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Technical Data Report Marine Physical Environment

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Technical Data Report Marine Physical Environment Technical Data Report Marine Physical Environment ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT ASL Environmental Sciences Sidney, British Columbia D. B. Fissel, M.Sc., Oceanographer K. Borg, M. Sc., Oceanographer D. D. Lemon, M. Sc., Oceanographer J. R Birch, M. Sc., Oceanographer 2010 Marine Physical Environment Technical Data Report Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................1-1 2 Methods.........................................................................................................2-1 2.1 Field Surveys ................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Instrumentation ................................................................................................ 2-1 2.3 Review of Existing Data Sources...................................................................... 2-2 3 Results of Baseline Investigations...................................................................3-1 3.1 Meteorology ..................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Wind Speed and Direction............................................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Air Temperature............................................................................................. 3-2 3.1.3 Precipitation................................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.4 Climate Variability and Trends....................................................................... 3-2 3.2 Ocean Currents................................................................................................ 3-3 3.3 Freshwater Discharges and Temperature-Salinity Distributions ....................... 3-4 3.3.1 Freshwater Budget of the CCAA ................................................................... 3-5 3.3.2 Temperature-Salinity Distributions ................................................................ 3-6 3.4 Water Levels and Waves.................................................................................. 3-8 3.5 Underwater Acoustics ...................................................................................... 3-9 3.6 Other Water Properties .................................................................................. 3-10 4 Project Physical Oceanography Program........................................................4-1 4.1 September 2005 to January 2006 .................................................................... 4-1 4.2 January to April, 2006 ...................................................................................... 4-2 4.3 April to December, 2006................................................................................... 4-3 4.4 December 2006 to July 2007............................................................................ 4-3 5 References.....................................................................................................5-1 5.1 Literature Cited ................................................................................................ 5-1 Appendix A Meteorology Review from Historical Data .............................. A-1 Appendix B Ocean Currents .................................................................... B-1 AppendixC FreshwaterDischargesandTemperature-Salinity Distributions.......................................................................... C-1 Appendix D Water Levels and Waves ...................................................... D-1 Appendix E Underwater Acoustics ........................................................... E-1 Appendix F Other Water Properties ..........................................................F-1 AppendixG GEMOceanographyProgram,September2005to January 2006........................................................................ G-1 Appendix H GEM Oceanography Program, January to April 2006.............H-1 Appendix I GEM Oceanography Program, April to December 2006...........I-1 Appendix J GEM Oceanography Program, December 2006 to July 2007...................................................................................... J-1 2010 Page i Marine Physical Environment Technical Data Report Table of Contents List of Tables Table 2-1 Location, Deployment Time and Water Depth for Current Measurement Sites .................................................................................2-4 List of Figures Figure 1-1 Confined Channel Assessment Area.......................................................1-3 Figure 2-1 Locations of Current Meter Measurement and Conductivity, Temperature and Depth Profiling Sites ...................................................2-3 Page ii 2010 Marine Physical Environment Technical Data Report Abbreviations Abbreviations μPa....................................................................................................................micropascals ADCP ................................................................................ acoustic doppler current profiler CCAA..............................................................................confined channel assessment area CHS ....................................................................................Canadian Hydrographic Service CM................................................................................................................... current meter CO2 ................................................................................................................carbon dioxide CTD............................................................conductivity and temperature at various depths DFO .......................................................................................Fisheries and Oceans Canada DO .............................................................................................................dissolved oxygen ENSO .................................................................................... El Niño Southern Oscillation ESA ............................................................environmental and socio-economic assessment Fe.................................................................................................................................... iron IOS ............................................................................................ Institute of Ocean Sciences IPCC........................................................................International Panel on Climate Change KPOS.......................................................................Kitimat Physical Oceanographic Study NH4 .........................................................................................................................ammonia NO3 ............................................................................................................................. nitrate OBH .................................................................................................on-bottom-hydrophone PDT ................................................................................................... Pacific Daylight Time ppt............................................................................................................ parts per thousand psu .......................................................................................................practical salinity unit the Project.................................................................... Enbridge Northern Gateway Project WGS84.................................................................................. World Geodetic System 1984 WL.................................................................................................water level measurement 2010 Page iii Marine Physical Environment Technical Data Report Glossary of Oceanographic Terms Glossary of Oceanographic Terms advection Transportation of a water property such as heat, salt or nutrients by currents. anticyclonic Rotation opposite to the sense of the earth’s rotation (clockwise in the northern hemisphere). barotropic The portion of an ocean current that is uniform with depth. baroclinic The portion of an ocean current that varies with depth. benthic Related to the ocean bottom. buoyancy The force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid by the difference between its density and the density of the fluid around it. Object or fluid parcels less dense than their surroundings experience an upward force (positive buoyancy); those that are more dense experience a downward force (negative buoyancy). constituent (tidal) One of the sinusoidal (also called harmonic) components of fixed frequency into which the tide can be decomposed. The amplitude and phase of the components at any location are determined from observations. Once determined, the constituents can be used to predict the tide for many years into the future. cyclonic Rotation in the same sense as the earth (counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere). density The mass of a substance divided by its volume. detided A time series of ocean current or water level data that has had the tidal portion removed. diurnal Recurring with a period of one day. entrainment The incorporation of water into a less dense layer flowing over it by turbulence at the boundary. estuary The region where a river glows into the sea. euphotic zone Upper water strata with enough sunlight penetration to support photosynthesis by phytoplankton or other plant life. Also known
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