IR9 6N4 2X9 V 7 R ACT V8R V7J Q.C. 4T9 Federation TAX BC aGo BC BC 2B9 VSV [email protected] MUSEUM AwARD: VoN 6G8 2V3 iE6 1G4 GARD0M, INCOME V8S side BC 5 P 4 3G6 4 Z B. left BC V4E V9R V6K BC V8V 2W7 OFFICERS IH0 ViL GUNDRY BROWN on V4A VIcT0IUA 387-5360 V8S 598-5539 MARITIME IWO BC BC BC SPLrTLB GARDE BC (604)507-4202 BC VoH V8W BC ISLAND B., UNDER THE Historical BC N0RTHVANCOUvER (250) (zo) OFFICERS column (BETTY) V0X NORTHVANC0UvER Fp.AracEs SruART-SnJBBS ExECuTIvE FAx. .htm BC BC DELTA DwYER see [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] FAX FAx [email protected] [email protected] NEws SIMPSON [email protected] STREEr,VICTORIA [email protected] ROAI, CATsRO DESROCHERS BC NANAIMO BOWEN SURREY NELSON SOCIETY VANCOUVER PAu,aT J. COMMITTEE STATIoN HoNoisnLE STREET,VICTORIA NANCY ROAR, FORKS MELVA J.V C-I, ELIzABETH CRESCENT, AVE., MARKER5:J0HN U-39, GreavILLE THE STONEBEEG WAYNE CROWN 599-4206 535-3041 598-3035 COMMITTEE: 598-1171 986-8969 STREET,VIcTORLA 825-474 598-1835 947-0038 988-4565 295-3362 385-635 382-0288 754-5697 738-5132 ROAt,VICTORIA 442-3865 RANNERIS COMMITTEE ROY ROBERT BELLEvILLB HISTORICAL 5254, BARER MCCANN, Box GRkoSD 1351,VICTORIA SANCTUARY, PRINCETON GREENE CHARITABLE x,S-22 WELwO0D Columbia CUTHEERTsON (604) (604) (250) (250) (250) (250) (604) (zo) (604) (604) (250) (250) 255 (250) (604) A # #1, ASSISTANCE: - (ESSAY) PRESIDENT: MCBRIDE QUA1vIICIas 6712 SECRETARY:’TRRY 746, MERLYNN MoUNT 687, SECRETARY: HONOUR, LARGE: Box LARGE: Box TRANSIT BIRD NIAGAEA PATRON PRESIDENT - RON RON TR&IL5 AND MARGARET PRESIDENT: AT AT COMPETITION—LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR’S 1898 HIs LEONARD 1541 R.R. PHONE #2 PHONE VICE 2976 PHONE PHONE P0 PHONE 473 PHONE 193 1241 PHONE R.R. PHONE PH0NE(25o) PHONE PHONE Box PHo 255 PHO Box 265IYORKAVENUE,VANCOUVER PHoNE SHIRLEY #306 PHoNE PUBLISHING P0 VICE PRESIDENT:ALICE British HONOY HoNoisY FIRST SECOND PRESIDENT: SECRETARY:ARNOLD RECORDING TREASURER: MEMBER MEMBER PAST HISToRICAL SCHOLARSHIP ARCHIVIST: MEMBERSHIP PUBLICATIONS WRITING BRITISH COLUMBIA http://www.selkirk.bc.ca/bchflmainl website: our Visit YEAR YEAR YEAR 01’ gain Index, FALL News PER PER PER PROM: to 1245716 has AND aGi COPIES Canadian FEDEIt.TIoN 6.oo understanding INDEX. Columbia 1-800-3872689 $ Canadian resources, $55.00 $2000 SECp.rARY. project Trust V8K Cofumbia. 1V9 NUMBER SINGLE FREE ADD 1E4 SUMMER, MICROI’OBM public this STRRn, RATES British REGARDING BC IN THE IN Historical to FOR heritage OF AND IN THE ROAD, V2W V6S TOLL ViC 4 H 3 1993—1997 British 2K0 HISTORICAL AVENUE Heritage our SPRING, CANADA of C-6o, increase BC, 2N8 462-8942 733-6484 THE BC BC, 537-1123 422-3594 489-2490 SUBSCRIPTION lSEA1.D ISSUES VICTORIA of INDEXED VoB CROSS EDITOR B.C. 20TH 422-3244 REGISTEATION 20 and assistance OR 130 IS THE MILLER (604) (604) (zso) (250) (250) M 5 C history THE BC SUBsCRIPTION BACK THE EDITOR EDITOR OUTSIDE FAlSE WINmR, ARE AVAILA.ELE SUBSCRIPTION TO 105 SECRETMSY SPRING WEST MICR0MEDIA. (250) LTD. Box VINGE .\‘eIvs MAIL Columbia CASTLE CORRESPONDENCE Columbia OF COMMITYEE BY ON financial PHONE Index. P0 WH0NNOcX [email protected] 3450 VANCOUVER PHONE ANNEYANDLE News [email protected] NAOMI Box PHONE FAX 125 WASA CEANER00K R.R.#2,S-I3 PHONE [email protected] ToNY PHoNE SALT FRED BEACHES JOEL conservation knowledge SEND CONTACT REVIEW complete 1195-8294 PUBLICATION ADDRESSES British PUBLISHED Historical the JOURNAL British EDITOR: CONTRIBUTING BOOK PUBLISHING SUBSCRIPTION PLEASE INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONAL FOR Periodical ISSN PLEASE BC SUBSCRIPTIONS PRODUCTION PUBLISHED HistorIcal MICROMEDIA THIS TORONTO of support further

The provided r BiuTIsH C0wMI3IA Volume 32, No.3 Summer 1999 HIsToJucAL $5.00 NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation

2 Victoria and the Loss of the Pacific Fellow Editors of Publications by Robert C. Belyk of Member Societies:

7 Knox McCusker: Dominion Land Surveyor E invite you to send by VC. Brink and Elizabeth Rutherfrd c1us what you consider to be the best article on local his— 11 Joseph Whidbey: a Nearly Forgotten tory you published in your soci Explorer of the Pacific Northwest ety’s newsletter or journal in by John M. Naish 1998.

16 Managing Multiple Narratives: Many of the articles published Alexander Mackenzie at Nuxalk Territory, 1793 by you are worth a wider read- by Sam Dunn ership and we are therefore in terested in reprinting a selection 24 “On Account of Loss Suffered by Fire” of the articles considered best in Human Aspect on The New Westminster’s future issues of British Columbia Great Fire Historical News. by Dale and Archie Miller I look forward to receiving your “Writing the Coast”: 26 submissions; just send inc a pho Bertrand BC Sinclair’s Stories tocopy of the article as it ap— Richardj by Lane peared in your journal. For pub lication we do require, of course, permission in writing from the author(s) and your association. 30 Book Reviews Fred Braches

38 Federation News - Merritt 1999 Editor

42 News and Notes

Any country worthy of a future should be interested in its past. W. Kaye Lamb, ‘937

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER ig 1

2

BC

SUMMER NEWS HISTORICAL 5999 -

1876.

was

He to his

way on on passage take the Amen-

a tition, tariff facing despite wall. high Colonist, 21 November

1875. the Sullivan, gold the for district. was commissioner his to undersell able even American compe

Colonist,

16

November

in the important Cassiar.Another to wasJ.H. figure in sold and his

Australia, Asia, lumber markets

this tragedy.

a Waidron,

who had made a prospector fortune Moody to “Sue” economy. as Known his friends,

the made at to sketch time

San

Francisco. on Also was board Richard of the sented Columbia sector British another obviously his on relied notes

ing in other Victoria sources. they He has booked for on passage the Pacific in repre the operation sawmill largest province,

cert

the

facts with

appear

and fields had the North left before Sewell At P the freeze-up. the in partner principal Moody,

the of PacJIc in appears con

Lyons were co-discoverers the of to a gold Cassiar mood celebrate.

his chapter on the sinking

cent Pacific

of

provincial and Cain exports.Dennis the Frank miners in were on who embarked the memoirs seem apocryphal,

that up make mineral Higgins’s extraction day. per for accounted 75 about was of not It that surprising, many therefore,

While

many

the stories of

in British Columbia At circles. mining this was time the scales pay of the considerable

vis—à-vis

Spring

1904) 319. (Toronto:

of Many on those board men were sum prominent miner each the exact, hardly pear obtained

Jaws of The Death” Mystic

in day worse Victoria’s history. ap the calculations $1,300. While newspaper’s the 3 DavidWHiggins,”Into

9 toria), November the 1875. had of feelings its a that readers.There of most been never average with away an came miners

British Daily

Colonist

(Vic

no is that doubt the 2 was tively expressing estimated evenly newspaper

Colonist distributed.The

Alaska Press, 1991).

ment may have more been or the than gold rela the no tie truth, was field gold, there Cassiar

(Fairbanks: University of

the has world ever lit- few this with became state known.” 4 left most While rich while miners North Down Her with

Taking Sophia: Princess the the a of is the Paqflc very most one gold discoveries earlier Unlike where calamities terrible

the Morrison, The of Sinking

were the child. of wrote, drawn,” wreck and Colonist 18-month-old their “the

Jennie,

Ken and Coates

Bill

him wife his were the smallness to the the community of With States. United they which from

returning and in was a interest sold and the riverboat his of number “Taking people. lost persons

recently had Parsons Ottis Captain the 300 rush. 250 puts able gold and between the estimate total

in involved only indirectly been a had Others known, will reason be never toll death exact

sector. export the province’s role the within the smaller West on Although Coast. disasters time

play a gradually an would mining to and end, two mari worst of Only one the men survived

come had optimism of period West.The in the ers later.

rmn for uncertainty general toward year pointed years many recalled Higgins DavidW editor paper

that earlier California of the Bank of The failure news Victoria day,” 3 that Sons took who passage

industry. mining the gold to available tive per capital the of one hundred I knew think “I news.

specula of reduction the symbolized Garesche the by was overwhelmed the communitVictoria

of loss The economy. resource in the province’s residents five thousand less than With cisco.

in his confidence of a was measure town Victoria San Fran for days bound earlier five leftVictoria

down in building new office his and lumbia, had vessel The deaths. to their on board many

assistance. Co British northwestern in exploration mining coast taking Washington off the had sunk Pacfic

their

Archives for

c!fic. for underwriting had responsible been He the sidewheeler that word just had received paper

British Columbia

on Pa the passage booked

also had banker, vate news the for no exaggeration was ber 1875. 2 This

the

and Library Public

pri and agent Fargo Wells Garesche, Francis 9 Novem

on Colonist

Victoria the British wrote

W New

Westminster

mother. his

visit to Ireland of citizens,” fellow our so many nity

the

to thank

wishes

to a

ship take would he where East Coast the eter into hurried has that disaster the

Belyk Mr. Alaska.

to California from railroad can transcontinental on dwell to

to-day

heart no e have to California northern

West Coast from

the of of shipwrecks

core. its to community his research on Island based the Vancouver shook vessel

the board on people so many of loss the recover, eventually would city is the article history.This Although out ofVictoria. hours

12

than less

Pacfic the of sidewheeler the sinking with years earlier 43 western in interest foreshadowed was disaster the Sophia

Yet the North to energy their bring to return would vessel the board on people 353 a special with of the writer None society. 1

northern a vibrant been had once of what the end hastened the sinking that freelance and argue author and Morrison Coates

1918, in Reef Vanderbilt on Alaska’s Sophia liner Princess coastal the CPR an is C. Belyk of loss on the Robert book In their

C. Belyk by Robert

Pacjflc the of Loss the and Victoria Although most passengers were men, a few San Francisco in 1871. single women were traveffing alone. Fanny Palmer, She would probably have 18 years old, was travelling to San Francisco where rotted away there had it she planned to visit her brother. The daughter of not been for a new gold a well—respected Victoria music teacher, Fanny rush in the Cassiar dis was a popular member of her social circle. Her trict of northern British mother as well as many of her friends and admir Columbia. The Pacific ers had come to the wharf to see her off. and several other old As David Higgins walked up hill from the ships were purchased in wharf, he saw Fanny’s mother standing on a slight 1874 by a new Ameri rise watching the Pacific’s smoke billow above the can company, Goodall, few trees still pressing against the harbour. As Nelson and Perkins, Higgins approached Mrs. Palmer, he could see which later claimed to the sadness in her eyes. “I’m seeing the last of have spent as much as Fanny,” she said.6 Her words were indeed pro $75,000 refurbishing the phetic. vessel.8 Mrs. Samuel Moote, the daughter of ex-Vic- After such expense it toria niayorj.E. McMillan, had recently paid her seems difficult to explain parents a visit and was returning on the Pacfic to why the Pacflc went her husband in San Francisco. The McMillans down.”The vessel was in had recently lost two of their sons and the re excellent condition and maining family had come together in a moment considered the best sea-boat on the coast’9 wrote Above: Captain Jefferson of sorrow the San Francisco Chronicle.According to the San D. Howell of the Pacfic. Lizzie Keller, her husband and child were tour Francisco Daily Alta California the ship had re ists from San Francisco. On a tour of the North cently been in dry dock, “where she was found west, the family had spent the previous night at a to be as sound and staunch as a new boat.”1° For Victoria boarding house before taking passage whatever reason, the San Francisco press accepted home. the company’s word concerning the Pacflc, but Civil engineer Henry F Jelly, with his friend in fact the ship was little more than a rotting A. Fraser, had booked passage on the Pacfic.They hulk held together by a new coat of paint. were returning home to Port Stanley via the When survivor Henry Jelly was picked up American transcontinental railroad.Jelly had spent within a mile ofVancouver Island on 6 Novem the summer months working for the Canadian ber, having spent 36 gruelling hours lashed to Pacific Railway, which had finally begun laying the top of the pilot house, he told the story of out its route through British Columbia. how the Pacjfic was lost after she lightly struck Some travellers like prominent American another unknown vessel. As far as the San Fran merchant J.T.Vining had joined the Paqfic earlier cisco newspapers were concerned, such a hap in Puget Sound. Most passengers, though, had pening was almost inconceivable. boarded on 4 November inVictoria.The last men, The entire accuracy of the story ofJelly, the survi miners recently arrived from the Cassiar district, vor, is doubted by some persons acquainted with jumped on at 9:30 A.M. as she was edging away the coast who believe that a number ofthe passen gers and officers and crew have been saved in boats from the wharf.”Passed Cape Flattery at 4PM.,” and on pieces of the wreck,U wrote JR. Sullivan in his diary, “some miners wrote one San Francisco newspaper. The iden drunk; some of the ladies sick.”7 tity of the “some persons” mentioned above re The Pacflc had been built in 1850 as one of 6 Higgins, 325. mains a mystery but it was apparent that the opin the fleet of ships connecting the American East Cited in Higgins, 332. ions of Captain Nelson, one of the ship’s owners, Coast via the Isthmus of Panama to the gold rush Chronicle (San Francisco), carried much weight with the press. 9 November 1875. city of San Francisco. She served in that role un One of the first newspapers to question the Chronicle, 9 November til 1857 when she was placed on the Northwest 1875. shipping company’s claims about the safety of its route connecting Portland, Puget Sound, and Chronicle, 9 November ship was the Victoria Colonist, which wrote: Victoria with San Francisco. With dwindling 1875. In our ignorance of marine architecture we have Ii Daily Alta California (San activity in the North, the aging vessel mining always looked with suspicion upon old ships that Francisco), 10 November was consigned to the mud flats at Mission near 1875.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 12. Colonist, 10 November come from the builder’s hands ‘as good as new.’ If to know the reason for their loss, the coroner’s 1875. the renewal process be a radical one—ifevery plank jury became the means of determining the cause. and knee are removed; all old bolts drawn and new In this case the inquest’s mandate was to look ones driven, then a ship is new in everything save beyond the cause of death of one of the victims her name. But to claim that a ship has been rebuilt on the Pacific, Thomas Ferrell, and when decayed timbers are removed, old bolts driven J. conclude a little closer to bind the old planks, and a new coat blame. To underscore that the proceedings were ofpaint donned is simply to attempt a fraud on the more than an inquest, its findings were to be for travelling public.12 warded to Ottawa. As would become apparent later, i was doubt The testimony of passenger Jelly and crew ful whether the ship’s owners removed even the member Henley was a condemnation of the sea decayed wood. worthiness of the Paqflc.Jelly had noted from the At 3:00 A.M. on 8 November, on the fourth time the ship leftVictoria she had a pronounced day after the sinking, quartermaster Neil Henley list to starboard. He had observed the crew fill was found alive clinging to pieces of the hurri ing the port lifeboats to bring the ship on an cane deck and paddle boxes that had been fash even keel, but the vessel now listed to the oppo ioned into a raft. Given the chaos on board at the site side with the result that the process had to be time of the disaster, both Jelly and Henley pre done again, this time emptying the port boats sented remarkably similar stories. The quarter and filling the starboard ones. Quartermaster master, too, had arrived on deck in time to see Henley noted that there had never been a life the lights of a ship in the distance. She did not boat drill on board the Pacific, and he wasn’t even stand to as was required by maritime la but sure how to release the craft from their davits. continued out of sight. While the Pacjfic was governed by United States On ii November the mystery ship was finally regulations once the ship crossed into American identified as the Boston square-rigger Orpheus waters, the vessel’s agent inVictoria, E. Engelhardt after her crew was located camped in Barkley claimed that he had no idea what safety regula Sound where the vessel had wrecked. According tions demanded for he had lost his copies of the to Captain Charles Sawyer, the second mate had inspection certificates.Technically Engelhardt was mistaken the lighthouse at Cape Beale for the not required to comply with American regula light at Flattery. As a result, the vessel was wrecked tions and it is clear that the ship was loaded be on the shores ofTzartus Island. Fortunately eve yond the capacity stated on the document. Mat ryone on the Orpheus was saved. tresses had been placed on the floor of cabins for The discovery of the Orpheus deflected public the benefit of extra passengers.This was probably attention from what had happened aboard the the case in steerage as well.To make matters worse, Paqflc. After all, the Orpheus had cut across the there had been so much cargo taken aboard that Pacific’s bow—a breach of”the rules of the road” it had to be stowed on deck. as it was called. However, more seriously, Cap The soundness of the Pacjflc was questioned tain Sawyer did not wait to see if the other vessel by the Orpheus’ second mate James G.Allen.AUen needed assistance but kept to his northerly course. had earlier served aboard the Pacflc and he im The fact remained, though, that it was the Pacjflc plied that the San Francisco Board of Steamship that struck the square-rigger with her bow and Inspectors, which had certified the sidewheeler, corrupt and bribery. surpris it was the latter ship that likely should have gone was open to Not to the bottom, but this was not the case. Part of ingly, the inquest was unable to obtain witnesses the bow of the Pacjflc had broken off and was from either the steamship line or the San Fran later found hanging in the tangled rigging of the cisco drydock where the work was supposedly Orpheus. done, but several men employed along the wa In 1875, British Columbia’s entry into Con terfront testified that the vessel was regarded as federation was largely in name only for the coun unseaworthy. try was not really joined together until the com During this time Victoria was rife with ru pletion of the Canadian Pacific Railway ten years mours that the Pacific’s captain,Jefferson Howell, later. On the West Coast there was no mecha the brother-in-law of Confederate President nism for establishing marine inquiries. Because Jefferson Davis, had a severe problem with alco the friends and relatives of the victims demanded hol. Howell, some claimed, received his command only after the ship’s former master, Captain FC.

4 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER ic Shall, threatened to make public the deplorable the Victoria coroner’s jury re condition of the Pacfic. turned with its verdict that read Captain Sawyer of the Orpheus also came in in part: for much criticism.This was the era of maritime That the PacfIc struck the Orpheus reform led by British M.P Samuel Plimsoll who on the starboard side with her fought against the greatly overloaded vessels he stem [bowj a very slight blow, the called “coffin ships.” In America the wretched shock of which should not have damaged the Paqfic ifshe had conditions of common seamen were receiving a been a sound and substantial vessel.That sympathetic hearing in the press. Masters who the collision between the Pac1fic were earlier free to beat their crew for the slight and the Orpheus was caused by the est infraction found themselves charged before Orpheus not keeping the PacifIc’s the courts. Sawyer was a man distant from those lights on her port bow.... That who served with him, and once on shore on 12 the watch on the deck of the Pa November at Port Townsend, four seamen swore cjfic at the time ofthe coffision was a statement which essentially laid blame at the not sufficient in number to keep :. feet of the master of the Orpheus for bringing a proper lookout about the coffision with the Paqflc.That he failed The jury also stated that the PhotocourtesyR.c.,k to stand to after determining his vessel was not Pacfic’s lifeboats “could not be lowered by the Above: Captain Samuel taking on water was also alleged. undisciplined and inefficient crew” Captain Saw A. Sawyer of the The same charges were repeated by some of yer was also blamed for having failed to stand to “Orpheus” his crew before the Victoria inquiry, but possibly in order to assess the condition of the other ship. feeling he was in physical danger from angry The San Francisco steamship inspectors issued friends and relatives of the victims, Captain Saw their report on 11 December, in which they noted yer decided to remain on American soil. In San that the accident was the result of the Orpheus Francisco also, which lost a number of its citi taking a course across the PacUic’s bow Her crum zens on the Pacific, there were feelings against bling hull had nothing to do with the age of the Sawyer.The city’s two major papers, the Chroni ship, but because she struck the sailing vessel at a cle and Alta, were more than willing to paint the vulnerable spot: the bluff of the Paqflc’s stem.The master of the Orpheus as the villain in this trag Pacflc would have sunk just as quickly had she edy been recently launched, Captain Waterman and Sawyer’s public rebuke also deflected criticism his colleague explained. Moreover, the tremen away from the condition of the ship and the stand dous ioss of life could be blamed on the passen ards of the San Francisco steamship inspectors. gers who rushed the lifeboats and not on the According to the testimony ofJelly, Henley and crew themselves. the crew on board the Orpheus, it was clear that “White—wash,” the Colonist charged.’4 the Paqfrc should have only suffered minor dam To appeal to a commission of which the chief cul age. Also, according to the crew of the Orpheus, prit was the chiefmember was like appealing from Caesar to Caesar. How could Captain Waterman the Pacfic had plenty of time to alter course her be expected to convict himself? How could the self and avoid a collision. It was noted at the Vic friends of those who went down on that frightful toria inquiry that the Pacfic’s officer of the watch night expect a righteous verdict?15 was a former freight clerk who had recently been On 6 January 1876 Captain Sawyer found him promoted to third mate. As far as anyone was self in San Francisco accused of deliberately aware, he had no previous experience as a sea wrecking the Orpheus at Cape Beale.The charges, man. though, were eventually dismissed and Sawyer On 15 November Charles C. Bemis, the su moved to Port Townsend where his friend H.A. pervising inspector of steamships based in San Webster, collector of customs, lived. In later years, Francisco, appointed a two-person inquiry to look many Northwest mariners came to accept his into the sinking of the Pacfrc. Unlike theVictoria contention that he had not been responsible for inquest it was held behind closed doors. Moreo the tragedy.The year after Sawyer’s death in 1894, ver, one of the commissioners was Bob Waterman, E.WWright wrote 13 inspector of hulls, whose certification of the Pa Cited in the Colonist, 24 His friends, who were by no means few, have al November 1875. cfic was now openly questioned. ways contended that he was a deeply injured man 14 Colonist, l3january 1876 ‘ At 4:50 PM. on 23 November the foreman of and his actions on that terrible rught ... were in no Colonist, l4January 1876.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS SUMMER xç 5

SUMMER NEWS 1999 BC - HISTORICAL

the tragedy:

Pacific. North

28 W. behind. years after Higgins David Wrote

of the the waves rode and grief despair again,

of many on remained had who those shadow

Once Island. on ofVancouver side west Point the

a the long though, Paqfic cast would grieving,

off Pachena to their people deaths took 117 crew;

dead the sea. from never the Beyond recovered

by ill-trained an and operated captain competent

been many churches for held earlier the inVictoria

in by an commanded vessel, company’s Valencia,

had in nerals services Victoria’s history. Memorial

the 30 later, years than More ship Company. 19

the weather, of fu the was best—attended one it

Steam as in Coast Pacific the 1877 reorganized

streets through Despite ofVictoria. the wound

Perkins and Goodall, Nelson reputation, suffied

as funeral Fanny pallbearers, cortege Palmer’s

company’s of the the At result partially least

young on storm 28 six women with November,

death.

a blinding is snow the In most that poignant.

his mean that would prize bravery—a for his

is tragedy this it Yet the upon face personal

a as reward the of Pacific captaincy the received

blow.

Howell alarm. to the to sound Astoria his way

a heavy received of the other

economy

sectors

made he where shore reached Howell sonal risk,

to compared as in decline already

fields. Mining,

per At considerable Oregon. Head, Tifiamook

gold Cassiar the of for development

responsible

near rocks on the aground ran it les when

of those of many the loss It as a meant bia

whole.

the aboard an LosAfzge officer had been Howell

Colum for but British Victoria not for only

ter

Jefferson sinking, the Paqfic before long Not

a disas course, was, of of the The death Pacjflc

unseaworthy. and

case.

unreliable being itself of the ship case another

court an involved of of

law

points

phisticated

was but it of the passengers, respect the earned

so

the arguing

than

to

quickjustice

suited more

crew his and Angeles, the Los of master Cain, tain

place a was

West frontier

was taken.The

no action

Cap Francisco. San leaving after days eight toria

blame,

affixed had

inquest the Victoria that true

Vic ship reached the and abated finally weather

is it

While Island.

rocks

on

the ofVancouver up

The recovered. was never body and his wave,

wash to

continued hull ship’s the

of

pieces

ken huge by a overboard was carried Walsh James man

bro

tragedy

the after

long was

needed,

disaster

sea deck, hurricane On the waves. towering by

of the

cause

the

concerning

proof As more

if

created valleys and the peaks into falling and ing

LosT.” 17 ALL ris was ship The rough. increasingly becoming

“S.R

MooDy.

a support—was: cabin

of

age—part sea was the but south the from were winds The

wreck

of

piece a

into

Cut na’s Point. Clover sails. her up run to was forced vessel so the paired

atVicto

received was dead

the

from message A be re not could damage The died. engine her

porch.

front

her parents’

past

virtually Fanny taken when River Columbia of the south miles hundred

had

journey

110-mile

The

Island. Juan San at a about was she later, days Two freight. and gers

ashore

to come

Fuca de Juan

of

Strait the along passen of complement full a with Francisco San

east

then

and

coast

the Washington up travelled left Angeles the Los the of Paqfrc, sinking the after

remains The home.

her to

almost returned cles, weeks three only 1875, November On 29 service,

cir social

in

Victoria

prominent woman young into Angeles the Los pressed owners vessel the

the

Palmer,

Fanny

of

body

the Ironically, toria. However, to Victoria. run northern the on well

atVic

buried

was He

Island.

onVancouver Head perform not did she that result the with heavy

Beechey

near

rocks

the on up

washed J.H. Suffivan top- was and beam narrow a had ship The les.

gold commissioner

Cassiar of body dead.The its Ange her Los renamed and new superstructure a

of dozen a

than

more

up hardly gave sea The added who and Perkins Nelson Goodall, to sold

Perkins.

and Nelson Goodall, was government, American by the condemned

by

perpetrated

greed calculated of act 24. 1959), an

been was earlier which Wyanda, cutter revenue the

Superior,

(Seattle: Liners

had

That

service, to it returned and Creek

sion after place

took story this to

twist Another

Coastal Pacfk Williamson,

near Mis flats the mud

from

the of Pacjfic

hulk

heard. 18 andJoe

Newell

Gordon 19.

rotting

the

refloated who

captain the been never not public the which of distress of actual 335. 18. instances Higgins,

had but many it blameless, was 333. were there Sawyer 17. and Higgins, that disaster, the of contend consequence

226 n. 1895), in San to Francisco at is it difficult suicides two were of hindsight nance.There the benefit With

(Portland:

Northwest

Pac(fk

mainte

for public the upon came

more many

and

crisis. 16 a

in similar

shipmaster

the

of

1-listory

Marine

Drydenc

scattered,

up and

broken were fifty About

families any of be expected

could

what from

different way

Lewis and ed., 16 E.WWright Knox McCusker: Dominion Land Surveyor by V.C. Brink and Elizabeth Rutherford

I have a/ways felt uiiconfortable about the fact that the Mary Henry Expeditions and the Bedeaux expedition into Mrs. Elizabeth northeastern BC did not recoginize the tremendous role of the surveyors—Knox McCusker and E. L. W Lamarque. Rutherford, Knox The much publicized expeditions could not have proceeded without the assistance and direction of these men, particularly McCusker’s niece, was Knox McCusker whose maps were used by Lamarque. Also, I was a liaison officer (Canadian) when the raised in Onion Lake, Alaska Hihway was driven through by the US Armed Forces and knew the tremendous role he played in informing AB, now lives in and assisting the US Forces—the Americans gave him a medal but we, in Canada, hardly recognized him! Victoria, BC —VC. Brink, in a letter to Naorm Miller, Editor BC Historical News, 13 November 1998. V.C. Brink, a retired n an era of satellite imaging and laser Professor of Plant was party chiefofmany surveys in Canada, mainly geodetics, it is easy to forget the role land Science from the in the West. Most of his assignments were com surveyors played in exploration and settle University of British I missioned by the Government of Canada, but Columbia, ment. In fact, they should be counted among the knew”Mac,” some were by secondment and by contract to in the early days of the great pioneers ofwestern Canada. In British Co private agencies. In later years, he undertook sur surveying for the route lumbia especially, they worked in a wilderness of veys for the Government ofAlberta and was privi of the Alaska Highway. many unknowns: barrier mountains, the vagaries leged to add A.L.S. to his name. of the weather, turbulent rivers, insect pests, As the great economic depression deepened, muskeg, and dense forest. Land surveyors left a in 1931, the Canadian government reduced its legacy ofmaps and documents showing the main civil staff; Knox was one of those temporarily features of landscapes, mountain ranges, and val unemployed and not to be re-hired again for sev leys, noting animals, vegetation, and rocks, and eral years. He pre-empted land north of Fort St. surveying routes for transportation and lands for John, developed a ranch, and took private sur towns and farms. Many of the surveyors were veying and guiding contracts. men of high intelligence, competent in math McCusker was a large man, well over six feet ematics, and possessing great hardiness. Knox in height. Some say, he was easy going, but oth Freeman McCusker was such a surveyor. ers point out that he had a sharp mind of his Knox was born in 1890 in Hawkesbury, On own. This was borne out when in the last Mary tario, the son of a Presbyterian minister and Mary Henry Botanical Expedition in 1935,Mrs. Henry, Orr McCusker. He received a good education at a woman of strong will, wanted to climb to the the Gault Institute in Valleyfield, Quebec and summit of the mountain peak named after her, Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. In 1909, but McCusker had good reasons for not support The authors want to ac he gained his first field experience as one of two ing her wish. Mount Mary Henry is a substantial knowledge the assist technical assistants to party chief Mr. St. Cyr ance of of mountain and the party lacked proper equipment what was then the Topographical Survey Branch for the ascent. He won the argument but Mrs. of the Dominion of Canada, Department R.S.”Rod”Silver, of the Henry did not forgive him his opposition. Interior. The summer and autumn were spent Wildlife Biologist, “Mac” McCusker was a man of peace, believ surveying in the Peace River area ofAlberta and formerly of Fort St. ing deeply that the tenets of his church should John, BC now living in BC, specifically the Spirit River area. Knox, by be stated in actions and not in preaching. Rou Victoria, BC Ministry his own accounts, recognized the harsh features tinely he adroitly defused confrontational situa of Environment Lands of the West but developed affection for it. He tions by asking questions, by changing the sub and Parks. (Rod Silver is learned much from St. Cyr, a senior surveyor, who ject or by good humour. Humour, it may be aformer student of VC. had spent nearly 50 years mapping in what be noted, is a useful quality when men, and some Brink) came the western provinces andYukon Territory. times women, were living for months at a time On his return to Ottawa in M.Z.”Smokey” 1909, McCusker in close quarters in tents, often in inclement was quickly assigned to other surveys and in 1914 Neighbour,Wrangler weather, and traversing tough terrain far from the was formally commissioned as a Dominion Land with Mac 1931-1935, comforts of populated areas. farmed at Surveyor (D.L.S.). In the next 41 years until his Ootsa Lake, Horses he liked, but Mac was not a horseman. BC, now living in death in 1955 at Fort St. John, Knox McCusker He rarely rode except to cross streams, largely Vernon, BC

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999

8

iç NEWS SUMMER BC - HISTORICAL

River the Athabaska on ice of use travelling the

in surveys the Rockies, northern and

Foothills

good made the party blizzard, a and terrific despite

those of map to interest particular did BC, he in

trail. the Nonetheless, choose to the to horses”

Alaska on worked the right-of-way

and, Highway

“left was is it it as said, of travel, much the during

and the war, During

McCusker Knox after

and mud the trail, on and the rivers, on break-up

was in Saskatchewan). Lloydminster or Alberta

ice with snow time It melting, was near thaw

to sizeable know town the of whether

by cutter. camp party the chief to sober

(It and surveys, was

important surveys meridian

a brought police later The the moving. get party

Jasper, such national as parks,

and townsite road

to assistants two green technical the persuaded

out Pas of James Bay, to the Railway in surveys

The police him. the detained RCMP imbibed

surveys the such did Bay Hudson’s as for railways,

had generously he a After load whiskey. of on

of He lands. government on surveys

dominion

chief the took party River. Here, the Athabaska

and kinds and efficient

accurate, many undertook

on Landing party Athabaska reached

the camps,

was

he the well.

field In but office,

highly did

it

five or about and four after north, due Travelling

in to not

the work

and

like an did

outdoorsman

of party town. out get the to was main idea The

He was a was Mac surveyor. foremost first

and

and riding. walking alternately and rest the load

also

“home.”

one on riding chief the party with River country

was of Lloydminster, Lake,

north

Saskatchewan,

the Peace left for up, they well liquored crew

at

had Onion his retired,

father to

which farm

the

of

most With posts. survey and iron ments,

the but

brother’s years over

his his

base, home

instru

hardware, tea, little a and prunes, apples,

Ottawa

than

rather John Fort St. at

ranch tion

dried

flour,

beans, and pork with loaded sleighs

sec

quarter

called his

pre—emption After 1933,he

and four

were assembled horses of teams Five

be. might base home

ways from away wherever

useless.

almost dictionary English/French

al

was almost he

because believe may ably one

an

found

the patois,

with not conversant tario,

in late

life—understand—

He Ottawa.

married in

On

southwestern

from

a

schoolteacher sistant,

West

and the

in

friends good

many

had Mac

as technical fellow 14. His

of

party of the most

said. he ber,

as often

up

made

who

axernen

the

with converse could

mem crew

important a most cook—the glers

and

he

patois

Canadian

the

with French

fore familiar

two

wran men, two technical

crew

had

chief’s

and there

in Glengarry up

Brought

chief. party

the Ideally

change.

demanded

often

circumstances

the meet to

Edmonton

to

rail by

and travelled

that

recognized he

but crew

organization,

survey

vest, to his

$15.00 pinned

and

blessing a

paternal

about

definite ideas

had Mac say,

to

Needless

states, as he with, 1909 of spring

early

in Montreal

all

seasons. weather

left He

Surveyor.

Land

Dominion veteran a

Cyr,

any in

work

could horses

because

aircraft, such as

St. Mr.

with

survey formal

his first

about ingly

known.

means

modern use

than

more of often

were veys

amus wrote

Mac

years,

later in

written

notes

In

date survey not crew, sur and ground

horses

pack the wilderness in

PiIRIE

RIvER

SPIRIT

1909,

a with

right, McCuskerfar

that established he Nonetheless moccasins. style in

Above:

“Mac,”Knox

reminiscences. unpublished some left Indian walked often He horse. any for burden

and

colleagues professional his for notes wrote a as heavy of weight his conscious was he because

He Post. Evening for Saturday article an and Sta,

the Toronto to notably articles, newspaper a few

contributed He cherish. to come he had that ple

peo its few and country of part their unknown

almost an about Canadians other tell to wanted

he clear; is to write motive His work. his about

fashion a general in write would Mac time, to

time From BC. northeastern in undertaken those

to attention special giving surveys, McCuskers’s

Knox of samples some provide we Below

thing.” main

the is done well job say: “a to used He mind. to

seem not did Mac do. seldom surveyors then but

work his for credit get not did Mac that served

ob Ottawa in friend A area. River Peace the to reach the eastern end of Lesser Slave Lake crossing valleys of the such major rivers as those without loss of horses or sleighs. By Easter, they we know today as the Besa, the Sikanni, the were at the mission at Grouard. On a sea of mud Prophet and the Muskwa, all of which flow into for one hundred miles and again on river ice they the Fort Nelson River and, ultimately, the Liard, made Dunvegan in time to see the rotting river the Mackenzie, and the Arctic sea.Trails were fairly ice move to the Arctic Sea the day after their well defined out of Hudson’s Hope to Laurier arrival. That summer of 1909. using the Peace Pass, designated by InspectorJ.D. Moodie of the River as base, they surveyed the Spirit River prai RCMP thirty years earlier as he blazed a trail to rie to about the BC/Aiberta meridian. They the gold fields of the Cassiar in northern BC and managed to add to their horse herd by snaring to those of the Klondike in theYukon.After leav feral horses one of which, Mac notes, was still in ing the Brady Trading Post on the upper Half service at Jasper National Park in 1930. Mac way River the trails were faint or non—existent. writes sympathetically about the pioneer settlers Probably on the lower Prophet River they were Above: Topographical and their hardships, preceding those coming in met by Archie Gardner, a man who knew much surveying and guide outfitting brought the later land rushes. He notes their fine farms, ofthe Fort Nelson area, and who gave them some people of very different backgrounds painted barns, and poplar copses on the present assistance with rivers, fords, and aboriginal trails. together Miss Josephine day landscapes. The meeting was pre-arranged and on time. Mac Henry, entomologist from writes interestingly 1927 — BEYoND Philadelphia, Penn. with of Gardner as “a THE PcE: INTO insect net and Smokey man [who] Neiihbou, THE NORTHERN de wrangle raised scended from one on farm andforest of ROCKIES AND of the first families northern Alberta. THEIR FOOTHILLS Fur traders had of England on his explored the val father’s side and on Left: Horses of the 1931 leys of the two his mother’s side, [from] Mary Henry Botanical great rivers of one of the Expedition crossing one of northeastern first families of the Sikinni Indians. the manyfastflowing BC, the Peace rivers in the Rockies of The Gardner party and, roughly five northeastern BC arrived hundred miles to in tradi tional northern the north, the style with Liard. Until the two pack ponies, five 1920s and 1930s pack Photo courtesy V.C.Brink dogs, sundry pups, it was believed numerous children, one squaw; one rabbit robe, that the land between the two rivers consisted of one rifle, one pot, one frypan, one axe, and one barrier mountains and impassable muskeg. It was mother—in—law” unmapped, a great “white spot” on the map of Mac reports well, and with good humour, on Canada. the trip on the river boat D. H. Thomas from Peace It was thought, however, that geological for River up to Hudson’s Hope, and on the enthusi mations of the northern Rockies were sedimen astic welcome given the first boat of the season. tary and similar to those of the southern Rockies He comments on the problems of getting the of Canada and the USA, a matter of considerable pack train started with new and sometimes frac interest to petroleum companies seeking oil and tious horses. He writes of the pleasures and some gas fields. In 1927, the Marland Oil Company of the hazards of summer travel over high moun mounted an exploration party to which the Do tain meadows, of the crossing of swift rivers, of minion Topographical Branch, specifically to un the idiosyncrasies of pack horses, and of the cus dertake a reconnaissance survey of that “white toms of the few nomadic aboriginals they met. spot,” seconded McCusker.The party; a small one The Marland Oil Co. party returned to Hud of five men, five saddle stock and fourteen pack son’s Hope on 1 October 1927, after reconnais animals, was in the field for six months working sance mapping ten thousand square miles of the terrain from Hudson’s Hope to Ft. Nelson. “new” territory. Some years later, the data was The route chosen was predominantly north, used for an 8 mile to the inch map produced by just east of the high rugged crest of the Rockies,

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER tc For more on the Mary the Dominion Topographical Survey Branch. tions ofpressed plants and some living specimens Henry expeditions see:VC. were added to the herbaria Brink and R.S. Silver,’ Mary 193 1-1935 —THE HENRY BOTANICAL Ex and botanical gar dens of Scotland and the United Henry: Pioneer Botanist of PEDITIONS. THETROPICALVALLEY AND THE CROSS States. Many the Northern Rockies,” in additions were made to ING OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA FROM AL reconnaissance maps of BC Historical News, vol. 30, BERTA TO THE PACIFIC. the area and a number of prominent features no. 1, (Winter 1996-1997). Mrs. Mary Henry, a botanist and horticulturist (mountains, rivers, and lakes) were given names. from Philadelphia, USA, vacationing in Jasper It was demonstrated for all to appreciate that cross— iig National Park in 1929 and 1930, heard rumours northern British Columbia from Alberta to the Pacific of the existence of a “tropical” vally and ther was possible and reasonable. Mr. mal springs in northern BC from a prospector. Lemarque, route manager for the much heralded unsuccessful Unusual plants are often found around hot springs. but Bedeaux expedition which used motorized She therefore inquired about the possibility of a transport, acknowledged the indebt edness visit. Not deterred by warnings, lack ofmaps, and to Knox McCusker’s maps and informa tion. Bedeaux hazards, she enlisted the support of Sir Henry should and could have succeeded because Thornton, President of the Canadian National McCusker and the Mary Henry expedi tions had demonstrated Railways, to mount an expedition to locate the that the terrain of the Northern Rockies thermal springs and to collect plants in the larg and the Foothills was, in sea son, a pleasant est unmapped spot in Canada.The result was that, and beautiful land and far from being as formidable in 1931, a party was organized by Mr. Stan Clarke, an obstacle as once imag med. guide and outfitter from Jasper National Park, to which Knox McCusker was seconded by the 1941-1942—ROUTING AND CONSTRUCTION OF Dominion Topographical Survey Branch as a sur THE ALAs1c HIGHWAY AND NORTHWEST AIR veyor. STAGING ROUTE It was a large and successful expedition that The US Army Corps of Engineers gave collected plants and located the Toad River McCusker a medal for his work on this enor Hotsprings, but they missed the rumoured large mous construction job. He is one reason why hot springs, known today as the Liard River the projects were consummated so quickly. Mac Hotsprings, designated as a provincial park. Mrs. was able to lay out the routes to follow for road Henry employed Knox McCusker to organize and airfield: “no trial lines to swing around ob her botanical expeditions in 1932, 1933, and stacles but straight go ahead.” Says one of his 1935.1 The expeditions were remarkable in a friends: “He was able to show what men to use number of ways. Not a horse was lost in four in certain work, how to guard against the ex seasons of travel over difficult terrain, but on one Below: A Mary Henry treme cold, where and how to build camps and occasion an important food supply was lost from Botanical Expedition pack aiffields. He understood the overseeing of some train crossing alpine tundra a raft in crossing a stream. This impeded but did of the work himself and expended much of his in northeastern BC not deter the travel. Large, representative collec great energy in the project.” His friend goes on to tell how Mac beat the freeze up with a load of heavy machinery for the Fort Nelson airfield when it was critical to get on with ferrying the planes to Russia. His success and knowledge of terrain and weather saved many months in vital construction work and enabled the Americans to meet their delivery dates of aircraft to the

A’ Russians for the Eastern Front ofWorld War II.

.2 To end a paraphrase of the words of a friend of Knox McCusker: “Mac ended his days near Fort St. John on the best ranch in the country with the best spring of cool water that never dries up, with the best house in the neighbourhood and with the best wife in the world. His eyes shone bright and his laugh is deep when he tells his stories about the lands of the Peace and beyond.” Photo courtesy ye. Brink

10 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER Joseph Whidbey: a Nearly Forgotten Explorer of the Pacific Northwest by John M.Naish

HE MAN whose name was given to a large they worked together on a hydrographic survey John Naish,a retired island (population: 80,000) in the state of the approaches to the port. Their definitive physician, lives near T ofWashington and who was later largely chart, which was later published, allowed the in Bristol, England. Dr. responsible for an original engineering project— tricate approaches to be buoyed and marked. In Naish is the author of the building of a detached breakwater across Ply 1790 he was appointed Master of Discovery, a new several books includ ing The Interwoven mouth Sound in England—had almost been for ship being fitted out for a voyage of exploration Lives of George Vancou gotten at the time of the bicentenary of his birth under Henry Roberts, one of James Cook’s veGArchibald Menzies, in 1954. At no time has there been an entry for youngest cartographers. Whidbey was on board Joseph Whidbey and him in the 21—volume British Dictionary of Na during much of 1790 and was largely responsi Peter Puget, reviewed tional Biography; though those who live long ble for the fitting out.WhenVancouver succeeded by J.E. Roberts in BC enough will see a six hundred word entry for to the command in November Whidbey was al Historical News 30:1 him in the New Dictionary of National Biography, ready familiar with the ship and guidedVancou (1996/97): 42-43. now being prepared and due to be published early ver’s hand during last—minute modifications. in the new millennium.The lettering on his stone When the crews of Discovery and Chatham were tomb in St. James’ churchyard in Taunton, Eng finally mustered late in the year, Wbidbey at the land is wearing away but his memory has been age of 36 was the oldest officer and almost the refreshed by a brass plaque newly placed in an oldest individual on the voyage. He was certainly extension to the St.Jarnes’ church hall.The cho a guide and friend toVancouver and was reported sen wording is the work of Andrew David, late by Archibald Menzies, the naturalist, to be his of the Hydrographic Department of the Minis “chief confidant” during the voyage.3 try of Defence inTaunton and an internationally Plans had been made by the Admiralty for an renowned historian of eighteenth century Pa astronomer to travel out in the store ship Daedalus Steel’s “List of the Navy”, cific exploration. It is appropriate that, now so to join the expedition in the late summer of 1792. 1779: 38. soon after the pioneering voyage of 179 1-95 has Unfortunately the astronomer, Gooch, was killed 2 PRO Adm 106/2 809 been commemorated by bicentenary conferences along with his commander and a seaman in the gives the names of three of both in Vancouver and Anchorage, his achieve island of Oahu before he had even reached the the ships Whidbey served ments should be reviewed. Northwest coast. Consequently, Vancouver and in as Maiter: Nimble from 24 February 1779 to 8 Unfortunately, due to the loss of key Admi Whidbey had to share the duties of astronomical March 1779; Greenwich ralty records, the exact date and place of\Vhidbey’s navigation and position fixing. It appears from a from 14 June 1780 to 26 birth are unknown. Like so many officers and letter written by Whidbey to an unknown cor September 1780;Juno from men of the Royal Navy he never found time or respondent in England in January 1793 that 24 September 1780 to 16 March 1785; then on 21 opportunity to marry, and we know nothing Whidbey had possession ofthe Admiralty Instruc April he joined the Expe about what his contemporaries quaintly referred tions for the Astronomer and that he regarded dition, the flagship of the to as his “tender passions”. Our knowledge of himself as chiefly responsible for those duties. American squadron, trans Joseph Whidbey begins in 1779 when, at the Certainly, Whidbey was always put in charge of ferring to Europa with the youngish age of 25 and during the height of the the observatory tent and its precious array of in admiral shortly afterward. ‘W Kaye Lamb, ed., The American Revolutionary Wars, he received his struments whenever he was not engaged in boat— Voyage of George T4incouver warrant as Master.1 After attaining this rank, the explorations. 1791- 1795 (London: most senior non-commissioned one, he was stead Owing to the nature of the coast between 48° Hakluyt Society, 1984), ily employed in both war and peace, and in 1786 N.Lat. and 61° N.Lat. the majority of the coastal 220. Quoting Menzies’ letter to Banks, 21 was made Master of Europa, the flagship of the surveys Octo had to be made by small-boat expedi ber 1796. American Squadron based in Kingston,Jamaica.2 tions. These boats were thoroughly refitted in Lamb, Voyage, 1637. Let Here he became ship-mates with George Van Hawaii during the early months of 1793 so as to ter from Whidbey at couver, one of Europa’s senior lieutenants, and afford dry storage for the ammunition and a fort- Monterey, 3 January, 1793.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 Right:Joseph Widbeyc Por survey of the shores ofWhidbey Island, which trait, painted byj Pon1ford at the time was thought to be a long penin of Modbury, Devonshire, sula,Whidbey was in sole charge of the cutter; about 1814. Dr. Naish his log of the exploration, which was incor comments: “It was probably porated inVancouver’sJournal, showed commisioned and paidfor by that he John Rennie,for it was sub enjoyed excellent relations with the Natives, a sequently given by his son, band ofthe Coast Salish who regularly sheared George Rennie, to the In their packs of dogs for the wool to decorate stitution of Civil Engineers their bark—fibre cloth. One of their chiefs came qf Great George Street, Lon on board the cutter to enjoy the explorer’s don, England, where it now meal. Most Natives relished a mixture ofbread hangs in the entrance foyer and molasses though they were a bit suspi on the first floor The illus cious of the salt pork because they suspected tration shown here is from a the Europeans of cannibalism. On shore, one copy discovered in a Port of the Natives was convinced that Whidbey’s smouth junk room about white skin was painted 1980 and shipped over to and he insisted that J’hncouverfor the centenary Joseph should unbutton his shirt to see whether celebrations. I was not able he was really white all over. to photograph the original Whidbey was always given the task of due to the glarefrom the pro sounding out suitable anchorage for the ships tective glass. when it had been decided to make a prolonged stay for the purposes of repair, crew health, and astronomical position flxirig.Whidbey’s ex plorations covered just short of courtesy John M.Naish a thousand miles during 1792, half south of the 49th par night’s provisions. Awnings provided some shel allel and half north up to 51° N.Lat.5. At that ter for the crews if they were compelled to spend time the boats were not properly equipped for the night in the boats; this happened often enough long surveys in the rainy, foggy, and squally con because of the steep and rocky nature of the ditions met with north ofVancouver Island, and shoreline or because of perceived threats from the boats’ crews suffered great hardships. The large gatherings of Natives, mainly the Tlingits, words of Archibald Menzies who joined several whose customs and bold behaviour were an ofWhidbey’s explorations express with Celtic flare enigma for the explorers. The latter used their what they had to endure: “Men.. .in open boats The estimate of boat— firearms mainly as warnings but there was one exposed to the cold rigorous blasts of a high miles travelled is very ap incident in August 1793 when, after a boat had northern situation.... performing toilsome labour proximate, and is based been invaded and two members of the crew on their Oars in the day and alternately watch both on chart mileage, al wounded by spear thrusts, the other boat fired a ing for their safety at night, with no other couch detours, and an lowing for swivel gun at the Tlingit canoes and several men to repose upon than the Cold Stony Beach or estimated average of 30 miles for each full day were killed.Whidbey was not present on this oc the wet mossy Turf in damp woody situations away from the mother casion but the journals of both Vancouver and enduring at times the tormenting pangs ofboth ship.Vancouver’s own boat Menzies show that Whidbey was extremely ju hunger and thirst “ exploration of the Behm dicious and emollient during Native contacts. After spending the winter months of 1792/ Canal in August 1793 of exploration from 30 1793 in the Hawaiian Islands where Whidbey lasted 23 days and was es During the first year timated by him to have April to August 1792 when the continental shores made some surveys, notably a first but incom covered 700 geographical of Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, Desola plete one of Pearl Harbor in March, Discovery miles.This Journal record tion Sound and Queen Charlotte Sound were reached Nootka Sound again in May and began, for acts as a calibrator being surveyed, Whidbey usually accompanied rather late in the season, the arduous surveys up other boat journeys. The length of a single day’s Peter Puget who, though very young, was a com to and beyond the present Alaskan border. De voyage would depend missioned officer and thus senior and placed in spite the frequent spells of atrocious weather the mainly on the weather. command of the two boats. It seems clear from modifications which had been made to the boats ‘A. Menzies “Journal”, the accounts ofVancouver, Menzies, and Manby allowed longer absences from the ships. Due to British Library Add. MS man who did all the most Vancouver’s deteriorating health the responsibili 32641. Entry for 18 Au that Whidbey was the gust 1792. onerous surveying work. On the occasion of the ties for surveying by boat fell largely toWhidbey

12 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER iç and to Johnstone, Master of Chatham. Whidbey ever, as soon as the voyage was over Whidbey’s See note 4. covered more than a thousand miles in that year, actions proclaimed him an enemy ofVancouver. 8 See note 4. his most formidable voyages being the explora There is nothing to show that Whidbey visited 9john M. Naish, “Joseph Whidbey and the Building tion from Princess Royal Channel to Gardner his erstwhile commander when he was dying, of the Plymouth Breakwa Channel and the approaches to Kitimat. Later, probably of chronic nephritis, at Petersham. On ter,” The Marineri Mirror 78 the passage through the Grenville Channel to the the other hand we know from a letter Archibald (1992): 37. estuary of the Skeena lasted almost a fortnight. Menzies wrote to Sir Joseph Banks, dated 21 Lamb, Voyage, 1633— In August he had a well-earned rest at Salmon October 1796 at Portsmouth, that Whidbey was 1634. Quoting letter from Menzies to Banks, Oct, 21 Cove in Observatory Inlet while Vancouver was only too willing to provide the great man with 1796. Includes statement making his record-breaking circumnavigation of evidence exculpating the arrogant and psycho from Whidbey. Revilla Gigedo Island and the complex Behm pathic ex-midshipman, Thomas Pitt 2nd Baron Nikolai Tolstoy, The Half- Canal.7 Carnelford and, by inference, accusingVancouver Mad Lord: Thomas Pitt 2nd Lord (London: The last year of the Northwest survey, 1794, of intolerance and cruelty Menzies’ letter con Carnelford 1978). was one in which the increasing ill health ofVan tains an extensive statement from Whidbey in ‘2John M. Naish, The Inter couver and the frigid April start in the high lati which he makes light of Camelford’s breach of woven Lives of George Vin tudes of Cook Inlet put enormous strain on the discipline in Tahiti, in January 1792, when he couvei Archibald Menzies, fortitude and stamina of Joseph Whidbey, now bartered a piece of ship’s iron for a favour from a Joseph Whidbey and Peter Puget (Lewiston. NY:The nearly 40 years of age. During his two long sur youngTahitian woman.Whidbey mocksVancou Edward Mellen Press, veys of Cross Sound, Lynn Channel, Stephens ver’s charge against the midshipman of”purloin 1996). Passage and Frederick Sound he travelled a thou ing ship’s property”. By thus making nothing of 13 Lamb, Voyage, 222. sand miles in wretched conditions of floating ice Camelford’s infraction and ridiculingVancouver, 14Fisher R. and H. and frequent rain. His total boat travel for the Whidbey seems to have forgotten that on arrival Johnson, From Maps to Metaphors (Vancouver: whole year was 1,500 miles.8 in Tahiti Vancouver had issued strict orders that UBC Press, 1993), 244. The voyage ended for Whidbey when Discov any sale of ship’s property would be treated as a ery moored in the Thames in October 1795. He very serious offence. I think we can understand had already made known to Vancouver that he why Vancouver threatened such draconian pun considered his sea-going days to be over and that ishments for this offence; laxity on his part would he would like to be a Master Attendant at one of surely have led to dismantling of the ship’s equip His Majesty’s dockyards.Vancouver supported his ment. In the part of Menzies’ letter devoted to request and wrote enthusiastic accounts of Whidbey’s statement we gather that Whidbey Whidbey’s behaviour and achievement during the writes of Camelford’s alleged crimes: “I know of voyage.The Admiralty accepted the proposal and, none”, and of his future: “he will prove an orna until a suitable vacancy should occur, he was sent ment to his profession.”° In view of Camelford’s to Portsmouth where he appeared on the books later career and short life of violence and aggres of Non Pareil. No doubt he was learning about sion culminating in his death in a duel,11 his future dockyard duties which would include Whidbey’s assessment of the young man must be the care and maintenance of all boats and ten seen either as a complete misjudgement of his ders, beaconage, buoyage and dredging of chan character or, worse, as a deliberate attempt to curry nels together with salvage operations when nec favour with Sir Joseph Banks at the expense of essary. In 1799 he was detached to make a his former shipmate and commander.Whichever hydrographic survey of Torbay with a view to explanation is correct it is a serious blot on the possible building of a breakwater to make it a Whidbey’s reputation. By 1796 when the state safe Fleet anchorage.The resulting chart was pub ment was made, the tide of public opinion had lished in his name.9 set strongly against Vancouver. The general ridi Meanwhile he had been appointed Master cule of him amongst his former ship’s company Attendant at Sheerness dockyard. Something must and amongst the upper echelons of society had be said at this point about his relations withVan already condemned him to spend the remaining couver after the voyage and before Vancouver’s few months of his life in utter despair.’2 death, in May 1798. It is possible that Whidbey Whidbey’s cultivation of SirJoseph paid off in had become disillusioned byVancouver’s failures many ways. He was promptly paid for his serv in the management ofmen and in the exercise of ices as astronomer by the Board of Longitude his command though there is no hint in the sur whereasVancouver’s parallel claim was apparently viving journals or letters of an open rift. How- ignored.’3 The all-powerful SirJoseph promoted

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i 13 Right: Bovisand, near Whidbey’s Fellowship of the Royal Society Sig of the mud; this happened without any cables Plymouth, 1825, where nificantly, he never did the same service for his parting and the Ambuscade came upright. After Whidbey lived at that devoted nominee on the voyage, Archibald further adjustments during succeeding tides the time. Nate the Plymouth Menzies, who probably deserved it as much but locked-together ships were able breaku’ater to drive with the had irritated the great man by the dilatory prepa wind to a shore near Sheerness where it was es ration of his Journal which Banks had hoped to tablished that the frigate had suffered hardly any have published before Vancouver’s Journal was damage. ready for the press.14 Undoubtedly Banks, who Whidbey’s promotion to the far larger dock had had so much to do with the planning of the yard ofWoolwich followed, and in 1805, his elec exploration of the tion as Fellow of Northwest, had de the Royal Society. cided that the out Around this time standing success of his long friendship the survey was due withJohn Rennie, in large part to the the already fa stamina and com mous civil engi mon sense of neer, began and Whidbey Although flourished. This admitting the va together with the lidity of such an patronage of opinion, it is sad Banks and Earl St. that so few of his Vincent, who had officers empathized commissioned his with the immense survey of Torbay, strain that the over- determined his all command put on Vancouver. later appointment as Superintending Engineer This digression on the subject of his relations for the building of the Plymouth Breakwater with his former commander has been necessary which commenced in 1811 .The full story of this in order to throw light onWhidbey’s second suc— massive and original work is recounted elsewhere cessful career as a Civil Engineer.This began when by the present author,17 but the key events were ° LWS = Low water he was Master Attendant at Sheerness and par first the hydrographic and geological survey of springs, i.e. the lowest level ticularly when he salvaged the frigate Ambuscade Plymouth Sound and the subsequent report dated to which the water sinks which had sunk in 25 feet of water LWS ‘ on 21 April 1806 by Rennie, Whidbey, and during spring tides.The the Nore Bank.This feat attracted a good deal of Hemmans, spring tidal range at Sheer a previous Master Attendant at Ply— i5 ness is 5.2 meters. publicity and led to Sir Joseph Banks’ asking for mouth who had local knowledge. ‘6Transactions of tile Royal a full account of the methods in a paper for the Their conclusion and plan for a central de Society, 28 April, 1803: Royal Society which he himself read from the tached breakwater were in the course of approval 321-324. chair in 1803.16 The circumstances of the salvage by the Admiralty, the matter being urgent due to ° Naish, “Joseph are worth recalling they Whidbey”, 1992. as illustrate Whidbey’s the vulnerability of the Channel Fleet which was ‘8.E. Moon, Report on tile ingenuity. The Ambuscade had gone down under without a secure base in the west ofEngland from History of tile Plymouth full sail and the hull was firmly embedded in the which to command the blockade ofBrest. I-Tow- Breakwater (Public Services sticky mud oftheThames estuary.Whidbey, who ever, the Battle ofAusterlitz, the death ofWilliam Devonport, Ply Library, appreciated the great adhesive power of mud, de Pitt, and subsequent changes of government mouth) ‘ Margaret Creen,William cided that the wreck could not be shifted until it caused the project to be postponed until it was Buckland’s model of Ply was first freed from mud suction and that he revived again during the Regency in 1811. mouth Breakwater: some should use the hefty Thames tidal range to effect Whidbey was first on detached duty from geological and scientific this. First dismastrng and de-gunning the ship, he Woolwich and lodged at the Pope’s Head in Ply connexions. Archives of ranged a large auxiliary vessel alongside frig Natural History. 23 [2]: the mouth with a salary ofLl,000 p.a. plus expenses 219-244. 1996. ate with four other smaller vessels bow-on to its and the service of a clerk. Later he moved out to Naish, The Interwoven other side. He then rove strong cables through a newish Regency-style house in Bovisand Bay Lives, 397. Quoting letter the deck spaces of the hull to the capstans in the from which he could look out on the site of the in Box 19798 of Rennie auxiliaries. They were hove tight at low water breakwater which began to be visible at Archives, National Library low wa of Scotland. and then he waited for the flood to lift her clear ter springs in 1814 and was acting as an efficient

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 shelter 21 for men-of--war by 1815. Over two mil bly only) niece who had kept house for her un The last will and testa lion tons of limestone were quarried from cle during his middle age.The task later .fell to an ment ofj.Whidbey is in Oreston where modern iron rails and trolleys were ex-naval man, Henry Oglan and his wife PROB. No. 11/1828/127. 22 Smiles, Samuel. Lives of used to handle the heavier blocks. Natural cav Catherine, the two being beneficiaries of a trust the Engineers. Vol 2. (1874) erns were opened up during the quarrying and which enabled them to continue living in St. 349. Whidbey was perspicacious enough to note that James House after Whidbey died and to collect ancient animal bones were preserved in them. rents from neighbouring properties. In August Thus, late in his career and when he was over 1834, the year after Whidbey’s death, a trial was seventy, Whidbey came to be the author of two held at the Wells Assize on the subject of more papers in the Transactions of the Royal Whidbey’s testamentary capacity The suit was Society. Some of the bones had gone for analysis brought by the Burn family and other unnamed to Sir Everard Home, President of the Royal relatives on the ground that at the time when College of Surgeons, and others to the Rever Whidbey made his last will, on 13 May 1833, he end Richard Buckland, a geologist of Oxford was not ofsound mind, memory and understand University, who was a world expert on the pal ing. The plaintiff and the defendant called over aeontology of caves. The bones were identified 80 witnesses.The contention of the Burns rela as those of extinct European animals notably rhi tives was that the banker Woodforde had used noceros, a primitive bear and hyena. undue influence on a senile Whidbey so that he, The story of the collaboration between Woodforde, was made the residuary legatee if Whidbey and Richard Buckland has recently Mary Ann Burn should die without issue. The been told by Margaret Green in the Archives of jury found unanimously in favour of the plain— Natural History.1° It was the finding of a polished tiff,Woodforde,so the will executed in May 1833 limestone model of the Plymouth Breakwater in was upheld. The trial was fully reported in The the Oxford Geological Collections which caused Taunton Courier of 20 August 1834. Margaret Green to investigate the connection As for Whidbey’s character, those who have between Buckiand and Whidbey. Whidbey had read the accounts of the great voyage, his reports, sent the model to Bucldand in 1826, perhaps as a and letters must agree with the conclusion of belated wedding gift, for Buckland had been made Samuel Smiles who, in the second volume of his a Canon of Christ Church and had married in Lives of the Engineers, in the chapter on John 1825.Whidhey by this time was in his early sev Rennie, writes about Whidbey: 22 enties and preparing to retire. It is strange to think His varied experience had produced rich fruits in a of the former warrant officer and intrepid ex mind naturally robust and vigorous. As might be plorer of the Northwest rubbing shoulders with expected he was an excellent seaman. He was also a the “good and great” of England.There had even man of considerable acquaintance with practical science been talk of a knighthood for him in 1815 but and had acquired from experience a large knowledge of human nature Whidbey scorned the idea in a letter to Rennie, of a kind not to be derived from books.... He was greatly beloved and feeling that the only good of “such a handle to respected by all who knew him. my name” would have been to aid him in his dealings with the Navy Board whom he found impossibly bureaucratic and obstructive.20 After a period of ill health and after the death of his great friend, John Rennie, Whidbey re tired at the age of75 toTaunton where he bought the substantial property of St.James House right opposite St. James Church. He was a congenial and interesting man who had a large circle of friends many of whom, even old shipmates from Discovery, were remembered in his will.This will, engrossed in 1832 a year before Whidbey’s death in October 1833, is still available.21 His residuary legatee was Mary Ann Burn who was married to a sailor, address unknown. She was the daughter Left: Bovisand as it is of Nancy Jackson, Joseph’s favourite (and possi Photo: courtesy Mr. Harry Moore. - today

BC HISTOR1CPL NEWS - SUMMER i999 15 Managing Multiple Narratives Alexander Mackenzie at Nuxalk Territory, 1793’ by Sam Dunn

A culture that discovers what is alien to Sam Dunn holds a B.A. its4fsimultane- 2 in anthropology and ously manifests what is in its4f history from the —Bernard McGrane (1989) University ofVictoria. N JULY 19, 1793, fur trader Alexander ways in which oral he currently lives in and written accounts can to Mackenzie became Toronto,and is the first person of gether be used to enhance our understanding of pursuing an M.A. in Q European origin to cross the North the past. Anthropologist Julie Cruikshank notes anthropology at York American continent. Along with fellow North that oral and written sources may provide con University West Company (NWC) trader Alexander McKay, trasting accounts of past events.6 In some cases Mackenzie travelled to the Pacific Ocean in search there may be considerable disagreement between I wish to thank Randy of a commercial link to the Orient. Their Bouchard and Dorothy long sources over what actually happened in the past.7 Kennedy for providing me and arduous journey from Fort Chipewyan at Cruikshank also suggests, however, that because with the oral accounts of Lake Athabaska to the Bella Coola River is well all accounts are embedded in unique social con Mackenzie’s arrival at the documented in Mackenzie’s journal, originally texts—in which factors such as race, ethnicity, Bella CoolaValley.This published in Voyagesfrom Montreal (London, 1801), class, essay would never have and gender play important roles—histori materialized without their and this event has since crystallized in the Euro— cal narratives should not be “sifted for facts,” but assistance. I would Canadian imagination as a “heroic” moment in rather analyzed in terms of the information they especially like to thank the westward expansion of the fur trade.3 Indeed, provide on the cultural values of the respective Randy Bouchard and Mackenzie’s journal has been the primary “lens” narrators.8 Wendy Wickwire, both of Other scholars, such as anthropolo whom made helpful through which scholars and the general public gist Jonathan Hill, have argued that “history is suggestions along the way. have viewed his arrival at Nuxalk territory in not reducible to the what ‘really happened’ of McGrane, the summer of 1793. As a result, Mackenzie’s past events” because narration is a selective, in Beyond Anthropology: Society and tile Other (NewYork: relationship with the Nuxalk has been interpreted terpretive process.9 In other words, because indi Columbia University Press, primarily in economic terms: it was an impor vidual viewpoints are limited by particular socio 1989), 1. tant step towards establishing a new regional cultural backgrounds, the telling of past events For a celebratory account economy on the Pacific.5 necessarily involves the selection of certain details of Mackenzie’s Pacific journey, see Richard P This paper aims to show that contact between over others. From this perspective, then, all his Bishop, Mackenzies Rock Mackenzie and the Nuxalk also constituted a cul torical “facts” are culturally mediated)° (Ottawa: Printed at the tural encounter between peoples of different so With this theoretical perspective in mind, this Government Printing cial, cultural, political and economic backgrounds. paper examines how Mackenzie’s written account Bureau, 1924 [?j). 4Wendy C.Wickwire, “To This encounter can best be understood by com and Nuxalk oral narratives enhance our under See Ourselves as the paring and contrasting several contact narratives. standing of contact and trade at Bella Coola River Other’s Other: Until recently, scholars have largely accepted Mac in 1793. Each account offers a unique version of Nlaka’pamux Contact kenzie’s written account as “the” account of con Mackenzie’s arrival. This paper will not focus, Narratives,” Canadian His torical Review 75 (1994), 2. tact and trade in the Bella Coola valley. That is, however, on the “facts” that can be rendered from For an economic Mackenzie’s journal has been treated as provid these diverse sources. I am not looking for the perspective on the Western ing an objective, detached and therefore truthful “real story” in the past. Nor will I attempt to fur trade, see Richard depiction of this encounter, while the Nuxalk’s meld these texts into one “indisputable truth.”11 Mackie, Trading Beyond tile Mountains: The British Fur own version of the story has been undervalued. Instead, I find it more interesting and useful to Trade on tile Pac(fic, 1793- An important focus of this paper is to under focus on the cultural values that underlie and 1843 (Vancouver: UBC stand why Nuxalk oral history, and, by exten inform the actions and words of Mackenzie and Press, 1997). sion, oral narratives in general, have not been Nuxalk men and women. With respect to oral 6Julie Cruikshank, “Discovery of Gold on the treated as valid sources of information on con history, this paper argues that Nuxalk narratives Kiondike: Perspectives tact situations. do not simply provide an alternative view ofMac from Oral Tradition,” in Ethnohistorians, social historians, and anthro kenzie’s published account. Rather, these accounts Words: Reading Beyond pologists are paying increasing attention to the are equally valid sources of historical data. They Contextsfor Native History,

16 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER iç are shaped by the interests and needs of the perior, in North America, and being endowed by Essay submitted for Nuxalk, and therefore provide unique informa Nature with an inquisitive mind and enterprising the British Columbia tion on the socio-cultural contexts in which they spirit; possessing also a constitution and frame of Historical Federation are enmeshed. body equal to the most arduous undertakings, and Scholarship being familiar with toilsome exertions in the pros competition 1998. ALExA.NnER MACKENZIE: A BRIEF BAcKGRouND ecution of mercantile pursuits, I not only contem Recomended by Dr. Alexander Mackenzie was born in 1764 in Stor plated the practicability of penetrating across the Elizabeth Vibert, noway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland. One of four chil continent ofAmerica, but was confident in the qua]i Associate Professor, dren, Alexander emigrated to the United States fications, as I was ammated by the desire, to under Department of History, with his father at the age of ten. Shortly after take the perilous enterprise. 16 University of Victoria. being orphaned in 1778, Mackenzie moved north Mackenzie clearly viewed himself as the best person for the job. His whole-hearted to pursue a career in the fur trade. Working for commit eds.Jennifer S.H. Brown the firm of Gregory, ment to finding a route west was also acknowl and Elizabeth Vibert MacLeod, in 1784, he edged by his fellow trav (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996), 433. made his first trading trip ellers. As one crewman See, for example, Frieda from the first to Detroit. Later in the voyage re Esau Klippenstein, “The same year, Gregory, marked: Challenge ofJames MacLeod amalgamated “[Mackenzie was] a man Douglas and Carrier Chief Kwah,” in Reading Beyond with the newly formed ofmasterful temperament, and those who accompa Words: Contextsfor Native North West Company, History, med him, whether white eds.Jennifer SR. and Mackenzie began to Brown and Elizabeth men or natives, were make plans for a westward Vibert (Peterborough: merely so many instru Broadview Press, 1996). expedition in search of a ments to be used in the ac Cruikshank, “Discovery route to the markets of the complishment of any pur of Gold on the Kiondike,” Orient. 12 pose which he had in 435. On his first expedition mind.”17 1’Jonathan D. Hill, “Introduction: Myth and in 1789, Mackenzie fol Mackenzie’s character History,” in Rethinking lowed what was to be earned him a rather am History and Myth: come the Mackenzie biguous relationship not Indigenous South American River, only to discover only with his own crew Perspectives on the Past, ed. Jonathan D. Hill (Urbana that it did not lead west, men, but also with the and Chicago: University of but rather north to the various Native peoples Illinois Press, 1988), 2. Arctic Ocean. Mackenzie he traded with during ‘° Klippenstein, “The was well aware of the his travels. Challenge ofJames Douglas and Carrier Chief causes of his failure to find a route to the Pacific Mackenzie’s investigation ofthe Pacific region’s Kwah,” 147. in 1789: “I was not only without the necessary economic and commercial potential began in ear ElizabethVibert, Tfaders’ books and instruments, but also felt myself defi nest in May, 1793. 18 His initial crew consisted of 72iles: Narratives of Cultural Encounters the cient in the sciences of astronomy ten men: Alexander McKay, his second-in-com in Columbia and naviga Plateau, 1807-1846 tion.”13 To prepare for a second expedition along mand; six French-Canadian voyageurs (two of (Norman: University of the Peace and Fraser Rivers, Mackenzie com whom had been members of his first expedi Oklahoma Press, 1997), 5. n piled as much information as possible on Native tion); and two Sekani men who acted as guides GermaineWarkentin, ed. Canadian Exploration and interpreters.19 Mackenzie and his crew trade routes, and also went to England to learn trav Literature: An Anthology basic navigational skills.i4 Mackenzie’s plans for elled west from Fort Fork along the Peace River (Toronto: Oxford the second, “Pacific,” journey were far more to the Parsnip, and then south along the Parsnip University Press, 1993), elaborate than those for his first trip. As historian to the Fraser. His route west from the Fraser fol 260-1. ‘3W Kaye Lamb, ed. The lowed well—beaten Carrier travel routes Richard Mackie notes, Mackenzie, along with to the Journals and Letters of Sir London geographer Alexander Dalrymple, “de Coast Mountains. Mackenzie entered Nuxalk ter Alexander J’Vlackenzie vised a model for the territorial control and com— ritory from the east, descending the Coastals along (Toronto: Macmillan, inercial exploitation of the Pacific region of the Burnt Bridge Creek to the Bella Coola River. 1970), 58. 14 Lamb,JournaLc This paper takes up Mackenzie’s 18. fur trade.”15 Mackenzie expressed his intentions narrative upon Mackie, 7?ading Beyond as a commercial entrepreneur in the preface to his arrival at the village of Nutteax2° (or Burnt the Mountains, 3. his journal: Bridge) on July 17, 1793. But first, a brief de 16 Lamb,Journals, 57. 17 I was led, at an early period of my life, by comnier scription of Nuxalk culture and economy at the Mackenzie does not give the name of this crewman. cial views, to the country North-West of Lake Su time of Mackenzie’s arrival is provided. Lamb,Journals, 22.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER I999 17 K Mackenzie’s Pacific NuXALK LGuAGE, CucruRE AND ECONOMY HOsPITALrry AT FRIENDLY VILLAGE journey officially began at The Nuxalk2i speak a Coast Salish language that It is important Fort Chipewyan in to note that Mackenzie’s origi October 1792. However, is geographically isolated from the rest of the nal journals underwent considerable revision be his crew was forced to stop Salishan family. The Nuxalk are surrounded by a fore publication in 1801.Even though the origi at Fort Fork (located at the number of’vVakashan—speaking peoples: the Haisla nal logbook for the Pacific journey is no longer intersection of the Peace to the north, the Heiltsuk and Oweekeno to the extant, several River and the Smoky) in scholars have noted that William order to repair canoes and west, and the Kwakwaka’wakw to the south.The Combe, an English literary hack, put the fin replenish supplies. Several Nuxalk are bordered to the east by two ishing touches on Mackenzie’s manuscript. In authors treat Mackenzie’s Athapaskan-speaking groups, the Chilcotin and the Preface to Voyages, Mackenzie himself rec departure from Fort Fork the Carrier. the as the starting point of his ognized limits of his own hand: Pacific voyage. See Lamb In the late eighteenth century, the Nuxalk lived I must beg leave to inform my readers, that they Journals and Letters, 21 and in several permanent villages along the major are not to expect the charms of embellished W.srkentin, Canadian channels, rivers and creeks of the Bella Coola narrative, or animated description; the approba Exploration Literature ,265. Valley. The abundant supply of food and other tion due to simplicity and to truth is all I presume Lamb,Journals, 21. to claim; and I am not without hope that this 20 Mackenzie resources in the area allowed the Nuxalk to re later named claim will be allowed me. I have described what this settlement “Friendly main sedentary throughout the year, apart from ever I saw with the impressions of the moment Village.”The speHings used occasional excursions to seasonal camps to ex throughout this paper for which presented it to me.23 ploit specific resources. Nuxalk subsistence was Nuxalk villages and other Like so many other fur traders and explorers, place names follow as close based primarily on fish (mostly salmon and Mackenzie aimed to produce an objective, first as possible those given by eulachons), procured mainly by traps set in weirs hand account of the day-to-day activities of the anthropologists Dorothy across rivers and creeks.The Nuxalk also hunted Kennedy and Randy Native peoples he came into contact with. Mac animals (particularly the mountain goat) for food, Bouchard, and kenzie attempted to establish that he had “been ethnographer Thomas clothing, and medicines. Although the Nuxalk there, looking and recording.”24 Phrases such as Mcllwraith. shared a common language, the villages did not “I observed” and “I saw” punctuate Macken Today. Nuxalk is the form a single political unit. Rather, Nuxalk po general term of reference zie’s narrative, thus confirming his authority as litical and economic life was centred around for the people of the Bela the a witness to the behaviour of foreign peoples. Coola Valley. Although descent group, in which an individual traced his One of the most powerful images that referred to as the “Bela or her membership patrilineally (i.e. through the emerges from Mackenzie’s text in his descrip Coola” in fur trader and male line). Fish weirs and hunting areas, for ex subsequent government tion of the Nuxalk is the image of”friendship.” were controlled and ethnographic ample, by individual descent On the evening ofJuly 17, Mackenzie and his docunsents, the term groups. In terms of external relations, the Nuxalk crew arrived at the village of Nutteax seeking Nuxalk is used here to traded and intermarried with the Heiltsuk, food and lodging after a long descent into the respect its revival as a term Chilcotin, and Carrier, but also had had many of self-identification for valley Mackenzie was instantly impressed by the the people of the valley. so—called “wars” with these groups.22 hospitality of the villagers: “I walked into one — For ,sn insightful discussion • .,...• . HAIDA of [the huts] without the least ceremony, threw of the importance of ‘VO K’ shw diL down my burden and, after shaking hands with “naming” in First 0 . ‘ 0 0 0 Northw,’K C,,i Nations/Euro-Canadian some of them, sat down upon it.They received relations, see Ken C. me without the least appearance ofsurprize 25 Brealey, “Mapping them After meeting the chief of the village (whose ‘Out”: Euro-Canadian name does not appear in the text), Mackenzie Cartography and the Appropriation of the and his crew were treated to a large meal con Nuxalk and Ts’ilhqot’in in sisting of roasted salmon, gooseberries, and vari First Nations’Territories, ous herbs. Mackenzie seems to suggest that his 1793-1916,” The Canadian hosts were predisposed towards this sort of be Geographer 39 (1995), 140 “Having regaled these deli 156. . “J haviour: been with 22Dorothy ID. Kennedy cacies, for they were considered by that hospi ‘K tc table spirit which provided them, we laid our / selves down to rest with no other canopy than the sky....”26 Before his departure the following AL I S H day, Mackenzie offered goods to the chief in Native language Right: (_Sh%%.. return for the hospitality afforded the crew: “I groups showing the Salish speaking Nuxalk and their presented my friend with several articles, and A part of a map drawn by Eric Leinberger reproduced with kind permission from neighbours. Richard Mackie, TradingBeyondthe Mountains, UBC Press, 1997. also distributed some among others of the na

18 BC HlSTORCAL NEWS - SUMMER i999 Left: Sketchenap of Mackenzie S approach to the coast. Courtesy Sam Dunn

and RandailT. Bouchard, “Bella Coola,” in Handbook 51f7\rorth American Indians (Northwest Coast), ed. Wayne Suttles (Washington: Smithsonian Institution,Volume 7, 1990), 323-9. 23 Lamb,Journals, 59. 24 Daniel Clayton, “Captain Cook and the Spaces of Contact at ‘Nootka Sound’,” in Reading Beyond Words: Contextsfor Native History, eds.Jenn,fer SR. Brown and Elizabeth Vibert (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996),101. 25 Lamb,Journals, 360. 26 Lamb,Journals, 361. 27 Lamb,Journa1s 363. 28 Clayton, tives who had been attentive to us.”27 Since Mac flects broader interests “Captain Cook than simply establishing and the Spaces of kenzie was planning to return to FriendlyVillage friendships on the Northwest Coast. Contact,” 114. after reaching the Pacific Ocean, he was deter 29 Lamh,Journals, 363. HosTILIrY AT GRE&T VILLAGE mined to establish good trade relations with the 3’Lamb,Journals, 365. Other images in Mackenzie’s text seemingly con chief and the other villagers. The term “Euro- tradict his construction ofthe Nuxalk as a friendly, Canadian” is a useful Descriptions of friendship, reciprocity and (fu hospitable Native group, engaged in peaceful ex device for identifring the ture) trade are found throughout the writings of European influence on fur changes with Euro-Canadians and other Native fur traders and explorers. In his discussion of con trade culture, and for peoples. For example, onJuly 18, Mackenzie, ac aligning tact and trade between Captain Cook and the this culture with companied by seven Nuxalk, set out for the vil later social and cultural Nuu-Chah-Nulth at Nootka Sound, historical lage of Nusqlst,32 about nine miles downstream developments in North geographer Daniel Clayton argues that the im America, even though from Nutteax. Because of the treatment that his ages of friendship and the prospect oftrade found “Canada” as we now crew had received at FriendlyVillage, Mackenzie know it within Cook’s Journal cannot be properly did not exist in was shocked by the reception at Nusqist: the late eighteenth century. analyzed without taking into account his inter Some ofthe Indians ran before us, to announce our 32Mackenzie referred to ests and goals as a European explorer in search of approach, when we took our bundles and followed. this settlement as the “GreatVillage” because of trade on the Northwest Coast.These images, ac We had walked along a well-beaten path, through a its large size and his cording to Clayton,”helped confirm [Cook’s] sta kind of coppice, when we were informed by the admiration for the chief tus as a gentle and humane explorer.”28 In Mac arrival of our couriers at the houses, by the loud there. Mackenzie counted kenzie’s case, these sorts ofimages were employed and conksed talking of the inhabitants. The noise eleven houses and in order to bolster his reputation as a successful and confusion ofthe natives now seemed to encrease, estimated a population of and when we came into sight ofthe village, we saw about two hundred (Lamb, commercial entrepreneur on the frontier of the Journals them running from house to house, some armed and Letters, 366—7). western fur trade. Phrases like “my friend”29 and Ethnographer Thomas with bows and arrows, others with spears, and many “regard and friendship”30 are repeated through Mcllwraith mentions that with axes, as if in a great state of alarm33 out the text to earn the confidence of a Euro- the village was abandoned According to Mackenzie, these villagers ex around 1880 (Thomas F. Canadian31 readership that held expressed inter hibited similar behaviour after he had discovered Mcllwraith, The Bella Coola est in the future commercial exploitation of this Indians [Toronto: that one of his axes was missing: “...the village western hinterland region. As such, Mackenzie’s University ofToronto was in an immediate state of uproar, and some account implicitly, though no less powerfully, re Press,Volume 1, 19481, 9). danger was apprehended from the confusion that Lamb,Journals, 364.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER ig 19 Right: Bella Coola Ghost prevailed in it.”34 The hostile appearance35 of the which embodied the qualities of a noncivilized Mask. Reproduced with residents at Nusqist, although soon quelled by the Other. Images of hospitality and hostility in the kind permission of the calm and collected Mackenzie, was to perma Bella Coola Valley, then, can best be understood Canadian Museum of nently reshape his view of the Nuxalk. The im by aligning them with the larger belief Civilization. systems age of perfect tranquillity36 that Mackenzie had of late eighteenth century Euro-Canadian cul constructed of FriendlyVillage and other smaller ture. villages along the Bella Coola River had been IN SIncH OF tainted, and would be “LEGITI MATE COMMERCE” further corrupted by his Mackenzie’s interests experiences elsewhere as a commercial entrepre in the valley. neur manifest them These incidents led selves in other ways Mackenzie to assume throughout the text. that the Nuxalk, like Mackenzie provides de other Native peoples he tailed (and useful) de had met during his voy scriptions of Nuxalk ages, were irrational and village sites, technology; dangerous creatures and Native use of Eu who posed a threat to ropean trade goods.42 the lives ofhis crew and During his first visit to the safety of its trade I\Tusqlst, for instance, goods. This dual image Mackenzie gives several of the Nuxalk as hos first-hand accounts of pitable and hostile is not Nuxalk men and as contradictory as it women, respectively, may seem.According to catching and preparing the eighteenth century fish. He also documents European worldview, ‘ Lamb,Journals, 370. the use of copper, brass, Native peoples (who Lamb,journals, 364. and iron for culinary ° were collectively repre Collection Canadian Museum of Civilization, catalogue number VilD-2OO Lamb,Journals, 387. and decorative pur— McGrane, Beyond sented as the “Other”) poses.43 Significantly, on his final day in the Bella Anthropology, ix. were predisposed towards these types of behav 38 McGrane, Beyond CoolaValley, Mackenzie provides an extensive de iour. “Friendly” at one moment and “violent” Anthropology, 52. scription of Nuxalk subsistence activities, mar the next, Native peoples were incapable of living 39Lamb,Journals, 367. riage practices, religion and government.The fol 40Lamb,Journals and Letters, up to the rational ideals of Enlightenment Eu lowing comments are particularly illustrative of 394. rope. As anthropologist Bernard McGrane has 41Warkentin, Canadian his intentions as a NWC trader: the Enlightenment: “Ignorance Exploration Literature 261. argued, during Of the many tribes of savage people whom I have 42 Kennedy and Bouchard, came between Europeans and the Other.”37 That seen, these appear to be the most susceptible ofcivi “Bella Coola,” 336. is, Native peoples could be both passive and dan lization. They might soon be brought to cultivate ‘ Lamb,Journals and Letters, gerous because ultimately they were the little ground about them which is capable of it. 369. Lamb,journals and Letters, “unenlightened.”38 In the case ofthe Nuxalk, their There is a narrow border of a rich black soil, on 394. “uncultivated” nature, as Mackenzie put it, made either side of the river, over a bed of gravel, which Mary Louise Pratt, them unpredictable and therefore untrustwor would yield any grain or fruit, that are common to bnperial Eyes: Travel Writing thy.39 According to Mackenzie, the Nuxalk were similar latitudes in Europe.44 and Transculturation (New Historian Mary Louise Pratt has called this kind York: Routledge, 1992), at once benign and threatening: 70. They appear to be of a friendly disposition, of pursuit “legitimate commerce.”45 Mackenzie 46 McGrane, Beyond but they are subject to sudden gusts of passion, was not looking to settle or colonize the Bela Anthropology, 47. which are as quickly composed; and the transi Coola Valley, but rather to legitimise the com 47John Scouler, mercial exploitation of the area in the eyes of his “Observations on the tion is instantaneous, from violent irritation to fellows in the NWC and his wider readership. Indigenous Tribes of the the most tranquil demeanour.4° N.W Coast ofAmerica,” The point here is that while Mackenzie had Clearly, this required not only an abundant land Journal of the Royal “neither geographical nor ethnographical in scape, but also a people “susceptible of civiliza Geographic Society 11 tion.”The seemingly ubiquitous nature ofEuro- (1841), 224. stincts,”41 he actively constructed a Nuxalk world

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i pean goods in the area was a clear indication to to guide him.They spread the contents ofhis cham Mcllwraith, The Bella Mackenzie that the Nuxalk were prepared to ber-pot on the trail, before and after him. They Coola Indians, 5. 49Bishop, Sir Alexander become full-fledged participants in the emerg thought that he had returned from the dead, so this Mackenziei would prevent him from disappearing.51 Rock, 11. ing regional and international economy. 50While these accounts In sum, the images produced by Mackenzie A similar description of Mackenzie’s arrival is have indeed been suggest that his journal cannot be treated at face given by Orden Mack, a man of Scottish and transmitted orally, it is important to note value. He did not simply record what he saw”on Nuxalk background: that this When Alexander Mackenzie came through to Burnt paper draws on written oral the ground.”This discussion has aimed to show accounts. Bridge, right straight down the river ‘ that Mackenzie actively created distinctions be to the Indian British Columbia Indian village right there, that’s when he saw the chief. tween Euro-Canadians and the Nuxalk.The most Language Project, And he (the chief) told. them he was born from the Unpublished Bella Coola pervasive images in his text, those of hospitality; dead, lie came to life again, because his face was Fieldnotes, 1971-1977. hostility, and “legitimate commerce,” 52 serve to white he didn’t look like the Indians.52 Susanne Stone, ed. Be/la highlight wider Euro-Canadian beliefs about the Coo/a Stories (Report of In yet another account, the late Agnes Edgar Native Other. Although the Nuxalk showed signs the B.C. Indian Advisory notes that”the Indians thought that these white— Committee, 1968-69), 94. of”civihzation,” they still posed a constant “threat coloured people had come back from the dead.”53 British Columbia Indian of nature”46 to Mackenzie and his crew Mac— Nuxalk perceptions of outsiders have also been Language Project, kenzie’s status as an enlightened and, therefore, Fieldnotes. described by Thomas Mcllwraith, who, in the superior Euro—Canadian is preserved through Mcllwraith, Tile Bc/la early 1920s, conducted extensive ethnographic Coo/a Indians, 56. out his narrative, even though he must rely ex fieldwork among the Nuxalk. According to See also, Bruce G. tensively on the skills and assistance of Native Mcllwraith, Trigger, “Early Native North American guides and chiefs. when Mackenzie appeared.. .they thought that Responses to European he must be from “TuE M IT CoMEs FROM THE D” another world. Some thought him Contact: Romantic versus Several sources indicate that the arrival of Mac a dead man returned to life, others considered him Rationalistic a supernatural visitor from above who had Interpretations,”Journa/ kenzie at Bella CoolaValley has been told through fallen of down to earth, as did their first ancestors.The latter American History 77 Nuxalk oral history. Writing in 1841, naturalist view prevailed, and it was ultimately decided that (March 1991), 1201. John Scouler noted that “some of the old men of lie must be Qorncua, a supernatural being resident 56Lamb,Journals, 366. the tribe still remember his visit.”47 In 1924, eth— aloft of whom little was known.This name was ap nographer Thomas Mcllwraith wrote that Mac plied to him, and it has since been given to all white kenzie’s visit was “an event of such great interest men.54 to the grandparents of the older people that the This evidence suggests that at the time of memory of it is still preserved.”48 In the sante Mackenzie’s arrival newcomers were perceived year, Captain Richard Bishop, a government sur as supernatural visitors, as people returned from veyor who retraced Mackenzie’s route from the the dead.55 As we shall see, the representation of mouth of the Bela Coola River to the famed Mackenzie as a man born from the dead not only Mackenzie’s Rock in Dean Channel, claimed that helped the Nuxalk to make sense of his arrival, the historic arrival at the Pacific at Bella Coola is a but also had important socio-economic functions matter of great interest to the inhabitants of the in Nuxalk society; valley, and ofproud tradition to those Indians whose This particular construction ofMackenzie had forebears gave Mackenzie a hospitable reception.49 a major influence on the events that transpired at of this The remainder essay examines three Bela Coola Valley. In several instances through short, yet informative, oral narratives on Mac out his journal, Mackenzie is perplexed by the kenzie’s arrival at Nuxalk territory. Nuxalk nar Nuxalk’s refusal to let him buy or trade for fresh ratives, it is argued, offer much more than a sim salmon. ple recounting of Mackenzie’s own story. We were all very desirous to get some fresh salmon, The three oral5° narratives presented here are that we might dress them in our own way, centred around the Nuxalk belief that white peo but could not by any means obtain that gratifica ple had returned from the dead. One narrative, tion, though there were thousands ofthat fish strung originally told in the Nuxalk language by the on cords... .They were even averse to our approach late FelicityWalkus, describes Mackenzie’s arrival ing the spot where they clean and prepare them for 56 at the village of Nutteax: their own eating. The people greeted him and gave him some barbe Significantly, Mackenzie and his crew are only cued fish. When they continued going down the able to obtain roasted salmon: “they refused to river, the chief put a feather on Mackenzie’s head sell one of them, but gave me one roasted of a

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 21 Lamb,Journals, 372. very different kind.”57 Mackenzie’s only justifi jective, interpretive accounts about the past that 08Lainb,Journals, 362. cation for this failure is the superstitious nature diverge “ Stone, Bella Coola Stories, often on matters of place, person, and 96. of the Natives: “These people indulge in an ex— event. For some, this means a bewildering array 60 British Colunabia Indian trenl.e superstition respecting their fish, as it is ofpossible pasts that prevents us from really know Language Project, apparently their only animal food.”58 Invoking ing what happened in the past. A primary con Fieldnotes. the image of the superstitious, ignorant Native tention throughout 61 Kennedy and Bouchard, this paper has been that con “Bela Coola,” 325. allowed Mackenzie to explain away his failure to tact situations can only properly be understood 62Julie Cruikshank, “Oral obtain a potentially viable resource for the NWC. by attempting to manage multiple narratives, both Tradition and Oral The oral narratives provide a very different written and oral. Oral accounts are important in History: Reviewing Some explanation for the Nuxalk practice of restrict Issues,” Canadian Historical that they challenge the very notion of”fact” and Revicii’75 (1994), 408. ing “white man’s” access to fresh fish. Orden “detail.”62 That is, in the case of Mackenzie’s ar 63 Michael Eugene Harkin, Mack, for example, gives a vivid description of rival, while the ways of telling the story may “Dialogues of History: Mackenzie’s return trip along the Bella Coola change, the essence remains the same.These brief Transformation and River: accounts diverge, Change in Heiltsuk for example, on the exact chro Culture, 1790-1920” Every, every fish trap they got into, they have to nology of Mackenzie’s trip from FriendlyVillage (Ph.D. dissertation, portage. They take that canoe around that fish trap to Mackenzie’s Rock and back again. However, University of because these Indians didn’t believe in that.., the man there is considerable agreement between these Chicago, 1988), 20. that comes from the dead—he was dead once and sources on the why of what happened in July, °4Wickwire, “To See came to life again, this Mackenzie was—what they 1793.This demonstrates Michael Harkin’s point Ourselves,” 18. believe. If he sees the fish trap, the fish wouldn’t 65 Mcllwraith, The Bella that “through repetition within the community, come by it. So they wouldn’t let him see it. A.ll the Cools Indians, 56. historical events become part of a common her 6, Bishop, Mackenzies Rock, way up, another fish trap, they have to portage eve rything, the baggage and the canoe.59 itage.”63 In other words, Nuxalk oral accounts Agnes Edgar, too, describes how Mackenzie’s inform—and, in turn, are informed by—the larger crew was unable to examine the fish weir at cultural, social and economic contexts of which Nutteax: “They didn’t want the white people to they are a part. The construction of Mackenzie go to the fish weir that evening. They grabbed as born from the dead has illustrated this point. hold of them and held them back.”’° The Nuxalk This paper has argued that oral and written clearly felt that the crew’s “whiteness” (or accounts are equally valid sources of historical “deadness”) would bring harm to their fish stocks. information in order to illustrate precisely that Fish, as we will recall, formed the basis of Nuxalk they have not been treated as such. Contact his subsistence. Five types of salmon were caught, as tory is still largely based on the writings ofwhite well as steelhead trout; eulachons and Pacific her explorers.64 Until recently, the notion that oral ring provided boiled, barbecued, or smoke-dried history is more subjective and less truthful than staple food; and eulachon grease was a highly val written accounts has remained unchallenged by ued trade item.6’ In the view of the Nuxalk, these historians and other scholars.Thomas Mcllwraith, supplies were threatened by Mackenzie’s pres for example, argues that “traditions of this type ence. As such, the representation of Mackenzie are valuable as reflecting the interests of a people, and his white crew members as returned from but their historical accuracy may well be the dead, functioned in two ways: to make sense doubted.”65 This view is echoed by Richard of the newcomers’ appearance and to preserve Bishop who, in attempting to locate the exact their most important resource. Nuxalk oral nar position of Mackenzie’s Rock, felt that “it might ratives, then, are imbued with both cultural val be risky to take local information too seriously.”66 ues and economic needs.These accounts not only Oral narratives are frequently downplayed as ‘lore” produce story.”What offer a unique perspective on Mackenzie’s arrival because they do not the “real recognise written (indeed, they explain elements of the story that these arguments fail to is that shaped the individual biases cannot be found in Mackenzie’s published text), accounts are also by author and wider cultural value sys but they also help us understand the cultural and of the the Like economic contexts in which they are embed tem of which s/he is a part. oral accounts, much ded. written texts are also subjective, however they portend to be objective. “All histories,” ar CONCLUSIONS gues Judith Binney,”derive from a particular time, histories, such as those discussed Oral and written a particular place, and a particular cultural herit cannot compared easily. They are sub— here, be age.”67 In addition, written accounts, including

22 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 fur trader texts, undergo considerable revision and Clayton, Daniel. “Captain Cook and the Spaces of (7J Cruikshank, “Oral embeffishment before publication.68 Indeed, Mac Contact at ‘Nootka Sound’.” In Reading Beyond Tradition and Oral kenzie’s journal is no exception. Words: Contextsfor Native History, edited by Jennifer History,” 410. 68 See IS. MacLaren, S.H. Brown and ElizabethVibert, 95-123. Peter- One dilenima which continues to perplex “Exploration/Travel borough: Broadview Press, 1996. scholars and many Native groups is the question Literature and the Cruikshank,Julie. “Oral Tradition and Oral of how and why oral sources have not been af History: Evolution of the Author,” Reviewing Some Issues.” Canadian Historical Re International forded the same historical .weight as written Journal of view 75 (1994): 403-18. Canadian Studies 5 (Spring sources.69 To paraphrase Julie Cruikshank’s ques Cruikshank, Julie. “Discovery of Gold on the 1992), 39-68. tion, how it is that one account is included in Kiondike: Perspectives from Oral Tradition.” In ‘9Cruikshank, “Oral Tradition official history, while the others are relegated to Reading Beyond Words: Contextsfor Native History, and Oral History,” 417. collective mernory?7 My findings suggest that edited by Jennifer S.H. Brown and Elizabeth 70 Cruikshank, “Discovery the disempowerment of oral history is not only Vibert, 433-58. Peterborough: Broadview Press, of Gold on the Kiondike,” the result of scholars’ reluctance to include oral 1996. 436. narratives in historical analyzes. Oral history has Hill,Jonathan D.”Introduction: Myth and History.” In also been discredited because of the questions Rethinking History and Myth: Indigenous South American Perspectives on the Past, edited that are being asked about the past. This paper by Jonathan D. Hill, 1-18. Urbana and Chicago: University of has aimed to illustrate that searching for “facts” Illinois Press, 1988. in Nuxalk and Euro—Canadian contact narratives Kennedy, Dorothy ID. and RandailT. Bouchard. prevents us from understanding the range ofcul “Bella Coola.” In Handbook of North American Indi tural values that underlie these accounts. In an ans (Northwest Coast), edited by Wayne Sutdes, attempt to manage a multiplicity of contact nar 323-39. Washington: Smithsonian Institution,Vol ratives at Nuxalk territory, it has become clear urne7, 1990. that we need to rethink our questions about past Klippenstein, Frieda Esau. “The Challenge ofJames events and processes. “Sifting for facts” on what Douglas and Carrier Chief Kwah.” In Reading Be yond happened in the past has become the dominant Words: Contexts for Native History, edited by Jennifer S.H. Brown and EhzabethVibert, 124-5 mode of analyzing contact situations because we 1. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996. have yet to fully acknowledge the value of oral Mackie. Richard. Tading Beyond the Mountains:The historical narrative. British Fur 7hide on the Pacjfic, 1793-1 843.Vancou- ver: UBC Press, 1997. BIBLIoGrPHY MacLaren, I.S. “Exploration/Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Author.” International Journal

PRIJn,sRY SouRcEs - UNPUBLISHED of Canadian Studies 5 (Spring 1992): 39-68. British Columbia Indian Language Project. Unpub McGrane, Bernard. Beyond Anthropology: Society and lished Bella Coola fieldnotes, 1971-1977. the Other. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1989.

PRIItI4RY SouRcEs - PUBLISHED Mcllwraith,Thomas F The Be/la Coo/a Indians.To Lamb,W Kaye, ed. Tue Journals and Letters of SirAlex ronto: University ofToronto Press,Volume 1, 1948. ander ?vlac/eenzie.Toronto: Macmillan, 1970. Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: 7iavel Writing and Stone, Susanne, ed. Be/la Coo/a Stories. Report of the Transculturation. NewYork: Routledge, 1992. B. C. Indian Advisory Committee, 1968-69. Scouler,John. “Observations on the Indigenous Tribes of the N.W Coast ofAmerica.”Journal of the SEcoNDARY SOURCES - UNPUBLISHED Royal Geographic Society 11(1841): 215—50. Harkin, Michael Eugene. “Dialogues of History: Trigger, Bruce G. “Early Native North American Transformation and Change in Heiltsuk Culture, Responses to European Contact: Romantic versus 1790-1920.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chi Rationalistic Interpretations.”Journal ofAmerican cago, 1988. History 77 (March 1991): 1195—1215. Vibert, Elizabeth. .fraders’ Tales: Narratives of Cultural SECONDARY SOURCES - PUBLISHED Encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846. Bishop, Richard P Mackenzie S Rock. Ottawa: Printed Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. at the Government Printing Bureau, 1924[?]. Warkentin, Germaine, ed. Canadian Exploration Lit Brealey, Ken C. “Mapping them ‘Out”: Euro-Cana erature An Anthology. Toronto: Oxford University dian Cartography and the Appropriation of the Press, 1993. Nuxalk and Ts’ilhqot’in in First Nations’ Territo Wickwire,Wendy C. “To See Ourselves as the Oth ries. 1793—1916.” The Canadian Geographer 39 er’s Other: Nlaka’pamux Contact Narratives.” Ca (1995): 140-156. nadian Historical Review 75 (1994): 1—20.

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Fire” by Suffered Loss of Account “On relief of suffering. An executive committee re EXCERPTS FROM A FEW OF THE 414 “APPLICATIONS FOR RELIEF” SUBMITTED ported to a general committee made up of the TO THE RELIEF CoMMIrra DETAILING PROPERTY DESTROYED AND OTHER PROP mayor and one alderman, a member ofthe Board ERTY OWNED BY THE CLAIMANTS. ofTrade, one representative from each of the city Margaret Geldard; 29-year-old woman, no churches (Church of England, Roman Catholic, trade or occupation, 3 children. Loss: kitchen, dining room, front room, bedroom furniture, all destroyed except the kitchen stove Reformed Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, which was badly broken. Other property owned: “Nothing.” Baptist, and the Salvation Army), one representa Newman family: 29-year-old fisherman, 18-year-old wife and 6 month old baby. Loss: tive each from the Bank of Montreal, the Bank Total—managed to save only a bedstead, baby buggy and cradle. Other property of British Columbia, and the Dominion Savings owned:”Nothing.” Mah Duck: 34-year-old Chinese cook. Loss: 2 pair blankets, cooking utensils, I cook Bank, and one representative each from the Re stove, 2 warming stoves, 1 suit clothes, 300 chickens, 17 ducks. Other property lief Committee and the Distribution Commit owned:” Nothing.” tee. Annie Moorhouse; 20-year-old waitress. Loss: 1 sewing machine, 1 month’s wages in The work of the Relief Committee was car drawer of machine, 1 coat, 1 dress, 1 hat, underwear. Other property owned:”Noth ing” ried out with much care and careful investiga— Mrs. E. Knapp: 71-year-old dressmaker, widow. Loss: Clothing, blankets, bed and bed tion.Applications were required on printed forms ding. Life-size photos of self and husband, sewing machine, mirror. Other property and these applications were then reviewed and owned:”A pair ofblankets.” Note:”Wants a sewing machine. She has paid $5.00 on designated at one of three levels ofurgency. Rec machine and is unable to pay any more.” ommendations were made and reviewed, and let WE. Mercer; 30-year-old fisherman, wife and 3 children. Loss: One sockeye net of best 8-ply barbers twine. Other property owned: “The net was the only property I ters of credit or cheques were issued. Four hun owned.” dred and seventy-nine applications for reliefwere J.E Collister; 30-year-old grocer. Loss:”Trunk and case containing the majority ofmy filed, claiming losses, net ofinsurance, of$408,179. clothes, case containing a number of books and a large quantity of music.” Other Of these, 414 received relief totalling $29,702. property owned: “None—all I possessed was in the firm ofJohnston & Collister. We had $1,200 to meet liabilities of We had Seven hundred and fifty families received assist $2,000. started just five months when the fire swept us out.” ance in the form ofgroceries and provisions, blan Mah Lung; 45-year-old unemployed man. Loss: Blankets and clothes. Other property kets, tent, and clothes, issued from the Armory. owned: “None—destitute and in poor health.” In February of 1899, the Relief Committee Martin Gooderham; 37-year-old steward, wife and 3 children. Loss: Two bedroom outfits, dining turned over its accounts to City Council, with a room, kitchen, carpets and matting, groceries (fruit and pickles for winter use). Other property owned: “We got out of fire 1 trunk, I dresser, 1 baby balance of almost $52,000. high chair, and 1 go-cart.” One of the hallmarks of most large, devastat James Martin; 56-year-old labourer. Loss: One trunk containing all my wearing ap ing fires is loss of life. There were no lives lost as parel and $76 (my savings). Other property owned: None. a direct result of the Great Fire of 1898 in New William B. Walker; 77-year-old gardener, wife. Loss: 2 sacks large white onions, 2 boxes pickling onions, 4 crates tomatoes, 1 Westminster.There were massive and overwhelm box pickling cucumbers, 1 sack large pickling cucumbers. Other property owned: small quantity tomatoes, 10 boxes ap ing corporate financial losses, accounts of which ples. filled the newspapers for months after the event. William P Turner; artist, wood engraver and teacher; wife and 2 children. Loss: Ma There are numerous accounts of spectacular re— hogany box with 36 whole cake colours, manufactured by Winsor & Newton, building and the miraculous rebirth of the busi drawing and painting studies, 2 mahogany boxes containing silver instruments, routing machine, engraving tools, carving tools, 27 engraving blocks (miscellaneous and Perhaps ness community the greater losses how salmon labels), engraving machine attachments, etc. Other property owned: None. ever, were suffered by many people who lost Johnny, Fort Rupert Indian; 34-year-old fisherman. Loss: $12 money, bed, pillow, possessions worth only a few dollars—a fishing blankets, pants, 2 shirts, undershirts, shoes, 2 pair gumboots, gum Coat, apron, car net, a suit of clothing, a dress and hat—all they tridges, rifle, sack of clothes and a box of food. Other property owned: None. S.Wilcox; painter; wife and 5 children. Loss: 80 gal. paint oils, 1 barrel mineral paint, owned, or who were injured and, like Florence 300 lbs. white lead, 15 gals. mixed paint, 3 gals, varnish, 10 gals. turpentine, 10 McGonigle, carried physical and emotional scars books gold leaf tube colours, brushes, graining tools, stencil for wall decorating, for the rest of their lives. dry colours; etc. Other property owned: None. A.G. Campbell; 31-year-old farmer. Loss: Clothing and glassware. Other property owned: I team horses, a few hens, “I am bust, started on a rented place.This is the truth and nothing but the truth.” Sam Goldstone; 25-year-old barber; wife. Loss: List of barber supplies, “photos that money could not buy.” Other property owned: None Mrs.John Collier; 37-year-old wife of bartender. Loss: Bookcase including Dickens’ works, Shakespeare’s works, Byron’s works, encyclopaedias, complete Halls Caines works, large family Bible, large family Doctor’s book, numerous books. Other prop erty owned: None. Mrs. L. Hughes; husband and 2 children. Loss: Collection of curios including fancy work from the Philippine Islands, Indian horn dippers and spoons. (on display in Public Library). Other property owned: House and lot. Photo coartesy Dale and Archie Miller

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i 25

SUMMER 1999 NEWS HISTORICAL BC - 26

of

Sinclair’s

title

in

the is this reflected Perhaps

more, once him, brought had at Island Lasqueti p.1S. Mason),

1905. in

Sinclair and

married husband, Clayton,

Byron B.C.: (Lantzville, Sinclair’s despised. Sinclair that value social time

& History land: Memory, her

first left

a

Bower as romance; in developed

of of sort this exactly tically.” 6 disregard It

was

Elda

Is

Lcisqueti

Mason,

interests

literary

Their

character...” 9 the main for

dras back be must cut services Social penditures.

p. 253 .

1991), Press, ronto

basis

the was

and

her [to publishers], it sent she

ex provincial in lay sharply reducing alternative ofTo University ronto:

before novelette

the read

to only the was person of (To Columbia, British the only being .further impossible, taxation that”..

He

there. was

[Sinclair] The Bill

West:A Beyond while History written were arguing 1932, in the was Kidd Report, published

West

‘Jean Barman, The

and’Chip’

U

stories, Flying two first other...The

result to a of The businessmen. group sessment

p. 211 .

1990),

for

each

catalysts and “...were Bower

Sinclair

as

for the over he problems province’s handed

Douglas &

McIntyre,

how notes

biographer, and er’s

grand-daughter

reinforcement; professional needed some ciples the Province, (Vancouver:

Bow

Anderson,

Baird Kate

her of edge gender.

of ish History Columbia:A prin free—market decided that his PremierTolmie

Brit ‘George knowl Woodcock, all

suppress

would publishers her although

In 1931, to the swiftly

opposite. 5 to 1929, lead was

29-3. BWS

ofWesterns,

list

an

extensive

and U stories Flying

on 29 the October, Thursday, Black yet mand,

2, 1963, May Citizenship,

the of Chp

her for

famous

become

would Bower

de

international strong on depended industries of

Canadian 4To Registrar

Bertha pulps. the for

writing

own her career (1954). of primary province’s the many hard; Columbia

launched had who

writer

youngWestern talented

M the for Room Rolling

hit British

certainly The Depression seasons.”

‘

of Law Sides

the (1951), a Bower, B.M. met Sinclair

in

Montana, Ranch

consecutive 26 since, year

each

trol.ler salmon

(1935), Both Alley

Dark

Tingley the at

$12.50.

working

While

of sum

a as licensed operated have 1936.1 until again fish

the Down ning (1930),

grand the him

earning

Francisco San

Ar,onaut

didn’t I and 1919.Then 1918 salmon had fished in (1928), Light Gunpowder

the in

published was

it

in

1902;

Freak”

N-Bar

of the Plains Pirates I (1926), and boat, 8-ton a able had I good by writing.

story,”The short first his

published

West (1924), Sinclair Wild tana.” 8

Pyramid

a living to earn me for it made impossible effects

The Places Inverted (1922),

in Mon cowboy a became

and fourteen

at

age

economic the

struck, ‘30s of the early pression

Hidden The

Rock (1920),

home from away ran He

Saskatchewan.

in Regina,

de

acute the

“When said: 1963, Sinclair in ship

Poor

A4ans

(1919), Bridges

settled

and 1889 in mother

his with to

Canada

Citizen Canadian of Registrar to (1916), Burned the West North writing

came

Province,Wii.liarn

J’1incouver the

in

obituary an

the of Tin Story iber:A to; used had become he what not were novels

to According Bg (1915), Sinclair.

Fifty-Three

Williamson Robina and

later of his Sales

years. 3 Montana

to his return

of

Suns

North (1910),

Bertrand to George

1881...

9January on

Sinclair

a latter the (1926), West Wild and

(1924) Pyramid

of Frozen Land The (1908),

Brown William

born “...was Sinclair

that

notes

Inverted The in particular works, fictional received

as Gold Raw

follows: is

Ricou Laurie years. eight of age

at

the America

well of of a novels list number the full work; with Rock Man’s Poor followed

in

North to arrive soon was

Sinclair 1881, in

land

his

listing in novels later

Sinclair Island.” 2 of Vancouver shore delta—like

Scot the of some and first in two, Edinburgh,

Born

Columbia”?

British

low

the .and

together..

all jumbled

Himalayas the

his

ignored

often

Smclair

“Beautiful itself to call

come

would

which ince

and the Andes, Alps, the like

of mountains

made

p1S. 1920), Brown, Little,

prov the to

way his

found

he had

How

from?

a mainland between midway of Georgia

Rock, A’Ii,ss Poor Gulf (Boston:

come coast BC the of

writer

this had

Where

Sinclair,

William Bertrand the

in lies

it, describes as he which, . Island, “.

(3-17).

again. 3, 17 Sinclair Folder Box

Lasqueti on (1920),set Rock

?vlan’s Poor

novel the

(BWS).

Collection

Sinclair to leave never undoubtedly was

salmon

the

of

with

started area in this work

published His coast.

William Bertrand Division,

lure

in 1922—the Harbour

Pender

to

manently

BC the

working while “yarn”

a fisherman’s

many

Collections Special bia,

per

moved

and

1919, in troller a

salmon bought

wrote and too, Colum a of fisherman

British versity was Sinclair bia. But

had S

Sinclair

Rock.” 7

Man’s Poor

book his on

Urn

The Reef”, “Cargo Colum of British industry

logging the

or

work at busy

was

author Sinclair,

that while William

boat

Bertrand

Sinclair’s

West Wild the of his

novels

for

known better

Bertrand

was time the

at

Bay

in Squitty

anchor

man Sinclair, a

Wiffiam Bertrand

wrote o

“...at Island: Lasqueti of history Mason’s Elda

UK.

London,

in

in

mentioned briefly

is

of

1918

fishing

salmon

multitude. 1

a for

food back

brought and

of Westminster versity

His

ideology.

and

advice

“expert” such from

and line hook with

waters

deep

to

down went Uni at the

in English sor

most

suffer

would who

those with

contact

into

he when vowd, I his existence, justified A man a profes is Lane Richard

J.Lane Richard

Stories BC Sinclair’s William Bertrand

Coast”: the “Writing 1905 Argonaut publication, “A Mix Up With for the pulps.While he would never stop writing 8 Laurie Ricou, “Bertrand Cupid.” The Blue Mule took Sinclair’s third short— about his experiences of the range west, the BC William Sinclair (9 January 1881-20 story, but the Argonaut was to be his main sup coast became more and more of an obsession. In October 1972),” Dictionary of Literary Biogra porter in the early years, publishing “Under Fly the first six months of 1922, for example, Sinclair phy, (NY: Gale Research, ing Hoops,” “The Stress of the Trail,” and “There’s made eight sales from four short-stories:”Yo-Ho 1990), Ed.WH.Ne Vol. Never a Law,” to name but a few Sinclair gradu AndA Bottle ofRum” and “The Golden Fleece” 92, Canadian Writers, ally gained access to other puips, such as Western (Maclean’s and Metropolitan Magazine), “Over the 1890-1990; pp.362/3. Kate Baird Anderson to Field, Popular and The Bohemian. One of Sinclair’s Border” and “Sorrowful Island” (Maclean’s and RichardJ.Lane, Jan. 15, keenest desires was to present the range west with Popular Magazine). The combined income from 1995. historical accuracy, a de these stories was IS Kate Baird Anderson to sire which would remain just under fifteen Laurie Ricou, Jan. 12, 1995. with him throughout his hundred dollars, “ Stewart Edward White writing career. Sinclair and supplementing to Bertrand William Bower parted ways in the 1922 publica Sinclair, Nov.1, 1922, 1911; Kate Anderson tion of The Hidden BWS 1-22. 12 notes that he left Bower Places. Through Bertrand William in anger, which was Sinclair to Stewart Edward out his corre White, Nov.13, 1922, “...perhaps the only way spondence, BWS 1-22. he could make the break Sinclair gives the 13Jno. T. Connell to to find his own voice and impression that BertrandWilliam Sinclair, Oct. path. He never gave her after the Depres 9, 1938, BWS 1-7 and Bertrand William due credit for being his sion his writing Sinclair to Jno.T. Connell, mentor and lover/ was entirely re Nov. 2, 1938, BWS 1-7. mother.”1° Sinclair moved placed by his troll ‘4Jno.T. Connell to toVancouver in 1912 with ing activities; this Bertrand William Sinclair, Oct. 9, 1938, BWS 1-7. his second wife, Ruth, is not at all accu Bower’s cousin—and so rate. In 1937, he the story returns to Brit was writing and ish Columbia. selling short—sto Sinclair’s move from ries through Vancouver to Pender Har Jacques Cham bour didn’t go unnoticed. brun, Inc., of In 1922, Stewart Edward New York City. White wrote to Sinclair While the prices about a sailing incident: paid for pulp sto “You are in the papers as ries certainly tipping over in a dinghy p 1 u mm e t e d, and being rescued at last moment by a tug. How Sinclair’s literary output remained high, and his about it?”1’ Sinclair’s somewhat exasperated re readers keen. In 1938, for example,JnoT.Connell ply is full of the spirit that would send him troll wrote to Sinclair asking for details of the trolling ing in future years, in harsh and demanding con boats described in his short—stories of the BC ditions:”Yes, I swamped the Kitten in a hell—roar coast, treating Sinclair as a writer who has an ing southeaster, and rode the submerged hull till obvious working experience of what he was a rowboat from a tug took me off. And the local writing about.’3 Connell wrote that he read with correspondent made a splurge about it, as he was interest and pleasure Sinclair’s stories of salmon hard put for items... I had her reefed down close, fishing, but he also wanted some business advice but it was no breeze for a dinghy. The local in for his two 36-foot luggers: “...as I have found Centre: Portrait of habitants think I’m a damned fool for sailing in the salmon spoons used in the west very effec Bertrand William Sinclai, such a wind, but I ask you, if a man can’t sail tive in taking Kingfish, I am anxious to get a Ca. 1950. Reproduced with when there is wind, when can he sail?”2 Although diagram of the layout for trolling on the salmon the kind permission of George Sinclair was to publish seven more novels after boats—how the outriggers are rigged and ar Brandak at tl,e Special his move to Pender Harbour, his love-affair with ranged, how the line is taken in with the engine, Collections and University Archives Division, UBC the sea triggered a change in the material used just how the whole set up is made.”14 Sinclair’s Library.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 5999 27

28 SUMMER NEWS i999 BC - HISTORICAL

life. the protagonist’s control and old— an to best manipulate Alley: use the description, perhaps

to wants to Storm” in “Prelude Beacon Dark in a Doreen The Down from style ten different quite

the scheming that no accident is and BC of Sinclair’s viduality are coast the it writ short—stories

indi loss of a oppressive of place purely crusade. economic Vancouver—is

case this city—in a or helpers of parasites.The a of whores, than rather moral reparations: package

or as virgins either constructed as a are they is part seeking lives: fortune to protagonist make

men’s of working harmony city the into an intruders The of greed post-war ever-expanding

as problematic are represented Women partner. selected few the smugglers more general reflects

male a as boat surrogate the board new a on him of the brink the collapse, and of greed where

to keep happy is quite that protagonist the industry organized liquor means an of on has become

a it is “tomcat” that fact the although over, ing a the picts smuggling where decadentVancouver

are fight men the what to reference veiled de in loosely The Sound, novel fast motor-launches.” 7

a cat is by Mary Carmichael—the disrupted to cases or Puget two hundred Vancouver from

is bond male close the Cat Down” The “Blow one a ran to with money make saw who chance

In elements. romance other as the the stories a entrepreneurs Bold way. small in coast Pacific

in place a as strong has men between relationship on the began traffic “The profitable industry:

the another, for one out watch to pair formal a new whole ing its spawned effect, intended

an in form often would boats p.2O. two trolling small hav than rather which, to lenge the individual”

1992) UBC, (Vancouver:

fact that the representing partly and as Westerns, chal “...a Alley The Dark Down in is portrayed

ed.,

Stories Short T’,ncouver

in typical partner”

“the from derived Partly out. Amendment Eighteenth The troffing

industry).

in

Fleece,”

Gerson, Carole

through functions that way “mateship” in the the salmon significance for great had

have course

Golden Sinclair, “The

be seen can

this and material, Western Sinclair’s of would

(which a engine diesel new of ment Bertrand William

‘

of a development 294. are stories coast BC The develop projected the and “rum-runners” ver’s

pp.

1994), Press, 282- Pulp

research. academic more to doing those tant Vancou of fortunes the upon Act Volstead the

City, (Vancouver:Arsenal

impor

technologies and of places

tal glimpses of

the effects with dealing BC writings, coast the

the

resenting

Posirnodern

inciden only gives industry salmon the of tory”

of is part

Alley

Dark The Down Nonetheless, Rep ed. Delany, Vancouver:

his”his thus coast; the working women and men Paul and in. over-runs. North,” lywood sprawls

the in Living Hol “The amongst Grid:

relationships and personalities the Dark Alley The Down contained, and controlled

Miller, See Stephen

on

more

focused he although himself, resenting” 6 are

short—stories the example, where For

not.

p.6l. 59 &

“rep

do some to set

out

So Sinclair such.’ 8

as fied do novels the later where succeed this period of

p. 1935) and

Stoughton,

identi being

province the

without BC in

filmed short—stories the respects in many since ignored, Hodder (London: Alley

be can Files) X

as The (such programmes evision Dark or The Down Sinclair, be forgotten should writings coast Sinclair’s

Bertrand

William tel of

series a

whole today, were justified; fears

that not mean does

Alley The Dark of Down 17

pp. 51 - 71 .

his ways, many In

“Cowboy”movies.

Hollywood the failure

1935.’ 6 But in even old-fashioned bit

1993, Spring

No.97,

with

seen had

he

distortions the fearing a industry, seem to

beginning were

gender-roles otypical BC Studies, Collection,”

film

the

of

power and

growth the recognized stere Sinclair’s and of fiction, work Sinclair a ing written the Bertrand

He

advantage? best to used Read be chive would Simulations: medium than soap—opera a television to suited more ably

pp.50-57,

and “Ar

1995,

which

wondered also he but

coast, the BC resent prob is structure romance

over—complex novel’s

Spring No.2, 17,

ies,

Vol.

rep

would

of who

question the

with

concerned

expectations.The his to up live to failed certainly

Stud and Essays ,nonwealth:

was Sinclair

only

Not

representation. filmic about

1935, in

published Alley, Dark The Down novel His Com New in World,” the

a

story

it is

Sinclair, as

such writer modernist a else. anything than Pyramids Classic: sales Inverted faffing do with to more

for

importantly a

of Frontier 81,”Dreams representation—more

about story had have may Depression the during activities

pp.71- 1996,

No.1, XXXI,

a

essentially is qualities, all pulp its

Storm,”for To his

writing describe to

reluctance Sinclair’s

Vol. Literature,

wealth

“Prelude

effaced: be

cannot

thinker the Sinclair “punch.” 5 gain stories coast BC his

that troller”

Common of

tion,”Journal

But

ingredients.

romance “pulp” the

all with

style

salmon ‘flde “bona a as work his through Fic— is it Sinclair’s in Bertrand

“pulp” snappy a

uses Sinclair

words, other Age In the Modern of ing. Birth that further adds He single-handed.” powerboat

The

Worlds: troll

ofTwo War from

break

winter the into

writing year’s foot a thirty-six working October,

to June from

Columbia’s Lane, “British

a

cramming

likely,

more or, sleep,

before

minutes years

three the last commercially trolled having

R.J.

in,

Sinclair William

a few

stealing

gear,

trolling his to

tending tween Pacific,

North the

in trollers salmon with ence Bertrand

of short stories

be

in

writing

possibly

hurry, a in is who man experi working had and novels in the have sure “I gender that particular

a by

written are they on

that is my comments stories by

See the given in notes

He

advice. and detail practical providing 6

BWS 1-7. 2,

1938,

Nov.

impressions

first the

of

One style. a telegraphic

of while his sketches

condemning modestly

reply, his

Connell, toJno.T.

Sinclair

be that

would

metaphor,

technological

fashioned in effort and time spend to was response typical

‘ 7 ithani Bertrand ‘ Throughout Sinclair’s work, city women are por powerboats. They serve, for profit or pleasure, a PUBLICATION DErAILs. trayed as threatening and dangerous—perhaps this thousand miles of coastline, a myriad of islands, “The Golden Fleece” was reprinted in Carole is because the modern city was a place where inaccessible save by the furrowed highway of the Gerson, ed., Vancouver Short women not only found independent work, but sea. A hardy lot.”9 Sherrin has become involved Stories, (Vancouver: tJBC where they began to break free oftheir predefined in “rum running” to the extent ofinvesting some Press, 1985; reprinted roles within the patriarchal family. Here, men who cash in one of the smuggling boats.What makes 1992), pp.20-33.The edi choose to stay in the city become soft and this financial investment important for him is not tor notes that Sinclair’s “...first-hand knowledge “feminized”like Sherrin in”The Golden Fleece”; the projected economic return—rather, it is the of the waters and condi undoubtedly, the fact that Sinclair wrote about emotional connection that he gains with the ad tions of the Pacific Coast what he perceived as purely “masculine” activi venturous, but risky, sea-faring world of the smug contributes to the realism ties always caused problems when it came to fit gler. Sherrin is a man insulated from “the hot of stories like ‘The Golden Fleece.” (p.33). Sinclair’s ting women into his scheme of things. glow ofstruggle”, yet his investment enables him fi nancial records show that Sinclair seems to be torn in his BC Coast to form an empathic bond which in turn gener “The Golden Fleece.” was stories between a vision of home as being fixed ates his imagined narrative of what the smug sold to the Metropolitan on firm ground, for example his house at Pender gling boat, the Tosca, is experiencing amidst se and MacIeanc in 1922. Harbour, and home as being the trolling boat vere storms. The tensions in this story between All other short—stories mentioned have been itself, exploring the inlets and waterways ofBrit— desk-bound home and experiences of the sea accessed from the original ish Columbia. In “The Golden Fleece”, the cen reflects the tensions in Sinclair’s life as a desk- or in manuscript form, tral character, Sherrin, gazes for a while at the bound writer and fisherman; these tensions al with the kind permission Capilano Mountains, dreaming of escaping the lowed Sinclair to write stories anchored in the of George Brandak at The University of British office for some hunting and fishing. His gaze soon realities of the BC coast while still having room Co lumbia, Special Collections turns to the boats in “Galata Wharf” inVancou to spin the yarns, exaggerate, play with myths and Division mVancouver. ver, which his office overlooks: “The lesser craft recount overheard fragments of stories. Sinclair’s intrigue his fancy most. He knows something of yarns are part of the BC fabric, while fabricating them and the men that man them—tugs, halibut in turn more stories to share with family, friends schooners, purse—seiners, stubby yachts and yachty and distant readers.

RCHIE AND Du.n (KERR) MILLER’S article about The letter books containing copies of outgoing cor A Historical As the Great Fire in New Westminster (pp. 24— respondence survived, but incoming correspondence A 25) reminded me that the fire may have had received prior to September, 1898 was lost in the fire. pect of the Fire unknown implications for researchers of early years of The surviving letter books are now part of the De of 1898 BC history. A serious loss of documents of historical partment on Indian Affairs (DIA) ifies, kept at the Na by Fred Braches value is reported, for instance, in a letter written by tional Archives of Canada, referred to as Record Group the Indian Agent, Frank Devlin, to the Indian Super 10 (RG1O) and available on microfilm. intendent in Victoria, W. Vowel. The New Westmin The letter mentioned above has the following ref ster Agency was accountable for a lai-ge part of the erence: DIA RGIO No 1452 Letterbook New West province. The letter, dated 13 September 1898, a day minster Agency 1898—1899 p. 388 Reel V-14264. To after the fire, reads as follows: distinguish files relating to western Canada, i.e. Canada Sir, I have the honor to report for your information west ofthe Ontario/Manitoba border, the DIA added that in the Fire which broke out in this City on Satur the reference “Black Series” to these files. day night last my Office with practically all the con As shown by George Richard in his prize-winning I only tents thereof was destroyed having saved a few essay on aboriginal water rights (BC Historical News, Maps and a few Books. I am not quite certain yet if Spring 1999),the RG1O records include not only evi the books are safe. I put them in the Vault in the Land Office which has not yet been opened. The fire was so dence oflives lived on reserves, but also document the fierce that I am afraid everything will be scorched even interface between First Nations and immigrant settler what was placed in the Vaults. groups. Will you please duplicate the Order which I sent to Most students of local immigrant history are not your Office in the early part ofJuly last for supplies for aware that the RG1O files also hold details of the lives this Agency for the current year and kindly add ofimmigrant settlers, their descendants, and their com thereto one letter press and one ruler. Request the munities, often not available from other sources, such Department to fill this Order without delay as I am as municipal records. entirely out of all Stationery, Forms, etc. One wonders what more, besides the records ofthe Your Obedient Servant, Indian Agent, went up in flames during that fateful Frank Devlin, Indian Agent night in 1889.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 29 Book Reviews Books for review and book reviews should be sent to: Anne Yandle, Book Review Editor BC Historical News, 3450 West 20th Avenue,Vancouver BC V6S 1 E4

Kathryn Bridge REVIEWERS: By Snowshoe, Buckboard and Steamer: Frances Lew is ajournalist with CBC Radio North as a geologist. Women of the Frontier in Northwestern BC. George Newell is a member of the Victoria Reviewed by Frances Lew Phyllis Bill Merilees Reeve lives on Gabriola Island. Historical Society. Newcastle Island:A Place ofDiscovery. Esther Darlington, a resident of Cache Kirk Salloum is an educational instructor Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve Creek, is an enthusiastic Cariboo living in Vancouver. Branwen Patenaude historian. Barry Gough is Professor of History at Golden Nuggets: Roadhouse Portraits Ron Welwood is President of the British Wilfrid Laurier University,Waterloo, Along the Cariboos Gold-Rush Trail. Columbia Historical Federation. Ontario. Reviewed by Esther Darlington Fred Braches is Editor of this journal. Al King with Kate Braid Gordon R. Elliott is Professor Emeritus of Red Bait! Struggles of a Mine Mill English, Simon Fraser University. Local. Lew Green has spent Reviewed by Ron Welwood many years in the Charles S. Burne The Fraser River Gold Fever of 1858. Lieutenant- Governor’s Medal For Historical Writing. exist, come from educated, middle-class Reviewed by Fred Braches First place BCHF Writing Competition women. Bridge adniits,”They were all wives Raymond Cubs or daughters of upper-middle-class men By SNowsHOE, BucKaOAiw AND STEAMER: Vancouver’i Society of Italians. these women were very secure in their sense WOMEN OF THE FRONTiER. KATHRYN BRIDGE. Reviewed by Gordon R. Elliott of position within the social order and had, VICTORIA: S0N0 Nis Pi&ss, 1998. 231 i’s’. Charlene Porsild to a certain degree in their dealings with those Gamblers and Dreamers: Women, Men ILLUs. $19.95. they felt were beneath thetis, an arrogance and Community in the Klondike. REvIEwED BY FRANCES LEw Reviewed by Lew Green born of this assumption.” Charles Lillard with Terry Glavin In her latest book, historian and archivist This leads to one of the most interesting A Voice Great Within Us. Kathryn Bridge tries to add some gender elements in these stories: insight into 19th— Reviewed by George Newell balance to the existing record on BC colo century race relations between the white E.G. Burton and Robert S. Grant nial history. colonizers and the local First Nations, as well 14/heels, Skis and Floats: The Northern The book brings together the stories of as the Chinese servants hired by the white Adventures of a Pioneer Pilot. four pioneering women who lived and trav families. These women often held the same Reviewed by Kirk Salloum elled in backwoods BC between the 1860s world views prevalent among most British A.R.Williams and 1890s.The book is no small feat, consid immigrants of the time, including an un Bush and Artic Pilot. ering how little documentation exists, on wavering belief in the superiority of British Reviewed by Kirk Salloum John Adams early immigrant women to BC. Bridge has society.There are often patronizing references Historic Guide to Ross Bay Cemetery combed the BC Archives for journals, let to First Nations and Chinese people. Native Victoria, BC, Canada. ters, articles, and other clues to help her re people were often regarded as merely there Reviewed by Ron Welwood construct the stories ofthese four intriguing to serve the British colonizers—there to help Mary and Ted Bentley women. Her detective work has paid off with them do the washing, chop the firewood, and Gabriola: Petroglyph Island. an attractive, engaging book. guide them in the backwoods. But these in Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve The women in this book were trailblaz teractions also made some of the women J.G. MacGregor ers, and in some ways oddities in their time— question the assumptions of the day. That Peter Fidler: Canadas Forgotten Explorer white, female, and daring to venture into iso happened to Eleanor Fellows, who imnu 1769—1822. pockets of early BC— grated from England to Vancouver Island in Reviewed by Barry Gough lated and unknown from Vancouver Island, to the Nass Valley, to the 1 860s with her husband, who owned a the Cariboo. The women ranged from the hardware business in Victoria. At one point, wife of the Anglican Bishop of New they live in a cottage in the woods near Westminister, to the daughter ofa fairly well- Esquimalt Harbour, and Eleanor vents her CORRECTION AND APOLOGY: anger at “westerners” who have devas The review in BC Historical News 32:2 of The to-do, would-be farmer. the Sale-Room, by Norman Simmons, was by Bridge wanted to include women from tated the native population by introducing accident wrongly attributed to Kelsey diverse walks of life, but that proved to be “firewater...a shameful business”. She even McCleod, whereas it was in fact written by impossible, because not all 19th century im attacks the stereotypes ofthe day: “As for the Phyllis Reeve. The editor apologizes for his migrant women were literate enough to pro Indians, I had now seen enough of them to mistake and any upset it may have caused the duce letters and diaries.The few records that take them at their true value., their faces are two individuals concerned.

30 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER ‘s’s’s’ as intelligent and as prepossessing as are those the experience. It’s a competent account of Regional Library. All photographs, illustra of many among the best of my fellow the physical details ofthe sometimes harrow tions, tape recordings, and other materials countrymen.. .that the aborigines of to-day ing, often exhilarating trip, but Kate isn’t very gathered as part of this project have likewise are a ‘wretchedly degraded race’, idle and reflective about the experience, so the ac been placed in these archival repositories.” thriftless, etc., is an accusation devoid of count lacks depth. Then again, anyone who Even without full development of the truth”. Eleanor tells an anlusing anecdote has to wake up at 1:30A.M. to leave camp at story, Merilees provides maximum informa about her Native friend and servant “Lucy.” 3:30 for the day’s journey, can be excused tion in minimal space. The chapter, “The Though there’s some condescension in her for skimping on the introspection. It’s just Role of Sandstone,” for instance, relates the tone, it’s also obvious Eleanor has genuine that given today’s huge interest in all things discovery of the island’s superior sandstone affection for Lucy, as she describes her de Nisga’a,it would have been wonderftil to read and the development of the industry, out light in introducing Lucy to thejoys ofcherry Kate’s reflections on Nisga’a/white relations lines the methods for quarrying, and docu pie. Elsewhere, Eleanor says “At time no dur in the 19th century, as she journeyed with ments sonic of the notable projects using ing our twelve-months’ stay at the house in her Nisga’a guides. Newcastle sandstone: among these the United the woods did the Indians of the neighbour Ultimately, this is a fun, enjoyable book. States Mint in San Francisco, the BC Peni ing village act towards us in any hostile man It’s full of terrific stories, nice photos from tentiary, the supports for the Alexandra sus ner”. But she also adds this ohservation:”One the BC Archives and private collections, and pension bridge near Spuzzum, the Bank of reason for this pleasant state of things prob some impressive sketches by the women pio Montreal inVancouver, a private mausoleum ably was that the land on which the village neers themselves. Kathryn Bridge has brought in Napa, California, Lord Nelson School in stood had not yet become sufficiently valu us the real voices of four inspiring women, Vancouver, Christ Church Cathedral inVic able to tempt the white man’s greed.” who give us a rare glimpse into the world of toria, and a number ofVictoria fireplaces.The Eleanor is perhaps the most interesting of 19th century colonial BC, through female McDonald Cut-Stone Company cut cylin the four women in this collection. Because eyes. drical sandstone blocks which would grind ofher musical talents, she even became a bit wood into pulp. The pulpstone operation of a iminor celebrity during her time in the NEwcAsTi.a ISLAND: A PLAcE op DiscovERy. relocated to Gabriola Island in 1932. Photo Victoria area. After singing at several public BILL MERILEE5. Suiuezy, BC: HERITAGE HOUSE graphs enliven almost every page, and sidebars concerts, she garnered enthusiastic reviews, PUBLIsHING, 1998.128 PP. ILLUS, INDEX, NOTES. offer informational titbits. but that didn’t her win any friends, because SOFTCOVER $11.95. Other chapters give us a Japanese herring Eleanor was dabbling in “the stage” at a time REVIEWED BY PHYLLIS REEVE saltery, a shipwreck, a murder, the world’s when it was unacceptable for respectable “la longest telephone cable—and the CPR pa dies” to perform publicly. Bill Merilees has cranuned this little book Bridge says this, vilion, “the only surviving dance pavilion combined with enough information to set a reader’s with her strong personality and from the indigenous coastal resort industry head spinning. Or to send a dozen historians lack of deference to her husband in public, that flourished in British Columbia between off in various directions, following his leads. led to her being ostracized by her “peers,” the two world wars.” who saw her “somewhat Or to enhance the enjoyment of any tourist. as lacking in re All sunmier long, people come into my finement”. One ofthe first ofBritish Columbia’s pro store on Gabriola in search of a “book about The writing vincial marine parks, and one of the most by the four women in this the island.” Bill Merilees’s book about New accessible, Newcastle Island in Nanaimo har collection is somewhat uneven. Some are castle is exactly the sort of pocket history bour is a destination for picnickers and boat more polished writers than others, but they want and Gabriola lacks. I’m envious. Kathryn Bridge warns us ahead of time with ers, a popular stop—over for summer cruisers. her own commentary. For example, Bridge It takes its name from the English coal-min ing centre of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and pro refers to Kate Woods’s “frequently inelegant Honorary Mention BCHF Writing Competition style.” Kate completed an amazing journey vided several of the sites for the mimng ac GoinEN NUGGETS; fromVictoria, up the Inside Passage, and over tivity which drove Nanaimo after 1850.The RoADHOUsE PORTP.AITs ALoNG THE CAiuBoo’s land through the Nass Valley in the early mining has finished, but the picmcking con GOLD-RUSH TieiIL BRANwEN PATENAUDE. spring of 1880. She and her brother sailed tinues. NANOOsE BAY: HEn. ITAGE HOUSE PUBLICATIONS, 1998. 96pp. ILLUS. from Victoria to the Nisga’a Village of The author knows exactly what he is do $16.95. Kincolith (a village which still remains one ing: “The purpose of this book is to put be REVIEWED ofBC ‘s most isolated communities—acces fore the reader a simple, accurate account of BY ESTHER DARuNGTON sible today only by plane or Newcastle Island’s history and to provide a boat). From Glossy pictorial histories like Heritage House Kincolith, they undertook an arduous 26- suitable companion for any visitor to its Publications’ Golden Nuggets, Roadhouse Por day snowshoe journey through the deep shoreline.” But he has given us something traits Along the Cariboo’s Gold-Rush 7?ail by snow and ice, accompanied by several Nisga’a more than a disposable guidebook, and that Branwen Patenaude are sure—fire winners at guides. Their destination was a mission near is part ofhis intention:”I have not attempted every major tourist stop these days. But such Kispiox, where Kate’s sister and missionary to fully develop each story; many await, and books are more than eye catchers.They of brother-in-law were living. This snowshoe are worthy of, further research. It is in the ten contain juicy tidbits. In this case, “nug journey is one ofthe most incredible interests of such research that I provide a list adven gets” of personal detail about the rugged tures detailed in this book, but I found ofreferences, copies ofwhich are on file with Kate’s roistering characters and places not found in writing style didn’t the Nanaimo Community Archives and quite do full justice to standard history texts. Branwen Patenaude Nanaimo branch of the Vancouver Island

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 has unearthed another treasure trove along Mr. King stated that “the Mine Mill un RED BAIT! the Cariboo Gold Trail that leaves a fine ion very early committed itself to the health STRuGGes OF A MINE Miii. LOCAL legacy of BC history for the casual reader. and safety of workers and I intend to docu AL KING WITH KATE BRAID.VANCOUVEp.: Heritage House Publications should be ment it in a separate history.” Since Al King KINGBIRD PuBLIsHING, 1998.176 pp• ILLUS. congratulated for producing a beautifully laid is a man of his word, let us sincerely hope he $20.00. (AvAILLE FROM THE PUBLISHER, 8096 out book from cover to cover. is able to fulfil this promise. Anyone who is ELLIOTT STREET,VANcouvER, BCV5S 2P2) Roadhouses may seem, at first glance, a interested in an insider view ofthe Mine Mill REvIEwED ElY RON WELw00D less than prormsing subject material. “Plain union movement ofBritish Columbia would Janes” along the dusty Cariboo trail, they were Al King, capably assisted by Kate Braid, re be well advised to consult this insightful pub neither attractive nor were they particularly lates his association v’ith the fledgling Inter lication. durable, many ofthem. Often built in a hurry national Union of Mine Mill and Smelter to accommodate the ever increasing num Workers (IUMMSW or Mine Mill) oflrail, bers of travellers, few of the buildings had BC starting in the late 1930s. King, born and THE FR.AsER RIvER GOLD FEvER OF 1858. prepossessing exteriors. Utterly graceless for raised an Irish Catholic in Protestant Man CRLES S. Buuu. BLIND BAY, BC: the most part, these road houses were built chester, England, learned at an early age to SAMBR00K PUBLIsHING, 1997.218 pp ILLus. strictly along practical lines, and the ininse— flght”the right way—clean and honest.” His SOFTCOVER $15.95 diate surroundings of barnyards, stables and commitment to improve the lot of his fel REvIEwED BY FRED BRACIIES outbuildings did little to enhance the air low workers directly parallels the struggle of Two university-trained young men team up quality But fill these houses with pioneer folk Mine Mill, particularly after the Second with an experienced placer miner and a of real colour and substance, tragic circunj- World War. cockney ex-employee ofthe Hudson Bay Co. stance and achievement that defied almost The title of this book is quite revealing. to form a partnership to mine for gold in every obstacle a new territory can hold, and The definition of red bait is “to harass and the Fraser canyon in 1858. The honest and you have the prescription for a fascinating persecute (a person) on account of known decent foursome have a successful season taste of Cariboo frontier life during the or suspected Conmiunist sympathies.” King, because of dedication and shared skills. One horsedrawn transportation era. by his own admission not a very good corn of the university lads shows an intelligent Branwen Patenaude’s painstaking research mumst, belonged to the party because he interest in what is happening to the First includes a wealth of detail about families, believed in unionism and “a code of behav Nations people caught in the gold rush, and social life and mercantile endeavours that iour that allows people to live in commu his sympathetic actions earn him a special worked for their time and their place in the nity, in peace and harmony with each other.” chief status and the hand of the Chief’s mis— ofthe Cariboo. Future histori Throughout his working life he fought for development sion-school trained daughter, Little Dove.The makers and writers will draw upon these principles. In spite of the personal suf ans, movie other three settle down for a happy life in years come. Golden Nuggets fering caused by his red label, King contin this wealth for to British Columbia as well. Cariboo points that ued to struggle for his causes in an honour- includes some South The story is studded with references to almost ignored. For ex able manner. In fact, this book ably illustrates have hitherto been historical events ofthe day. Efforts to express transportation ter the open and democratic process used by the arnple,Ashcroft, once the authentic historical records in dialogue are freight serv IUMMSW compared to the rather under minus for the railroads, providing not always successful, and the conversations and handed tactics employed by some other la ice and passenger transport for goods on these subjects sound untrue. No serious points, bour organizations. Mine Mill not only ne persons bound for northern Cariboo attempts have been made either to avoid gotiated for fair wage compensation, but also is well represented. modern vernacular. The use ofbroken Eng was a staunch advocate for health and safety The photographs, many ofthem produced lish in “Native” talking is an unfortunate issues, workers’ compensation and pensions. by pioneer photographers like Charles Gen choice, given the respect of the author for King’s memoir is documented, often in tile, are numerous and varied.They are spread First Nations culture. colourftil language, as ifit was a personal chat tastefully and imaginatively throughout the The book shows the authors rich experi over a glass ofbeer around the kitchen table. book. Oval portraits of the main characters ence of outdoor living, fishing, hunting, and Insightful vignettes are highlighted in framed in the history of historic Hat Creek Ranch, of course, the pursuit of placer gold. This sidebars and are relevant to adjacent text. for example, are overlayed against the back personal knowledge echoes irs the adventures Although a useful “Guide to Abbreviations” drop of the beautiful Hat Creek Valley with ofthe gold-seeking foursome and gives their is listed at the beginning of the book, either a smaller picture of a sideview of Hat Creek life in the canyon the colour of a modern a more detailed contents page or an index House. Obscure hamlets such as Jesmond, camping outing in the wilderness.The 19th would be helpful for future reference. How Dog Creek,Aikali Lake, Pavilion, and Foun century seems often far removed. ever, this is an excellent first hand account tain House are included, leaving “no stone This is a historical novel allowing the au and a primary source of mformation relat unturned” along the Gold Rush Trail. thor some liberty in presenting facts. Of lit— ing to the Mine Mill union and the Con In all, Golden Nuggets, is a fitting crown of tIe value for historians the book may attract solidated Mining and Smelting Company achievement for both Branwen Patenaude readers of this genre looking for an enter (COMINCO). An appendix includes Ross and Heritage House Pubhcations.They have taining account, even if this is not great lit Jordan’s “The Struggle: A Brief History of left us a legacy of history both memorable erature. Those interested in factual history Local Labour Movements and the Rossland and infinitely pleasurable to read. may prefer to read Netta Sterne’s recent book Miners’ Union Hall” (1985). Fraser Gold 1858!

32 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i999 addition, however, this second chapter, like engendered. VANcouvER’s SocIETY or ITALIANS. Stories of picnics and of ban all the others, introduces more and more quets, RAYMOND CuBs. MADEIRA PARK, BC: HAR and annotated photographs of theni. well-known names, names such as Carrelli, But BOUR PuBusHING, 1998. 223 PP ILLUS.,INDEX. contributing to the obvious rivalries was Galetti, and Ferrera, Anderlini, Cianci, 28 PAGES OF NOTES. the arrival of the Fascisti in Vancouver, and Delasala, and Marchese, but the major figure one REVIEWED BY GORDON R. ELLIOTt of the possible repercussions of that ar throughout this book, the major thread run rival was the creation of the Vancouver Ital The blurb on the dustjacket of this book by ning through it, is Marino Cubs. And, with ian-Canadian Mutual Aid Society the third Raymond Cubs—retired from The Vancouver him, Angelo Branca. such society in the small community. Sun and The Vancouver Province and in the But while telling us of his father, Depending on a reader’s definition of”his 1970s a contributor to L’Eco d’Italia—calls Raymond Cubs sprinkles into his text other tory,” picnics and banquets become much less the book “a compelling social history”; in items of interest. For instance, after the Gov important than the problems created for the the foreword,Judge Dolores Holmes thanks ernor General, the Duke of Connaught, had community by 11 Duce’s conquest of Ethio Raymond Cubs “for the many hours he has cut the ribbon to open Connaught Bridge— pia and the subsequent rising of local inter spent compiling this history;” in the preface, now Cambie Street Bridge—the first per estin Fascism.By 1937 the ItalianVice-Con Cubs hirnse]fsays that he takes “pride in pre son to cross it was Alberto Principe in a sul, Dr. Brancucci, was openly reproaching senting this historical account ofVancouver’s horse-drawn beer-wagon; the 64-foot-high local Italians for daring to criticize Italy, but pioneer Italians and their institutions” and Italian—created arch on Hastings Street at though the “naive” Marino Cubs seems at that he dedicates it to the “many wonderful Homer, under which the Governor General first to have followed the same line while progressed, introduced Carlo people who played a positive role in ... our Marega, the writing for the new newspaper, L’Eco Italo Italian—Canadian community, circa 1904- sculptor, to the city The next chapter, only Canadese, not all the community did so.With 1966 He goes on to say that he was two pages long and entitled “Murder! ,“ works Alberto Boccini, Cubs bought the newspa “guided by a single criterion: to chronicle in such names as Nick Cosco, Gabrielle per in 1938 .The partnership did not last very the documented contributions of the men lacobucci, and Mario Montenario, the man long after Cubs and Boccirii had a fight in and women closely associated withVancou who murdered Angelo Teti, the owner ofthe their 12th-floor office ofthe Dominion Bank ver’s Italian mutual aid societies”. He trusts Sylvia Hotei.The fourth chapter, only a page Building:”Verbal abuse escalated to push and that he has “fulfilled adequately this primary and a half, introduces Giuseppi Guasparri shove. The men struggled toward an open objective.” who “in the early 1880s” became the first window. With Marino pressing his thumbs He has indeed fulfilled this primary ob Italian to settle in the Hastings Mill area af against his adversary’s throat, Boccini fell jective.And has done more. His first chapter, ter fighting in the American Civil War as backward onto the windowsill. Draped pre “Farewell to Marino,”is about the 1995 fu “John Lewis” and auier coming to British Co cariously on the outside ledge, Boccirn barely neral of his 91—year-old father, a key figure lunibia for Cariboo gold. The fifth chapter, managed to save himself from falling to the inVancouver’s Italian community and inThe another one oftwo pages, tells us about hun street below. Fortunately, both men came to Sons of Italy Mutual Aid Society, its name ger duringWorld War II and about men who their senses in time to avert a certain trag having been suggested by Angelo Calori, joined the Canadian army. edy.” For the reader, such dramatic action owner of the Europe Hotel.This first chap And so it goes. With lots of pictures and comes as a major relief. ter also neatly introduces the Branca family: lots ofnames. Funerals at MountainViewThe The picnics and parties and the elections Fiippo worked to found theVeneta Benevo Italian Ladies’ League. Restaurants. Bars. of queens of this and of that continued, but lent Society, and in 1963 his son Angelo fos Hotels.A singing teacher. The best in sport: by 1940 political issues were becoming se tered the Confratellanza Italo-Canadese So Marino Cubs,ToscaTrasolini and, of course, vere and the ominous “Pact of Steel” forced ciety. The tensions, rivalries and jealousies boxer Angelo Branca, Canadian Middle local Italian societies to think of amalgamat between the Veneta Society and the Sons of weight Champion in 1934, and Felice ing in order to meet the dangers to face all Italy remained until the conmiunity faced DiPalma as “Phil Palmer” fighting pro at of them in a short time. OnJune 10,1940, at the idea of fascism in Italy. Later, even, Cubs Madison Square Garden. The Grape mer a meeting of the new Vancouver Canadian and Branca really came together to support chants—Branca,Tosi, Minichiello, Bosa—sold ItalianVigilance Association, Angelo Branca, the creation of the present Italian Conirriu— to the average man for home consumption its founder, led the attack on Fascism; Ma nity Centre on Slocan Street, an effort not only, to people who would of course never rino Cubs, who had led the Sons of Italy to really forwarded by old timers, but by post ever consider selling wine for profit. But turn back the new association, served as secretary. war newcomers. the page and you find that “Scores of Italian War came, and two chapters—both too Most chapters following the first give families sold small amounts of home-made short, but both thought-provoking—tell of insights into old families involved in the vari wine to their friends and lodgers.”Were they problems faced by internees atAlberta’s easy ous Italian societies over the years and while the ones bootlegging in thatjoint on Abbott going Kananaskis camp and at Ontario’s more doing so tell something of the members and Street in the early 1940s? Or in that other structured and socially different Petawawa activities of those societies, but beginning one so easily accessible on Homer? Not iden camp. They also tell of problems faced at with the funeral in the first chapter, and with tified are the “big four booze baron fanulies home in Vancouver at the time—struggles the second chapter flipping back to Man— [who] lived on Seymour, Prior, Umon and for food, the loss of income, and the ruined no’s arrival in Vancouver at the age of six in Georgia Streets.” businesses. Other men, enlisted men, how 1910, the book could almost be considered The story continues. The celebration of ever, travelled the world. One ofthem, aVan a biography of Marino Cubs by his son. In successes, and of the jealousies such successes couver man who could speak no Italian, went

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER içi 33

34

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$20.00, about PAPERBAcK ILLUS. information contains PP. new for 70 book Marino The old of Cubs, them most fami

250 1998. UBC PRESS, P0RsILD.NEBRAsiCA: ple. 10,11,12 40 times, and Branca for Angelo

CHARLENE peo Native and Metis THE the KL0NDIKE. IN CoMMUNITY prostitutes, base 8, many 1200 7, of them names, appearing

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conimunity Dawson the of Components him Ray Cubs Cubs, and Branca, lists Marino of his theme. obscure In his addition,

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ten and figures period, the of celebrated other background family page of a most relatives her to visit request mother’s his at English half of his “A Chinook A Voicc GRJIAT WITHIN Us. Lexicon”, sisted him in surviving a number of life- Glavin lists 286 Chinook words, CHARLES LILLARD WITH TERRY GLAvIN. a few of threatening accidents. In one mishap, Burton which, such as chuck and skookum, are widely VANCOUVER: TRANsM0NTANUS /NEw STAR became the first Canadian to make a forced known. BOOKS, 1998. 116 PP. ILLUS., BIBLIOGRAPHY. parachute jump at night. In a more unfortu Chinook, $16 despite its extensive use over nate incident, he suffered permanent dam many decades, has received limited REvIEwED BY GEORGE NEWELL coverage age to his left leg. in the province’s standard histories. A Voice In Burton’s days, pilots flew without the At the time of his death, in 1997, Charles Great Within Us should bring some much- benefit of radios to inform them of poor Lillard had accumulated a considerable quan warranted attention, and will be of interest weather and were often required to make tity of material about Chinook and had be to a wide range of British Columbians. unscheduled landings in dubious terrain. gun to select from his own writings on the During such times, Burton would sketch and subject for publication in book form. With WHEEls, SKts AND FLoATs: Ti-ic NORTHERN write poetry while waiting for the weather Lillard’s death, Terry Glavin completed the ADvENTuP.ns OF A PIONEER PIL0’r. E.C. (TED) to clear. Many of these artistic endeavours project, adding to Lillard’s some of his own BuvToN AND RoBERT S. Gpju’rp. Suiui.xy,BC: made their way into letters he sent to his articles. On the seven sections in A Voice Great HANCOCK HOUSE PUBLISHERS, 1998. 171 PP. wife and son. within Us, four are written by Lillard, three ILLUS., APPENDIX. PAPERBACK $19.95 The manuscript that Burton compiled are by Glavin, and Glavin has also provided a BUSH AND ARCTIC PILoT. A.R. (AL)WILLI1s. conveys not only his knowledge of and ex foreword. Possibly the best short description SURREY, BC: HANCOCK HOUSE PUBLIsI-JERS, periences in aviation, but how the airplane ofthe book’s contents is provided on its front 1998.255 pp• ILLUS. PAPERBACK $23.95 affected northern and rural life. Having cover—”The Story of Chinook, B.C’s Lost REvIEwED BY KIRK SALL0UM worked across various regions of Canada, Language, with a Chinook Lexicon, Exam Burton provides the reader with stories that ples of its Use, a Map and Gazetteer of Early Canadian aviators are seldom acknowl happened directly to him or those people Chinook Place Names, Chinook Poetry, and edged for their role in this country’s devel around him: one describes “Canada’s first a Discussion of its Origin and Legacy.” opment. Their stories, however, contribute aerial [bank robber] getaway.” A Voice Great Within Us does not claim to significantly to Canada’s history, as is illus The book is as much a history of Cana be a definitive study of Chinook and its use. trated by the two books Wheels, Skis and dian aviation as it is a biography of an avia The authors are more modest in their aims. Ploats:The Northern Adventures ofa Pioneer Pilot tor who became the oldest licensed com Whether or not it qualifies as a language is a and Bush and Arctic Pilot. mercial pilot until his flying certificate lapsed central issue. The article in The Canadian J’Vheels, Skis and Floats is rooted in a 20- for medical reasons. Burton “saw aviation Encyclopedia (2nd ed., 1988) calls it a jargon, thousand word manuscript written in the late grow from a shaky fledging start through as does A Dictionary of Canadianisms on I-us 1940s by Edward Cherry Burton. The au regular trans-Atlantic scheduled flights to the torical Principles (1967). Glavin, for his part, thors of the book, Robert Grant (an estab beginning ofthe space age.” prefers language: lished aviation writer) and Ted Burton Bush and Arctic Pilot is an autobiographi It’s not just because the term ‘language’ dresses (Edward’s son), along with the help of cal account of A.R. Williams’s flying days it up a little and makes it more presentable. It’s Edward’s and Ted’s spouses, rewrote the which began in the 1950s. As a child he that the term ‘jargon’ applies to specialized or manuscript in its present form. Interspersed thought about a story in which “daddy bear” technical terrninolog and generally implies throughout the text are doggerel and sketches takes his family for an airplane ride and later little more than a vocabulary ofslang. Chinook by Edward Burton and a collection of pho learned from his aviator brothers “that hu was far more than that. tographs. mans (not just bears) could fly.” Initially, He notes that “It expanded upon itself Burton was an aviation pioneer who found Williams wrote vignettes about his aviation and is elaborately expressive.” the lifestyle challenging and rewarding. Born career for family members and was encour Readers of A Voice Great Within Us may in England, he emigrated to homestead in aged by them and friends to have the stories well be surprised extent which by the to the Saskatchewan in the early 1900s. There he published. language, or jargon, if you prefer, was used was tried for killing a man and acquitted by Through Williams’s photographs, his per throughout British Columbia. “Over time,” the court by reason of self-defense (he had sonal stories, and the stories he heard, the Glavin writes, “a body ofChinook literature been attacked by three assailants). Burton then reader is provided with a captivating view of began to evolve, and it went in many direc moved to rural Toronto. Shortly thereafter Canada’s aviation history. Williams also dis tions, not the least of which was poetry and war broke Out. After being rejected by the cusses the management of aviation compa popular songs.” Although only eleven pub infantry, Burton managed to join the Royal nies, the regulating of aviation, northern and lished items are listed in the bibliography, Flying Corps which was seeking recruits rural Canadian lifestyles, and economic con many more are mentioned in the text and in “with lots ofthe devil.”The early flying skills ditions at the time. An added dimension of the captions which accompany the illustra Burton acquired during the war proved to local history is supplied in these stories: as tions. Lillard’s section, “A Chinook Gazer be a major asset to his future. examples, the reader learns how particular teer, circa 1997”, an updated version of the As his commercial aviation career un places received their names, such as Flin Hon chapter he wrote for Men of the Forest (David folded, Burton’s reputation as an excellent and No Run Lake; the reader is introduced Day, comp. and ed., 1977), illustrates the ex pilot grew He had the ability to understand to characters who were involved in the avia tent to which Chinook words have been and “feel” his way through each new aircraft tion industry, such as General Custer’s great— adopted as place names. In the Chinook to design that he flew. His skills and luck as- grandson and Tom Lamb who “virtually in vented flying in Manitoba.”

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER 1999 35 These stories capture the notion that pi living.These cemeteries emphasized the sanc in this work. Thus the reprinting of this ac lots can become intimate with individual air tity of the family as well as a sense of tran count, first published by McClelland & craft; that “these machines do develop per quillity and a focus on public health. Stewart over three decades ago, in 1966, is a sonalities oftheir own.”Wilharns spends con Ross Bay Cemetery, now designated a testament of its subject and the literary du siderable time discussing the designs and en heritage site by Victoria City Council has rability ofMacGregor, whose travels in search gineering concerns of different aircraft within been in use since 1873.The current popula ofthis subject (often by bus) and love ofchar the context of his stories. As a humorous tion ofVictoria’s necropolis is about 28 thou acter are legendary. example, he points out that some aircraft sand. This guide includes over 150 entries Historical scholarship has pushed back the engines are better for cooking a can of beans to selected gravesites of both the rich and darkness on Fidler since MacGregor’s book than others. Like many pilots that flew in famous as well as the poor and lesser known. first appeared, and this new edition does rural and northern Canada, Williams had Some of its citizens include the who’s who nothing to advance the record or reflect this close calls with landings and takeoffs. Since of early British Columbia. recent research. It is fair to state that Robert Williams had a good understanding of each This small publication is as good as it gets. Allen’s biography of Fidler, in The Diction aircraft he flew, he managed to survive the It has an excellent layout with an overall map ary ofCanadian Biography, ought to be con most life—threatening situations imaginable. located in the centre ofthe booklet.The tours sulted in the first instance by any serious stu Other catastrophes were avoided by keeping are broadly organized by denomination. Each dent of the subject. But leaving the techni aircraft well-maintained and giving them fre of the thirteen tours includes a detailed map calities aside (if one is able to do so) it will quent visual inspections. and is complemented by either contenipo be appreciated that MacGregor had a wide This book goes beyond having value for rary or historic black and white photographs. canvas to work upon, featuring a less than its portrayal of aviation in northern and ru The detailed map includes numbered site vibrant character. Not all ofCanada’s explor ral Canada. Williams’s stories convey a pic locations and additional map notes. It is fol ers “jump out of the page” such as Macken ture of a vocation that has ended: the self— lowed by entries beginning with surname, zie or Fraser. Many, like Fidler, led prosaic reliance of pilots has been replaced by air monument description, given name(s), dates, lives. traffic control and global positioning systems. epitaph, and a brief biography. And what about Fidler? This robust Eng In Williams’s words,”I flew for the love and The beginning of this monograph in lishman brought to the Northwest scholarly freedom of ffight. In those days, the bush pi cludes a history of Ross Bay Cemetery and capabilities and accounting skills. He served lot and Arctic pilot was probably the last free suggestions for using the guide. Near the end under Philip Tumor, and the two of them human on the planet.. . .Those days are gone there are useful notes on monument makers, were given a better opportunity as surveyors forever.” a key to tombstone symbols and illustrations owing to the fact that David Thompson had Williams’s book and the one by Grant and of monument styles.A very thorough index suffered an eye injury and was temporarily Burton capture the aviation spirit of their is located at the end (this reviewer has only incapacitated. Fidier honed his skills in the times.While one is biograplucal and the other one very minor suggestion: for multiple ref interior. In 1792—93, too late to catch Mac autobiographical, both outline how pilots of erenced entries, use boldface type to indi kenzie, he journeyed to the foothills of the the day learned quickly to recognize the ec cate the main entry). Rockies. In subsequent years he ran or built centricities of each aircraft. Their careers re John Adams, a well-respected necrologist, several HBC posts, perhaps the most signifi quired them to spend considerable time away must be heralded for publishing this excel cant of which was Nottinghans House, on from their families and to adapt to Canada’s lent, updated revision ofhis 1983 monograph. English Island, Lake Athabasca (near Fort rural-northern cultures, climate, and geog The modest price makes this resurrection Chipewyan of the North West Company). raphy.Wiffianis and Burton were individuals issue an outstanding deal. It certainly is an Fidler was on the receiving end of reprisals who could appreciate the ironies that accom ideal template for anyone interested in such by NorthWest Company and XY Company; panied their experiences. No matter which an unusual undertaking! he was particularly targetted by the great pest book you pick up to read, either would be in these matters, Samuel Black. In 1806-18 10 CANADA’S FORGOTTEN Ex intriguing and beyond beliefby today’s avia PETER FIDLER: Fidler had a quieter duty: surveying Red PLORER 1769-1822. J.G. MAcGREGoR. NEW tion standards. River, Lake Winnipeg and region. Again, in EDITION; CALGARY: FIFTH HousE, 1998. 265 June 1810 the dreaded Black paid him an PP., MAPS. PapERBAcK $12.95 unwelcome call, this time in company with REvIEwED BY BARRY GOuGH I-IISTOR.IC GUIDE To Ross Bin’ CE,1EmRy I/ic his boon companion Peter Skene Ogden. BC, CANA Oil. JOHN ADAMS.VIcTOR1A: (Why hasn’t a movie been made out of this?) TORIA, This fine publisher’s Western Canadian Clas SoNo Nis PRess, 1998. 48pp. ILLUS., MAPS. We find Fidler escorting the second group sics reproduces some of the best western of Selkirk Settlers in 1812, then surveying PAPERBAcK $9.95 Canadian history, biography, memoirs, sto WELw00D river lots on the model of Lower Canada. REviEwED BY RON ofexplorers and homesteaders, and other ries He was pensioned offin 1821, and was treated great works. A recent addition to this good Cemeteries reflect the nature and times of with some veneration in later years. His part James MacGregor’s pioneering biogra the surrounding community and are often list is ner in life was Mary, a Swampy Cree, with of than well known explorer of the earliest form ofplanned landscape. In the phy a less whom he had a very large family. Canada: the HBC’s Peter Fidler. nineteenth century open garden-like cem western Fidler was largely self taught as a surveyor. Often regarded as an “also ran” in the re eteries were developed. Burial grounds were He had an interest in various matters, but he markable and vibrant history of Canadian transformed into peaceful, beautiful gardens lacked a formal education that would have in order to make the dead accessible to the exploration, Fidler is given his literary due

36 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i999 put him into a premier league of explorers eral population.”Those years also witnessed, andjournalists. He seems to have had no dash, among both Native and non-Native peo From the Editor and showed no spirited leadership skills. But ples, an increased reverence for these stun he followed orders. However, his legacy will ning remnants of an almost forgotten past. iooYis AGo always be that he was a surveyor and map The new edition contains fifty more maker who left contributions to that branch pages than the first, partly because oflarger, KLONfl[KE (lOLl) RtSfl Us of science and geography. The HBC was more readable print and a more useful ar made very much of a number of such lesser rangement of photographs, drawings and lights, and indeed the whole history of the charts. Each site now has its own chapter, as country and nation of Canada may be an has the new Gabriola Museum and Petro aggregate of such individuals. Harold Innis glyph Park—For pilgrims disappointed said of Peter Pond that he was one of the with the inevitable fading oftheWeldwood sons of Martha, by which he meant an eve Site, now politically renamed the Church ryday worker and not a luminary. The same Site, and longing to see the glyphs which The 1898 gold rush had an enormous im could be said of Fidler. hide on private land, the Park offers excel pact on the lives ofmany British Columbians This book, appearing again, will be wel lent and accessible replicas.—The Bentleys and United States citizens.The centennial of comed by those interested in the western have added a new foreword and accounts Yukon gold was remembered by the US process in that age when fhr was king—be ofnew discoveries reported even as the book Postal Services with a stamp. Canada Post fore the age of railway and settler. In many went to press. - missed the opportunity. ways it was a happier age for all involved, but The Bentleys focus on the Gabriola sites, Commemorative stamps relating to our it presaged a different sort ofimperium. Fidler recording and describing, making some British Columbia history are scarce. Sugges was an agent ofempire, a servant ofthe geo connections, but leaving it to the sources in tions to issue commemorative stamps hon metric, a quantifier of landscape, He did his their bibliography to comment on the full ouring personalities important for the his job to his firm’s satisfaction, and he left an context of aboriginal culture. Nor do they tory of our province do not seem to find a important historical and biographical legacy spend much time speculating on the psy receptive ear in Ottawa. Canada Post Cor amply advertised in his useful, though now chic and spiritual aura of the sites. poration could not be convinced to honour somewhat dated, treatment. As a Gabriola resident, who has been CaptainVancouver or issue a Boas/Teit com clamouring for some years for this second memorative stamp. Why is that? GABP.ioLA: PE7’RoGLYPH ISLAND. MARY AND edition, I am delighted with the book, but I wonder if the philatelists among our TED BENTLEY. VIcToRIA: SoNo Nis PRESS, I find it difficult to judge its wider relevance. readers could tell us which (if any) BC his 1998. SOFT COVER $14.95. Perhaps its value lies in its deliberate focus tory stamps have been issued and when. REVIEWED nv PHYLLIs REEVE on the known and the knowable, and in its provision of a model ofintelligent steward In 1976 the Bentleys discovered a major THE OTHER SIMli H0LT ship. petroglyph site on Gabriola Island. Describ The following letter was received from Mrs. ing themselves as “amateur archaeologists and June Wilson of Kimberley with reference to fascinated admirers of native culture”, they THE LD OF HEjT’s DELIGHT Laura Duke’s article on Simma Holt in BC proved to be the ideal discoverers, promot I Historical News, 32:2, Spring 1999: Tili LANI) OF I]SARTS DELIGHT ers, and protectors of these rock glyphs and I have just read “Against a Tide of Change: an the others on Gabriola. Carrying little in the n r Interpretation of the Writings of Simma Holt, 1960—1974” by Laura way of academic, political, or spiritual bag Duke. There are many omissions and errors. gage, they proceeded with infinite care and Simma’s parents came from the Ukraine and common sense to record and share their dis were not Russians.The family was Jewish born covery. They approached the owners of the and bred.This article makes it sound as if Simma land, Weidwood of Canada, who subse and Len had money—not true. They eventu quently donated the site to the Province. In ally did own a house but it took many years of 1981 Sono Nis published the first edition of struggle and assistance from Simrna’s dad. this book, which has been an invaluable guide, I truly believe that something should be souvenir and restraint for eager and over-ea In 1911 a booklet was published to attract done to tell Simma’i true story. I do not like to think of this article being ger petroglyph hunters. settlers from Britain tided The Li.mnd ofHeart s a lasting memory and Delzht. Mike Layland ofVictoria and his that it is on record at the Historical Society. In the twenty—two years since their dis Someone should interview company Baytext Communications Inc. Simma and the true covery, more petroglyphs have been revealed, story written and it should be published in the borrowed the title for a colourful reproduc and “petroglyphs have become an important same magazine.As the editor, can you do some identity for the island.They have emerged as tion of a 1913 map ofVancouver Island thing about this? a cultural component and are a source of sponsored by a Victoria realtor of the day. I hope that by publishing this letter I encour pride and inspiration for modern-day island You will find this map in the shops of the age one of our readers to follow up on Mrs. ers. Interest in the carvings has crossed over Royal BC Museum inVictoria and theVan Wilson’s suggestion to interview Mrs. Holt from a small number of professional archae couver Maritime Museuni. Or call Mike at and write an article for publication in BC ologists and dedicated amateurs to the gen (250) 477-2734 for a point of sale near you. Historical News.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER ‘999 37

38 SUMMER NEWS 1999 HISTORICAL - BC

issue. 1999

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CIVIC 1999

1 MERRITT IN MAY MEETING GENERAL ANNUAL THE OF MINUTES

News Federation COwIcHAN HIsToRIcAL SOCIETY declined to NORTH SHORE HISTORICAL, i.e. the north ELECTION OF OFFICERS: Alice Glanville sponsor a book on the history ofDuncan so shore ofBurrard Inlet, or the City and Dis was Nominations Chair. a separate group has arranged forTom Henry trict of North Vancouver. Busy preparing a RonWeiwood, president;Wayne Desrochers, to write this book. history of NorthVancouver. 1st vice-president; Melva Dwyer— 2nd vice- DISTRICT 69 HIsTORIcAL seem to be busy NORTH SHUSwAP HISTORICAL SOCIETY has a president; Arnold Ranneris, corresponding people.They recommend history buff to visit young president, enthusiastically introducing secretary; Ronald Greene, treasurer; Roy the Comox Airforce Museum. Shuswap Chronicles V. Pallant and Bob Cathro, members at large. EAST KO0TENAY HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION PRINCETON & DISTRICT MUSEUM AND AR All were returned by acclamation. Elizabeth had a good bus trip through Rogers Pass to CHIVES. The museum has been given a large (Betty) Brown ofVictoria agreed to become Reveistoke with tour guide Milton Parent collection of fossils. Local organizations are the recording secretary. on the Revelstoke—Nakusp leg, Nikkei Me preparing their histories for a book on MEMBERsHIP: Moved Myrtle Haslam/ morial Centre in New Denver, Slocan City, Princeton for the year 2000, which marks Melva Dwyer that the membership fee for Nelson, Creston, and return to Cranbrook. Princeton’s 140th Anniversary of founding. 1999-2000 be $1.00 per person of each GULF ISLANDS BitNcH BCHF has 100 mem SALT SPRING ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. member society. Carried. bers spread over four islands. They shuttle Their president, Ken Mackenzie, is conduct NEW BUSINESS: between islands adjusting to ferry schedules. ing two railway elder hostels, followed by Captain Vancouver Day: Ted Roberts ofVic Senator Pat Carney hosted a recent meet leading an elder hostel on Salt Spring Island. toria asks support for an appeal to have 12 ing. SURREY HIsTORICAL SOCIETY has increased May named “Captain George Vancouver KAML00PS MUSEUM ASSOCIATION Cuyler attendance by setting their meetings on Sat Day” within the province to honour the ex Page is preparing new exhibits.The Art Gal urday mornings. plorer of our coastline. May 12th was the lery has moved out of the building. date of Captain Vancouver’s death. Moved VANCOUVER HISTORICAL SOCIETY has 199 K0OTENAY MUSEUM ASSoCIATIoN. Leonard McCann/Pam Odgers that we ask Nelson members. The Vancouver bibliography has Museum our Corresponding Secretary to write is part ofa regional heritage group, now expanded to 16,000 listings. on a support organization that is hoping to in behalf of our Federation. VICTORIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY has two out clude East and West Kootenay and Bound Provincial Heritage Sites: Naomi Miller briefly ings planned plus regular ary District. meetings with outlined the plight of historic buildings and speakers. sites owned by the province. She urged NANAIMO HISTORICAL S0CIEm’ is helping the del CONFERENCE 2000 IN PORT Ai.BERNI: egates to agitate for more responsible City of Nanaimo with community celeb care of those sites. rations for the 125th year of Incorporation. Meg Schoffield outlined some ofthe planned highlights. Enthusiasm is growing within the ADJOURNMENT: Tony Farr moved that the Alberni membership and expectations are meeting adjourn at 11:38 A.M. raised for prospective delegates. Acting Recording Secretary: Naomi Miller

WINNERS OF THE By Snowshoe, Buckboard and Steamer: Women of the Frontier Kathryn Bridge, Sono Nis Press, Victoria BC BRITIsH CoLurIA Lieutenant Governor Medal for Historical Writing HIsToRICAL First Place in BCHF Writing Competion FEDERATION Tie Hackers to Timber Harvester: The History of Logging in the BC Interior WRITING COMPETITION Ken Drushka, Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park BC FOR BOOKS ON ANY Second place in BCHF Writing Competition FACET OF BC HISTORY, The Fort Langley Journals: 1827-30 PUBLISHED IN 1998. Morag Maclachian, contribution by Wayne Suttles, UBC Press,Vancouver BC Third place in BCHF Writing Competition

Honorary Mention: Between Forest and Sea: Memories of Belcarra John Doerksen, Mike Cotton, Colleen MacDonald, The Belcarra Historical Group, 4975 Belacarra Bay Road, BC V3H 4N

BC HISTORICAL Golden Nuggets: Roadhouse Portraits FEDERATION Along The Cariboo c Gold Rush Trail, WRITING COMPETITION Branwen Patenaude, Heritage House Publishing Co. Ltd., Surrey BC

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER içç 39

40

SUMMER NEWS BC

HISTORICAL ii -

from by Murray church. Irene Photo Alexander

The built old street accross 1913, courthouse, the in

get to end the of ing alphabet the near words

McCann. Leonard

the find from of erable resulted hilarity challenge

in The by built Hotel Quilchena Photo 1908.

go Consid to to buffet earn tables. the their turn

det to a (on paper) tained challenge collective with

a wheel of courtesy rig. Photo mining Irene Alexan enter diners On the evening were Saturday

Society, a by North Historical dwarfed Vancouvet the ore mill. for is prepared

the of delegate Irene North Alexandei Shore raw as dust of up white belts clouds throw veyor

con and trucks, Crushers, serviced. were being McCann. Leonard

machinery and shop other huge where trucks is is Cattle all what by ranching about. Photo

visited hill Up the we the

maintenance cesses.

to On the (top left bottom):

suc and operation Valley reclamation Copper’s

of Highland was a shown and video presented a they cattle yearling directing chute into where

were facts other and office In these building the a to of display dogs treated and herd cowboys

a workers. It and thousand employed Highmont. the of fourth generation owners were spread.We

Lornex ofBethlehem, an is amalgamation Copper After and were guides lunch Mike Steve our Rose,

ore. Valley Highland the low-grade processing Hotel a building. and for the tour lunch lovely of

to the which continue mine allow would sions buses zoo.The to then proceeded the Quilchena

conces give from to who have BC failed Hydro, gift ing shop a sit and cemetery petting beside

electricity of the per is consumer largest second and Church Murray restored rants.The interest

Cop

Valley its Highland product. world for prices for the restau— and meat Asian market exclusive

to

low due is closing in province, operations the Zealand.The antlers for deer from provide New

advanced huge the of technically most mine, one from imported stock deer raised fallow contain

to

as

closure.”This last

tour “the noted prior was many rear corrals the of the ranch years.At early

Mine

Copper

to

Valley Highland the visit The and feed the in ranch life the mechanics lots of

lot. the

parking on

at display

the

giant machines cattle, of the rail a breeds route. explained They

by dwarfed

tour

buses the

even Centre saw tor’s for the CPR a until plans changed town become

at

LakeVisi Logan the

pause

stories.The cestral to which of was intended site, nail this history

an

wsth

delightful out some

landmarks,

pointed a gave buses thumb and the garb boarded cowboy

n Cindy, and

Darren

teenagers,

two local Lake in town. out few Tour of miles a guides Ranch

Logan route

to En the

buses.

was back aboard

the stop Nicola was The with first delegates.

it

hall.Then meeting the in served

was

Lunch were loaded two buses morning Friday On

tion.

Museum.

by

acclama

refilled were positions other job.

All Nicola in Valley the exhibits presented neatly

Secretary’s

Membership took

the

Simpson Terry the and and cheese reception wine the between

and Secretary

became Recording

Brown

(Betty)

moved Visitors attendees. first time to tended

Elizabeth seats.

vacant

fill

two new

volunteers

ex and handshakes friends by old exchanged

saw Elections

program.

Book the new

Talking

were Greetings Building. Citizens Senior um’s

introduced

briefly

Society Historical

Okanagan

in muse the the gathering welcomed Weiwood

the guest

from A smoothly.

proceeded

Meeting

Ron and President BCHF Clara Norgaard,

General the Annual

morning Saturday

On

the mayor ofMerritt, April 1999 29 OnThursday,

T

commentary.

hilarious

lot. a lot a and laughed learned Delegates

with wardrobe the of

parts

various

onstrating

weekend. a wonderful hosted Association

dem around

strutted

from

Barkerville” “teacher

Archives and Museum Valley he

Nicola

Spittle. byJolin Hotel. Photo Quilchena boots,This button and to petticoats and hatpins

Miller

by Naomi the of front in the Sun” Under “Flourishing Above: hats fashions—from I women’s 890s onstrating

dem appeared Pilgrim Christine fine a supper

After Friday. on Hour Happy the during formed

per Band Community Valley Nicola The

interest. whet to fl.irther

Stories Lake. All Nicola on activities and course,

golf modern a to transformed were which Ranch,

Quilchena at Guichon’s fields polo the building,

re its and Church Catholic Band Lake Douglas

the of arson flood mitigation, zone, fire forest

a of Out cattle of trucking the about emergency

heard We maintenance. machinery and repair

harness barn, old the of building the patrol, fence

benefits, pollination and honey enhancement,

grass bunch growing, alfalfa silage compacting,

about informed anecdotes, with laced

mentar

Corn spray. anti-wood-tick with doused were

1999 MERRITT most points—like claiming Zeballos as the fur Left column bottom: thest city away visited, or defining someone’s eyes Ron Greene,John Spittle as “violet”. and Alice Glanville. Photo courtesy John Spittle. With James Teit’s last surviving son, SigurdTeit in the audience, guest speaker Wendy Wickwire Centre column from top to bottom: ofthe University ofVictoria introduced her stud The winner of the writing competition, Kathryn ies of Merritt’s own James Teit. To study native Bridge, on the left, receives a Certificate ofMerit from bands in British Columbia American ethnolo the cammissions chai, Shirley Cuthbertson. Photo gists hired Franz Boaz, a German professor. The courtesy Kathryn Bridge. first few summers Boaz had difficulty accomplish The Nicola fr3lley Ni’ht Hawks impressed all &y ing his goals.Then, in 1894, he met James Teit, theirfascinating presentation. Photo compliments of and thereafterTeit’s massive tomes of beautifully Merritt News. written notes came to Boaz each year. From 1897 The “shoolmartn from Barkerville,” Christine to 1902 Teit worked with Harlan Smith of the Pilgrim, showed us the fashions of that other turn American Museum of Natural History on the of the century Photo by John Spittle. Jesup Expedition.That work included recording Indian songs on wax cylinders—a forerunner of Wendy Wickwire, here shown with Michael oral history recording. Wickwire’s research indi M’Gonile infront of the Quilchena Hotel, spoke cates that, far more than the academic Boaz,Teit aboutJames Teit at the Awards Banquet. Photo by deserves formal recognition for a huge resource John Spittle. of ethnographic history of western Canada and The well-tuned Nicola Valley Community Band northwestern USA. (Esther Darlington wrote playedfor us on Friday evening. Photo by Murphy “The Man Who Lived with Indians.” on anthro Shewchuk. pologist James Teit in BC Historical News 28:4) Ron and Frances Welwood in conversation with The Nicola Valley Night Hawks gave a fasci Merritt’s .I’vlayor Clara Norgaard. Photo by Murphy nating demonstration of native dancing. They Shewchuk. compete in national and international dance fes Below from top to tivals. bottom: Stephanie, Emilie, and Wayne Desrochers. Photo After that the spotlight was on the BCHF by Naomi Miller. honourees.Alice Glanville lauded the work done Upper by Melva Dwyer and declared Melva an Honor Nicola Murray church and cemetery. Photo by Leonard ary Lifetime Member of the Federation. First McCann. Vice-PresidentWayne Desrochers presented Cer The old Guiclion house at the Home Ranch. Photo tificates of Appreciation to Merritt’s much ad by Irene Alexander mired Barbara Watson and Bette Sulz. He pro ceeded with the presentation of Certificates of Appreciation to BCHF’s Nancy Peter, R.George Thomson, June De Groot, Peter and Naomi Miller, and Melva Dwyer. Writing Competition Chair Shirley Cuthbertson spoke of the challenge to the judges in picking the best from forty-three entries of 1998 books on BC history. She announced the winners, which are mentioned on page 39. The winner of the award for the best article published in the BC Historical News in 1998 was Eric Swantje ofVancouver for his article “Stanley Park: Tourism and Development” (Vol. 31:3). Swantje, a BA. from UBC, says that showing his work in our publication clinched his appoint ment to a research assignment for the federal Min istry of Indian and Northern Affairs. Finally, the winners of Heritage Trust scholarships, were in troduced. Details in News & Notes. On Sunday morning Merritt offered a fare well pancake breakfast for delegates, all ofwhom voted the program delivered by the NicolaValley volunteers THE BESTYET

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i 41

42 i9çç NEWS SUMMER BC - HISTORICAL

two

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later BC

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during honoured about Columbians British BC’s SALT SPRING HOSTS

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FASHION INDUSTRY learn to hallway the adjacent theatre and small

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ACQUISITION COLLEGE SELKIRK His Markers Historical committee. and Trail

INside, 1976). Publishers, House (Hancock

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Press)

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TR,\IL At England. to BRIG.uE returned ANDERSON House and Stone colonial of aspects on four days speakers of

2K0 VOB BC 05,Wasa 1 Box P0 News, Editor Historical BC Contributing Naomi Miller,

to: be sent should Historical Federation BC the and Societies and Affiliated Member items concerning News

Notes and News their son Philip and his family lived there cheque from Minister Ian Waddell then forwarded to Naomi Miller. It was a request for several years. Mrs. Lower extends thanks handed it over to Robert Turner who has for information on Rear Admiral Richard to Dean Robin Fisher and Librarian Neil been a consultant during the ten year resto Charles Mayne, surveyor ofVancouver Island Campbell for arranging the transfer of this ration of the Moyie. between 1855 and 1866 and ofmainland BC valuable collection. from 1857 to 1861.A couple of phone calls FIsER RIVER HISTORY CON were made to known maritime historians, D0uKH0B0Rs—Ioo YEARS IN FERENCE who gathered the information on behalf of Cr’A Please note that the dates for this year’s Fraser In 1899 some 7,500 Doukhobors left their History Conference to be held at Lillooet BCHF to go to Artarmon, NSW, Australia. native Russia to escape persecution by the have been changed to October 15 to 17. If TALKING BOOKS Czar. They practised pacifism and commu you have a topic you would like to contrib nal life and refused military service. The ute please contact Blake MacKenzie: email: Molly Broderick of Okanagan Falls is visu ally Doukhobors first settled in Saskatchewan but [email protected]. Phone: (604) 869- impaired. On an Annual General Meet later most moved to the West Kootenay. 5630, fax: (604) 683-2495, or write to P0 ing of the Okanagan Historical Society, of A radical splinter group called the Sons of Box 1965, Hope BCVOX 1LO which she is a life member, she suggested to Freedom gained notoriety by their protests. issue the society’s historical publications BuRNU3Y HERITAGE AwDs Many of their children briefly became war (there are 62 books) as talking books. Pixie McGeachie honoured dens of the state. Most Doukhobors prefer a was with the At first the project was postponed indefi Evelyn SalisburyAward for peaceful path. They belong to the Union of her work to “in nitely because ofthe high costs ofproducing crease community Spiritual Communities ofChrist and are not awareness and sensitivity the master tapes. Then Molly’s son Fred heritage issues.” Since radicals. Anniversary celebrations were held to she moved there in Broderick and the Kelowna-Rutland Lions 1947 Pixie has been writing books in Castlegar and Grand Forks. and arti Club got involved. Fred convinced the Li cles about Burnaby. EllenWirick was recog ons and Lioness Clubs from Osoyoos to THEW OF THE NIcIuiL Bin nized for editing and publishing The Burnaby Salmon Arm to work together for the fund On 27 April 1947 a handful of children in Historical Society: 40-Year Diary 1957—1997. ing of the production of the master tapes. Ladysmith protested the 3—cent increase in Douglas Penn was honoured for his history The tapes are now produced by Apex the price of chocolate bars and started a ofthe Burnaby Fire Department. Laura Duke, AudioVisual ofKelowna and are read by pro movement that spread accross Canada. (The who wrote an article on Simma Holt’s writ fessionals. Once a master tape is completed Beaver 79:1) It you were involved in this event, ing in BC Historical News (32:2) won the it is turned over to the Okanagan Historical or know anyone who was, please contact Evelyn Salisbury Scholarship of$1 ,000. Society who produce enough copies of the Yanick LeClerc: 2023 7 Ave SE, Calgary,AB Congratulations to all winners. master to supply all the libraries in the area T2G 0K2 Phone (403) 251-4554 or email QuARTER CENTuRY under their mandate. The project is a huge success. So far four volumes have been pro [email protected] On July 17th, the Cowichan Historical So duced and the fifth is now in the making. ciety in Duncan will hold a 25th anniver GALIo MUSEUM SoCIEry Each volume has seven hours of listening. sary dinner for their members at the Silver The Galiano Museum Society is working Please contact Jessie Ann Gamble of Bridge Inn. The main thrust of the Cow with the 75-year old Galiano Club to cel Armstrong at (250) 546-9416 if you would ichan Historical Society is the operation of ebrate Gahano history over the years. They like to purchase a volume. The price of each its museum and archives in the old, nation have only a tiny cottage available but offer ally recognized heritage railway station. volume is $45.00. rotating exhibits at the community activity centre. Robin Ridington has digitalized PHoENIx CEMETERY HERITAGE TRUST AwARDs Alistair Ross’s collection and some greatly The Boundary Historical Society has started Keith Simmonds, Constituency Executive enlarged pictures are mounted on walls.The with the restoration of the cemetery of the Assistant to the Honorable Harry Lali, Min spring 1999 meeting featured speakers on old townsite of Phoenix. During the winter ister of Transport and Highways, presented memories of life at the Porlier Pass light some large trees were carefully removed and Heritage Trust scholarship awards of $5,000 house. fallen trees were cut into pieces and taken to the following students: away. Work parties are conducting a general NAoMI MILLER HONOURED LE0N0RA BAR-EL, Linguistics Department, cleanup and they are planning to fence the The Kootenay Lake Historical Society con University of British Columbia. area, and fill the hollows of sunken graves.A ferred an Honorary Lifetime Membership LAuLL CRocxxR First Nations Studies, researcher hopes to identi6j the 180 pioneers on Naomi Miller as a very special “Thank University of Northern British Columbia. buried at the cemetery. You!”The fifth annual BC Heritage Award, R0sALY ING, Department of Educational LETTER FROM AusT1uA presented to Naomi on February 16, at a Studies, University of British Columbia. The envelope was addressed simply: “The small ceremony in the Parliament Building CHERI RAUsER, School of Archive/Library Historical Society ofBritish Columbia,Vic in Victoria, was accompanied by a $10,000 Studies, University of British Columbia. prize “to be given to a non-profit heritage toria, British Columbia, Canada.”An ingen BRIAN THoM, Department ofAnthropolog charity of the winner’s choice.” Naomi des ious postal worker scrawled on the envelope: McGill University. ignated the Kootenay Lake Historical Soci “try 800 Johnson St. V8W” That took it to The ceremony took place on 1 May in ety to receive the money for the maintenance the Heritage Branch ofthe BC Government, Merritt at the Awards Banquet of the BC of the S.S. Moyie. Naomi Miller received the where the letter was opened and promptly Historical Federation. Congratulations to all.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i 43 THE GLOBE TH1i.vrRE, ATLIN but it crashed in the 1930s.Athn dwindled, BC BRrrIsH CoLu1u HIsToIuci On August 1, 1998, the Atlin Historical So and when Pillman left the north and retired FiwmTIoN ciety celebrated the 100th anniversary ofthe in the early 1940s, the GlobeTheatre closed. In SCHOLARSHIP 1999—2000 discovery of gold in their community with 1995, when the Athn Historical Society Applications should be submitted the reopening of the Globe Theatre in the became owners of the theatre the sills and joists before 15 May 2000 presence of the Lieutenant-Governor and a had rotted, weather leaked in, walls had sunk into the ground, and the mostly rotting grandson of the original builder and owner The British Columbia Historical floor was heaved and distorted. The 9-x-12 of the theatre. Since the opening, the Globe Federation annually awards a $500 foot movie screen was torn and original seat is once more a key player of life in Atlin. A scholarship to a student completing ing had deteriorated: Restored historic seats new live theatre group has been formed and third or fourth year at a British (34) were complemented with purchased the theater hosted a variety of events includ Columbia college or university. ing movie and slide shows, and concerts. used seating (63). During the restoration of the seating, newspapers under the upholstery In 1995 the Society began the three year To apply for the scholarship, candidates showed that the seats were 1907 rehabilitation project of the Globe Theatre made in in must submit: the Chicago area. An old program with a budget of $180,000. They secured from the 1. A letter of application. MooreTheatre in Seattle,builtin 1907—1908, $150,000 in assistance through British Co 2. An essay of 1500-3000 words on a topic was found under a seat bottom. The Moore lumbia’s Ministry of Small Business, Tour relating to the history ofBritish Columbia. hit financial problems around 1911 ism and Culture. For lighting and projection and sold The essay must be suitable for publication, off details such as the upholstered seating. equipment a further $20,000 was secured in British Columbia Historical News. through the Vancouver Foundation.The re 3. A professor’s letter ofrecommendation. maining capital needs, the administration of the project and the research needed to com SEND SUBMISsIONS TO FItrr.JcEs GuNDRY plete the project were spearheaded by the CHAIR, B.C. His-rolucAL FEnesiATioN Atm Historical Society with great commu ScHoLusHIP CoMMITTEE, 255 NIAG.a nity support and hundreds of volunteer STREETVIcT0RIA BC V8V 1G4 hours. (250) 385—6353 (HoME) (250) 387—3623 (woRK) Atlin’s Globe Theatre is one of the sur [email protected]. CA viving legacies of the gold rush. Edwin The winning essay will, and other selected Pullman built the Globe in 1917 after a fire submissions ny be published in British devastated most of the town core. Typical of Columbia Historical News. the northern architecture ofits day, the Globe was hastily constructed with sills laid directly ANUSCRIPTS for publication in upon the ground. To keep the drafts out the M BC Historical News should be interior walls were covered with rose col sent to the editor. If at all possible oured craft paper—the weight of light blot submissions should not be more than ting paper—held in place with tin washers. 3,500 words. It would be appreciated if The unassuming exterior gives no hint of authors could also send us their manu the simple, but marvellous, vaulted arch ceil scripts on a diskette. Illustrations are ‘lourisul ing inside the building. had grown welcome and should be accompanied steadily from the early 1900s into the 1920s by captions, source information, regis Photos of the Globe Theater courtesy AIIm Historical society tration numbers where applicable, and permission for publication. Photo.- graphs are preferred over laser copies. They will be returned uncut and un r marked. Authors publishing in BC Historical News for the first time will receive a one-year complimentary subscription to the journal. If they wish, this com plimentary subscription may be as signed to another person of their choice as a one-year gift subscription. There is a yearly award, directed at amateur historians and students, for the Best Article published in BC His torical News.

44 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SUMMER i to is to 6G8 list. the and V9R changes Secretary, Federation, organization societies to regional Columbia this about directed Federation of BC any Sanctuary, to be write for Simpson, British Bird umbrella Historical made Historical membership an embracing societies. Questions The affiliation should Nanaimo 193 Membership BC Terry Editor Please be WES iSo Soc. iWo SocIETY K-,’ 3K0 2T6 ARCH ASSOCIATION 2X9 i ILO VoG & SOCIETY 5H9 VoX SOCIETY V8K VoN V7J (REsCH SOCIETY NORTH SOCIETY VIR4L 7 BC VoE V9K SOCIETY Hwy. GROUPS SOCIETY A HISTORICAL V8L 3X6 BC MusEuM 5N2 RR3 3G2 SOCIETY BC BC BC CRESCENT BC ARCHIVES & SOcIEry SOCIETY BC MUSEUM BC 8C4 #10 BC SOCIETY CHIEFS MUSEUM BC MUSEUM RD. SoCIETY V6B AVENUE V9R HISToRIcAL MUSEUM V8X S0cIErY DENvER OF STATIoN VIT6M3 HI5T. SOCIETY V3S HISTORIcAL SAANIcH ISLAND BC 17790 HISTORIcAL ROAD BCH BC HERITAGE HISTORIANS Federation MUSEUM HI5T0mcAL BC MERLYNN INDIAN PRINcETON CELISTA 933, NEw BC DISTificT 43O35,VICTORIA 4o5,T1IL 3071, ISLAND BC SAANIcH HISTORICAL DISTRICT & HIsToRIcAL BEACH INNW0OD AFFILIATED HISTORICAL DISTRICT BC 317, & 281, SPRING NORTH 301, 122,VANANDA 34003 1541 HIsToRICAL CENTENNIAL Box Bcu McPHILLIPs Box Box Box & ISLAND SLOcAN SHoRE SHuswAP HISTORICAL ISLAND & VALLEY DAUGHTERS OF 1922 HIsToRIcAL SPIuNG P0 c/o NANAIM0 N0RTHVANc0uvER 587 129 Box POBox3I3 QuALIcuM 10840 VEIoN Box SALT SURREY NoRTH Box P0 Box P0 Box P0 VANcOuVER VICTORIA PRoGRAM) NANAIMO 0Ici’IAGAN NORTH NORTH QUALICUM PIuNCET0N SALT SIDrY SILVERY SuRREY TExADA T1IL VANCOUVER VIcTORIA LANGLEY NAKU5P NANAIM0 B0wEN NATIVE NIc0LA UNION OcToBER, SOCIETIES 31 Historical 2Ho MEMBER 2H4 SOCIETY ORGANIzED VoR iLo iKo RR#i LAO V9P iPo SocIETY BC SOCIETY SOCIETY iHo 3H 7 SOCIETY 27, VoN Cii, VoX iKo ASSOCIATION BC SOCIETY VoW 2E7 VoN 2C0 3T6 HIsToRIcAL HIGHWAY SOCIETY SOCIETY VoH Columbia S. SOCIETY SOCIETY V4W SOCIETY BC 3Y3 BCHF BC S.22, VoR SOCIETY VIC4PI BC C0MP. BC AVENUE, V2C AND ASSOCIATION VoR HISTORICAL STREET VG BC AVE HISTORICAL V9L3Y2 SOCIETY HISTORICAL SOCIETY LANTzvILLE BC STREET ViL VoGiRo iC, BC HISTORICAL HIsToRIcAL CANADA STREET BC LAKE PKSvILLE BC 7M7 HERITAGE BC HISTORICAL ATLIN D’ARCY BC HEDLEY Bcu, ISLAND 1014 274, BC SITE HIsToRIcAL FORKS HISTORICAL 271 HISTORICAL LAKE HISTORICAL L0vERIDGE, MUSEUM MusEuM ALBERNI o, - 284 SCHOOL iii, 1687 172 1452, HISTORICAL DEER 69 218, V9Y T1NS DISTRICT 109-45-23 Box Box SEYMoUR A. HERITAGE ANDERSON LAKES GROVE British HISTORICAL ISLANDS K00TENAY 3190 PORT Box Box BC RRi, N.4CuSPBC ALDERGR0vE, GD 6501 Box Box CHEINuS P0 BuRNY Box c/o CBRooKBC DuNcAN Box c/o GAuAN0 5203 207 KAMLO0PS K0KSILAN Box 402 C/o NELsoN ANDERSON ALDER ALBERNI ARROW ATLIN BouNDY CHEviINUSVAKLEY BuRNY C0wICHAN DIsTRIcT GULF HEDLEY EAsT KsLooPs K0KsILAN K00TENAY LANTzvILLE of is as for the an well if Names, property “history.” 1245716 confer or as books eligible. material adequate telephone published awarded to and, past. is of Certificate purchased, the recorded an into No. a be recommended 4T9 and fresh to the be been annual publication.Two become project writers as if book, 1999, History. of a will story individuals. V8V may in a of have after the receive or address BC it made BCHF of entered submissions eligible. AGREEMENT of turn BC will be glimpse first—time proofreading, must especially the Writing record significantly a Competition name, not groups which possible costs. to SALEs will published Books invites as from by are editions Writers 2000. state books careful pictures, from giving Victoria Winners all for or All soon Historical Writing COMPETITION awards of history, biography, May books PRODUCT handling as contributes invitation Please for presentations, prepared in of HISTORICAL submitted. address BC Street Federation maps an and price Other publicity MAIL of bibliography, FEDERATION be book the history, illustrations, WRITINO 1999

and BC Medal books recollections Federation quality and Alberni Competition submitted facet selling revisions 31, Cuthbertson relevant mail, Federation. for Belleville should shipping whose Historical be or award Port any the by Columbia. with valuable personal in annual PuBucTIoNs considerable appropriate contents book community Shirley Historical to writer or REQUIREMENTS: shop a should looking of December sender, held reprints authors. Historical to British c/o #306-225 applicable BC be places, with each Columbia are monetary of and receive be presenting of of a has that table judges BC CADI and to may TO: seventeenth the individual 1999 the Lieutenant-Governor’s book British judges entries Note copies established reader ence of number organization, dates in including an history the Merit, This included, index, by SEND SUBMISSION The The All Any DEADLINE: The any on history Review Miller 21(0 ABOUT book the our British BCHNews, essays and 1V9 Book welcomes of News 4H3 SuBsciuPTIoN or Naomi and with 1E4 the 4H3 Secretary past THE Editor ViC V2W to NEWS items. Avenue review TO V1C stories Editor 733-6484 Historical 489-2490 422-3594 Yandle 462-8942 rich CORREPONDENCE C-6o The BC dealing for BC BCV6S JOEL VINGE 20th 422-3244 C-60 news Columbia BC the to: 105,Wasa,BCVOB (250) 130 S-13 directly (604) SEND (250) Anne (604) Subscription [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] submit of S-13 books West Braches, (250) Columbia Address: Box HISTORICAL #2 British Vinge. PHONE: SEcRETABY, CRBRooK PLrsE SUBSCRIPTIONs RR#2 EIVIAJL: Phone: Contributing Fax: 3450 Phone: Send reviews Please P0 Columbians. Fred welcomes Phone: Email: Vancouver aspect POBox Email: Editor, manuscripts of province BC Whonnock RR Return Cranbrook, British Joel