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Scope and Objectives Chapter 2: Quaternary Stratigraphy And A continent-wide framework for local and regional stratigraphies Gijssel, K. van Citation Gijssel, K. van. (2006, November 22). A continent-wide framework for local and regional stratigraphies. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4985 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4985 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). SUMMARY Chapter 1: Scope and objectives isotope stages. This thesis focuses on the refinement of the (chrono)stratigraphical positions of the Middle Pleistocene3 depo- The subdivision of the Quaternary1, the last 2.6 Million years of sitional sequences in Northwest and Central Europe. They belong the geological history, is predominantly based on local geological to the classical Northwest European palaeoclimatic stages, i.e. part data. From this information, litho- and biostratigraphical units (re- of the Cromerian Stage and the Elsterian, Holsteinian and Saalian spectively formations and biozones) are compiled into local and Stages. regional stratigraphies. Because of the fragmentary and geneti- cally diverse nature of the land-based Quaternary record, charac- Chapter 2: Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation: a terized by numerous hiatal breaks (unconformities), a lack of us- multidisciplinary approach able index fossils and few geochronometrical control points, inter- pretation of the chronological sequence from these units has, how- In chapter 2 the different stratigraphical procedures that are at ever, been proven very problematic2. Therefore climatic change present applied to Quaternary research are reviewed and discussed has traditionally been used as the most suitable basis for the sub- by making a distinction between material descriptive units, inter- division of the Quaternary strata and time. Nevertheless, a clima- pretative units and temporal units. A historical review summarizes tostratigraphical subdivision of the local and regional stratigra- the ways in which traditional concepts, definitions and terminol- phies into interpreted glacials and interglacials for Europe has ogy, with respect to the Quaternary System/Period, have changed never been documented in a satisfactory way. Attempts to corre- in time with new insights, increasing data availability and the pro- late local and regional climate-based units from one region to an- gressive development of research and dating techniques. other have led to many discrepancies. Loess/palaeosol sequences The availability of objective criteria and their potential for large- in the non-glaciated areas in Central Europe show more climatic scale interpretation and correlation, both spatial and temporal, is cycles than the glacial sequences in Northwest Europe and the considered by discussing the nature of the terrestrial record, the Alps, implying that the latter are deficient. scale and resolution of research and the aims of subdivision, i.e. Does the Quaternary terrestrial record lack a sound chronological the reconstruction of a land-based sequence of past climate-driven framework, an apparent continuous sequence of climatic events geological and ecological events compatible with the ocean iso- has been recovered from the deep ocean record. Climatic cyclicity tope chronostratigraphy. Three supplementary procedures, uncon- in the marine oxygen isotope record is largely driven by astrono- formity-bounded -, genetic sequence – and event stratigraphy, ap- mical forcing, commonly known as the ‘Milankovitch theory’. plicable for the reconstruction of large-scale stratigraphical frame- Subsequent calibration and tuning using the astronomical polarity works are dealt with in more detail. In order to be able to compare time-scale has provided this record with an accurate high-resolu- terrestrial to marine sequences, a method is proposed in which tion chronology valid for at least the last 5 million years. Its trends three subsequent steps are included: are at present used in many earth scientific disciplines as a global standard for the timing and patterning of palaeoclimatic and –en- 1 Arrangement of an informal interregional stratigraphical vironmental events. At least 11 major glaciation cycles are dem- framework in which local multidisciplinary data are inte- onstrated in the last million years which makes clear that the clas- grated sical European glacial models are only rough frames of which the With respect to the fragmentary and complex nature of the Pleis- frequency of glacial and interglacial stages is commonly underes- tocene terrestrial succession the use of unconformity-bounded timated. stratigraphy, recognized as a formal procedure as in the Interna- Two questions then arise which have been the starting points (and tional Stratigraphic Guide (Salvador et al. 1994), offers the best likewise challenges) for this thesis: opportunities for this purpose. Unconformities are surfaces of erosion and subaerial exposure. Basic unconformity-bounded 1 How to reduce the difficulties and uncertainties associated units comprising erosional breaks of regional significance are with the subdivision and dating of the Quaternary terrestrial called synthems. In many cases they largely correspond to the exis- record? ting regional formations. Just as most of the lithostratigraphical 2 How to match the observations on the continent with the codes contain lithogenetic information, synthems also record the oceanic record? succession of depositional environments in the type regions, which Main objectives for study then (chapter 1) have been to investi- by interpretation of the successive facies and intermediate breaks gate alternative approaches, supplementary to the traditional cli- are divided into genetic or depositional sequences. Since the ma- matostratigraphical procedure, and to look for classifications that jor hiatal breaks in the successions also contain genetic and causal better represent the continental Quaternary record and that potenti- origins (erosion or stable surface conditions with soil formation), ally offer opportunities to match with the global oceanic record. they are the virtual counterparts of the intervening depositional Nevertheless, interpretation of climatic signature remains the ba- stratigraphical units. sis for classification of the Pleistocene terrestrial succession. The depositional sequences do not represent climatic periods then, but 2 Interpretation and recognition of palaeoclimatic and tec- comprise reflections of climate forcing of different origin, type tonic events and cycles within this framework and interpre- and scale order which have to match in some way the oceanic tation of their scale order isotope record and lie at least within the time ranges of the marine ix Based on the genetic unconformity-bounded stratigraphical suc- terregional correlation is hampered by inconsistent definitions of cessions from the different type regions, a final interpretative the climatic stages and the limitations of the formal stratigraphical procedure includes the reconstruction of an event stratigraphical procedures. Climatostratigraphical misinterpretations and (bios- framework. Interpreted geological and ecological events in this tratigraphical) miscorrelations cannot be excluded. In order to thesis not only refer to short-term catastrophic phenomena, like avoid terminological confusion the use of the broad terms warm volcanic eruptions, but also include climate-driven events, tecto- and cold climatic stages or periods5 is preferred. Five categories of nics or sea-level changes with 4th order frequencies of 0.1 - 0.5 major depositional environments and their sedimentary products Ma. The latter are responsible for widespread cyclicity in the are addressed. The basic, material building blocks contributing in sedimentary record. Sedimentary sequences are then interpreted different ways to the local and regional stratigraphies are: as products of periodic depositional and erosional events that are - Sediments generated in glacial depositional environments, related to ice-sheet expansions, periglacial loess depositional cy- - Sediments generated in subaerial periglacial depositional envi- cles, marine transgressions and, in second case, to biogenic produc- ronments of which loess deposits are the major component, tivity (e.g. forest vegetation optima), soil development and fluvial - Marine coastal and shallow sea sediments, response and mode. The proposed procedure is in many ways - Fluvial and deltaic sediments produced by the large river sys- similar to climatostratigraphy but instead a hierarchical subdivi- tems, sion of inferential units is used to refer to the spatial and temporal - Lacustrine and biogenic sediments. scale, depositional environment and nature of the palaeoclimatic Their depositional sequences or ‘high-rank’ lithostratigraphical event. Thus, sequences refer to different Fennoscandian (FS) units comprise the bulk of the Pleistocene successions in the type glaciation cycles, Central European (CE) loess accumulation regions. They support a continent-wide, twofold subdivision into phases and North Sea (NS) marine transgressions or to (local- formerly glaciated areas and non-glaciated areas of which the gla- scale) forest vegetation occurrences in which at different time- cial and periglacial aeolian sequences, respectively, structure the scale cycles can be distinguished. local stratigraphies. Their large-scale
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