Practice No. 7 Phytotoxins
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Index Vol. 12-15
353 INDEX VOL. 12-15 Die Stichworte des Sachregisters sind in der jeweiligen Sprache der einzelnen Beitrage aufgefiihrt. Les termes repris dans la Table des matieres sont donnes selon la langue dans laquelle l'ouvrage est ecrit. The references of the Subject Index are given in the language of the respective contribution. 14 AAG (Alpha-acid glycoprotein) 120 14 Adenosine 108 12 Abortion 151 12 Adenosine-phosphate 311 13 Abscisin 12, 46, 66 13 Adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate 148 14 Absorbierbarkeit 317 13 Adenosine triphosphate 358 14 Absorption 309, 350 15 S-Adenosylmethionine 261 13 Absorption of drugs 139 13 Adipaenin (Spasmolytin) 318 14 - 15 12 Adrenal atrophy 96 14 Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit 300, 306 14 - 163, 164 14 Absorptionsquote 324 13 Adrenal gland 362 14 ACAI (Anticorticocatabolic activity in 12 Adrenalin(e) 319 dex) 145 14 - 209, 210 12 Acalo 197 15 - 161 13 Aceclidine (3-Acetoxyquinuclidine) 307, 13 {i-Adrenergic blockers 119 308, 310, 311, 330, 332 13 Adrenergic-blocking activity 56 13 Acedapsone 193,195,197 14 O(-Adrenergic blocking drugs 36, 37, 43 13 Aceperone (Acetabutone) 121 14 {i-Adrenergic blocking drugs 38 12 Acepromazin (Plegizil) 200 14 Adrenergic drugs 90 15 Acetanilid 156 12 Adrenocorticosteroids 14, 30 15 Acetazolamide 219 12 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 13 Acetoacetyl-coenzyme A 258 16,30,155 12 Acetohexamide 16 14 - 149,153,163,165,167,171 15 1-Acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizin 15 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 216 (Slaframin) 168 14 Adrenosterone 153 13 4-Acetoxy-1-azabicyclo(3, 2, 2)-nonane 12 Adreson 252 -
Drugs Acting on Nervous System
v DrugsActing on NervousSystem Hyoscyamus Synonym: Hyoscyamus herb, henbane B.S: It consists of dried leaves & flowering tops of the plant Hyoscyamus niger, family Solanaceae. It should contain not less than 0.05% of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine. C.C: It contains alkaloids hyoscyamine, hyoscine ( scopolamine) & atropine. Uses: It is used to counteract gripping due to purgatives & also to relieve spasms of the urinary tract. It is also sedative & used to check salivary secretions. It is an antispasmodic & anti- asthamatic. Substitutes: Egyptian henbane. Datura Synonym: Datura herb B.S: It consists of dried leaves & flowering tops of the plant Datura metel variety fastuosa Safford, family Solanaceae. It should contain not less than 0.5% of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine. C.C: It contains alkaloids ,hyoscine ( scopolamine) . Only small quantities of hyoscyamine& atropine are present. Uses: The drug is parasympathetic depressant. It is used in the treatment of asthma & cough. It is also an antispa smodic & a CNS depressant. Chemical test (Vitali-Morin Reaction) 1.Tropane alkaloid is treated with fuming nitric acid, followed by evaporation to dryness & addition of methanolic KoH solution to an acetone solution of nitrated residue. Violet coloration takes place due to tropane derivative. 2.On addition of silver nitrate soln to soln of hyoscine hydrobromide, yellowish white ppt is formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid, but soluble in dilute ammonia. Belladonna herb Synonym: Belladonna leaf, Deadly night shade B.S: It consists of dried leaves or the leaves & other aerial parts of the plant Atropa belladonna or Atropa acuminata or mixture of both the species collected when the plant are in flowering stage, family Solanaceae. -
Determination of Aconitine in Body Fluids by Lc/Ms/Ms
[ A APPLICATIONPPLICATION NOTENOTE ] DETERMINATION OF ACONITINE IN BODY FLUIDS BY LC/MS/MS Justus Beike1, Lara Frommherz1, Michelle Wood2, Bernd Brinkmann1 and Helga Köhler1 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstrasse, Münster, Germany 2 Clinical Applications Group, Waters Corporation, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, UK. INTRODUCTION The method was fully validated for the determination of aconitine from whole blood samples and applied in two cases of fatal poisoning. Plants of the genus Aconitum L (family of Ranunculaceae) are known to be among the most toxic plants of the Northern Hemisphere and are widespread across Europe, Northern Asia and North America. Two plants from this genus are of particular importance: the blue-blooded Aconitum napellus L. (monkshood) which is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and the yellow-blooded Aconitum vulparia Reich. (wolfsbane) which is commonly used in Asian herbal medicine1 (Figure 1). Many of the traditional Asian medicine preparations utilise both the aconite tubers and their processed products for their pharmaceutical properties, which include anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardio- Figure 1: Aconitum napellus (monkshood) (A) and tonic effects2-4. These effects can be attributed to the presence of Aconitum vulparia (wolfsbane) (B). the alkaloids; the principal alkaloids are aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine. The use of the alkaloids as a homicidal agent has been known for METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION more than 2000 years. Although intoxications by aconitine are rare in the Western Hemisphere, in traditional Chinese medicine, the Sample preparation use of aconite-based preparations is common and poisoning has Biological samples were prepared for LC/MS/MS by means of a been frequently reported. -
Toxicology in Antiquity
TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY Other published books in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume I, May 2014, 978-0-12-800045-8 Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume II, September 2014, 978-0-12-801506-3 Wexler, Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, March 2017, 978-0-12-809554-6 Bobst, History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology, October 2017, 978-0-12-809532-4 Balls, et al., The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology, October 2018, 978-0-12-813697-3 TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY SECOND EDITION Edited by PHILIP WEXLER Retired, National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, Bethesda, MD, USA Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright r 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). -
Molecular Toxicology
EXS 99 Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology Volume 1: Molecular Toxicology Edited by Andreas Luch Birkhäuser Verlag Basel · Boston · Berlin Editor Andreas Luch Federal Institute for Risk Assessment Thielallee 88-92 14195 Berlin Germany Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938291 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN 978-3-7643-8335-0 Birkhäuser Verlag AG, Basel – Boston – Berlin This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, does not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. © 2009 Birkhäuser Verlag AG Basel – Boston – Berlin P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland Part of Springer Science+Business Media Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TFC ∞ Cover illustration: with friendly permission of Andreas Luch Cover design: Benjamin Blankenburg, Basel, Switzerland Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-7643-8335-0 e-ISBN 978-3-7643-8336-7 987654321 www. -
CHEM 263 Notes Sep 27, 2016
CHEM 263 Notes Sep 27, 2016 Aromatic Compounds Continued Aromaticity Equivalent resonance forms gives stability to a compound. Br Br Br resonance Br Br Br 1,2-dibromobenzene Aromatic compounds are especially stable. For benzene, the delocalization energy (stability) is 36 kcal/mol relative to that expected for cyclohexatriene. To be aromatic (have aromaticity): 1. The molecule is cyclic. 2. The molecule is fully conjugated. 3. The molecule is planar. 4. The molecule contains 4n+2 π electrons, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … Benzene fulfills all the above criteria. It is conjugated (has three pairs of alternating double and single bonds), it is cyclic and planar, and it has 6 π electrons (where n = 1). Cyclobutadiene This molecule is cyclic, apparently fully conjugated, and planar. How many π electrons does it have? Answer: 4 Is this molecule aromatic? Answer: No. It does not fit the 4n+2 rule. Cyclooctatetraene Is this molecule aromatic? Answer: No. It has 8 π electrons, so it does not fit with 4n+2 rule In addition, cyclooctatetraene does not adopt a planar conformation. It is actually tub- shaped. In planar cyclooctatetraene, there is some angle and torsional strain. The angle in regular flat octagon is 135°, far from the optimum sp2 value of 120°, hence the tub shape. cis-trans isomerization does not occur in this molecule, and the trans isomer shown below does not exist because there is too much strain (can’t have trans double bond in small rings). Cyclodecapentaene H H This molecule has 10 π electrons. It fits with 4n+2 rule (n = 2). -
Aconite Poisoning
Version 2.0 Aconitine Poisoning 24/05/2017 Overview C19-diterpenoid alkaloids incl aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine found in plants of Aconitum species, e.g. A. napellus (wolfsbane, monkshood). Content in roots and root tubers > flowers > leaves and stems. Used in trad Chinese Medicines (chuanwu, caowu & fuz) for analgesic, indigestion, agitation, anti-inflammatory & many other purposes). Should be processed (heating & hydrolysis) to reduce aconite content (by 65-90%) before use, but may not occur. Toxic mechanism Aconite alkaloids bind with high affinity to the open state of the voltage-sensitive sodium channels at site 2, blocking their inactivation. Thus continuing sodium influx and sustained depolarization, the sodium channels become refractory to excitation. In heart, Na + influx into the cytosol, increases intracellular Ca 2+ , via Na +-Ca 2+ exchange system -> positive inotropy and induces triggered activity/ectopics. Also has anticholinergic effects mediated by blocking the vagus. Neurotoxicity: Central autonomic control - activation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus -> hypotension and bradycardia. Peripherally – persistent voltage-sensitive sodium channel activation leads to a block with decreasing ACh quanta released. Toxicokinetics Rapid absorption from GI (onset of symptoms 10-120min). Also absorbed easily through skin. Metab: Hydrolysis with esterases and demethylation by CYP450 (esp CYP3A) enzymes to much less toxic compounds. Elim: Urine, bile & faeces. Cleared from blood <24hr, but may be detectable in urine for a week. Clinical features Neurological: sensory (paraesthesia and numbness of the face, perioral area, and the four limbs), motor (muscle weakness in the four limbs), or both. Cardiovascular: ↓BP, palpitations, chest pain, ↓HR, sinus tachycardia, ventricular ectopics, VT, TdP, VF, and junctional rhythm. -
Chemical Compound Outline (Part II)
Chemical Compound Outline (Part II) Ads by Google Lil Wayne Lyrics Search Lyrics Song Wayne Dalton Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia Lemnaceae Biology 101 Botany Search Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II. Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids Note: When the methyl group containing Jack's head is replaced by an isopropyl group, the model depicts a molecule of menthol. Back To Part I Find On This Page: Type Word Inside Box; Find Again: Scroll Up, Click In Box & Enter [Try Control-F or EDIT + FIND at top of page] **Note: This Search Box May Not Work With All Web Browsers** Go Back To Chemical VI. Phenolic Compounds Compounds Part I: VII. Glycosides Table Of Contents VIII. Alkaloids Search For Specific Compounds: Press CTRL-F Keys If you have difficulty printing out this page, try the PDF version: Click PDF Icon To Read Page In Acrobat Reader. See Text In Arial Font Like In A Book. View Page Off-Line: Right Click On PDF Icon To Save Target File To Your Computer. Click Here To Download Latest Acrobat Reader. Follow The Instructions For Your Computer. Types Of Phenolic Compounds: Make A Selection VI. Phenolic Compounds: Composed of one or more aromatic benzene rings with one or more hydroxyl groups (C-OH). This enormous class includes numerous plant compounds that are chemically distinct from terpenes. Although the essential oils are often classified as terpenes, many of these volatile chemicals are actually phenolic compounds, such as eucalyptol from (Eucalytus globulus), citronellal from (E. citriodora) and clove oil from Syzygium aromaticum. -
Poisonous Plants
Plants Poisonous Plants ACMT Board Review Course September 9, 2012 Thomas C. Arnold, M.D. 1 Special Acknowledgement • Thanks to Michelle Ruha and other previous presenters for their efforts on this topic. 2 Plants • Natural Products: 5% of tox boards – Includes food and marine poisonings, herbals, plants, fungi, toxic envenomations • ~ 5% of exposures reported to PCC each year, most in children < 6 years – Often a few deaths per year, but most reported exposures minor 3 1 Plants Plant Poisoning by Organ System • GI toxins • CNS toxins • Cardiovascular toxins • Multiorgan-system toxins • Hepatotoxins • Nephrotoxins • Endocrine toxins • Dermal and mucous membrane irritants 4 Lots of calls / Little threat • Euphorbia pulcherrima – Poinsettia • Ilex spp – Holly • Phoradendron spp – Mistletoe • Lantana spp • Spathiphyllum spp – Peace lily 5 • Ingestion of this plant may produce severe vomiting and diarrhea. Purple stains on fingers and a foamy quality to the diarrhea may provide a clue to the species of plant. Pokeweed AKA Phytolacca americana Toxin: phytolaccatoxin 6 2 Plants Phytolacca americana • Edible if parboiled • Root is the most toxic part, mature berries least toxic • Contains pokeweed mitogen – May see plasmacytosis • Supportive care 7 Wikivisual.com Solanum spp wiki • 1700 species; nightshade, potato • Poisoning usually from ingestion of immature fruit • Solanine glycoalkaloids – Usually produce GI irritant effects – Hallucinations and coma reported 8 Melia azedarach Toxin: meliatoxins Chinaberry9 3 Plants Chinaberry • Tree grows -
Modes of Action of Herbal Medicines and Plant Secondary Metabolites
Medicines 2015, 2, 251-286; doi:10.3390/medicines2030251 OPEN ACCESS medicines ISSN 2305-6320 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Review Modes of Action of Herbal Medicines and Plant Secondary Metabolites Michael Wink Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-6221-544-881; Fax: +49-6221-544-884 Academic Editor: Shufeng Zhou Received: 13 August 2015 / Accepted: 31 August 2015 / Published: 8 September 2015 Abstract: Plants produce a wide diversity of secondary metabolites (SM) which serve them as defense compounds against herbivores, and other plants and microbes, but also as signal compounds. In general, SM exhibit a wide array of biological and pharmacological properties. Because of this, some plants or products isolated from them have been and are still used to treat infections, health disorders or diseases. This review provides evidence that many SM have a broad spectrum of bioactivities. They often interact with the main targets in cells, such as proteins, biomembranes or nucleic acids. Whereas some SM appear to have been optimized on a few molecular targets, such as alkaloids on receptors of neurotransmitters, others (such as phenolics and terpenoids) are less specific and attack a multitude of proteins by building hydrogen, hydrophobic and ionic bonds, thus modulating their 3D structures and in consequence their bioactivities. The main modes of action are described for the major groups of common plant secondary metabolites. The multitarget activities of many SM can explain the medical application of complex extracts from medicinal plants for more health disorders which involve several targets. -
Phytochemical Composition and Enzyme Inhibition Studies of Buxus Papillosa CK Schneid
processes Communication Phytochemical Composition and Enzyme Inhibition Studies of Buxus papillosa C.K. Schneid Hammad Saleem 1,2,*, Thet Thet Htar 1, Rakesh Naidu 3 , Gokhan Zengin 4 , Marcello Locatelli 5 , Angela Tartaglia 4, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin 6 and Nafees Ahemad 1,7,8,* 1 School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore 54000, Pakistan 3 Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (A.T.) 5 Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; [email protected] 6 Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; syafi[email protected] 7 Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia 8 Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Research Platform, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (N.A.) Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 21 June 2020; Published: 29 June 2020 Abstract: The current research work is an endeavor to study the chemical profiling and enzyme-inhibition potential of different polarity solvent (n-hexane, dichloromethane—DCM and methanol—MeOH) extracts from the aerial and stem parts of Buxus papillosa C.K. -
Jan HDS Abstracts
AACT Herbal Dietary Supplement Section Abstracts January 2020 1. Presence of Piracetam in Cognitive Enhancement Dietary Supplements. Cohen PA, Zakharevich I, Gerona R. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Nov 25. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5507. [Epub ahead of print] DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5507 PMCID: PMC6902196 [Available on 2020-11-25] PMID: 31764936 2. Arrhythmogenic foods - A growing medical problem. Woosley RL. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Aug 24. pii: S1050-1738(19)30116-1. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.007. [Epub ahead of print] Arrhythmogenic ingredients in our diet such as mushrooms, licorice, toxic honey, liquid protein drinks, etc. have long been recognized as rare but important considerations in the differential diagnosis of arrhythmias. Anecdotal reports of torsades de pointes (TdP), arrhythmias and/or sudden death and small studies in normal subjects have suggested that simple ingredients such as grapefruit juice or ingredients in energy drinks marketed as dietary supplements could have direct arrhythmogenic actions, especially in patients with congenital long QT syndrome (cLQTS). Two recent studies that employed the industry- standard "thorough QT” trial design leave no doubt that grapefruit juice and some energy drinks can prolong the QTc interval and to exceed 500 msec. in some patients with cLQTS, a threshold known to signal imminent danger. These reports raise numerous clinically important questions such as which other patients may be at risk of arrhythmias. For example, patients with multiple clinical risk factors for TdP (hypokalemia, bradycardia, female sex, etc.) may be at risk from these and possibly other dietary ingredients ingested by millions of people each day.