CBD Strategy and Action Plan

National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

1.22. 1.22. 1 2 1 2 75 Cephalopodum badachschanicum Korov. 80 Zeravschania regeliana Korov. 76 Ferula eugenii R. Kam. 81 Valerianella anodon Lincz. 77 Ferula latiloba Korov. 82 Valerianella kulabensis Lipsky. Ex Lincz. 78 Mogoltavia sewertzowii Regel Korov. 83 Malacocarpus crithmifolius Retz. C. A. Mey. 79 Peucedanum hissaricum Korov. 84 Zygophyllum darvasicum Boriss.

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: 23 Map-Scheme of distribution 18 3 15 3 3 18 11 18 a endemic species of endangered plants 15 3 ry da yr species 17 18 18 15 S relict species of pre-neogenic floras Khujand16 17 15 16 15 cities 3 17 Kayrakkum reservoir 17 26 lakes and water 17 26 17 26 reservoirs 15 6 11 6 rivers UZBEKISTAN 11 27 24 11

6 KYRGYZSTAN 27 6 27 27 15 Zerav 14 15 15 shan 17 26 24 14 24 24 24 27 7 4 ob 7 8 Surkh 11 1 CH 1 12 27 Karakul Lake INA 27 9 8 9 28 8 12 1 8 27 19 23 13 gou 1 28 1 28 13 5 hin 23 1 11 8 5 23 19 bik 23 23 25 19 O 13 12 23 28 23 9 12 8 11 6 23 22 Dushanbe 9 27 11 19 7 22 23 28 ir 8 6 5 5 5 26 23 o 7 22 1 6 v 22 r 6 22 13 1 6 e 22 P ch 19 z 13 6 a 22 26 an 6 22 re 25 8 23 22 nj V 13 12 k 28 22 re 26 28 lem 13 8 Nu zgu Murga 10 12 25 u 25 7 28 Ya b 28 19 8 s 6 12 h 23 1011 9 13 19 6 k 21 1 8 6 6 a Y 22 1 12 19 28 u 25 9 7 ng Sarez Lake 8 8 s a 12 l t i r 13 9 23 7 a 9 20 iz 26 6 22 6 B 1 19 K Kulyab13 6 20 11 20 26 6 6 11 11 1 13 n a Kurgan-Tube g 6 28 i 9 21 2012 n r 19 Gunt i 9 Yashilkul Lake f 2 19 4 h 1 20 22 a 2 s 20 26 22 K h 21 Khorog k 11 21 a 20 26 Zorkul Lake V 4 21 20 2 2 1 ra 2 4 P 6 a an 1 d 2 j 6 1 kh 28 Sha 2 A AFGHANISTAN m 28 u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.23. 0 50 100 150 Km

Fig. 1.23. Legend to Map-scheme of Distribution of Endangered Plants Species

No. Latin Names 1.23. 1 2 1 2 1 Ostrowskia magnifica Regel.) 15 Tulipa korolkovii Regel 2 Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge 16 Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl. 3 Artemisia cina Berg ex Pojark. var. Mogoltavica 17 Tulipa micheliana Hoog 4 Carex bucharica Kük. 18 Tulipa mogoltavica M. Pop.et Vved. 5 Diospyros lotus L. 19 Tulipa praestans Hoog 6 Crocus korolkovii Regel et Maw 20 Vassilczenkoa sogdiana Lincz. Lincz. 7 Iris darvasica Regel 21 Ficus afghanistanica Warb. 8 Iris hoogiana Dykes 22 Ficus carica L. 9 Juno nicolai Vved. 23 Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. 10 Salvia insignis Kudr. 24 Aconitum talassicum M. Pop. 11 Allium suworowii Regel 25 Amygdalus vavilovii M. Pop. 12 Eremurus aitchisonii Baker 26 Bunium persicum Boriss. B. Fed. 13 Petilium eduardii Regel Vved. 27 Ferula sumbul Kauffm. Hook. F. 14 Tulipa fosteriana Irv. 28 Vitex agnus-castus L.

80 Main Trends of Biological Diversity Transformation

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Scheme of distribution

a of probably disappeared ry da yr plants species S distribution areas Khujand cities lakes and water Kayrakkum reservoir reservoirs rivers UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

Zeravshan

ob Surkh CH Karakul Lake INA

gou hin bik O Dushanbe ir o v r e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab

n a Kurgan-Tube g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h

a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V

ra P a an d j kh Sha

A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P

Fig. 1.24. 0 50 100 150 Km

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: 1 - Mielichhoferia himalayana Mitt. 10 - Polyporus rhizophilus Pat. Map-Scheme of distribution 12 2 - Fissidens kartaviensis Sams. 11 - Pleurotus Komarnizkyi Vassilk. a of threatened lower plants ry da yr 3 - Indusiella tianschanica Broth. et C. Muell. 12 - Ophioglassum bucharicum O. Et B. Fedtsch. species S 4 - Usmania capylopoda Lazar. 13 - Battarea phalloides Pers. 9 Khujand 5 - Desmatodon altipes Broth. 14 - Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G.Gmel.) Prant Kayrakkum reservoir 6 - Tortula ferganensis Lazar. 15 - Asplenium pseudofontanum C.Koss. 7 - Barbula johasenii Williams 16 - Dryopteris komorarovii C. Koss. UZBEKISTAN 8 - Weisia papillosissima Lazar. 17 - Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) A. Gray 5 9 - Morchella stepicola Zer. 18 - Gimnocarpium fedschenkoanum Pojark. KYRGYZSTAN distribution areas 6 16 cities Zeravshan 5 14 7 7 lakes and water reservoirs rivers 18 18 17 16 rkhob 18 Su 2 CHINA 9 1 Karakul Lake 16 2 gou hin 9 15 bik 10 O Dushanbe 5 ir o 2 v r e P ch z a an re nj V 10 k re lem Nu zgu Murga u a b 5 s Y h 2 k 8 a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l 13 ta 6 10 i r a 3 iz B K Kulyab 8 8

n 8 a Kurgan-Tube g i 6 5 n r Gunt Yashilkul Lake i 6 15 2 f 8 8 h 6 a s 5 K h Khorog 5 k 8 a Zorkul Lake V 15 8 8

ra P a an d 9 4 j 8 kh Sha 3 11 4 A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.25. 0 50 100 150 Km

81 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Republic of Tajikistan 9 The Legend: 8 Map-Scheme of distribution 25 9 10 a 25 of threatened inverterbrate 7 ry da rare species yr species S 8 58 threatened species Khujand 58 16 16 58 cities Kayrakkum reservoir lakes and water reservoirs UZBEKISTAN rivers

46 KYRGYZSTAN 21 9 Zeravshan 21

51 49 28 48 51 24 22 ob 24 24 Surkh 11 22 C 54 53 11 Karakul Lake HINA 43 11 15 11 43 46 11 6 46 44 15 50 26 ou 7 27 ing 11 50 kh 12 44 1 43 6 30 55 bi 19 49 36 28 O 49 9 53 Dushanbe 18 56 8 8 6 ir 36 30 o 6 28 v 36 r 11 4 e 12 P ch 46 z 27 a n 8 e n Va 7 45 2 r j 47 ek em 7 Nur 12 gul Murg u az ab 9 7 s 56 Y h 30 k a 17 Y u 55 ng Sarez Lake s l ta i 11 r a iz 12 17 27 B K Kulyab 11 49 7 1 42 Kurgan-Tube 2 n a 42 g 35 i 23 31 n r 45 Gunt Yashilkul Lake i 34 f 5 h a 33 s 47 K h Khorog k 38 5 Va 1 12 Zorkul Lake 29 33 13 37 15 38 32 20 57 8 14 52 40 5 ra P 20 a 52 a 31 d 2 13 40 n h 13 j hak 8 1 S 1 34 32 A AFGHANISTAN m 5 u d 32 6,7,16,35,4 49 ar ya 1 10,15,31 nj a P

Fig. 1.26. 0 50 100 150 Km

67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82 73, 74, 83, 84 84 The Legend: Republic of Tajikistan 7367 61 78 86 307668 60 3492 61 51 85 Map-Scheme of distribution 2 Pisces 51 7475 53 ya 3 of threatened vertebrate 9 61 85 ar 4 Reptilia 76 86 rd 86 y 7 30 12 45S species 34 78 43 Aves 76 33 85 681216, , , , 69 91 Khujand 75 67 71 46 68 100 4 74 26 Mammalia 78 Kayrakkum reservoir 68 3 269 73, 74, 75 86 83 68 disappeared species 83 85 61 78 33 72, 73, 74, 76 69 cities 63 16 57 UZBEKISTAN 34 lakes and water 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 84, 102 62 reservoirs 63 37 rivers 78 43 61 84 30 41 34 75 61 84 41 79 51 51 62 51 KYRGYZSTAN 93 67 6133 62 51 27 93 34 91 61 59 6139 27 34 61 37 84 51 61 99 51 27 67 84 Ze 96 6299 99 60 34 33 ravshan 60 48 34 48 38 89 60 60 51 48 60 48 99 74 61 61 51 88 54 74 88 34 99 75 68 67 99 88 33 69 63 36 30 51 20 99 34 88 73 59 61 61 48 51 99 88 99 3436 51 96 34 89 96 93 48 103 59 62 62 66 56 48 99 30 57 36 34 88 rkhob 59 80 36 99 17 Su 99 30 61 61 61 61 57 39 47 3450 28 29 CHINA 26, 33, 44, 56, 5657 61 Karakul Lake 40 59 58 93 59 88 96 61 57, 61, 83 60 64 59 51 35 48 61 6158 63 19 56 30 ou 47 60 20 84 5933 ing 88 99 61 84 18 102 34 ikh 89 72 63 57 b 24 34 99 61 O 34 42 99 84 24 17 61 99 47 103 77 61 60 51 59 64 42 103 29 Dushanbe 51 80 89 56 30 96 54 34 90 30 103 33, 35, 37 , 57, 58 , 72 ir 57 88 68 o 56 61 57 34 42 v 88 60 47 59, 60, 89 39 r 99 59 47 103 33 e 39 80 P 56 ch 34 99 z 34 a 33 an 54 56 69 40 re 34 84 nj 61 V 30 56 30 42 38 40 34 k 60 61 102 39 61 37 94 e em Nur 93 gul 60 103 Murg u 101 az ab 103 s 51, 67 , 68, 72, 73 Y 30 103 67 18 h 61 k 57 72 34 67, 73, 76, 78, 79, 77 a 56 34 103 29 30 Y 89 99 47 67 24 57 u 34 ng Sarez Lake 103 80 s 55 l ta i r 31 20 65 37 a 34 iz 40 96 61 B 55 71 34 K Kulyab 33 103 56 95 103 71 80 33 103 103 2999 102 30 40 76 68 31 4480 61 34 30 88 42 47 103 40 56 29 n 102 100 53 31 101 103 a Kurgan-Tube 56 93 99 88 42 g 84 57 90 i 57 67 69 21 89 66 96 n 77 34 54 52 r 76 Gunt Yashilkul Lake 47 i 35 61 f 56 72 101 39 33 59 38 30 a 68 65 104 56 33 103 54 30 103 99 88 K 31 80 61 Khorog 3460 99 31 h 40 42 103 s 93 55 39 h 76 60 30 Zorkul Lake 33 k 3 99 34 47 39 56 a 6 33 67, 72, 75, 79 33 5V 68 49 21 1 59 56 28 29 86 100 43376 43 60 103 3 95 77 194 93 89 103 84 40 59 a 1 37 100 53 23 60 102 r 90 40 46 77 P 61 48 a 85 79 43 104 an 33 34 d 100 75 j 43 66 kh 7953 22 5 31 39 Sha 30 60 102 10 102 56 A 1 65 12 11 60 61 m 3 87 AFGHANISTAN u 415 43 14 d 104 61 a 49 23, 24, 25, 46, 53, 59 32 66 ry 61 a 81 65, 68, 71, 78, 80, 48 30 nj 81, 84, 86, 94, 95, 60 a ,104 P 61 Рис. 1.27. 0 50 100 150 Km

82 Main Trends of Biological Diversity Transformation

Fig. 1.24. Legend to Map-scheme of Distribution of Probably Disappeared Plants Species No. Latin Names 1.24. 1 2 1 2 1 Silene caudata Ovcz. 11 Allium incrustatum Vved. 2 Andrachne pusilla Pojark. 12 Allium minutum Vved. 3 Juno popovii Vved. 13 Allium paulii Vved. 4 Juno tadshikorum Vved. 14 Allium schugnanicum Vved. 15 Bellevalia inconspicua Vved. 5 Astragalus darvasicus N. Basil. 16 Eremurus candidus Vved. 6 Hedysarum korshinskyanum B. Fedtsch. 17 Eremurus micranthus Vved. 7 Oxytropis hedinii Ulbrich 18 Tulipa anisophylla Vved. 8 Oxytropis mumynabadensis B. Fedtsch. 19 Delphinium nevski Zak. 9 Allium gracillimum Vved. 20 Populus cataracti Kom. 10 Allium hexaceras Vved. 21 Viola hissarica Juz.

Fig. 1.26. Legend to Map-scheme of Threatened Invertebrates No. Latin Names 1.26. 1 2 1 2 28 Dolbinopsis grisea Hamps. Mantoptera 29 Amorpha philerema Djak. 1 Hierodula tenuidentata Saussure 30 Асоsmегух naga hissarica Stshetkin 2 Rivetina crassa Mistshenko 31 Celerio chamyla apocyni Stshetkin 3 Rivetina beybienkoi Lindt 32 Paragluphisia oxiana Djak. 4 Rivetina monticola Mistshenko 33 Taragama fainae Gеrаs. 5 Amblythespis mistshenkoi Lindt 34 Lemonia tancrei Punglr. 6 Mantis macrocephala Lindt 35 Nola silvicola Stshetkin 7 Empusa pennicornis Pallas 36 Nola elaeagni Stshetkin Homoptera 37 Pseudohadena seposita Punglr. 8 Porphyrophora cynodontis Arch. 38 Catocala optima Stgr. 9 Porphyrophora odorata Arch. 39 Catocala timur А.В.-Н. 10 Porphyrophora sophorae Arch. 40 Lygephila lubrosa Stgr. Hеteroptera 41 Eupithecia djakonovi Stshetkin 11 Dalpada pavlovskii Kir. 42 Eupithecia dominaria Stshetkin 12 Mustha baranovi Kir. Hymenoptera 13 Cellobius abdominalis Jak. 43 Prosopigastra gigantea Guss. 14 Calisius turanicus Kir. 44 Tachysphex radiatus Guss. 15 Stenolemus bogdanovi Osh. 45 Barylypa ammabilis Tas. 16 Reduvius fedtschenkianus Osh. 46 Ichneumon sarcitorius L. Coleoptera 47 Diadegma velox Holmg. 17 Carabus tadzhikistanus Kryzh. 48 Phobocampe bicingulata Grov. 18 Carabus sphinx Reitt. 49 Netelia juscicornis Holmg. 19 Carabus hissarianus Sem. 50 Ichneumon albiger Wesm. 20 Carabus klapperichianus Mandl Mollusca 21 Carabus arcanus Sem. 51 Pupilla anzobica Izzat. Lepidoptera 52 Pupoides coenopictus Hutton 22 Papilio alexanor Esp. 53 Planogyra sororcula Benoit 23 Anthocharis tomyris Chr. 54 Leucozonella caria Schileyko 24 Colias sieversi Gr.-Gr. 55 Pseudamnicola likharevi Izzat. 25 Melitaea acreina Stgr. 56 Pseudamnicola pavlovskii Izzat. 26 Polyommatus Lysandra avinovi Ju. Ju. Stshetkin 57 Melanoides shahdaraensis Starob. et Izzat. 27 Polyommatus Eumedonia kogistana Gr.-Gr. 58 Anodonta bactriana Rolle.

83 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Fig. 1.27. Legend to Map-scheme of Distribution of Vertebrates Listed in the Red Data Book of Tajikistan No. Latin Names 1.27. 1 2 1 2 Pisces 40 Ammoperdix griseogularis Brandt 1 Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmannii Bogdanow 41 Perdix daurica turcomana Stolzm. 2 Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Kessler 42 Tetraogallus tibetanus Gould. 3 Aspiolucius esocinus Kessler 43 Phasianus colchicus L. 4 Barbus brachycephalus Kessler 44 Otis tarda tarda L. Reptilia 45 Otis undulata macqueeni Gray 5 Crossobamon eversmanni Weigmann 46 Burhinus oedicnemus astutus Hartert 6 Teratoscincus scincus rustamowi Szczerbak. 47 Charadrius mongolus pamirensis Richmond 7 Gymnodactylus caspius Eichwald 48 Ibidorhyncha struthersi Vigors 8 Alsophylax loricatus loricatus Strauch 49 Glareola pratincola L. Phrynocephalus helioscopus said-alievi Szczer- 9 50 Larus brunnicephalus Jerd. bak et Satt. 51 Columba palumbus casiotis Bp. 10 Phrynocephalus sogdianus Cern. 52 11 Phrynocephalus mystaceus Pallas Columba leuconota Vig. 12 Varanus griseus Daudin 53 Pterocles orientalis arenarius Pallas Eremias scripta pherganensis Szczerbak et 54 Syrrhaptes tibetana Gould. 13 Washenko 55 Apus affinis galilejensis Antorini 14 Eremias scripta Str. 56 Garrulax lineatus bilkevitchi Zarud. 15 Eremias grammica Licht. 57 Terpsiphone paradisi leucogaster Swain. 16 Ablepharus deserti Strauch 58 Muscicapa ruficauda Swainson 17 Ablepharus alaicus Elpat. 59 Microcichla scouleri scouleri Vigors 18 Eumeces schneideri Daudin 60 Chaimarrornis leucocephala Vigors 19 Typhlops vermicularis Merrem 61 Myophonus coeruleus turkestanicus Zarudny 20 Eryx tataricus Lichtenstein 62 Leptopoecile sophiae sophiae Severtzov 21 Lycodon striatus bicolor Nicolsky Mammalia 22 Boiga trigonatum melanocephala Annan. 63 Paraechinus hypomelas hypomelas Brandt 23 Naja oxiana Eichward 64 Sorex buchariensis Ognev 24 Vipera lebetina turanica Cernow 65 Suncus etruscus Savi 25 Echis carinatus Schneider 66 Crocidura pergrisea Miller Aves 67 Rhinolophus hipposideros Bechstein 26 Ciconia ciconia asiatica Severtzov 68 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber 27 Ciconia nigra L. 69 Rhinolophus bocharicus Kastch. et Ak. 28 Anser indicus Lath. 70 29 Gyps himalayensis Hume Nyctalus noctula Schreb. 30 Gypaetus barbatus hemachalanus Hutt 71 Myotis emarginatus Geoffroy 31 Circaetus ferox heptneri Dementijev 72 Myotis mystacinus Kuhl 32 Pandion haliaetus L. 73 Plecotus auritus L. 33 Neophron percnopterus L. 74 Barbastella darjelingensis Роbsоn 34 Aquila chrysaetus daphanea Menzbier 75 Vespertilio savii Bonaparte 35 Aquila pennata pennata Gmelin 76 Vespertilio serotinus Schreber 36 Accipiter nisus melaschistos Hume 77 Eptesicus ognevi Bobrinskoy 37 Falco cherrug coatsi Dementijev 78 Eptesicus serotinus turcomanus Eversmann 38 Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon 79 Otonycteris hemprichi Peters 39 Falco peregrinus babylonicus Sclat. 80 Tadarida teniotis teniotis Rafinesque 84 Main Trends of Biological Diversity Transformation

1.27. 1.27. 1 2 1 2 81 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus bactrianus Scully 93 Lutra lutra seistanica Birula 82 Marmota menzbieri Aschk. 94 Hyaena hyaena L. 83 Citellus fulvus oxianus Thomas 95 Felis chaus oxiana Heptner 84 Hystrix leucura satunini Muller 96 Felis lynx isabellina Blyth 85 Allactaga severtzovi Vinogradov 97 Panthera tigris virgata Illiger 86 Allactaga elater Lichtenstein 98 Panthera pardus ciscaucasica Satunin 87 Vulpes corsac turkmenica Ognev 99 Uncia uncia Schreber 88 Ursus arctos isabellinus Horsfield 100 Gazella subgutturosa Guldenstaedt Mustela nivalis pallida Barrett-Hamilton; М.n. 89 101 Capra falconeri heptneri Zalkin heptneri L. Turova Ovis vignei bochariensis Nasonov: 102 90 Mustela altaica sacana Thomas О.v. severtzovi Nasonov 91 Mustela Putorius eversmanni talassica Ognev. 103 Ovis ammon polii Blyth 92 Vormela peregusna koshevnikovi Satunin 104 Cervus elaphus bactrianus Lydekker

(Ovis ammon polii) – 40-80, Siberian ibex (Capra Many rare and endemic insects are ille- sibirica) – 100-150, Tajik markhur (Capra falcon- gally caught in great numbers for collections; their eri) – 5-7. Commercial purchase of steppe tor- populations are rapidly reducing, especially deco- toise (Testudo horsfieldi) considerably decreased rative species of butterflies, beetles and some its number. other groups of insects. Among the mammals and birds, the major Use of pesticides gets some pests accus- game species are: wild boar (Sus scrofa), tolai- tomed to these chemicals and causes a sharp hare (Lepus tolai), red marmot (Marmota cau- increase in their numbers (e.g. Tetranychus turke- data), nutria (Myocastor coypus), muskrat stani, Helicoverpa armigera, Scotia segetum), (Ondatra zibethica), pigeon (Columbia columbia), while some mammals, reptiles and birds, sub- and partridge (Alectoris kakelik) (table 1.24). jected to the harmful impact of pesticides, have Numbers of many animal species, particu- their reproduction abilities declined. larly snakes – Central Asian cobra (Naja oxiana), In recent years, the tendency of sharply Vipera lebetiana, Echis carinatus, blind snake increasing numbers of synanthropic rodents is (Typhlops vermicularis), some lizards, snow leop- becoming threatening. Nearly 70% of houses in ard (Uncia uncia), Tien Shan brown bear (Ursus cities and rural settlements are occupied by Turk- arctos), and other species keep reducing. estan rats which threaten people with infectious diseases. Table 1.24. Dynamics of Wild Animal Hunting The Strategy criteria for assessing the ten- (individuals) dencies of biodiversity transformation and vulner- ability are based on the ecosystem approach and Name 1990 2000 analysis of problem priorities. According to se- lected indicators and impact on ecosystems, all Wild boar (Sus scrofa) 390 30 Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) 250 20 Fox (Vulpes vulpes) 750 388 Marten (Martes foina) 416 200 Badger (Meles meles) 185 20 Tolai hare (Lepus tolai) 830 51 Partridge (Alectorius graeca) 2700 210 Pigeon (Columbia columbia) 7800 150 Red marmot (Marmota сaudata) 2200 500 Waterfowls 11070 1000 Ruderal-degraded ecosystem

85 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

problems are systematized with regard to the • destruction of wild animal migration routes; methods of biodiversity conservation (in-situ, wild plant range restriction; ex-situ) and activity level (global, regional, na- • poor level of the population environmental tional, etc.). The main assessment criterion was a education. degree of biodiversity loss and worsening of ecosystem situation. The tendency for the establishment of pro- Fig 1.28 tected areas and the improved propaganda in Number of rare bird species

mass media supported by international organiza- 3600 tions is considered positive. Having evaluated the situation in biodiver- 3000

sity conservation and the tendencies of its trans- 2400 formation, the following priorities have been de- termined: 1800 Birds • degradation of natural ecosystems; • specific biodiversity reduction and biocoenosis 1200 impoverishment; 600 • general environmental imbalance of landscapes; 0 1990-1991 1999-2000 • reduction of genetic resources of wild flora, Source: Tajik State statistic committee Ular Mountain goose cultivated plants, as well as wild relatives of domestic animals;

Fig 1.29. Population of Tien Shan brown bear in nature reserves Fig 1.30. Number of rare animals “Dashtidjum” “Ramit” Bukhara red deer Screw-horned goat (Markhur) 15 30 600 1500

25 500 12 1200

20 400 9 900 15 300 Animals 6 Animals 600 10 200

3 5 100 300

0 0 0 0 198619902000 1986 1990 2000 1974-19751990-19912000 1974-1975 1990-1991 2000 Source: Academy of science of RT Source: Red Data Book, Tajik State Forest Authority, Tajik State statistic committee

86 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

1.4. Biodiversity Conservation and Management

At present, nearly 70% of the population sources and species development. The attempt actively uses and cultivates biodiversity compo- to preserve the populations of wild rams – argali nents and their habitats that results in decline of (Ovis ammon polii) and urial (Ovis vignei bo- soil productivity, pasture and forest productivity, chariensis), Tajik markhur (Capra falconeri), and worsening of living conditions of the people. Bukhara Red deer (Cervus elaphus bactrianus) The reduction of biodiversity and destruc- is being taken in Tajikistan. The populations of tion of the main components of biological sys- other animals remained uncontrolled. tems leads to violation of ecological balance, At the population level, Ungernia tadshi- degradation and impoverishment of unique corum, walnut (Juglans regia), currants (Ribes) mountainous geosystems. To overcome the cri- are under protection. Rare, endemic species of sis is possible only if work on sustainable man- plants and animals have been inventoried and agement and conservation of the main biodiver- listed in the Red Data Book of Tajikistan. sity components are carried out at various levels A considerable number of plant and ani- of biodiversity existence. mal collections, seeds of wild relatives of culti- The biodiversity conservation at the vated plants are deposited at the academic insti- population-species and ecosystem levels is the tutes of the Republic and other CIS countries. most important issue of environmental sustain- The country still lacks a Program on bio- ability: diversity conservation. To improve the biodiver- • The population-species approach makes it sity conservation, it is required: possible to preserve species and its genetic • improve the structure of the protected areas resources, closely related to populations. management, • The ecosystem approach considers biologi- • attach investments for equipment, research cal diversity in association with living condi- and education, tions and accommodation to environment, • provide sufficient support for the existing bo- and promotes more sustainable conservation tanical gardens, zoos, nurseries and farms, of various communities of living organisms in • create new nurseries and farms for rare and different natural-geographic conditions. endangered plants and animals, as well as In view of these approaches, the Strategy for wild species (important for agrobiodiver- on Biodiversity Conservation considers species, sity) conservation, biocoenosis, ecosystems, many domestic spe- • to raise the public awareness on biodiversity cies, cultivated plants, agroecosystems, and ge- value, netically modified organisms in the light of par- • to involve NGOs and local communities in ticular botanico-geographical and zoogeographi- actions on biodiversity conservation. cal zones. The possibility of biodiversity conservation concludes in: • Providing conservation of rich and unique biodiversity in natural habitats (in-situ), protection and sustainable use of various species of agrobiodiversity by local people, conservation of collection materials, as well as development of active long-term measures. • Conserving biodiversity at the level of organisms, which carry the inherited information on properties and features (genes). The biodiversity conservation at the population level is of great importance for sus- High-mountain meadows tainable conservation of species genetic re-

87 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Biodiversity Conservation at the Geosystem Level

In the mountainous Tajikistan, all the biodiversity components, except for circumpolar, invasive, and weed species, are assigned to geosystems – botanico-geographic zones with typical natural conditions and vegetation belts. Here, about 90% of the regional flora and fauna specific diversity and 60% of ecosystems occur. Southern Tajikistan area still contains tugai forests, sand-desert, and wetland ecosys- Phragmites communis tems, xerophytic light forest, and low-grass semisavanna. The most vulnerable are pome- The Western Pamirs still contains mainly granates (Punica granatum), jujube forest meadow-steppe and small-leaf, light forest- (Ziziphus jujuba), fig (Ficus carica), persimmon juniper ecosystems, which are at the stage of (Diopyros), grapes (Vitis), and Sogd ash degradation. Small juniper light forests, birch (Fraxinus sogdiana). forests within the Vanch, Yazgulem, Rushan, The Hissar-Darvaz area is represented by and Shugnan ranges need protection, that could broad-leaf forests, mountain steppes, and savan- help to improve the habitats of rare endemics of noide. This is the most diverse in species area. mammals – snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali The Zeravshan area is dominated with (Ovis ammon polii). light forest-juniper and small-leaf forests. There The Eastern Pamirs need protection of are about 3 thousand species of higher plants in the wetlands at the Alichur Valley meadows and the Zeravshan River Valley. To conserve the swamps, as well as small woodlands along valuable communities of birch forests and frag- Weatern Pshart and Kudara river valleys. mentary Turkestan maple forests is most urgent The diversity of the country ecosystems in the juniper zone. The most valuable grass can be observed all over Central Asia and is communities, which need urgent protection, are valuable for the total region. That is why, all mountain flood-lands meadows with Pyrola and Central Asian states are interested in Tajikistan Orchis. biodiversity conservation. The most valuable communities of the Kuramin area are juniper forests and light forests. Biodiversity Conservation In the Turkestan area, solely juniper- at the Ecosystem Level forest ecosystems prevail, which are in com- paratively stable state. Here, it is urgent to con- The mountain landscape of Tajikistan, serve the valuable communities of Turkestan where the natural-climatic conditions are quite and hemispheric juniper forests. variable within small areas, ecosystems have specific flora and fauna composition. A long- term sustainable conservation of species, communities, and organisms is possible only within ecosystem. The recently occurred decline in the natural ecosystem productivity is slightly com- pensated by measures on ecosystem protection. Zapovedniks and zakazniks include 50% of the total area of tugai, 0.5% – juniper, 0.01% – small-leaf, 0.2% - high-mountain-meadow and steppe, and 60% - high-mountain-desert eco- High-mountain meadow-steppe ecosystem systems.

88 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

The almost inaccessible ecosystems of rocky mountains, glaciers, and, partly, high- mountain deserts are in relatively stable state. More than half of valuable ecosystems are under active human impact, 25% of them are de- grading.

Biodiversity Conservation at the Species Level

The specific diversity of flora and fauna Rare Juniper forests (Juniperus) has been studied irregularly. Best studied is the In the mountain landscapes, some spe- specific composition of high vascular plants and cies live within their own communities, others vertebrate animals. Among lower plants adapted to other communities as associated (including fungi) and invertebrates, the specific species, thus keeping the nature diversity in composition of some groups is well studied. relatively stable state. To preserve rare and en- A considerable part of species and sub- demic species, nurseries, serpentaries, etc. are species of plants and animals are assigned to established. Work on species breeding is carried endemics. This points to the confinement of Taji- out in botanical gardens and biological stations. kistan area to the center of world specific forma- Reserves and zakazniks make inventories of tion. High concentration of species per area unit species listed in the Red Data Book. is observed (table 1.25). Many species are used as food, raw ma- Numerous plant and animal species of terials for production of clothes, domestic appli- Tajikistan appeared outside their communities, ances, construction, medicines, etc. As a result, with reduced or fragmentary areas, due to the a drop in numbers is observed in many species, human impact and natural factors. The biodiver- some of them are rare or endangered. sity conservation at the ecosystem level is one However, at present a number of activi- of the main forms of specific diversity preserva- ties need support for the reason of economic tion. crisis in the country.

Table 1.25. Specific Biodiversity and Species Concentration Number of species % of the world Group In the world In Tajikistan total Total Per 1 th. km2 Total Per 1 th. km2 Lower plants (Tallobionta) 73883 0.145 5260 36.7 7.1 Higher plants (Embryobionta) 248428 1.666 4511 31.5 1.81 Viruses, bacteria, protozoans (Virus, 5760 0.011 800 5.6 13.9 Bacteriophyta, Protozoa) Worms (Vermes) 36200 0.071 1400 9.8 3.9 Mollusks (Mollusca) 50000 0.098 204 1.42 0.4 Arthropods (Arthropoda) ~2000000 13.407 10715 75.0 0.53 Fish (Pisces) 19056 0.041 52 0.36 0.3 Amphibians (Amphibia) 4184 0.023 2 0.013 0.05 Reptiles (Reptilia) 6300 0.047 47 0.33 0.75 Birds (Aves) 9040 0.062 346 2.42 3.83 Mammals (Mammalia) 4000 0.027 84 0.59 2.1

89 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

1.4.1. Biodiversity conservation in natural habitats (in-situ)

Ensuring the biodiversity conservation is possible only if the specific diversity is protected within in-situ, as most species have limited habitats. A decline of specific diversity is being observed in all natural zones. For the last 50 years the Turan tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) and Menzbier’s marmot (Marmota menzbieri) com- pletely disappeared from Tajikistan fauna. A considerable drop in numbers of 5 un- Tulipa turkestanica gulate species, which became rare: Tajik markhur (Capra falconeri), Bukhara Red deer brunnicephalus), Syrrhaptes tibetanus, Terpsi- (Cervus elaphus), Pamir wild sheep (argali) phone paradisi leucogaster, Miophonus (Ovis ammon polii), Persian gazelle (Gazella caeruleus, and bar-headed goose (Anser in- subgutturosa), Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis dicus). vignei bochariensis); and 6 species of predatory The habitats of rare plants species – Ere- mammals: snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Мustela murus candidus and Salvia gontscharovii – are altaica, jungle cat (Felis chaus oxiana), otter hidden under the waters of the Nurek Reservoir. (Lutra lutra), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Commercial collecting is one of the rea- leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica), is ob- sons for the drop in numbers of particular inver- served. Most critical of 37 species of rare birds tebrate species. are: saker falcon (Falco cherrug), peregrine fal- The Red Data Book of Tajikistan includes con (Falco peregrinus), bustard (Otis tarda), Ibi- 226 plant and 162 animal species, which are doruncha struthersi, brown-headed gull (Larus rare or endangered (table 1.26, 1.27).

Table 1.26. Dynamics of Rare and Dangerous Species of Plants (by categories) 1978 1988 1998 2002

Name Category Category Category Category

Total Total 0 1 2 3 Total 0 1 2 3 Total 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Fungi – – 1 – 1 – – 4 – 4 – – 4 – – – 4 – – 4 – – – 4 (Fungi) Bryophytes – 4 2 2 8 – 4 2 2 8 – 4 2 2 – – 8 – 4 2 2 – – 8 (Bryophyta) Filices (Pteridophy – – – – – 1 3 2 – 6 1 3 2 – – – 6 1 3 4 – – – 8 ta) Gymno- sperms – – 1 – 1 – 1 – – 1 – 1 – – – – 1 – 1 – 3 – – 4 (Gymnospe rmae) Angio- sperms (Angiosper – 14 43 12 69 19 73 87 28 207 22 92 102 38 19 – 273 25 111 118 48 26 11 339 mae), including.: Trees – 1 2 3 6 1 2 1 4 8 1 2 3 4 2 – 12 1 – 4 4 2 3 14 Shrubs – – 7 3 10 – 8 9 1 18 – 10 17 – 1 – 28 – 5 18 11 1 3 38 Grass, sub- shrubs, – 13 34 6 53 18 63 77 23 181 21 80 82 34 16 – 233 24 106 96 33 23 5 287 dwarf sub- shrubs Total: – 18 47 14 79 20 81 95 30 226 23 100 110 40 19 – 292 26 119 128 53 26 11 363 90 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

Table 1.27. Plants and Animals, Listed in the Red Data Book of Tajikistan (by IUCN categories)

Category Name Total 0 1 2 3 4 5 PLANTS Fungi (Fungi) – – 4 – – – 4 Bryophytes (Bryophyta) – 4 2 2 – – 8 Filices (Pteridophita) 1 3 2 – 1 – 7 Gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) – 1 – – – – 1 Angiosperms (Angiospermae) 16 68 75 25 7 15 206 Total of plants: 17 76 83 27 8 15 226 VERTEBRATES Fish (Pisces) 1 – 2 1 – – 4 Reptiles (Reptilia) – 5 12 4 – – 21 Birds (Aves) – 9 10 11 7 – 37 Mammals (Mammalia) 2 12 21 2 5 – 42 Total of vertebrates: 3 26 45 18 12 – 104 INVERTEBRATES Mantis (Mantoptera) – 6 1 – – – 7 Proboscidea (Homoptera) – – 3 – – – 3 Bugs (Hеtеrоptеrа) – 2 4 – – – 6 Coleopterous or beetles (Coleoptera) 1 – 4 – – – 5 Lepidopterous (Lepidoptera) – 8 9 – 4 – 21 Hymenopterous (Hymenoptera) – – 4 4 – – 8 Mollusks (Mollusca) – 2 5 1 – – 8 Total of invertebrates: 1 18 30 5 4 – 58 Total of animals: 4 44 103 7 16 – 162 Note: 0 – extinct; 1 – endangered; 2 – rare; 3 – declining, 4 – undetermined; 5 – restored.

The Red Data Book of the IUCN includes 10 species of animals. One of the primary tasks in conserving rare and endangered animal species in-situ is a regular inventory aimed at estimating species populations. Unfortunately, for the recent dec- ade, there have been no valid data on the numbers of plants and animals, including those listed in the Red Data Book, which makes the assessment of the present state of populations difficult. The risk of taxa, various plant and animal systematic groups disappearance is also relatively estimated. In view of the species category systems, renewed by IUCN, there is a need in reediting of the Tajik Red Data Book. Renewed systematization and risk assessment of rare and endangered species will make it possible to identify ecosystems by their vulner- ability. Sternbergia lutea

91 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Animals the Red Data Book Fig 1.31. Protected areas resources of the IUCN include from total area in Central Asia Reptiles: countries (by countries) Gray monitor lizard (Varanus griseus) % Central Asian cobra (Naja oxiana) 4,5 Aves: 4 4,2 4,2 3,5 Red Naped Shahin 3,6 3 (Falco peregrinus babylonicus) 2,5 2,7 Mammals: 2 2,1 Menzbier’s marmot (Marmota menzbieri) 1,5 Central Asian otter (Lutra lutra) 1 Turan tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) 0,5 Leopard (Panthera pardus) 0 Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa)

Tajik markhur (Capra falconeri) Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis vignei Kazakhstan bochariensis) Turkmenistan

Due to the measures taken, the unique To improve the rare and endangered species conservation, the Tajik Government ap- wetland forests of the dry subtropics zone is pre- proved the legislation regulating flora and fauna served in Tigrovaya Balka Reserve. The most favorable area of 21 th. ha of tugai is the left (game animals, medicinal plants, etc.) management. bank of the Vakhsh River. Tugai forests contain rare animal species: pheasant (Phasianus col- Protected area resources, including chicus), jungle cat (Felis chaus oxiana), Bukhara some nature-landscape zones and ecosystems, Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and hyena (Hyaena has been created in Tajikistan (table 1.28). hyaena). 13 state zakazniks, 4 reserves and 1 mi- Dashti-Jum Reserve preserves the last cro-zakaznik are registered in Tajikistan by Central Asian valuable and viable populations of 01.01.2001. According to the data available by , Tajik markhur (Capra falconeri heptneri). Its the total area of zakazniks is 487 th. ha, or 3,4% habitats – medium-mountainous xerophytic light of the country area (fig. 1.31, 1.32). forests – are also protected. The total area of Tajik state reserves The resources of fish in high- (according to the data available by 01.01.2002) mountainous lakes are of great commercial im- is 173,4 ths hectares. Over 35% of animals’ spe- portance. The protected areas of Zorkul Lake cies diversity is protected in reserve areas. They islands still contain bar-headed goose (Ancer contain valuable breeding materials for growing inducus), totaling in 600 birds. The argali (Ovis stable varieties of forage, food, and medicinal ammon) is also preserved here. plants. Table 1.28. Protected Area Resources (01.01.02) No. Protected area category IUCN category Number Area / ths ha 1. Reserves I 4 173.418 2. National parks II 2 2603.6 3. Nature monuments III 26 – 4. Zakazniks IV 14 313.390 5. Tourism and recreation zone – 3 15.3 6. Botanical gardens – 5 0.731 Botanical stations, temporary and permanent 7. – 13 10.0 points Total: 67 3116.439

92 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Sheme of protected 19 Reserves 1 - Tigrovaya Balka; 2 - Romit; 3 - Dashtidjum; 4 - Zorkul ya areas ar rd National parks Sy 5 - Tajik National Park; Khujand 6 - Shirkent historical-nature park Kayrakkum reservoir Species management areas 7 - Muzkol 12 - Komorou 17 - Nurek 8 - Iskanderkul 13 - Childukhtaron 18 - Almasy UZBEKISTAN 9 - Sayvotin 14 - Dashtidjum 19 - Oktash 10 - Zeravshan 15 - Karatau 11 - Kusavlisay 16 - Sangvor 10 11 KYRGYZSTAN cities Zeravsh 9 an lakes and water reservoirs 12 rivers 8 ob Surkh CHINA 16 Karakul Lake 6 gou hin 5 2 bik O 18 Dushanbe ir 17 o 7 rv e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek 13 em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab

n a Kurgan-Tube g i 14 n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s 3 4 K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V 1 15 ra P a an d j kh Sha

A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.32. 0 50 100 150 Km

In recent years, the Romit Reserve has The protected areas of Tajikistan include been developed as economic unit and does not 3 tourism and recreation zones, with the total have its conserving function any more. area of 15.3 th. hectares. To preserve the land- 13 state zakazniks provide conservation scapes, unique ecosystem elements and natural of valuable animal and plant species almost in monuments, the national and nature parks are all nature-landscape zones of Tajikistan (table established in Tajikistan. 1.30).

Table 1.29. Staff of reserves and zakazniks, with positions indicated Reserves Zakazniks

Position

Oktash Nurek Zeravshan Almasi Dashti-Jum Rasht Zorkul Kamarov Kusavlisai Dashti-Jum Karatov Muzkul Sangvor Tigrovaya Balka Tigrovaya Iskanderkul Childukhatron Saivotnin Director 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Chief Forester 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Forest-Guard 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 1 1 1 1 1 – – 1 – 1 Engineer Research 2 2 2 2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – worker Senior ranger 2 2 2 4 1 1 – 1 1 1 1 1 1 – 1 – 1 Ranger 29 18 13 17 1 – – – 2 – – – – – – – 1 Fireman-Guard 3 2 2 0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – Total: 39 27 22 26 5 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 3 2 4 2 5

93 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Table 1.30. Types of protected areas and valuable animal and plant species conservation

No. Name Type Species requiring protection Reserves Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Persian gazelle Tigrovaya 1. Tugai (Gazella subgutturosa), Bukhara Red deer (Cervus elaphus), gray monitor Balka lizard (Varanus griseus) and waterfowls Golden eagle (Aguila chrysaetus laphanea), brown bear (Ursus arctos), 2. Romit Complex snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) Brown bear (Ursus arctos), Bukhara wild sheep (urial) (Ovis vignei bo- Complex, 3. Dashti-Jum chariensis), Tajik markhur (Capra falconeri), partridge (Alectorius kakelik), Mountain-forest snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus), Pamir wild ram (argali) (Ovis ammon 4. Zorkul Zoological polii), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), red wolf (Canis lupus) Zakazniks Landscape, Snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Bukhara wild sheep (urial) (Ovis vignei bo- 1. Iskanderkul mountain-forest chariensis), birch (Betula) 2. Saivotin Mountain-forest Juniper forest (Juniperus) Brown bear (Ursus arctos), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), trout (Salmo trutta 3. Kamarov Mountain-forest morfa fario) Juniper forest (Juniperus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Bukhara wild ram Landscape, 4. Childukhtaron (urial) (Ovis vignei bochariensis), partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis), wild mountain-forest boar (Sus scrofa) Juniper forest (Juniperus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Bukhara wild ram Landscape, 5. Dashti-Jum (urial) (Ovis vignei bochariensis), partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis), wild mountain-forest boar (Sus scrofa) Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis vignei bochariensis), partridge (Alectoris 6. Karatav Zoological graeca), Bukhara Red deer (Cervus elaphus) High- Pamir wild ram (argali) (Ovis ammon polii), Tibetian snow partridge 7. Sangvor mountainous (Tetraogallus tibetanus tibetanus) Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus), Pamir wild ram (argali) (Ovis ammon 8. Muzkul Zoological polii), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), snow leopard (Uncia uncia) 9. Kusavlisai Mountain-forest Juniper forests (Juniperus) Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis vignei bochariensis), Vipera lebetina, pere- 10. Oktash Zoological grine falcon (Falco peregrinus), saker falcon (Falco cherrug) Сomplex, tugai Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Bukhara Red deer (Cervus elaphus bactri- 11. Zeravshan forest anus) 12. Almasi Botanical Ungernia victoris Complex, Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis vignei), brown bear (Ursus arctos), partridge 13. Nurek mountain-forest (Ammoperdix griseogularis), snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Parks Complex, land- High-mountain, meadow-steppe, desert ecosystems, tugai, Pamir wild ram 14. National scape, botani- (argali) (Ovis ammon polii), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), Snow leopard cal, zoological (Uncia uncia), red wolf (Canis lupus) Mountain-forest, Shirkent his- Bukhara wild ram (urial) (Ovis vignei bochariensis), Juniper forest 15. landscape bio- torical natural (Juniperus), Ungernia diversity

94 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

tions, and botanical gardens is not satisfactory. This may cause the national biodiversity loss. The plant collections include about 5 thousand varieties, hybrids, lines, and local forms. The germ plasma collections of domestic animals include over 50 th. doses from 10 breeds. The microorganism collections con- sist of many bacteria, fungi, and algae species, including about 500 taxa. The national herbarium includes about 350-400 th. plant specimens of existing flora, Desert ecosystem of Tigrovaya Balka Reserve zoological collections – 3.7 th. species, including The protected area resources include 280 species and 3.5 th. specimens of birds; and about 3.3 th. species and 18.8 th. specimens of many natural monuments – landscape, botanical, geological, hydrological. The country lacks insects. any cadastre and recording of biodiversity, as The network of botanical institutions well as legislation on its conservation that nega- of Tajikistan has been developed since 1930. tively impacts on protected areas in general. 5 botanical gardens, 2 stations, 4 temporary and 7 permanent points (fig. 1.33) carried out active Almost all protected areas have ecologi- biomorphological, ecological, physiological- cal imbalance; one of the reasons is the socio- biochemical, anatomical, phytocoenotic, floristic economic and political crisis of the recent dec- and other research until 1990. At present, these ade. The natural resources, primarily biodiver- works are restricted. Work on introducing sity, are used everywhere, any nature-use sys- woody, shrub, and grass plants of both local and tem is absent. alien flora is still being carried out to select valu- The protected areas, including reserves, able species, forms, and varieties. are currently inefficient, because of their function restriction. The anthropogenic impact on the biological diversity of Tajikistan is steadily increasing, and the degradation of many nature- landscape complexes is becoming irreversible on a large scale. A National ecological network of protected areas has to be created.

1.4.2. Biodiversity conservation outside natural habitats (ex-situ)

Conservation ex-situ is aimed at preserv- ing genetic resources, accumulated in plant, animal, and microorganism collections. The major collections are in botanical gardens, stations, museums, research institutions, and other or- ganizations . Tajikistan has many institutions working on plant and animal conservation. Usually, these are botanical and dendrological gardens, zoo, public parks, introduction nurseries of research institutes, etc. Due to the socio-economic insta- bility, the collection materials are not enriched; the state of the zoo, museum, herbarium, biosta- Tulips in Botanical Station

95 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Botanical gardens Base stations a ry 1- Central (Dushanbe) 6-Rokag da yr S 2- Pamir 7-Vanch 8-Chechekty Khujand 3-Khujand 4-Kulyab 9-Ishkashim 3 Kayrakkum reservoir 5-Tajik National State University Permanent stations Stations 12-Shakhristan UZBEKISTAN 10-Varzob mountain botanical 13-Anzob 11-Djelandy agro-ecological 14-Gandjina 15-Tigrovaya Balka 12 16-Kabadiyan KYRGYZSTAN 17-Garauty Zeravshan 18-Tashmechet cities lakes and water reservoirs rivers ob Surkh Karakul Lake 13 CHINA gou hin bik 10 O Dushanbe ir 1 o v 5 r 6 e P ch z a n e n Va 18 r j ek em Nur 7 gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y 8 u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab 14 4 n a Kurgan-Tube g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h

a s K h Khorog 11 k 17 a Zorkul Lake V 2 16 ra P a an d j kh 15 Sha

A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya 9 nj a P

Fig. 1.33 0 50 100 150 Km

More than 5 thousand species, forms, and varieties of plants from many floristic zones of the world, including about 2.3 thousand tree and shrub species, were put to introduction test at the Central Botanical Garden of the Tajik Academy of Science; 2.7 th. species of tropical and subtropical plants were tested at the hot- house complex. According to the data available by 01.01.2002, the tree and shrub collection of the Botanical Garden was 1.765 species, including 137 species of conifer breeds. The Pamir Botanical Garden The plant resources of the Pamirs Botani- cal Garden (Academy of Science of the Repub- lic of Tajikistan) are: over 4 th. species and in- traspecific taxa, including 1.1 th. woody, 1.8 th. grass, 400 fruit species, and over 80 species of indigenous flora. The Khudjand Botanical Garden preserves the area of nature tugai; over 40 plant species, listed in the Red Data Book of Tajiki- stan, have been tested here. In the Kulyab Botanical Garden, introducent and reproducent nurseries are established; areas of medicinal and decorative grasses of the local flora are created. There are over 300 species of decorative-flowering and Botanical Garden in Dushanbe medicinal grasses.

96 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

The Varzob Mountainous Botanical Sta- tion (Institute of Botany, Academy of Science) Main Genetic Collections of Tajikistan: preserves over 1.5 th. of high flowering plant • Fruit and berries (10.000 variety specimens of species (over 30% of the total flora specific com- apricot, apple, cherry-plum, almond, etc.). De- position of Tajikistan). Such number of plant posited in: Scientific and Production Enterprise species may ensure a sustainable conservation “Bogparvar”, Tajik Academy of Agricultural of natural flora communities at southern slope of Sciences. Gissar Range. Among them 32 species are • Cereals, leguminous, and industrial crops, po- listed in the Red Data Book of Tajikistan. tato – 1.5 ths variety specimens, deposited in the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, A number of temporary and permanent Tajik Academy of Science, 2.2 ths – in the Sci- stations work on selecting high-productive fruit entific and Production Enterprise “Ziroat”, Tajik varieties to be used in gardening. There are wal- Academy of Agricultural Sciences. nut, cereal, leguminous, and forage crops from • Germ plasma of pedigree animals – over 50 entire Central Asia, preserved in natural condi- ths doses of cattle breeding, deposited in the tions. The crops catalogue includes 94 speci- Tajik Research Institute of Cattle-Breeding, mens of soft and 33 specimens of club wheat, Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minis- with 35 new specimens. The high-mountainous try of Agriculture, Republic of Tajikistan. stations study the problems of plant’s life in the extreme conditions of local environment. The main genetic resources are deposited in a number of research institutes of the re- 1.4.3. Genetic Resources public (collections of wild and cultivated plant and Biological Safety varieties, the genetic pool of wild animals), part of these is preserved in nature reserves (table 1.31, fig. 1.34-1.37). The Republic of Tajikistan possesses great genetic resources of global importance. The genetic resources of cultivated plants The genetic varieties of biodiversity are pre- and domestic animals are conserved by relevant served in- situ and ex-situ. A considerable part branch research institutions of the Tajik Acad- of the wild plant and animal genetic resources emy of Science, the Tajik Academy of Agricul- occur within protected areas. tural Sciences, and subordinate institutions of Table 1.31. Genetic Resources of Agricultural Crops Grown Bred Collection available Crop varieties hybrids varieties hybrids lines varieties hybrids lines Fruit, including: 120 – 42 – – 1143 – – Stone 52 – – – – 394 – – Seed-bearing 31 – – – – 224 – – Nuts 13 – 10 – – 177 – – Subtropical 12 – 21 – – 159 – – Citrus (hot-house 6 – – – – 47 – – crop) Others 6 – 2 – – 124 – – Berries 7 – – – – – – – Grapes 21 – 11 – – 350 – – Potato 6 – 1 – – 70 – – Vegetables 57 – 10 – – 70 4 – Melons 15 – 7 – – 51 – – Cereals 48 2 29 82 2 2045 238 110 Leguminous plants 32 – 20 302 4 921 – – Oil-bearing plants 28 2 23 – 81 8218 – –

97 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: 17 33 49 Map-Scheme of distribution 42 50 3 42 grain cultures 44 44 40 a of wild relatives to grain and 25 33 8 ry 14 da 10 46 yr 19 10 50 S leguminous cultures leguminous cultures 43 46 13 5 47 41 17 Khujand 47 3 1 2 14 8 cities 33 12 37 Kayrakkum reservoir lakes and water 12 47 50 8 reservoirs 29 47 49 53 29 41 42 14 rivers 16 UZBEKISTAN 3 8 43 47 6 10 30 13 40 19 7 16 23 53 26 29 42 51 KYRGYZSTAN 14 19 26 14 37 40 16 36 19 49 41 8 30 37 Zeravshan 11 36 8 17 5 3 47 48 23 26 29 19 42 8 3 7 48 34 46 19 42 29 37 31 24 49 53 5 50 49 50 23 16 41 31 16 40 43 11 40 49 49 19 10 46 23 49 19 19 37 rkhob 42 23 46 Su 23 23 40 42 27 1 CHINA 1546 50 46 Karakul Lake 5 17 50 23 40 23 19 31 49 19 29 3 28 40 31 ou 3 45 32 ing 16 42 10 10 40 49 kh 23 51 41 37 bi 27 49 37 49 41 23 19 O 14 16 45 23 49 51 17 7 Dushanbe 40 52 3 6 5 45 5 ir 49 18 10 41 o 49 v 18 23 42 21 47 13 r 42 h e 29 P 17 c 17 5 z 17 42 49 a an 40 51 re nj V 45 37 52 17 k re 51 19 lem 19 29 10 15 41 Nu zgu Murga 19 14 52 38 u 21 Ya b 24 46 s 13 50 47 h 24 k 16 39 37 4 47 a 27 43 49 5 14 Y 18 23 u 31 18 ng Sarez Lake s 6 l ta 8 47 50 i r 41 a 14 10 46 iz B 3 K Kulyab 29 50 42 21 35 45 27 8 43 53 17 27 14 49 23 8 19 40 n a Kurgan-Tube 37 42 g 3 21 28 18 i 50 16 n 1 46 r 13 23 Gunt i 40 Yashilkul Lake f 8 35 17 52 h 52 43 37 11 a s 3 53 27 35 19 K h 49 Khorog 53 8 k 41 35 4 15 a 5 Zorkul Lake V 53 10 43 16 5 14 17 8 46 10 22 47 3 16 38 4 ra 13 10 P a an d j kh Sha 52 49 46 A AFGHANISTAN 1 27 m u 29 10 23 50 da 2 835 3 rya nj 16 a P

Fig. 1.34. 0 50 100 150 Km

Fig. 1.34. Legend to Map-scheme of Distribution of Wild Relatives of Cereals and Leguminous Plants No. Latin Names Fig. 1.34. 1 2 1 2 Cereals Leguminous 1 Avena barbata pott 20 Pisum arvense L. 2 Avena pilosa M. B. 21 Cicer baldshuanicum (M. Pop.) Lincz 3 Avena latua L. 22 Cicer garanicum Boriss. 4 Avena clauda Dur. 23 Cicer songoricum Steph. 5 Avena trichophylla C. Koch. 24 Cicer jacquemontii jaub. et Spach. 6 Avena serpentrionalis Malz. 25 Cicer flexuosum lipsky. 7 Avena meridionalis Malz. 26 Cicer spinosum M. Pop. 27 Cicer acanthophyllum Boriss. 8 Secale silvestre Host. 28 Cicer Korshinskyi Lincz. 9 Secale segetale (Zhuk.) Roshev. 29 Cicer macracanthum M. Pop. 10 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 30 Cicer paucijugum Nevski 11 Hordeum bogdanii Wilensky. 31 Cicer microphyllum Royle. 12 Hordeum jubatum L. 32 Cicer multijugum Rassul. et Scharip. 13 Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch. 33 Cicer mogoltavicum A. Korol. 14 Hordeum leporinum Link. 34 Cicer lactum Rassul. et. Scharip. 15 Hordeum geniculatum All. 35 Cicer fedtschenkoi Lincz. 16 Hordeum brevisububatum Link. 36 Cicer chorossanicum M. Pop. 17 Hordeum bulbosum L. 37 Lens orientalis Schmalh. 18 Hordeum ischnatherum (Cosson.) Koernicke 38 Vicia hirsute (L.) S. F. Gray. 19 Hordeum turkestanicum Nevski 39 Vicia hibrida L.

98 Biodiversity Conservation and Management

1.34. 1.34. 1 2 1 2 40 Vicia hircanica Fisch. et. Mey. 47 Vicia subvillosa Boiss. 41 Vicia peregrina L. 48 Vicia semenovii B Fed. 42 Vicia kokanica Rgl. et Schmalh. 49 Vicia tenuifolia Roth. 43 Vicia michauxii Spreng. 50 Vicia angustifolia L. 44 Vicia vilosa Roth. 51 Vicia ervilia (L.) Wiled. 45 Vicia narbonensis L. 52 Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. 46 Vicia sativa L. 53 Vicia calcarata Desf.

Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Scheme of distribution

a of fruits, vegetables, and ry da yr distribution areas melon collection varieties 33 S cities Khujand 4 28 lakes and water Kayrakkum reservoir reservoirs rivers UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

Zeravshan

ob Surkh CH Karakul Lake INA

gou 22 hin bik 6 28 21 O Dushanbe 22 ir 29 o v 27 r e P ch 5 1 z a an 3 re nj V 23 k re lem 8 Nu zgu Murga 2 u a b s Y 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 h 7 k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab

n a Kurgan-Tube g i 16 n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f 12 h a s 11 K h Khorog k 10 25 a 24 Zorkul Lake V 9 13 32 31 ra P a an d j kh Sha

A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.35. 0 50 100 150 Km

Fig. 1.35. Legend to Map-scheme of Distribution of Fruit, Vegetable and Melon Collections Varieties No. Species Local varieties Introducent varieties Location 1 2 3 4 5

Pakhtaseb, Peshpazak, Aport Alexander, Borovinka Tashkent- Sharaf, Tiramokhi, skaya, Graphenshteinskoe krasnoe, Apple-tree (Malus Tiramokhi surkh, Malika, Golden Delicious, Jonathan Delicious, Faizabad test sta- 1 sieversii (Ldb.) Amiri, Tobiston, Zolotoe Graim, Pervenetc of Samar- tion of gardening M.Roem) Zardseb, Karsakseb, kand, Perinka of Lithuania, Parmen SPE “Bogparvar” Safedseb, Kulchaseb, zimny zolotoi, Renet Simirenko, white Dulak, Shakarseb rosemarine , Khosildor, Korei