurdistan is a new era and phenomenon The literature on the environment is simple and non‐intensive on the one hand, and on the other hand, we find that Kurdistan did not show any Mass media has a main role of creating environmental problems . environmental awareness Which in the past called for intensified media efforts to serve environmental issues, but with the development of industry and population growth And the spread of waste types, as well as the increase in the number of cars which led to air pollution, and the emergence of the phenomenon of drift Soil and desertification, all these problems require realistic real treatment. SPU did a research to highlight on the media and its role and how Methodology of the case study far Spread environmental awareness and culture practiced between our community. 1‐ the Problem of research: At SPU we set up a questioner about the role of mass media 1-Environmental awareness systems have become of great practiced and spread awareness to protect living things and the importance to all organizations in general, so the following environment, problem can be demonstrated through the knowledge of The question distributed between different types of staff at the the impact and role of the Kurdish media in the fields of university: environment. both academic staff and none academic staff The respondents were at different ages , Females and males, 2- The distribution of environmental awareness has provided a great opportunity for the various media to Specialists in the fields of media and environment as well as enhance their real capabilities and achieve their desired specialists in other fields. goals. Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness1 106 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines 2- Importance of research 3- Objectives of the study: The importance of this case study can be clarifying as following: The objectives: 1 - The emergence of the role and impact of the Kurdish 1. Develop environmental awareness. media in organizations in general as one of the key indicators 2 - Highlight the role of the Kurdish media in the development of this sector. in the areas of environmental awareness. 3. To indicate that the development of the Kurdish media is the main 2 - Emphasis on the most important components and types of role in environmental awareness. awareness and environmental guidance at the moment. 4. To highlight the strategy of environmental awareness. 3 - Attempt to shed light on the role of media in the 5 – To Contribute to give a rich picture of the capacity environmental environmental sector, especially in Kurdistan. awareness available in Kurdistan. 4 - Attempt to alert public opinion to the need to pay more 6 - strive to develop our knowledge and try to highlight our attention to the environmental sector and the need to focus capabilities to analyze and deepen the topics of environmental awareness. on greater efforts to the Kurdish media. • Environmental Mass media in Kurdistan: The birth of environmental media in Kurdistan is a recent Table (1) Female and Male’s Shows Number of phenomenon in the national media, occurrences and the percentages • The literature on the environment is simple and non‐intensive on That have been questioned. the one hand, • and on the other hand, we find that Kurdistan did not show any environmental problems Title Occurrences percentages • Which in the past called for intensified media efforts to serve environmental issues, FMALE 82 56.16% • but with the development of industry and population growth MALE 64 43.83% • And the spread of waste types, as well as the increase in the number of cars, which led to air pollution, • and the emergence of the phenomenon of drift Soil and Total 146 100% desertification, • all these problems require realistic real treatment. Table (2) Shows ages of the staff that have been questioned. Table (3) Shows the Specialist in Media and Environment staff that have been questioned. Title Occurrences percentages Title Occurrences percentages 25 to 35 YEARS 47 32.19% Specialist in Media and Environment 87 59.58% 35 to 45 YEARS 77 52.73% MORE THAN 45 22 15.06% others 59 40.41% Total 146 100% Total 146 100% Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness2 107 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines • In the table above, the respondents' answers to the statement on Kurdish media available to the environment to educate Table (4) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research individuals have a direct and positive impact on the behavior of sample of the question / Kurdish media available to the environment to educate the individual. are shown in a manner that is required to educate individuals have a direct and positive impact on the behavior of the individual. individuals. • The majority of respondents in the research sample would not have Kurdish media available to the environment to educate Q1 Specialist in Media and Environment others individuals have a direct and positive impact on the behavior of the individual. Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage • Among the tasks of environmental information is "environmental More 11 12.64% 8 13.55% enlightenment" as a basic requirement for every citizen living in this age, A little 44 50.57% 42 71.18% • that he or she is aware of the environmental problems and their causes and means of treatment. To some extent 32 36.78% 19 32.20% • Therefore, the latter should be provided with the concepts, skills and values that help him. Should be in the process of Total 87 100% 59 dissemination of environmental culture • In the table above, the respondents' answers to the phrase • Table (5) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages • show the extent to which there is evidence that the Kurdish people of the research sample of the question / The extent to which are changing their behavior based on environmental information by there is evidence that the Kurdish people are changing their the Kurdish media. behavior based on environmental information by the Kurdish media. • The responses of the majority of the sample members showed Q2 Specialist in Media and Environment Others • that there is evidence that the Kurdish people are changing their behavior on the basis of environmental information by the Kurdish Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage media, More 38 43.67% 11 18.64% • but in a way that is not required and standard. It provides little opportunity for individuals and groups to participate effectively at all A little 27 31.03% 24 40.67% levels in solving environmental problems. To some extent 22 25.28% 24 40.67% • If there is no serious and positive participation of all groups in the face of environmental problems, no further efforts to reach responsible Total 87 100% 59 100% environmental awareness will succeed. • Table (6) The Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / the extent of the Kurdish • In the table above, the respondents' answers to the question media's openness to the environment in relation to the media. about the extent to • which the Kurdish media is open to the environment Q3 Specialist in Media and Environment Others regarding the media are presented. The responses of the majority of the sample members of the research sample did Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage not open the Kurdish media to the environment with regard to the media. More 21 24.13% 14 23.72% • Advanced and required. The role of informal institutions in A little 25 28.71% 19 32.20% environmental education and education is highlighted. To some extent 41 47.12% 16 27.11% • The media are most effective in spreading environmental Total 87 100% 59 100% culture among citizens of all ages, cultures and places of residence. Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness3 108 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines • Table (7) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / The extent of the existence of a specialized department in public • In the table above, the respondents' answers to the relations with the concerned authority for the environment in question about the existence of a specialized the Kurdish media department in public relations with the environmental Q4 Specialist in Media and Environment Others authority in the Kurdish media. • The responses of the majority of the sample members Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage oftheresearchsampledonotindicatetheexistenceof More 30 34.48% 10 16.94% a specialized department in the public relations with the A little 34 39.08% 37 62.71% concerned environment in the Kurdish media. To some extent 23 26.43% 12 20.33% Total 87 100% 59 100% • Table (8) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / Kurdish media Provides a clear and targeted media strategy for • To help individuals and groups acquire a range of concerns environmental media in Kurdistan. about the various aspects of the environment, Q5 Specialist in Media and Environment Others • and also to acquire skills to identify their problems and ways of solving them, and to make individuals Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage • and groups aware of the means of environmental More 19 21.83% 4 6.779% protection, hence the role of the media as Part of the A little 40 45.97% 36 61.01% education system and the ongoing environmental awareness, especially in later stages of education and To some extent 28 32.18% 19 32.20% school training. Total 87 100% 59 100% • The respondents' answers to the question of Kurdish media Provides a clear and targeted media strategy for environmental media in • Experience has shown that the strategy of involving Kurdistan...are shown in the table above. people in decision‐making related to their future is • The responses of the majority of the sample essential. members of the research has no availability for a • This highlights the role of the media in preparing clear and targeted media strategy for the community members to play their part and motivate environmental media in Kurdistan them to exert all their efforts and responsibilities towards the environment with the satisfaction and conviction of the environment. Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness4 109 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines • Table (9) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / Kurdish Media attention to the problems of the global environment • The above table shows respondents' answers to the issue of and away from local issues. Kurdish media attention to the problems of the global environment and away from local issues. Q6 Specialist in Media and Environment others • The responses of the majority of the sample respondents focused on the interest of the Kurdish media in the problems of Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage the global environment and away from domestic issues in a More 61 70.11% 44 74.57% predictable and intensive manner • One of the most important challenges faced by environmental A little 18 20.68% 7 11.86% media is the issue of linking environmental protection to To some extent 8 9.195% 8 13.55% sustainable development through the development of information policies that promote the rational and rational Total 87 100% 59 100% exploitation of resources and resources.. • Table (10) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question/ The extent to which the planning of the distribution of • The issue of environmental protection in the information for environmental awareness has appeared by framework of sustainable development is an the Kurdish media. important issue in human life because of its Q7 Specialist in Media and Environment Others economic, social, cultural and environmental Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage dimension. Responsibility for achieving the More 18 20.68% 14 23.72% performance of different media A little 51 58.62% 18 30.50% To some extent 18 20.68% 27 45.76% Total 87 100% 59 100% • Table (11) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of • Respondents' answers to the question about the extent to which the research sample of the question / The extent to which a Kurdish the planning of the dissemination of information for environmental media strategy is clear and specific to the masses in the media awareness has appeared by the Kurdish media are shown in the especially for developing environment table above. Q8 Specialist in Media and Environment Others • The majority of respondents in the research sample have conducted plans to assess the effectiveness of environmental information with all the masses by the Kurdish media Plans, Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage support More 20 22.98% 4 6.779% • and encouragement by the environmental departments of the A little 46 52.87% 19 32.20% media and journalists to motivate them to innovate in the environmental project, To some extent 21 24.13% 36 61.01% • to provide databases and environmental information sources, and Total 87 100% 59 100% to appoint a responsible body capable of delivering environmental information well supported by numbers and data Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness5 110 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines • In the table above, the respondents' responses to the phrase, • This environmental culture, which is still in Kurdish media have become an integral part of education continuous development in terms of interest as • and education processes, as evidenced by the relationship between media and education. it is one of the tools to disseminate and • One objective is to create and promote environmental disseminate sustainable culture based on the awareness. interdependence between the environment • The responses of the majority of the sample members of the research sample are not the Kurdish media as an integral part of the education and education processes, as evidenced • and safety and social development and health, by the relationship between media and education. which is vital in all development projects and • One objective is to create and promote environmental awareness. The need for environmental culture in programs. contemporary societies is on the increase, and environmental information is one of the most important pillars for achieving it • Table (12) Shows the Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / The all • In the above table, the respondents' answers to the phrase in all of Kurdish media of different types of Print and audio‐visual the Kurdish media from different types of reading, audio and video media on To achieve the message of environmental on the purpose of achieving a message of environmental information in the service of protecting the environment and information in the service of protecting the environment and spreading the environmental awareness of the Kurdish citizen spreading the environmental awareness of the Kurdish citizen. Q10 Specialist in Media and Environment Others • Theanswersofthemajorityofthesamplemembersinallthe Kurdish media From different types of reading, audio and video to Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage achieve a message of environmental information is not in the More 17 19.59% 14 23.72% service of environmental protection and the dissemination of A little 15 17.24% 10 16.94% environmental awareness of the Kurdish citizen in a required To some extent 55 63.21% 33 55.93% manner. Total 87 100% 59 100% • Table (13) The Number of occurrences and the percentages of the research sample of the question / Kurdish Media in the field of the environment is one of the essential elements of • Thesocietyatalllevelsmustbegiventheopportunitytoassume environmental preservation and creation Environmental its responsibility by participating in the presentation of its awareness and the transfer of new expertise, knowledge and environmental opinion through the media channels as a creative values for environmental protection. and interactive means of spreading awareness and environmental Q11 Specialist in Media and Environment others culture. Repetitions Percentage Repetitions Percentage More 62 71.26% 39 66.10% A little 16 18.39% 11 18.64% To some extent 9 10.34% 9 15.25% Total 87 100% 59 100% Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness6 111 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines • The responses of the respondents on the expression Kurdish • The media has a great role in establishing this culture media in the field of the environment is one of the essential in the mind and its cohesion in society. This requires elements for preserving the environment, creating and requires the development of a comprehensive environmental awareness, and transferring new expertise, communication policy and the adoption of planning knowledge and values to protect the environment. creating based on accurate knowledge of environmental environmental awareness and transferring new expertise, reality and awareness The school, the neighborhood, knowledge and values to environmental protection. We have the street, the mosque, the university, the family, the seen how environmental culture needs a media that media, dialogue forums and decision sites all disseminates its contents and knows its goals and objectives. contribute to the formation of this climate. The order of the environment is more important than being left to spontaneity and its relation to the media is more dangerous than being confined to a mere procedure. RESULTS 6 ‐ The reluctance of media professionals to specialize in 1 ‐ Doubt the credibility of companies and their efforts to environmental media preserve the environment. 7‐The media is only a part of the communication provided by 2 ‐ To gradually decrease the number of readers interested in thewideareasofinteractiverelationshipsandstrongorganic environmental issues. links with the various parties of the communication process, and culture as a component of awareness is an essential 3 ‐ The trend of some channels, newspapers and magazines to component of the communication process to guide the reduce the number of pages dedicated to environmental development action towards sustainability, It helps to establish information. a fertile interactive relationship between tri‐contact, culture 4 ‐ Low level of interest in covering environmental issues to anddevelopment,sothateachelementinteractswiththe account for celebrity issues, crime and rumors. other two elements 5. Negative impact of lobbyists to prevent or restrict publication in cases where publication could cause abuse. Conclusion 8‐The discussion of dealing with environmental issues in the 1‐Organize an environmental forum on media efforts in climate various media has been neglected for long periods of time, change mitigation in sectors Industry, transport, energy, and attention to this issue is relatively new compared to the desertification, biodiversity and environmental awareness extent of the deterioration experienced by large areas of 2‐ Participation and innovative thinking of the media and the these countries. The current environment is facing problems participation of all levels in solving environmental problems and related to the limited political procedures and their impact awareness of the individual and motivation to improve Development on The media system and protection of the environment. 3‐ Developing skills and talents Acquiring media skills to educate peopleandidentifyenvironmentalproblemsandfindappropriate solutions. Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness7 112 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Athens 25th July 2018 Abandoned Mines 4‐Knowledge and awareness of the environment Simplify basic 7‐To give the society at all levels the opportunity to assume its information about the environment, its concepts and problems and responsibility by participating in the presentation of its gain awareness By all means exciting to the individual. environmental opinion through the media channels to be a 5‐ Organizing workshops to organize the media work of the creative and interactive way to raise awareness and institutions of the environment sector and pushing them to transfer environmental culture and cover the subjects domestic issues relating to environmental 8‐Permanent support and encouragement by environmental problems, with no reduction in their coverage of global environment‐ administrations for media professionals and journalists, related topics. motivating them to innovate in environmental design, providing 6‐Raising awareness of the importance of the role of these databases and environmental information sources, and institutions in establishing the values of the governorate and appointing a responsible body with the capacity to deliver contributing to sustainable development in the homeland environmental information well supported by numbers and data Thank you for your attention Hakim O. Hameed, The Media's Role in Spreading Environmental Awareness8 113 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June 2018 Athens, Greece IGME A udit orium PART C Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion Guide Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Excursion leaders Alecos Demetriades1, Alexandros Liakopoulos2 1IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena, Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] 2Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, 1 Spyrou Louis St., Entrance C, Olympic Village, Acharnae, Athena Gr-136 77, Hellas, [email protected] Introduction The Lavreotiki (Lavrion) area is renowned for two reasons: • the exploitation of its argentiferous galena during ancient and recent times, and • the abundance of tens of common and unique primary and secondary minerals (lavrionite, kamarizite, ktenasite, thorikosite, serpierite, etc.) occurring in its subsurface. Exploitation of argentiferous galena dates back to approximately 3500 B.C., with a production peak during the 5th century B.C., the “Golden Age of Athens” or “Golden Age of Pericles”. Ancient Hellenes developed a unique technology of crushing, gravity separation and smelting of ore. Since, the operations were in an area with a dry climate, the ingenious system of cisterns and washing plants, designed for water conservation, amaze even present-day visitors. Mining and smelting activities produced an enormous amount of toxic wastes, which have intensely contaminated the surface and subsurface environments. The Lavreotiki (Lavrion) excursion is unique for it combines geology, history, culture, environmental hazards, and sight seeing. The visitor will be informed about the geological setup of the ore (outcrops), the ancient and recent mining and beneficiation activities (ancient adits, washing plants, etc., the 19th-20th smelter 115 complex, which is now converted into a Technological-Cultural Park), and the environmental problems caused by the extreme contamination in the Lavrion urban area, and its health effects on the local population. The excursion will end up at Sounion promontory with a visit to the 5th century B.C. Temple of Poseidon, and if the “Olympian Gods” allow it, we shall gaze at the beautiful sunset ‘garnished’ with coffee. 116 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Table of Contents of Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion Guide The excursion guide includes, apart from the history, geology, mineralisation and mineralogy, a concise account of geochemical risk assessment in the Lavreotiki peninsula and Lavrion urban area, and risk communication. “Introduction” 31 Alecos Demetriades “Outline of History (geochemical distribution maps of lead in 34 rock and soil and photographs showing the exploitation of ore in the Lavreotiki peninsula)” Alecos Demetriades “Mining and ore beneficiation in ancient Lavrion” 39 Adonis Photiades “Simplified geology of the Lavreotiki peninsula (Attiki, 51 Hellas)” Alecos Demetriades “Mineralisation of Lavreotiki peninsula” 54 Eleftheria Dimou “Lavreotiki: A natural mineralogical museum” 57 Alecos Demetriades “Environmental impact” 59 Alecos Demetriades “Risk perception and risk communication” 63 Alecos Demetriades, Alexandra Zamani and Nimphodora Papassiopi 66 “Rehabilitation of Soil in the Municipality of Lavrion” References and bibliography 78 Lavreotiki-Lavrion excursion itinerary 86 Map 1. Lavreotiki excursion map showing ancient washing plants 87 Map 2. Lavreotiki map showing ancient shafts and underground exploitation 88 Map 3. Lavrion excursion map 89 117 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Outline of History Alecos Demetriades IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena, Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] The Lavreotiki peninsula is situated in the south-eastern tip of Attiki Prefecture, Hellas. Lavrion urban area Cape Sounion Athens Lavrion 100 km 0 100000 Map of Hellas showing the location of Lavrion. Inset shows the Lavreotiki peninsula and the Lavrion urban area. 118 Map showing the location and road connections of Lavrion in relation to Athena, Attiki Prefecture. According to archaeological evidence, it is certain that mining of the valuable mineral, silver bearing galena, which provided the financial means for the civilisations that flourished in the ancient Aegean, began about 3500 B.C. The mines closed down at the end of the 1st century B.C. Andreas Cordellas in 1860 A.D., was the first to foresee the potential of exploitation of ancient slag and mine tailings, which were estimated to be a few million tonnes. The recent history of ore exploitation began in 1864 A.D., when the Italian J.B. Serpieri founded at “Ergastiri”, the present port of Lavrion, the metallurgical company Roux Serpieri Fressynet C.A. Hence, the first metallurgical company was formed with castillian type kilns, small washing plants, an engineering section, and a train. In 1865 A.D. the production of silver bearing lead began once again from the treatment of ancient slag and mine tailings, and after the second year of operation new ore exploitation began. In 1873 A.D. the company Roux Serpieri Fressynet C.A. was purchased by the representative of the Bank of Constantinople, Anreas Syngros, and was renamed Societé des Usines du Laurium. In 1876 A.D. Serpieri founded at “Kiprianos”, a 119 larger company, the Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium, at which sulphide and other ores were treated, such as sphalerite, pyrite, galena, cerussite and smithsonite. The main centres of ore exploitation were Kamariza, Souriza and Plaka. Lavrion with all these activities was revived, and became one of the most significant mining and metallurgical centres in Europe. Kamariza (the present village of Aghios Constanti-nos) was the centre of mining operations, not only in ancient times, but in recent years too. Here in 1869 A.D. the first tunnel was excavated for the first railway line in Hellas, which transported ore to the port of Lavrion. Map of Lavreotiki peninsula showing ancient and recent mining and metallurgical activities. (From Demetriades et al., 1996, Fig. 3, p.9; information from Conophagos, 1980, and observations by A. Demetriades, K. Vergou-Vichou and P. Stavrakis) 120 The working and living conditions of the miners were particularly harsh. For this reason, there were repeated strikes demanding better working conditions. The “Lavreotiki events” were very significant for the recent workers movement in Hellas, thus giving a special value to the town of Lavrion. In 1977 the mines closed down completely and in 1989 the metallurgical plant. In 1992 the installations of Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium were purchased by the Hellenic State with the aim to develop a Technological-Cultural Park, a project undertaken by the National Technical University of Athens. Geochemical maps of lead (Pb) showing its distribution in parent rocks (primary) and in surface soil (secondary), Lavreotiki peninsula (from Demetriades et al., 1994). Lavreotiki peninsula, Attiki prefecture Distribution of aqua regia extractable Pb Distribution of total Pb in parent rocks Pb in surface soil 6000 Mean = 232 ppm Karitsiza (ppm) Mean = 2883 ppm Karitsiza 6000 St. dev. = 1136 ppm Vigkliza St. dev. = 6342 ppm Vigkliza Median = 25 ppm Median = 692 ppm Avlaki Avlaki n = 136 Loutrali Spiliazeza Rock Soil n = 698 Loutrali Spiliazeza 4000 4000 Dogani Percentiles Dogani Vromopoussi 9111 100 70032 Vromopoussi Olympos Feriza Kiafamariza Villia Olympos Feriza Kiafamariza Villia 2000 97.5 2000 Charvalo Plaka Ayia Marina 1401 21550 Charvalo Plaka Ayia Marina 546 95 14114 0 Palaeokamariza Palaeokamariza 0 Ayios Panteleimon Demoulaki Ayios Panteleimon Demoulaki Ayios Nicolaos 90 Ayios Nicolaos Merkati 145 7633 Merkati Anavissos Thorikon Anavissos Thorikon Koulocheri Koulocheri -2000 47 75 2232 -2000 Ayios Constantinos Ayios Constantinos Palaea Fokaea Sinterini 25 50 692 Palaea Fokaea Sinterini -4000 -4000 Elafos Lavrion Elafos Lavrion 13 25 306 Soureza Soureza Meyala Pefka Panormos 15 Meyala Pefka Panormos -6000 Thimari 11 201 Thimari -6000 Prophetis Elias Prophetis Elias Pountazeza 10 Pountazeza Ayia Fotini Ayia Fotini Spitharopoussi 10 150 Spitharopoussi -8000 Agrileza Agrileza -8000 Kasidiara 5 Kasidiara Charakas Ano Sounion 9 110 Charakas Ano Sounion Legraena Legraena Aspro Lithari Analipsi 2.5 Aspro Lithari Analipsi -10000 8 87 -10000 6 0 47-331 Cape Sounion Cape Sounion -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Sample type : Parent rocks (pulverised to <0.075 mm) Sample type : Surface soil (0-10 cm), grain-size fraction <0.177 mm Analytical method: ICP-AES determination after hot aqua regia leach Analytical method: XRF Detection limit : 1 ppm Pb Detection limit : 46.97 ppm Pb 0m 1000m 2000m Data treatment : Linear Kriging, Search radius 2500 m, step 100 m Data treatment : Kriging, Spherical model; search radius 3483 m at 45o& 2997 m at 135o; step 100 m 121 Photographs showing the exploitation of ore in the Lavreotiki peninsula Twin entrance to an ancient adit at Aghia Triadha. Large quantities of mining wastes are still found in front (Photo by E. Dimou & V. Perdikatsis) of one of the largest ancient adits. (Photo by E. Dimou & V. Perdikatsis) Interior of an ancient adit widened by recent Today the only inhabitant and “keeper” of the ancient exploitation. adit, the bat, comes out frightened by the camera flash. (Photo by E. Dimou & V. Perdikatsis) (Photo by E. Dimou & V. Perdikatsis) 122 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Mining and Ore Beneficiation in Ancient Lavrion Alecos Demetriades IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena, Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] The figures on the following pages show the different stages from mining to ore beneficiation in ancient Lavrion according to C.E. Conophagos (1980). Figure 1. Stages of ore treatment in Classical Hellenic times according to Conophagos (1980): 1. Mining of ore occurring at the contact between marble and schist. 2. Hand selection and primary crushing in pots of trachyte (waste rock). 3. Grinding of ore to grains of less than 1 millimetre. 4. Washing of ground ore in “flat washing plants” with rainwater (recycled), collected in two consecutive cisterns. Gravity separation of the heavy-metallic powder of argentiferous galena from the light-barren rock. Heavy ore settles in the cuvettes of the wooden sluices. It was subsequently collected and placed on the flat surface of the washing plant for drying, and brick making. 123 Figure 2. Stages of metallurgical treatment of ore in Classical Hellenic times (5th century B.C.) according to Conophagos (1980):- 1. The heavy ore-concentrate was melted in large furnaces by addition of charcoal and with the aid of hand air-bellows. The argentiferous lead in molten form was separated from the barren materials (slag). 2. Extraction of silver was made by oxidation of silver bearing lead with litharge (PbO) in small furnaces (cupellation). 3. Silver with further purification, could reach extreme purity, which was necessary for the manufacture of the famous four drachma coins (“Lavreotic Owl”). 4. Litharge was melted down in large furnaces for the extraction of native lead (Pb), which was used for making other metallic objects, such as couplings. The above composite figures show the different stages of the mining and 124 beneficiation of argentiferous galena ore that was developed by the Athenians in Classical Hellenic times. The figures on the following pages show in greater detail the different stages of ore crushing, beneficiation and cupellation. NOTE: All Figures on the following pages are from the book by Constantina G. Tsaimou, 1997. Ancient knowledge of Metals:- Ancient Mining and Metallurgical Technique. Chapter ΙΙΒ, Silver: The technique of its production in ancient Lavrion. Athena, Hellas: 103-139. Figure 3. Reconstruction of crushing and pulverisation of ore to <1 mm (Fig. ΙΙΒ-9, p.116). Figure 4. Typical flat-bed washing plant of the 4th century B.C. with four conical snouts (Fig. ΙΙΒ-10, p.117). 125 Figure 5. Two types of flat-bed washing plant found in Lavreotiki peninsula. Type II is rare according to C.E. Conophagos (Fig. ΙΙΒ-11, p.117). Figure 6. Plan of a stable table for washing the ore (Fig. ΙΙΒ-12, p.118). Figure 7. Reconstruction of ore beneficiation in the flat-bed washing plants using wooden sluices according to C.E. Conophagos (Fig. ΙΙΒ-13, p.119). 126 Figure 8. Reconstruction of the different operation stages of the flat-bed washing plant (Fig. ΙΙΒ- 14, p.120). Figure 9. Reconstruction of making ore beneficiation “bricks” on the flat bed of the washing plant (Fig. ΙΙΒ-15, p.121). The “bricks” after sun drying were taken to the furnace for smelting. 127 Figure 10. Possible evolution of the flat-bed washing plant (I to IV) according to C.E. Conophagos (Fig. ΙΙΒ-17, p.123). Figure 11. Plan of the helicoidal washing plant (Fig. ΙΙΒ-18, p.124). 128 Figure 12. Reconstruction of the operation of the helicoidal washing plant (Fig. ΙΙΒ-19, p.125). Figure 13. Possible evolution of helicoidal washing plant according to C.E. Conophagos (Fig. ΙΙΒ-20, p.126). 129 Figure 14. Section of the waterproof plaster lining of walls of cisterns and washing plants (Fig. ΙΙΒ-22, p.127). Figure 15. Schematic representation of the position of the different installations during the 4th century B.C. The washing plants were in valleys, and the furnaces near the sea (according to C.E. Conophagos) (Fig. ΙΙΒ-26, p.133). 130 Figure 16. Recostruction of the organisation of melting in a furnace at a workshop in the area of Panormos according to C.E. Conophagos. Three stages are distinguished: the first stage of ore and charcoal; the second stage of the bellows, and the third the retrieval of silver bearing lead and slag from the furnace (Fig. ΙΙΒ-27, p. 133). 131 Figure 17. First stage of cupellation according to C.E. Conophagos. The litharge (PbO) has a tile like form. In the cup there remained the “rich lead”, which was recirculated to retrieve the silver (Fig. ΙΙΒ-29, p.137). 132 Figure 18. Reconstruction of the ancient method of cupellation by the dipping of iron rods according to C.E. Conophagos (Fig. ΙΙΒ-30, p. 139). Lead and Silver Production The total tonnage of lead produced from exploitation of ore from the Lavreotiki peninsula has been estimated to about 2,260,000 tonnes of metal (Table 1). According to Conophagos (1980) a minimum of 1,400,000 tonnes of lead and 3,500,000 kg of silver (Table 2) were produced by the ancient Hellenes. The 19th and 20th century companies produced only 860,000 tonnes of lead, and approximately 1,000,000 kg of silver. Table 1. Tonnage of lead produced from the exploitation of Lavreotiki ore (Conophagos, 1980). Company Period Tonnes of lead produced Ancient smelting 3500 to 0 B.C. 1,400,000 Roux-Serpieri-Fressynet S.A. 1865-1873 60,000 Societé des Usines 1873-1910 290,000 Societé des Usines 1910-1917 20,000 Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium 1877-1910 207,000 Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium 1910-1939 153,000 Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium 1939-1960 60,000 Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium 1960-1977 70,000 Total tonnage for the period 1865-1977 860,000 Total tonnage from ancient to recent times 2,260,000 133 Conophagos (1980) estimated the value of ancient silver production in United States dollars ($) and English gold pounds (£), according to 1988 exchange rates. Table 2. Production of silver from the 7th to the 1st centuries B.C. and its 1998 value. Century BC Silver in Value in millions Value in millions Value in millions of kilograms of Attika of United States English gold drachmas ($) pounds (£) 7th & 6th 280,000 75.8 758 7.58 5th & 4th 2,600,000 717.5 7,175 71.75 3rd, 2nd & 1st 620,000 170.7 1,707 17.07 Total 3,500,000 964.0 9,640 96.40 Note: In 1998 the estimated exchange rates were: 1 Attika drachma = 10 United States dollars ($) = 0.1 English gold pound (£). Ancient silver production had then a market value equivalent to approximately 9.5 billion United States dollars ($) or 96 million English gold pounds. Most of this production was carried out during classical times (74% of the total). 134 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Simplified Geology of the Lavreotiki Peninsula (Attiki, Hellas) Adonis Photiades Division of General Geology and Geological Mapping, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, 1 Spyrou Louis St., Entrance C, Olympic Village, Acharnae, Athena Gr-136 77, Hellas, [email protected] The Lavrion area, or to be more precise the Lavreotiki peninsula, constitutes the north-western part of the Attic-Cycladic Metamorphic Complex, which is characterised by a widespread occurrence of high pressure and low temperature metamorphic rocks, the original rocks of which include carbonate, clastic silica rich rocks, volcanic rocks and ophiolites. This rock association probably represents a Mesozoic transition between continental margin and an oceanic domain. Recent lithostratigraphic studies, and the revised geological mapping at a scale of 1:50.000 of the Lavrion sheet, indicate that the area consists of three superposed tectonic units, which were emplaced during the alpine phase, intruded by a granodiorite, and covered by Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. These tectonic units are, from bottom to top (Figs. 1 & 2): the “Kamariza Unit”, the oldest metamorphic formation; the “Lavrion blueschist Unit”, and the “Upper Unit”, representing non-metamorphic rocks. The Kamariza Unit consists of the Kamariza Marble, representing a Triassic-(?) Lower Jurassic carbonate platform, covered by the Kamariza Schists, which represent a Jurassic volcano- sedimentary sequence. The Kamariza Schists have the following mineral assemblage: quartz, albite, white mica, and chlorite. These schists represent a mixture of volcano-sedimentary rock fragments and blocks, lacking internal continuity (mélange). The Kamariza Schists also include redeposited fragments of the carbonate rocks, and towards the top there are mafic 135 and ultramafic ophiolitic bodies. The Kamariza Unit has been metamorphosed under greenschist facies (low grade regional metamorphism, 300o-500oC) to amphibolite facies (moderate to high pressures in excess of 3000 bars, and temperatures in the range of 450o-750oC) conditions, and folded by an Upper Jurassic dynamometamorphic phase. The metamorphic sequence is overlain by an unmetamorphosed calcareous formation (up to 50 m thick), which lies either on the “Upper” Marbles, or directly on the Kamariza Schists (Fig. 2). It consists of conglomerates followed by limestones. Limestones range from massive to thick- bedded and are slightly recrystallised and dolomitised. This calcareous formation has a Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous age. The Lavrion blueschists Unit has a thickness of 100 to 250 m, and is in tectonic contact with Kamariza Unit. In particular, it overlies the calcareous formation of the Kamariza Unit in the eastern part of the Lavreotiki peninsula, and lies directly on the lower marble series to the west (Fig. 2). This unit consists of different metamorphic rocks, which are (from bottom to top): schists, metamorphosed ophiolitic mafic rocks, and marbles. Schists have the following mineral assemblage: quartz, albite, white mica, glaucophane, epidote, and chlorite. Quartzites are also usually found as lenses quite often passing to quartziferous schists. Metamorphosed ophiolites are represented by metabasalts and metagabbros rich in glaucophane. The Lavrion blueschist Unit comprises a Jurassic-Cretaceous succession, characterised by Eocene blueschist facies metamorphism (of lower temperature and higher pressure than greenschist facies). The Lavrion blueschist Unit was emplaced on the Kamariza Unit during Middle- Late Miocene and underwent a Miocene retrograde greenschist facies event related to a granodioritic intrusion (Plaka granodiorite). The Upper Unit represents an Unmetamorphosed Pelagonian Sequence, which was emplaced on the previously described units during the Late Miocene. It is formed by thrust slices bearing ophiolitic relics (radiolarian cherts and serpentinites) at the base, and Cretaceous limestones at the top. This unit occurs as erosional remnants (klippens) of up to 50 m thick. The area is covered by lacustrine marly limestones, sandstones and conglomerates of Middle to Upper Miocene, by fluvial-terrestrial sediments of Pliocene age and finally by scree, torrential and coastal deposits and materials from anthropogenic activities of Holocene age. 136 Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the Lavreotiki Peninsula (from Photiades and Saccani, 2006, Fig. 3, p.91). Figure 2. Simplified tectono-stratigraphic scheme of the Lavreotiki peninsula (from Photiades and Saccani, 2006, Fig. 4, p.91). 137 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Mineralisation of Lavreotiki Peninsula Alecos Demetriades IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] The polymetallic sulphide mineralisation occurring in the Lavreotiki peninsula area consists of argentiferous galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS2). Apart from the primary mineralisation there are many secondary minerals that have been formed by supergene processes. Iron-manganese deposits occur peripherally to the polymetallic sulphide mineralisation. They comprise, ankerite [(Ca,Mg,Mn,Fe)CO3], manganiferous ankerite and rhodochrosite (MnCO3), with barite (BaSO4), fluorspar (CaF2) and quartz (SiO2); the Fe-Mn minerals were subsequently oxidised to limonite (2Fe2O3.3H2Ο) and pyrolusite (MnO2). The mineralisation mainly occurs within the marble near the contact with the schist, as well as in the carbonate rocks and the schist (Figures 1 & 2). Many types of metalliferous concentrations have been described (primary, oxidised- karstic, fracture infilling, skarn, remobilised-recrystallised, etc.). The mineralised concentrations are found: (1) at the contact of the Upper Plaka Limestone and the Upper Plaka Schist (not shown in Fig. 1); (2) within the Lower Plaka Limestone (not shown in Fig. 1); (3) within the Upper Kamariza Marble formation (K3); (4) at the contact of the Lower Kamariza Schist with the Upper Kamariza Marble (K2/K3); (5) within the Lower Kamariza Schist formation (K2); (6) at the contact with the Lower Kamariza Marble and the Lower Kamariza 138 Schist (K1/K2). The polymetallic sulphide ores, when exposed to supergene processes are oxidised to a variable extent. Progressive erosion of the landscape and subsequent weathering of the primary ore, gave rise to many types of supergene minerals. Over 250 secondary minerals have been described in the Lavreotiki area, and is, in fact, a mineralogist’s paradise. Secondary minerals are still being formed today in the adits. A serious environmental issue is the generated acid mine drainage in many of the underground mines, where the pH of the water is about 2. The main chemical elements associated with the mineralisation are Pb, Zn, Ag, Cd, As, Cu, Sb, Bi, Ge, Ga, Fe and Mn. Upper UNIT Schist LAVRION LAVRION BLUESCHIST BLUESCHIST 1st Contact Upper Kamariza Marble (K3) 2nd Contact Lower Kamariza Schist (K2) 3rd Contact Lower K A M A R I Z A U N I T I N U A I Z R M A K A Kamariza Marble (K ) 1 (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Schematic cross-section of the Lavreotiki mineralisation and its mode of occurrence (from Conophagos, 1980, Fig. 9-1b, p.169), according to the new stratigraphical nomenclature by the I.G.M.E. geologists; (b) Galena (PbS). 139 Figure 2. Mineralisation and mining, Lavreotiki Peninsula (from Marinos and Petrascheck, 1956). 140 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Lavreotiki: A Natural Mineralogical Museum Eleftheria Dimou Mineralogist, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, 1 Spyrou Louis St., Entrance C, Olympic Village, Acharnae, Athena Gr-136 77, Hellas 1. Intruduction The Lavreotiki area is well known internationally for the exploitation of its silver ore during ancient times, but also by the abundance of a variety of mineralogical types occurring in its subsurface. 2. The Lavrion minerals The Lavreotiki peninsula is known to mineralogists, and to collectors for its famous minerals. More than 265 different species, which were formed under specific conditions of ore genesis, are found in the area. The labyrinthine adits, currently under mining “lethargy”, make a natural mineralogical museum, which is still under “exploitation” by the local inhabitants in their own way. Further, rare new minerals are being formed by secondary processes in the cavities of slags, which were thrown into the sea, and remained there for more than 2000 years. Some of these minerals were discovered for the first time in Lavrion, and their names are closely tied with the locality or the persons that played a significant part in the exploitation of the mineral resources: Lavrionite, Kamarizite, Ktenasite, Thorikosite, Serpierite. Today there are two small mineralogical museums in the towns of Lavrion and Aghios Constantinos (Kamariza), which have been organised and run by the local inhabitants. Some of the most sought after minerals by the local inhabitants and collectors are illustrated in Figure 1 below: 141 Calcite Aragonite Baryte Calcite Gypsum Azurite/ Malachite Aragonite Gypsum Aragonite Aragonite Calcite Calcite Calcite Baryte Aragonite Calcite Adamine Aragonite Gypsum Azurite/ Azurite/Adamine Smithsonite Malachite Figure 1. Photographs of typical minerals found in Lavrion (Lavreotiki peninsula). 142 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Environmental Impact Alecos Demetriades IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] Exploitation of the mineral wealth of Lavreotiki peninsula, from ancient to recent times, resulted in the accumulation of enormous quantities of waste materials, such as • waste rock, • mine tailings, • slag and • other coarse- to fine-grained metallurgical processing residues, found in many parts of the peninsula, and especially the Lavrion urban area. Conophagos (1980) estimated that the ancient Hellenes excavated at least 13,000,000 tonnes of rock; he stressed that this is a very conservative figure. The volume of excavated material during the 19th and 20th century operations is not easy to estimate. Since, modern underground and open pit mining uses explosives and mechanical equipment, the dimensions of adits and pits are much larger, and the quantity of excavated rock should at least be double of what Conophagos (1980) estimated for ancient exploitation. A cautious estimate of excavated material is two to three times the quantity of the ancients, i.e., approximately 30,000,000 tonnes. As it may be appreciated, a considerable amount of waste rock is present in the Lavreotiki peninsula, and is exposed to the processes of weathering, erosion and deposition. 143 The Lavrion urban and suburban area is covered by a large volume of slag, flotation tailings and pyritiferous sand. These metallurgical wastes cover approximately 25% of the 7.235 km2 of the area studied. The effects, of mining and smelting activities, were the burdening of residual soil and alluvial sediments with additional amounts of toxic elements. It is stressed that natural soil and alluvial sediments, because of the mineralisation, had ‘naturally’ high concentrations of toxic elements. Ancient exploiters built ore crushing and washing plants in valleys, for they required water for separation of ore-grade material from the waste rock. This practice facilitated transportation of waste rock and mineral processing wastes by erosion processes (fluvial and aeolian), and their subsequent deposition in the floodplains and gulfs of Lavreotiki peninsula. These processes have been going on for at least the past 5,000 years. From 1865 mine and flotation tailings (ekvolades and plynites) left by the ancients gradually disappeared, due to their exploitation, and new waste products generated by modern exploiters from ancient waste materials, such as beneficiation/flotation residues (flotation tailings) and slag, and from mining new ore they produced large quantities of waste rock, mine tailings, and metallurgical wastes. It is stressed, that ancient pits and adits directed modern exploiters, who enlarged the adits, excavated open pits near valleys, and tipped waste rock again on hill slopes and valley bottoms. In the Lavrion urban and suburban area a number of streams have their outlets. Within their drainage basins, there is a very large number of ancient and recent mining and smelting sites. Hence, the alluvial plains in Lavrion have been contaminated. Late 19th and 20th century metallurgical processing wastes have been dumped, mainly in the Lavrion urban area and the nearby gulfs, thus upsetting the natural balance of the local terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Their transportation, by erosion (fluvial and aeolian) processes and human activities, resulted in the toxic element contamination of soil in the greater part of the Lavrion urban environment. In fact, houses, schools, parks, playgrounds, sport fields and roads are either situated on or are very close to these wastes. The consequences are the health-related problems of the local population, documented by different medical studies. 144 Photo 1. Sandy beneficiation wastes cover the centre of the photograph. Photo 2. Wastes and garden. Photo 3. Pyrite (red) and slag Photo 4. Pyrite and house. (black). Photo 5. Slag on beach. Photo 6. Slag used as Photo 7. Slag and houses. hardcore of school yard. Photo 8. Slag and sheep. Photo 9. Slag and earthy Photo 10. Slag heap and dust. material. 145 Photo 11. Transportation of Photo 12. ‘Dust slick’. Photo 13. Slag on track road. slag & dust. Note: Photographs from Demetriades and Stavrakis (1995) and Demetriades (1999). 146 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Risk Perception and Communication in Lavrion Alecos Demetriades IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] How does one communicate risk to people that live and work in one of the most extremely contaminated areas in Europe, and where the health-related consequences are not so evident? This was one of the most serious and challenging issues that the team of researchers from the Hellenic Institute of Geol- ogy and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.), the National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), and PRISMA, faced at the end of the project “Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion” (see below the risk communication information leaflet). The I.G.M.E. geoscientists had a lot more experience, because they worked in the area since 1989 and had personal contact with many local people, teachers, medical officers, local and central politicians, and also were acquainted with the results of three cross-sectional epidemiological studies. Perception of environmental risk in an area where the people worked in mines and smelters, for almost their whole life, and their homes are built on hazardous wastes, is indeed difficult to communicate. Whole families are known to suffer from signs of mental retardation, because of high blood-lead concentrations. As one medical officer said: “these people are at a disadvantage, because they are born in area where environmental contamination causes a reduction in their I.Q., which depends on the physiology of each person”. It is worth mentioning the reaction of a person with noticeable mental retardation, when told that the Lavrion urban area is highly contaminated and may cause health problems: “we have been raised here, and we are not stupid!” Evidently, this particular person is not in a position to perceive the health risk. During our 147 work in the Lavrion urban area and Lavreotiki peninsula, we have met families with quite evident mental retardation, but seemingly happy with their lives. Therefore, the first problem of communicating risk lies on the capability of people to understand the hazardous environmental conditions. The other problem comes from politicians of both the local and central government that do not want to know anything about the health-related hazard in the Lavrion urban area and Lavreotiki peninsula, although they are aware of the conditions. The I.G.M.E., as a State research institute, is obliged to submit its environmental impact assessment reports to all interested parties, i.e., Municipalities and Ministries. Up to now three reports have been submitted, i.e., the first in 1992 was concerned with the urban geochemistry of Lavrion and Aghios Constantinos; the second in 1994, covered the whole Lavreotiki peninsula (170 km2) with soil geochemistry, and the third in 1999 was a very detailed multi- disciplinary environmental impact and management study that covered the Lavrion urban and suburban environment (7 km2). Therefore, the politicians are well aware of the health related hazards, but are not interested to find a viable solution. To understand the attitude of local politicians the following statement from one of them is mentioned: “we cannot publicise the results of your study, because if we do, people will be scared and most likely leave. New buyers will not be interested to invest in the area, and, therefore, property prices will be affected”. Although, environmental quality is an issue of concern on paper, and included in the political agenda of all parties, when a real health related environmental issue is raised the first variables examined are property prices and political cost. Therefore, scientists communicating environ-mental risk, should take into account how this is perceived, not only by the inhabitants, but also by the local and central politicians. Since, we knew that it will be difficult to communicate environmental risk in the Lavrion urban area, during the compilation of the LIFE project, a number of communication actions were included: (a) compilation of an information leaflet (see below), (b) a video tape showing project results and recommendations, and (c) public presentation of results. The information leaflet with recommendations to the local inhabitants was never distributed; it remained in the storerooms of the Municipality. Not many people came to the public presentation of project results; again, the invitations were the responsibility of Municipality officers. The Mayor, 148 during the presentation, intervened by stating that the situation is not so serious, since he and his family lived all their lives in Lavrion and there is nothing wrong with their health. The scenario of the videotape was carefully written to communicate project results in an understandable manner, and not to cause unrest to the local population. The videotape was never shown to the public and schools. The irony of the situation is that the Municipality of Lavrion was the co-ordinator of the project. How does one communicate risk, therefore, to people that are not interested to hear the truth about the state of their living environment, and to politicians that are mainly concerned about the political cost and property prices, and not the improvement of the quality of the urban environment and the health of people? 149 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion Alecos Demetriades1, Alexandra Zamani2 and Nimphodora Papassiopi3 1IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, P.O.Box 640 47, Zografou, Athena Gr-157 10, Hellas, [email protected] 2PRISMA, 17 Empedokleous Street, Gr-116 35, Athena, Hellas. 3School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Politechnioupolis, Zografou, Gr-157 00 Athena, Hellas, [email protected] 1. Source of Finance The project “Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion” with a budget of 1,362,910.54 Euro was co-financed by the LIFE programme of the European Commission’s XI Directorate (Contract No.: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576) and Hellenic State Authorities (Municipality of Lavreotiki, Ministry of National Economy, Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works and the General Secretariat of Science and Technology). 2. Project Objectives The main objectives of the project were: • Τo determine the present state of environmental contamination in the greater Lavrion area, focusing mainly on soil contamination, with respect to lead and other toxic elements. • To define the main sources of contamination in the area. 150 • To select and apply methods, which will hinder the further contamination of soil by applying preventive measures at the contamination sources. • To select and apply remedial measures for the rehabilitation or neutralisation of contaminated land, and • To develop an integrated environmental management scheme for the greater Lavrion urban area. 3. Institutions Executing the Project Project Coordinator: Municipality of Lavreotiki Project Management: PRISMA Scientific partners: Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.) and National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.) Project manager: Nikos Varelidis, PRISMA 4. Project scientific team: I.G.M.E.: Alecos Demetriades, Penelope Stavrakis, Katerina Vergou-Vichou and Evripides Vassi-liades N.T.U.A.: Ioannis Paspaliaris, Nimphodora Papassiopi, Panayiotis Theodoratos and Stelios Tampouris PRISMA: Nikos Varelidis, Julia Drossinou, Georgios Brofas and Alexandra Zamani Collaborating medical scientists: Nicos Vlachoyiannis and Vassilis Makropoulos Consultants: British Geological Survey, United Kingdom Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, United Kingdom Κnight, Piesold & Partners, United Kingdom Nikos Nikolaidis, University of Connecticut, United States of America 151 5. Epidemiological studies The problems and effects of contamination in the Lavrion urban area were detected to begin with by cross-sectional epidemiological studies in the 1980’s. Their conclusion was that children of nursery and primary school age had a severe problem of lead-poisoning (plumbosis). In addition, their system had high concentrations of arsenic. The last cross-sectional epidemiological study, which was carried out in 1988 on 235 children from Lavrion, showed the seriousness of environmental contamination on the health of children. Concentrations of lead (Pb) in child blood 90% of the children (n=235) that Micrograms of Lead per litre of blood participated in the cross-sectional M(μgλύβδ Pb/l) epidemiological study had more μg Pb/l than 100 micrograms of lead per 500 >380 litre of blood, 400 >310 50% had more than 180 micrograms 300 200 >180 of lead per litre of blood, >100 100 100 μg Pb/l in blood is the maximum admissible level 10% had more than 310 micrograms 0 90% 50% 10% 5% of lead per litre of blood, and Child proportion 5% had more than 380 micrograms of lead per litre of blood. Number of children: 235 It is noted that 100 μg Pb/litre of blood is the upper acceptable limit for children (i.e., 10 μg Pb/100 ml or 10 μg Pb/decilitre). Concentrations of arsenic (As) in child urine Micrograms of Arsenic in 24-hour urine (μg As/24h) 8.4% of the children (n=235) that μg As/24h participated in the cross-sectional 70 >65.9 60 epidemiological study had more 50 than 20 micrograms of arsenic in 40 30 24-hour urine, and >20 20 upper 10 >5.76 admissible level 5.0% had more than 65.9 0 50% 8.4% 5% micrograms of arsenic in 24-hour Child proportion urine. Number of children: 235 It is noted that 20 μg of Arsenic (As) in 24-hour urine is the upper acceptable limit for children (20 μg As/24 hr). 152 The cross-sectional epidemiological studies have also shown that there is a strong correlation between high blood-lead levels in children and (1) their composite mental functions, i.e., intelligent quotient (IQ), verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), and (2) a comparative reduction in their development, especially with respect to the circumference of their head and chest. 6. Metallurgical wastes and soil contamination The geographical distribution of contamination, in relation to metallurgical processing wastes, has been mapped in detail by the I.G.M.E. geoscientists (scale 1:5000). The metallurgical processing wastes, constitute the major source of contamination, and can be grouped into three broad categories: flotation residues, pyritiferous tailings and slag. The flotation residues or tailings from the beneficiation of ore, which are called “savoura” by the inhabitants of Lavrion, cover a significant part of the residential area. They extend from the Alako factory, cover the larger part of “Prasini Alepou”, the area with the sport installations, the Mineralogical Museum, the Secondary School, and almost reach the smelter of the French Company. They contain high concentrations of toxic elements, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, etc. The flotation residues are considered to be the most hazardous metallurgical processing wastes, because a large part of the town of Lavrion is built over them, and the local population, and children especially, come in contact with the contaminated material. Pyritiferous tailings are wastes from the beneficiation of ore. Pyrite, apart from having high toxic element contents, is oxidised by the action of air and rain, and produces acid drain-age, i.e., the water coming into contact with pyrite becomes acid and highly contaminated. Pyritiferous tailings are found mainly along the coastal part of Thorikon and at Kavodokanos. Slag is the waste from the melting of ore for the production of silver bearing lead. It is found round natural hills in the southern and northern part of Lavrion and on beaches. Slag has been used as hardcore for road construction, school yards, port facilities, etc. 153 The great area covered by the metallurgical processing wastes, their continuous shifting from one place to another, and their use by the inhabitants, as well as the transportation of their fine-grained component by strong winds, blowing in the area, has resulted in the multi-element contamination of soil. Due to the above-mentioned reasons, the soil of the Lavrion urban area is at the present time, as a whole, heavily contaminated by potentially toxic elements, such as lead, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, mercury, etc. Distribution of total lead (Pb) in overburden Lavrion urban area It is noted that 500 mg/kg of lead (Pb) in soil Gu are considered to be the maximum admissible for residential areas lf o f T h o r % Pb ik o n (mg/kg) 100.0 151579 97.5 52737 95.0 33856 90.0 21615 75.0 13256 50.0 7305 25.0 4216 15.0 2909 10.0 2594 5.0 2265 Lavrion 2.5 1777 harbour 0.0 810 N 0m 500m Note: Norway for residential areas, and especially kindergartens, has lowered the Pb level in soil to 100 mg/kg. The variation of Pb in the Lavrion surface soil is from 810 to 151,579 mg/kg, with a median of 7,305 mg/kg. 7. Rehabilitation sites Two sites were selected for pilot project application of rehabilitation techniques tested in the laboratory: (1) “Kavodokanos” for neutralisation of pyrite or sulphide tailings, and (2) “Neraki” for stabilisation of flotation residues or the oxidised carbonate wastes. 154 “Kavodokanos”: The site was flattened and divided into four equal sections. One was kept as a control site and covered only by clean soil. The remaining three sections were encapsulated by: • Synthetic geomembrane, • Compacted clay, and • Carbonate material, and subsequently covered by clean soil. Special lysimeters were constructed below the four sections to measure the amount, and control the quality, of infiltrated water, which was collected in volumetric tanks. “Neraki”: The site was flattened and divided into six longitudinal equi- dimensional sections, separated by a strip of one metre width. One section was kept as a control site, and in the other five, the flotation residues were thoroughly mixed with five different mixtures of organic and inorganic materials, and a mix- ture of seeds sowed, to concurrently achieve chemical stabilisation of contaminants and to develop a vegetative cover. The same mixture of seeds were sowed also in the control section. The five different stabilisers were: • phosphate fertiliser and compost, • fly ash and compost, • biological sludge and fly ash, • biological sludge and phosphate fertiliser, and • biological sludge. 8. Effectiveness of rehabilitation methods “Kavodokanos”: The pilot project works were completed in October 1996, and since then the project is under continuous monitoring. At the control site, as from January 1998, continuous infiltration of water is observed. The volume of collected water corresponds to approximately 21 cubic metres per year per 1000 m2, and its contaminant load is considerably high. Covering of pyrite with synthetic geomembrane and compacted clay proved to be very effective techniques. During the three years of continuous monitoring of the project, 155 infiltration of water from both sections was essentially nil. Note: After five years, all rehabilitation methods failed, and this was attributed to under estimation of the acid drainage generated. Pyrite tailings, Kavodokanos Acid drainage, Kavodokanos Preparation of the carbonate material Application of synthetic membrane, quadrant, Kavodokanos Kavodokanos “Neraki”: The vegetation cover was completed in December 1997. The project in 1999 when the final report was written was going through its second year of development. The control section was and still remains completely bare, whereas vegetation is successfully reproduced in the five stabilised sections, thus creating the necessary protective cover for reducing the aerial transportation of material. Note: After twenty years, it continues to be successful. 156 Flattening of rehabilitation site, Neraki Preparation of site for sowing seeds, Neraki Vegetation cover, Neraki Left vegetation covered sections, and on the right the control site with only flotation tailings, and although the same seeds were planted they never growned, Neraki 9. Integrated environmental management scheme Development of an integrated environmental management scheme for the greater Lavrion urban area constitutes the ultimate aim of the whole study. For its realisation relevant data, generated during the project, were used, i.e., geochemical distribution maps of toxic elements, metallurgical processing wastes map, land use map, hazard and child exposure assessment maps, pilot project rehabilitation techniques, etc. Human exposure assessment to environmental contamination is defined by the concentration of a contaminant (e.g., in air, soil, water) and the available quantity for inhalation and ingestion or dermal absorption. 157 Distribution of degree of exposure of children to environmental contaminants % Exposure block* degree 0.0 0.000 to 0.99 0.0 1.00>1 to 17.99 0.0 18.0018 to 35.99 0.8 36.0036 to 54.99 11.4 55.0055 to 72.99 33.6 73.0073 to 90.99 13.5 91.0091 to 108.9 8.8 109.00109 to 127 16.1 128.00128 to 145 9.9 146.00146 to 163 3.3 164.00164 to 181 Lavrion harbour 0.4 182.00182 to 199 1.5 200.00200 to 218 0.6 219.00219 to 236 0.1 237.00237 to 254 0.0 >255 255.00 to 256 * Number of blocks (50 x 50 m) = 2960 0m 500m The map shows the degree of child exposure to different contaminant sources in the Lavrion urban and suburban area. Exposure ratings are on an arbitrary scale varying from 0 to 255. The estimations were made on blocks of 50 x 50 m. The map indicates that the greater exposure to environmental contaminants is in the area with the beneficiation wastes. As it has been shown by the rehabilitation tests, vegetation cannot be developed on these wastes. Therefore, dust is easily generated by wind and human activities. Utilisation of conclusions, resulting from the work carried out, and after considering the effective-ness and cost of alternative technologies for rehabilitation, the planning and gradual application of remediation actions could start. The cost/benefit index map shows the distribution of the ratio of the cost index in relation to the benefit index of the recommended rehabilitation methods for the Lavrion urban environment. For its compilation the degree of child exposure to environmental contaminants, and other parameters were used, taking into account that the required objective is the rehabilitation of the surface environment, in an 158 appropriate manner, to reduce child exposure to potentially toxic elements derived from the metallurgical pro-cessing wastes and contaminated soil. Distribution of Cost/Benefit index of the methods for the rehabilitation of contaminated land in the Lavrion urban area Cost/ % Benefit block* index 0.4 >35-40 35.00 to 3 18.8 >40-45 40.00 to 4 1.9 >45-50 45.00 to 4 2.0 >50-55 50.00 to 5 7.4 >55-60 55.00 to 5 6.9 >60-65 60.00 to 6 5.9 >65-70 65.00 to 6 9.2 >70-75 70.00 to 7 38.8 >75-80 75.00 to 7 Lavrion harbour 8.2 >80-85 80.00 to 8 0.5 >85-90 85.00 to 8 0.1 >90-120 90.00 to 1 * Number of blocks (50 x 50 m) = 2960 0m 500m It is noted that the lower the cost/benefit index of a block of land, the higher is the priority for its rehabilitation. Note: The recommendation to the Lavrion Municipality was, after informing the people about the state of the urban and suburban environment, to subsidise each owner to rehabilitate his/her property with supervision by the technical services of the Municipality. The cost of rehabilitation of the Lavrion urban area is very high, but the investment is worthwhile for the health of children and of the local population is in general of far greater significance. 159 10. Basic instructions to the inhabitants Until the rehabilitation of the Lavrion urban environment is completed, the local population must change certain habits and activities, such as: Χ Not to cultivate vegetables, olive trees and vines. It is known that all these plants accumulate large quantities of toxic elements, which are hazardous to human health. Χ Gathering and consumption of wild green plants should stop, for these plants also accumulate large quantities of toxic elements, which are hazardous to human health. House cleaning must be done with an electric vacuum cleaner or wet moping, and not with traditional methods, i.e., common broom, because dust is generated, which is subsequently inhaled and, further, it is transported to other places within the home, and may settle on food. Χ Carpets and rags must not be shaken or beaten with a stick. 160 Χ Children must not play with soil, for apart from inhalation, toxic elements could enter their body through ingestion, because of hand-to-mouth activity, as well as by dermal absorption. Children must learn to wash their hands often and, especially, before meals. Food must be covered, and should not remain expose to airborne dust for a long time. Note: Informing the people about the state of the surface environment was considered to be a very important obligation of the Municipality officers. The compilation of the leaflet served three purposes: (a) to publicise project results, (b) to communicate project results to the people and the daily health risk they are facing, and (c) to give the people some basic instructions to minimise, as much as possible, their exposure to environmental contaminants. 161 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece References and Bibliography Compiled by Alecos Demetriades Treasurer and Chairperson of the Sampling Committee, IUGS Commission on Global Geochemical Baselines, [email protected] Alexopoulos, A., Lekkas, S. & Moraiti, E., 1998. On the occurrence of a non-metamorphic Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene clastic sequence, wedged between the allochthon and the relative autochthon system of Attiki (Greece). Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 32(1): 79-84. Altherr, R., 1981. Zur Petrologie der Miozanen Granitoide der Zentral-agais (Griechenland). Dr. habil. Thesis, Univ. Braunschweig, Germany, 218 pp. Altherr R., Kreuzer, H., Wendt, J., Lenz, H., Wagner, G.A., Keller, J., Harre, W. & Hohndorf, A., 1982. A Late Oligocene/Early Miocene high temperature belt in the Attic-Cycladic crystalline complex (SE Pelagonian, Greece). Geol. Jahrb., E23: 97-164. Argyraki, A., Kelepertzis, E., Botsou, F., Paraskevopoulou, V., Katsikis, I., Trigoni, M., 2018. Environmental availability of trace elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) in soil from urban, suburban, rural and mining areas of Attica, Hellas. In: Demetriades, A., Johnson, C.C., Birke, M. (Guest Editors), Urban Geochemical Mapping: The EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group’s URGE project. Special Issue, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 187, 201-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.09.004. Arikas, K., Pape, M., Serelis, K. & Tsagalidis, A., 2001. Petrological-mineralogical study of metabasic rocks (prasinites) of the Lavreotiki area and their geotectonic environment. Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 34/3: 901-910 (in Greek language with an English Abstract). Avdis, V., 1991. The effect of movement on high-angle faults on stratigraphy and structure. Case study: the Attico-Cycladic Massif (Greece). Tectonophysics, 192: 293-311. Baltatzis, E., 1981. Contact metamorphism of a calc-silicate hornfels from Plaka area, Laurium, Greece. N. Jb. Miner. Mh. 11: 481-488. Baltatzis, E., 1996. Blueschist-to-greenschist transition and the P-T path of prasinites from the Lavrion area, Greece. Min. Mag., 60: 551-561. Benetou-Marantidou, A., Nalou, S. & Micheloyiannis, I., 1985. The use of a battery of tests for the estimation of neurological effects of lead in children. In: T.D. Lekkas (Editor), International Conference Heavy Metals in the Environment, New Orleans, September, Vol. 1, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, pp. 204-209. Bücking, H., 1881. Über die krystallinischen schiefer von Attika. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesel., Berlin, 33: 118-138. Chronopoulos, J. & Chronopoulou-Sereli, C., 1986a. Scwermetalltoleranz von Crocus sieberi, Arisarum vulgare und Cyclamen graecum in Lavrion (Attika). Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie (Hohenheim 1984), XIV: 357-360 (text in German with a synopsis in English). 162 Chronopoulos, J. & Chronopoulou-Sereli, C., 1986b. Vegetational development of halophytes to heavy metals in industrial regions in Lavrion (Attika). Landschaft u. Stadt, 18(1): 42-45 (text in German with a summary in English). Chronopoulos, J. & Chronopoulou-Sereli, C., 1991. Effects of the mining-metallurgical activity on the natural vegetation of Lavreotiki. In: Abstracts of 1st Scientific Conference on Geosciences and the Environment. University of Patras, Dept. of Geology, Patras: 147. Chronopoulou-Sereli, C. & Chronopoulos, J., 1991a. Untersuchungen über die Pb-belastung der vegetation in Lavreotiki (Attika). In: S. Riewenherm und H. Lieth (Editors), Verhandlungen der gesellschaft für Ökologie (Osnabrück 1989): XIX/III: 223-228 (text in German with a summary in English). Chronopoulou-Sereli, C. & Chronopoulos, J., 1991b. Unweltbelastung der Stadt Lavrion (Attika) und Umgebung durch ein Bleinhüttenwerk. Natur und Landschaft, 66(9): 442-443 (text in German with a summary in English). Conophagos, C.E., 1975. Fours de fusion et technique de la fusion des minerais de plomb argentifere du Laurium par les anciens Grecs. (Paper in Hellene with an abstract in French). Annales Geologiques des pays Helleniques, 26: 338-366. Conophagos, C.E., 1980. Le Laurium antique et la technique Grecque de la production deo l'argent. National Technical University, Athens, 458 pp. (in French). Conophagos, C.E., 1985. L’ evolution de la technique Grecque de la concentration des minerais au Laurium antique. (Paper in Hellene with an abstract in French). Proceedings of the first seminar on the archaeometry of slags of ancient Greek metallurgy. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens: 21-40. Conophagos, C.E., 1997. The Athenian Democracy and the leasing to civilians of the Lavreotiki silver mines during the 4th century BC. The fundamental role of the Lavrion silver to the supremacy and civilisation of Athens. National Technical University, Athens, 142 pp. (text in Hellene). Cordellas, A., 1878. La Grèce sous le rapport géologique et minéralogique. Imprimerie de A. Parent, Paris, 188 pp. Demetriades, A. (Editor), 1999a. Geochemical atlas of the Lavrion urban area for environmental protection and planning. Volume 1: Explanatory text. LIFE Programme Contract No: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576, Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, E-8272, 365 pp. Demetriades, A. (Editor), 1999b. Geochemical atlas of the Lavrion urban area for environmental protection and planning. Volume 1A: Figures and Tables. LIFE Programme Contract No: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576, Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, E-8272, 210 pp. Demetriades, A. (Editor), 1999c. Geochemical atlas of the Lavrion urban area for environmental protection and planning. Volume 1B: Appendix reports. LIFE Programme Contract No: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576, Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, E-8272, 176 pp. Demetriades, A. (Editor), 1999d. Geochemical atlas of the Lavrion urban area for environmental protection and planning. Volume 2. LIFE Programme Contract No: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576, Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, E-8272, xvii pp. + 199 thematic A3 size maps,. Demetriades, A. (Editor), 1999e. Environmental management plan for the rehabilitation of soil in the Lavrion urban area. Volume 4. LIFE Programme Contract No: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576, Soil rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion. Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, E-8272, 155 pp. Demetriades, A., 1992. Development of integrated collaborative research programmes between the U.K. (BGS) and Greece (IGME). Environmental Geochemistry, Lavreotiki peninsula, and 163 Multidisciplinary data interpretation, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Vol. 1: Text, 165 pp.; Vol. 2: Maps, diagrams and tables, 128 pp. Inst. Geol. Mineral Explor. (IGME), Athens, Open File Report E-6700 (in English). Demetriades, A., 2010. Medical geology in Hellas: The Lavrion urban environmental pollution study. In: O.Selinus, R.B. Finkelman, & J.A. Centeno (Editors), Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht, 355-390. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-90- 481-3430-4_13. Demetriades, A., 2011. 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Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol. 2: 2297-2300. -----o-----o-----O-----o-----o----- 168 Symposium on Environmental Pollution from Abandoned Mines 25-26 June, Athens, Greece Lavreotiki-Lavrion Excursion Itinerary Stops are indicated on the following maps:- Map 1. Lavreotiki topographical map: Stops 1 to 9. Map 3. Metallurgical wastes and Contaminated Soil map, Lavrion urban area: Stops 4 to 7, and Map 2 shows the ancient shafts and underground exploitation sites in Lavreotiki Peninsula. 08:30:‐ Departure from I.G.M.E. Athens Stop 1. 09:30:‐ Souriza Valley: Flat washing plants, cisterns, water recycling, ancient adits. Stop 2. Chaos: Collapse cavern (doline) – possible stop depending on time. Stop 3. 10:30:‐ Mineralogical Museum at Aghios Constantinos (Kamariza) and 19th century Serpieri shaft. Stop 4. Enormous slag heap round Fougara hill, and the only remaining calamine kiln – possible stop depending on time. Stop 5. Vantage point from where the great areal extent of the flotation tailings can be observed – possible stop depending on time. Stop 6. 12:15:‐ Lavrion Technological and Cultural park: Presentation, Coffee/Soft drinks. Information about the Technological and Cultural Park is available at: http://www.ltp.ntua.gr/lavrion_park_en. Stop 7. Thorikon: Ancient theatre, flat‐bed washing plant and ancient adit – possible stop depending on time. Stop 8. Lunch in Lavrion. Stop 9. Cape Sounion and the Temple of Poseidon – possible stop depending on time. 19:00 or 20:30:‐ Estimated arrival in Athens, depending on visiting or not Cape Sounion 169 1 9 3 2 11 4 7 10 5 6 16 15 Map 1. Lavreotiki excursion map showing ancient washing plants etc. (from Conophagos, 1980). 170 Map 2. Lavreotiki map showing ancient shafts and underground exploitation (violet colour: exploitation at the 3rd contact; blue colour: exploitation at the 1st and 2nd contacts (from Conophagos, 1980). 171 F R 7 O N Metallurgical processing wastes map M O Lavrion urban area A K E I T R sl H R T Χάρτης μεταλλουργικών απορριμμάτων E O N A Thorikon H Αστική περιοχή Λαυρίου S E Θορικόν T A. Demetriades, K. Vergou-Vichou, P. Stavrakis and E. Vassiliades H Α. ∆ημητριάδης, Αικ. Βέργου-Βήχου, Π. Σταυράκη και Ε. Βασιλειάδης O T fr Beneficiation/flotation residues T Απορρίμματα εμπλουτισμού/επίπλευσης (Σαβούρα) sl sbl sl sl Lumpy slags Πλινθώματα σκουριάς py sla Lumpy and pelletised slags Πλινθώματα και συσφαιρόματα σκουριάς sla sla dsl Disseminated slags ∆ιάσπαρτες σκουριές sbl Sand-blast material from slags and pelletised slags Υλικά αμμοβολής από σκουριές και συσφαιρόματα σκουριών sbl sw Flotation sands with disseminated pyrite sbl Kavodokanos Άμμοι επίπλευσης με διάσπαρτο πυρίτη Καβοδόκανος py Pyritiferous tailings Πυριτούχα υλικά επίπλευσης sfa Disseminated slags and coarse-grained flotation residues fr ∆ιάσπαρτες σκουριές και αδρόκοκκα υλικά επίπλευσης sl Pilot test fa fa Beneficiation/flotation sands and coarse-grained materials py dsl Αδρόκοκκα υλικά εμπλουτισμού/επίπλευσης και άμμοι area frs Beneficiation/flotation residues and disseminated slags sl Απορρίμματα εμπλουτισμού/επίπλευσης (σαβούρα) και διάσπαρτες σκουριές py 6 Probable boundaries Stream Ρέμμα fa Πιθανά όρια EU programme LIFE : 93/GR/A14/GR/4576 "Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipallity of Lavrion" sbl Πρόγραμμα Ε.Ε. LIFE: 93/GR/A14/GR/4576 "Αποκατάσταση Εδάφους στο ∆ήμο Λαυρίου" sl Mapping: A. Demetriades and K. Vergou-Vichou Digital processing οf geographical information & presentation: E. Vassiliades sl sfa sw Χαρτογράφηση: Αλ. ∆ημητριάδης και Αικ. Βέργου-Βήχου Ψηφιακή επεξεργασία γεωγραφικών πληροφοριών & παρουσίαση: Ε. Βασιλειάδης py py sbl sl sl sl Kiprianos py To sl Κυπριανός sl an sbl sla Ag d Fr sl hio om sla s C py ons sbl tanti Phenikodassos dsl nos Φοινικόδασος sl sw sl Komobil sl Κομομπίλ py py sl Nichtochori fr Santorineika Νυχτοχώρι frs Σαντοριναίϊκα Prassini Alepou Πράσινη Αλεπού fr dsl Ayia Paraskevi sl Αγία Παρασκευή dsl dsl dsl dsl sl 5 dsl sbl Ayios Andreas fr Αγιος Ανδρέας sl sw sl Lavrion harbour Pilot test Λιμήν Λαυρίου area Noria Νόρια Neapoli sl sbl Νεάπολη sl 4 Koukos sl Κούκος 82.27 Fougara Φουγάρα dsl dsl n sl Panormos o i Town plan: From 1:5000 map sheets 6478/5 & 6478/7 of the Hellenic Πάνορμος Army Geographical Service & mapping by A. Demetriades and n K. Vergou-Vichou sbl Οικιστικό σχέδιο: Από 1:5000 Φ.Χ. 6478/5 & 6478/7 της Γεωγραφικής u Υπηρεσίας Στρατού και τη συμπληρωματική χαρτογράφηση από Αλ. ∆ημητριάδη και Αικ. Βέργου-Βήχου o Vilanoira dsl Βιλανόϊρα S Perdika o Πέρδικα T 29.79 0m 100m 200m Publication date: June 1997 dsl Ημερ. έκδοσης : Ιούνιος 1997 Map 3. Metallurgical wastes map, Lavrion urban area (Demetriades, 1999d, Map 2.3, p.2.3). 172 173 Organizing Committee Dr. Stavros Kalaitzidis, Assist. Professor, University of Patras Prof. Dr. Polla Azad Khanaqa, Head of KISSR Dr. Alexandros Liakopoulos, IGME Dr. Rozhen Kamal Mohammed-Amin, Research Center Coordinator of SPU Secretary of the Organizing Committee Dr. Adamantia Chatziapostolou Location IGME Auditorium Spyrou Loui St. 1 3rd Entrance Olympic Village Acharnai, GR-136 77 Athens Greece 28 ISBN: 978-618-80280-2-9