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Birinci Bölüm Ekonomik Özgürlükler 1.1

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Birinci Bölüm Ekonomik Özgürlükler 1.1 EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: GELİŞMİŞ, GELİŞMEKTE OLAN VE AZGELİŞMİŞ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA Merter AKINCI Doktora Tezi İKTİSAT ANABİLİM DALI Prof. Dr. Ömer YILMAZ 2013 Her Hakkı Saklıdır ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İKTİSAT ANABİLİM DALI Merter AKINCI EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: GELİŞMİŞ, GELİŞMEKTE OLAN VE AZGELİŞMİŞ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA DOKTORA TEZİ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ Prof. Dr. Ömer YILMAZ ERZURUM - 2013 I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ VI ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. VII ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ .................................................................................................. VIII TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... IX KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .......................................................................................... XII ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................... XIII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER 1.1. GENEL OLARAK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER .................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Özgürlükler Kapsamında İnsan Hakları ...................................................... 5 1.1.2. İçindekiler Sorunu ........................................................................................ 10 1.1.3. Kapsam Sorunu ............................................................................................. 12 1.2. ÖZGÜRLÜK KAVRAMI VE ÖZGÜRLÜKLERİN SINIFLANDIRILMASI 14 1.2.1. Negatif ve Pozitif Özgürlükler Ayrımı ........................................................ 18 1.2.1.1. Negatif Özgürlükler ............................................................................ 19 1.2.1.2. Pozitif Özgürlükler.............................................................................. 21 1.2.2. Siyasal, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler Ayrımı ..................................... 26 1.2.2.1. Siyasal Özgürlükler ............................................................................. 27 1.2.2.2. Sosyal Özgürlükler .............................................................................. 30 1.2.2.3. Ekonomik Özgürlükler ....................................................................... 33 1.3. EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER KAVRAMI VE TARTIŞMALARI ............. 33 1.3.1. Ekonomik Özgürlükler Kavramı ................................................................ 34 1.3.2. Ekonomik Özgürlük Tartışmaları ............................................................... 38 1.3.2.1. Ekonomik Özgürlükler Lehindeki Görüşler .................................... 40 1.3.2.1.1. Kaynakların ve Gelirin Etkin Dağılımı ................................. 40 1.3.2.1.2. Tüketici ve Üretici Refahının Artması .................................. 42 1.3.2.1.3. Teknoloji Transferinin Sağlanması ....................................... 43 1.3.2.1.4. Temiz Toplum Yapısına Erişilmesi ....................................... 44 1.3.2.1.5. Eşitsiz Koşullar Altında Serbest Dış Ticaretin Sağlanması 44 II 1.3.2.1.6. Dış Dengesizliklerin Giderilmesi İçin Ticaretin Serbest Bırakılması .............................................................................. 45 1.3.2.1.7. Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin DiğerYararları ............................ 46 1.3.2.2. Korumacılık Lehindeki Görüşler ...................................................... 48 1.3.2.2.1. Milli Güvenlik .......................................................................... 48 1.3.2.2.2. Bebek Endüstri Tezi ................................................................ 49 1.3.2.2.3. Ulusal Gelir, Ücret ve İstihdam Düzeyinin Korunması ....... 49 1.3.2.2.4. Stratejik Ticaret Politikası ..................................................... 50 1.3.2.2.5. Dış Açıkların Azaltılması ........................................................ 50 1.3.2.2.6. Dış Ticaret Hadlerinin Ülke Lehine Çevrilmesi ................... 51 1.3.2.2.7. Dampinge Karşı Koruma ....................................................... 51 1.4. EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLERİN ÖLÇÜLMESİ ........................................... 52 1.4.1. Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksleri .................................................................. 53 1.4.2. Ekonomik Özgürlük Endekslerinin Açıklanması ...................................... 55 1.4.2.1. Fraser Institution'a Göre Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Açıklanması . 55 1.4.2.2. Freedom House'a Göre Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Açıklanması .... 61 1.4.2.3. Heritage Foundation'a Göre Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Açıklanması ...................................................................................................... 64 1.5. EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLERİN ETKİLERİ ................................................ 68 1.5.1. Ekonomik Performans Üzerindeki Etkiler ................................................. 69 1.5.2. Siyasal Özgürlükler Üzerindeki Etkiler ...................................................... 72 1.5.3. Sosyal Özgürlükler Üzerindeki Etkiler ....................................................... 75 1.5.4. Demokrasi Üzerindeki Etkiler ..................................................................... 77 1.6. KÜRESEL BAZDA EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER ...................................... 79 1.7. EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLERİN TARİHİ GELİŞİMİ ................................. 86 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER İLİŞKİSİ 2.1. EKONOMİK BÜYÜMENİN ÖNEMİ .............................................................. 100 2.2. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME KAVRAMI ................................................................ 102 2.3. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME TÜRLERİ ................................................................. 105 2.4. EKONOMİK BÜYÜMENİN ÖLÇÜLMESİ .................................................... 109 2.5. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE EKONOMİK KALKINMA .............................. 111 III 2.6. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME TEORİLERİ VE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER .................................................................................................................... 115 2.6.1. Merkantilist Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler ....................... 115 2.6.2. Fizyokratik Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler ......................... 121 2.6.3. Klasik Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler .................................. 127 2.6.4. Marksist Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler ............................. 136 2.6.5. Keynesyen Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler .......................... 141 2.6.6. Neo-Klasik Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler .......................... 145 2.6.7. İçsel Büyüme Teorisi ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler ..................................... 147 2.7. EKONOMİK BÜYÜME SÜRECİNDE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLERİN ETKİLERİ ................................................................................................ 152 2.7.1. Çalışma Arzusu Üzerindeki Etkileri ......................................................... 153 2.7.2. Tasarruflar Üzerindeki Etkileri................................................................. 154 2.7.3. Sermaye Birikimi Üzerindeki Etkileri ...................................................... 156 2.7.4. Yatırımlar Üzerindeki Etkileri .................................................................. 157 2.7.5. Teknoloji Üzerindeki Etkileri .................................................................... 159 2.7.6. Dış Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkileri .................................................................. 161 2.7.7. Makroekonomik İstikrar Üzerindeki Etkileri .......................................... 162 2.7.8. Finansal Piyasalar Üzerindeki Etkileri ..................................................... 165 2.7.9. Yoksulluk, Eşitsizlik ve Gelir Dağılımı Üzerindeki Etkileri ................... 166 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER İLE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN TAHMİNİNE YÖNELİK METODOLOJİK ALTYAPI 3.1. ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ ............................................................................... 169 3.1.1. Birim Kök Testleri ...................................................................................... 171 3.1.1.1. Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Birim Kök Testi ..................... 172 3.1.1.2. Phillips-Perron (PP) Birim Kök Testi ............................................. 172 3.1.1.3. Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) Birim Kök Testi ..... 173 3.1.1.4. Ng-Perron Birim Kök Testi .............................................................. 174 3.1.2. Johansen-Juselius Eşbütünleşme Testi ..................................................... 176 3.1.3. Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) ................................................... 178 IV 3.1.3.1. Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeline Dayalı Granger Nedensellik Testi ................................................................................................................. 179 3.1.3.2. Varyans Ayrıştırma Analizi ............................................................. 181 3.1.3.3. Etki-Tepki Analizi ............................................................................. 181 3.2. PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ .................................................................................... 182 3.2.1. Birim Kök Testleri .....................................................................................
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