Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 1 Research Mission and Goals

United States Department of Agriculture Food Assistance and

Economic Nutrition Research Research Service Program Final report: Fiscal 2002 Activities

Mission: Research for a Healthy, Well-Nourished America

Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Program

Mission: Research for a Healthy, Well-Nourished America

Program at a Glance

USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS) has respon- programs and to ensure the policy- and program-rele- sibility for conducting studies and evaluations of the vance of the annual research agenda. Perennial program Nation’s domestic food and nutrition assistance pro- themes are diet and nutritional outcomes, food-program grams, including the Food Stamp Program (FSP), the targeting and delivery, and program dynamics and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, administration. Infants, and Children (WIC), and the Child Nutrition Programs. ERS established the Food Assistance and FANRP projects utilize the capabilities of both external Nutrition Research Program (FANRP) to carry out this researchers and ERS staff. FANRP funds a portfolio of responsibility. FANRP’s research on these programs is extramural projects through competitive contracts and designed to meet the critical information needs of the through a tightly run peer review process for awarding program managers, policy officials, the research com- competitive grants and cooperative agreements. Peer munity, and the public at large. reviewers include experts from academia, government, and the private sector. FANRP projects benefit from the In developing research priorities, FANRP works closely involvement of ERS researchers and ERS’s long and with USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), the distinguished history of conducting rigorous, objective, agency responsible for administering the Department’s and policy-relevant research. FANRP also sponsors a food assistance and nutrition programs. FANRP also Small Grants Program to stimulate new research and to seeks input from a broad constituency of policy offi- broaden the participation of social and nutrition science cials, researchers, practitioners, advocates, industry scholars in food assistance and nutrition policy issues. groups, and service providers. In conjunction with these Research results are widely disseminated in accordance activities, FANRP sponsors an annual roundtable dis- with FANRP principles. This report provides a brief cussion to identify crucial research and information summary and overview of FANRP. needs that would support food assistance and nutrition

Program Contacts

Betsey Kuhn, Director, ERS Food & Rural Economics Division Phone: (202) 694-5270 David Smallwood, Program Director, FANRP Fax: (202) 694-5677 Mark Prell, Research and Information, FANRP E-mail: [email protected] Margaret Andrews, Food Stamp Program Research, FANRP Website: ers.usda.gov/briefing/ Elizabeth Frazão, WIC Research, FANRP foodnutritionassistance Joanne Guthrie, Child Nutrition Research, FANRP Leslee Lowstuter, Business Manager, FANRP

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 1 Research Mission and Goals

Food assistance and nutrition programs receive substan- FANRP is building on ERS’s strong foundation of solid, tial funds and affect the daily lives of millions of objective, and timely research. ERS has a long, rich his- Americans. In fiscal 2002, monthly participation in the tory of analyzing food assistance and nutrition programs FSP averaged 19.1 million Americans, at an annual cost and the economics of food choice, nutrition intake, and of approximately $20.6 billion. On average, WIC served diet quality. An annotated bibliography, Two Decades of 7.5 million women, infants, and children each month, at Excellence, compiles 20 years of ERS research accom- an annual cost of $4.3 billion. On a typical school day, plishments in the areas of food assistance, poverty and some 8.1 million children participated in the School well-being, food choices, and nutrition. FANRP Breakfast Program and 27.9 million children participat- research benefits from that tradition, and from the ed in the National School Lunch Program, which alto- expertise and contributions of ERS staff to current gether cost $8.3 billion in fiscal 2002. Given the impor- FANRP projects. tance of the food and nutrition assistance programs, FANRP research must be of the highest integrity. “A Healthy, Well-Nourished America” is our research Accordingly, one of FANRP’s founding principles is to mission. Our goal is a high-quality, multidisciplinary provide scientifically rigorous studies and evaluations program that focuses on today’s problems while with verifiable and unbiased results. addressing tomorrow’s issues.

Program Principles

The program principles behind FANRP ensure the reliability and usefulness of the research.

Research that meets the needs of all stakeholders— Scientifically rigorous studies and evaluations with program participants, USDA, Congress, and the public verifiable and unbiased results

Integrated, comprehensive program that conducts Rigorous internal and external review of research research in the broader context of the current and results future economic and social environments Public availability of data Broad array of public and private entities directly involved in the research, evaluation, and review Wide distribution of research findings efforts

Development and maintenance of continuous data Integration of ERS staff expertise in the development, sets implementation, and accomplishment of research projects

2 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Program Highlights, Fiscal 1998-2002

Congressionally Mandated Studies. FANRP has criteria, the receipt of program benefits by ineligible conducted six mandated studies: households, administrative efficiencies, and various dimensions and measures of program performance. Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program Evaluation One major project designs a study of USDA school Infant Formula Prices and Availability meal programs that jointly examines meal costs and Plate Waste in School Nutrition Programs nutrition. Other projects examine the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP); WIC cost-containment WIC Cost-Containment Practices practices; modeling WIC eligibility and participation; State Use of Funds To Increase Work Slots for Food and evaluating school meal performance. Stamp Recipients Obesity. Projects in this area examine the causes and Study of Meal Reimbursement Changes for Family consequences of overweight and obesity, conditions Daycare Homes that affect many clients of food assistance programs. Research topics in this area examine U.S. trends in Fiscal 2002 Priority Research Areas and New associations of eating patterns and Body Mass Index; Projects. FANRP responds to immediate and long-term the development of eating patterns and obesity in research needs through its annual identification of prior- black girls; nutrition-related risk factors for chronic ity research areas. In fiscal 2002, FANRP’s topics disease among female minority Food Stamp Program included (see table 1 for additional details): participants; and a workshop on obesity involving leading health economists. Program Design and Operations. This research area has projects that examine new operational procedures, Behavioral Nutrition. This growing research area administrative costs, and participation. Two projects considers the economics of food choices, social mar- look at coordination of services for food assistance keting and other behavioral factors that influence program participants, while two other projects consid- nutrition intakes. One project in this area examines er options and waivers in the FSP and innovative two types of potential errors in a child’s self-reported practices in WIC. The relationship between partici- dietary intake. Smaller projects consider such topics pants and administrative costs is examined by another as assessing food taxes that are intended to promote project. healthful eating habits, and modeling household demand for fruits and vegetables and for beverages Food Program Access and Caseload Dynamics. Projects in this area examine conditions and policies Nutrition, Health Outcomes, and Dietary Behavior. that affect client access to and participation in food Projects in this area examine the eating patterns and assistance programs. This area includes a major proj- diet quality of young adults; how restrictions on com- ect on Food Stamp Program participation by the eld- petitive food sales in schools affect the dietary patterns erly. Other projects examine food adequacy among of middle-school students; development of a children’s current and former welfare recipients in South nutrition-behavior questionnaire; international anthro- Carolina; continued support for the Devolution and pometric references for school-aged children; the sta- Urban Change project; and a survey of clients of the tistical distributions of usual intakes of nutritents; and a emergency food assistance system. workshop on nutrition education programs that target low-income families. Food Security. Projects in this area consider food security as an outcome measure or as a factor that Research Outreach. FANRP continued its support of affects other important outcomes. Research in this its Small Grants Program with the participation of area examines the State-level factors that affect food five administering institutions, each of which special- security; developing a food security survey for chil- izes in different aspects of food assistance programs dren and youths; and the relationship between food or population subgroups. Details of this major pro- security and behavior and health of kindergarten and gram are provided later in this section. Other projects first-grade children. in this research area support the Food and Nutrition Information Center and the Food and Nutrition Program Integrity and Effectiveness. This research Summer Institute. area has projects that examine program eligibility

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance Nutrition Research Program Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 3 Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data. FANRP that examines the Summer Food Service Program's makes this area a research priority each year because sponsor and site characteristics, and the comparative data sustain the program’s research on food assistance characteristics of participants and eligible nonpartici- programs and the environment in which they operate. pants. Other research assesses the prevalence of direct Projects in this area include support for the Early certification in the National School Lunch Program and Childhood Longitudinal Studies, the Panel Study of its effects on certification, participation, and verification Income Dynamics, the National Health and Nutrition error rates. Examination Survey, and the Food Security Supplement of the Current Population Survey. FANRP collaborates with FNS to shed light on the policy-relevant issues of waste, fraud, and abuse in food Research Projects, Fiscal 1998-2002. FANRP devel- assistance and nutrition programs. One study funded by oped a multifaceted research plan to increase under- FANRP updates the food stamp trafficking study con- standing of the FSP. Because the economy experiences ducted several years ago by FNS, while another study slow growth or recessions as part of its business cycle, focuses on computer matching to detect fraud in the FANRP research examines the role of the macroecono- FSP. Another study evaluates available tools that States my in the FSP caseload and contrasts it with the role of could use to prevent fraud and abuse by WIC clients welfare reforms in the 1990s. Examining interactions and staff. between the FSP and other welfare programs is a cross- program theme of the research agenda. Other projects Behavioral choices, socioeconomic conditions, and examine the effects on FSP clients of administrative governmental programs are important factors that influ- changes in welfare offices, the well-being of households ence nutrition and health. FANRP research examines that leave the FSP, and the contrast between FSP partici- the effects of such factors as breastfeeding consulta- pants and eligible nonparticipants. FANRP research tions and education on breastfeeding choices and dura- addresses the two food stamp target groups most tion, infant health, and infant medical costs. The impact adversely affected by welfare reform: able-bodied adults of breastfeeding on optimal growth rates is also being without dependents (ABAWDs) and legal immigrants. examined. Another study examines the effects of eating To explore how the FSP might better serve the working patterns, away-from-home eating, and food assistance poor, FANRP examines conditions of low-income work- and nutrition programs on the diets of low-income chil- ing families and their program participation rates, and dren and teens. FANRP research considers the roles of connections between the program’s rules and adminis- demographics, incomes, food prices, nutrition knowl- tration and the circumstances of the working poor. edge, and consumer information in influencing diet Other research examines administrative costs, including quality. FANRP work on dietary behavior includes the a project on trends in the cost of certification of house- high costs of poor eating patterns, the contrast between holds’ eligibility for the FSP and a project on the impact food consumption and dietary recommendations, the of FSP options and waivers on program operations, cost, impact on diet of food assistance programs, and the and participation. Another project tests which of three nutrient content of away-from-home foods. FANRP ini- service models can most cost-effectively increase the tiated a set of studies on childhood obesity—a national FSP participation of the eligible elderly, a group that problem that has increased substantially—to examine has relatively low participation rates. the determinants of overweight and obesity among low- income children. Other research examines factors FANRP also conducts research on other USDA food affecting the nutrient intake of the elderly, and con- assistance and nutrition programs. Projects that examine structs food cost indexes for low-income households the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for and the general population. FANRP research investi- Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) include one that gates the long-term effects of assistance programs by assesses WIC cost-containment strategies adopted by funding a comprehensive assessment of existing find- State WIC offices, a second that examines innovative ings on the dietary and health outcomes of food pro- practices in WIC, and another that considers infant for- gram participation. mula prices and availability in connection with WIC and its infant formula rebate program. FANRP funded a In the early 1990s, researchers in government and aca- research design study for a project to jointly examine demia collaborated in developing measures of the preva- meal costs and nutrition in USDA school meals pro- lence and severity of household food insecurity. FANRP grams. Another design study resulted in a fielded project continues to fund annual monitoring of food insecurity

4 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA at the national and State levels, and initiated new Small Grants Program. FANRP initiated a Small research projects in the area of food insecurity and Grants Program in fiscal 1998 that pursues five themes hunger. These projects include examination of the rela- through programs at the following academic institutions tionships among food security, childhood behavior prob- and affiliated research institutes: lems, health, and educational achievement. Another topic is the factors that influence food insecurity among Interactions between food assistance and other welfare programs, and linkages between the macroecono- female-headed households, and the impacts of food my and food assistance. The Joint Center for Poverty insecurity on the physical and emotional well-being of Research at the University of Chicago and children in these households. Northwestern University. Other research examines how food insecurity relates to Effects of food assistance on well-being and food program participation and obesity. FANRP also spon- security. The Institute for Research on Poverty at the sored a conference to identify instruments that can facil- University of Wisconsin. itate community food security analysis at the local level. Another project identifies the service areas, characteris- The relationship between family poverty and food tics, and operations of food banks, food pantries, and assistance programs among Native Americans. The emergency kitchens and obtains national estimates of American Indian Studies Program at the University of the total number of recipients served and the quantities Arizona. and types of foods. The relationship between food assistance and rural people, families, and communities in the South. The FANRP funding has enhanced food assistance data col- Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi lection in several nationwide surveys, including the State and Alcorn State Universities. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the The impact of food assistance programs on nutritional Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Current risk indicators (clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, Population Survey, and the Early Childhood and dietary), food purchasing practices, and food Longitudinal Studies. insecurity. The Department of Nutrition at the University of California at Davis.

Fiscal 2002 Progam Themes and Funded Projects

The following is an abbreviated list of projects funded • Promoting the Food Stamp Program and Work under FANRP in fiscal 2002 (see table 1 for more through Coordinated Economic Relief Centers detailed information): (CERCs) Program Design and Operations Food Program Access and Caseload Dynamics • Trends in Food Stamp Program Certification Costs, • Welfare Transitions and Food Sufficiency: Evidence 1989-2001 from South Carolina • An Assessment of the Impact of Medicaid Managed • Evaluation of Three Models Designed to Increase Care on WIC Program Coordination with Primary Participation of Eligible Elderly in the Food Stamp Care Services Program • WIC Innovative Practices Study • Devolution and Urban Change • Implementation of Options and Waivers to Increase • A Study of the U.S. Emergency Food Assistance Access to the Food Stamp Program System: Provider and Recipient Characteristics • Food Stamp Program Elderly Demonstration

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 5 • Program Access and Declining Food Stamp • Analyzing the Welfare and Nutritional Effects of Participation Food Taxes Intended to Promote Healthful Eating Habits • Forces Impacting Social and Economic Well-Being in the Rural South • Household Demand for Fruits and Vegetables: An Analysis of Homescan Data Food Security • Impacts of Shifts in Food Demand on the Farm • Food Security, Behavior Problems and Health among Sector Kindergarten and First-Grade Children • Supermarket Characteristics and Operating Costs in • State Predictors of Household Food Security Low-Income Areas • Explaining High Levels of Food Insecurity and Nutrition, Health Outcomes, and Hunger in the Pacific Northwest Dietary Behavior • Developing a Food Security Survey Module for Use • Eating Patterns and Diet Quality In Young Adults with Children and Youths • Evaluation of Policy Change on Middle-School Program Integrity and Effectiveness Student Lunch Consumption • Integrated Study of School Meal Costs and • Design Considerations for Developing Effective Outcomes: A Design, Cost, and Feasibility Plan Wording and Format Options for a Children’s Nutrition Behavior Questionnaire • Modeling WIC Eligibility and Participation of Infants and Children • Post-Conference Workshop on Evaluation of Nutrition Education with Low-Income Families • Summer Food Service Program Study • Assessing the Feasibility of International • WIC Cost Containment Practices and Their Impacts Anthropometric References for School-aged • Research Design Considerations for Integrating Cost Preadolescents Data with Customer Information in an Evaluation of • Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA Food and School Meal Performance Nutrition Assistance Programs Obesity Research Outreach • U.S. Trends in Associations of Eating Patterns With • Small Grants Program: BMI Throughout the Lifecycle • Development of Eating Patterns and Obesity in Black Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi Girls State University Retail Globalization and Food Access in the South • The Growth of Obesity and Health Economic Food Assistance and Working Poor Families in the Research Rural South Assessing the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity • Longitudinal Modeling of the Effects of Dietary Among Limited-Resource Latino and Non- Intakes on Body Composition and Risk Factors for Latino Families in Virginia Coronary Disease in the Women’s Health Trial: The Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Feasibility Study in Minority Populations Southern Adolescents Contextual Determinants of Food Security in Behavioral Nutrition Minority Neighborhoods • Understanding the Errors in Children’s Dietary The American Indian Studies Program (AISP), Recalls University of Arizona Mahnomen Project • Demand Projections Segmented by Income for the Nutritional Balance Through Traditional Ojibwa Highly Competitive Non-Alcoholic Beverage Foods Complex The Impact of Food Assistance Programs on the Tohono O’odham Food System: An Analysis and Recommendations

6 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Department of Nutrition, University of California Wisconsin at Davis The Impact of the WIC Program on Pregnancy, Household Food Insecurity, Food Assistance Infant and Child Outcomes Program Participation, and the Use of An Individual-Level Analysis of Food Stamp Preventative Medical Care Dynamics The Food Insecurity–Obesity Paradox in Women Exploring the Effects of the National School Use of a “Contract of Change” and Biochemical Lunch Program on Child Obesity and Markers to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Development Using the Early Childhood Nutrition Education to Increase Fruit and Longitudinal Study Vegetable Consumption in Low-Income Women The Role of Food Assistance and Employment in Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC) Helping Food Insecure Families Avoid Hunger Food and Nutrition Summer Institute Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data Chicago and Northwestern University • Panel Study of Income Dynamics The Interaction Between Food Stamps and Welfare • Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort Programs: An Empirical Model of Program Dynamics in the Cleveland Metropolitan Area, (ECLS-B) 1992–2002 • Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergaten Dietary Intake and Food Security Among Migrant Cohort (ECLS-K) Farm Workers in Pennsylvania • Current Population Survey (CPS) Food Security Welfare Reform and Long-term Stability in Food Supplement Security Among Children of Immigrants • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The Relationship Between Food Assistance, the 1999-2004, Food Security Questions Value of Food Acquired, and Household Food • Household Food Purchases Survey Security • Committee on National Statistics

Fiscal 2001 Progam Themes and Funded Pro jects

The following is an abbreviated list of projects funded • Dynamics of Food Stamp Program Participation in under FANRP in fiscal 2001 (see table 2 for more Maryland detailed information): • An Analysis of Poverty Dynamics and Food Security Workforce Attachment, Income Volatility, and • Best Practices Roundtable on Addressing the Needs Administrative Costs of Low-Income Working Families • Maternal Employment and Children’s Nutrition Food Program Access, Caseload Decline, and Outcomes Welfare Reform • Food Stamp Program Entry and Exit: Economic and • The Complementary Roles of Public and Private Policy Influences on Participation Decisions Assistance • Understanding Program Participation Decisions of the • Program Access and Declining Food Stamp Program Working Poor Participation • Employment Factors Influencing Food Stamp • A Study of the U.S. Emergency Food Assistance Program Participation Among the Working Poor System, Provider and Recipient Characteristics • The Effect of EITC on Food Stamp Program • Food Stamp Program Elderly Demonstration Participation Among the Working Poor • The Impacts of Welfare Reform and the • Food Stamp Certification Periods and Payment Macroeconomy on Food Stamp Caseloads and Accuracy: State Experience During 1996-2000 Expenditures • Labor Market Participation and Government • The Effect of Provider Instability on Cross-Sectional Assistance Program Participation Estimates of the Demand for Emergency Food

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 7 • Panel Cointegration Estimation of Food Stamp Research Outreach Program Caseloads • Small Grants Program: • Devolution and Urban Change Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi Program Integrity and Effectiveness State University Contextual Determinants of Food Security in • Evaluating the Impact of School Breakfast and Lunch Minority Neighborhoods Assessing the Relationship Between Food • Effects of WIC and Food Stamp Program Insecurity Events and Food Assistance Participation on Child Outcomes Programs in Two Different Public Housing • Evaluating Changes in WIC Participant Food Communities Purchasing as a Result of WIC Nutrition Education Private Food Assistance in the Deep South: Agency Profiles and Directors’ Perceptions of • Summer Food Service Program Study Needs and Opportunities under Charitable • WIC Cost Containment Practices and Their Impacts Choice The Arkansas Child and Adult Care Food • Measuring the Extent of Food Stamp Trafficking Program: A Study of Factors Associated with Using EBT Data Program Participation Food Stamp Receipt by Families with Noncitizen • Research Design Considerations for Integrating Cost Householders in Rural Texas Counties Data with Customer Information in an Evaluation of Community Capacity and Food Insecurity in the School Meal Performance Era of Welfare Reform • Dietary Risk in the WIC Program: A Scientific Food Insecurity and Hunger among Home Bound Older Adults in the Rural South Assessment The American Indian Studies Program (AISP), • Journal of Nutrition Education Special Issue for the University of Arizona Elderly Nutrition Assessment for Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa • WIC Eligibility Expert Review Panel Study The Impact of Food Assistance Programs on the Tohono O’odham Food System: An Analysis Nutrition and Health Outcomes and Recommendations and Dietary Behavior How Have Welfare Reforms affected Access to Food Assistance Programs among Young • The Associations Among Food Assistance Program Families and Families Dependent on Seasonal Participation, Food Security, and Child and Maternal Employment at Northern Cheyenne? Health Disparities Institute for Research on Poverty, University of • Development of Eating Patterns and Dietary Wisconsin Food Stamp and Program Participation of Behaviors that Predict Child Obesity Refugees and Immigrants: Measurement Error • Assessing the Nutrient Intakes of High-Needs Correction for Immigrant Status Subgroups Using the Dietary Reference Intakes Does Household Food Insecurity Affect Cognitive and Social Development of Kindergartners? • The Ecological Predictors and Developmental The Dynamics of Prenatal WIC Participation Outcomes of Persistent Childhood Obesity Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of • Lifestyle Mediators of Diet Quality Chicago and Northwestern University Estimating the Life Course Probabilities and • Impact of Food Sufficiency on Food Choices of Low Patterns of Food Stamp Use Among American Income Children Adults • Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Adequacy: Does The Allocation of Nutrition within Poor American Variety Matter? Families Making Ends Meet: An Examination of TANF and • Diet Quality and Its Relationship to Obesity in Rural Former TANF Food Pantry Users in Virginia Alabama African American Children Determinants of Spatial Variation in Food Stamp Program Participation Dynamics • Research on Breast-fed Infants’ Growth

8 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Department of Nutrition, University of California Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data at Davis Hunger, Food Insecurity and Child Obesity • Panel Study of Income Dynamics The Impact of Home Delivered Meals on the • Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Birth Cohort Nutritional Status and Food Security of Elderly 2000 (ECLS-B) Persons in New York State Development of a Diet Quality Index for • Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Kindergarten Preschool Children and its Application in Cohort (ECLS-K) Examining Dietary Trends in the U.S. • Current Population Survey (CPS) Food Security • Food and Nutrition Information Center Supplement, April 2001 • Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey • Conference on Income Volatility and Implications for 1999-2004, Food Security Questions Food Assistance • Household Food Purchases Survey • Food and Nutrition Summer Institute • Infant Formula Retail Prices Data

Fiscal 2000 Progam Themes and Funded Projects

• Committee on National Statistics • Labor Market Participation and Government Assistance Program Participation The following is an abbreviated list of projects funded under FANRP in fiscal 2000 (see table 3 for more Food Stamp Program Caseload Decline detailed information): • Program Access and Declining Food Stamp Program Food Program Access and Client Well-Being Participation • Longitudinal Analysis of the Earnings and Food • Time Series Analysis of Food Stamp Program Stamp Participation of the Working Poor Caseloads • Social Marketing Study to Increase Food Stamp • The Impacts of Welfare Reform and the Participation Among the Elderly Macroeconomy on Food Stamp Caseloads and Expenditures • Food Insecurity in the Second Generation • Studies of Households Who Leave the Food Stamp • Effects of Food Security on Pregnancy Outcomes Program: Iowa • Feasibility and Accuracy of Record Linkage to • Supporting Families After Welfare Reform: Access to Estimate Multiple Program Participation Medicaid, the Food Stamp Program (FSP), and the • Basic Needs, Tough Choices: The Impact of Housing State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Costs on Food Consumption • Devolution and Urban Change • Factors Associated with Iron Status Among WIC Infants in Rural West Virginia Child Nutrition • A Study of the U.S. Emergency Food Assistance • Parental Time, Role Strains, Coping, and Children’s System: Provider and Recipient Characteristics Diet and Nutrition • Community Food Security Assessment Tool Kit Field • Parenting Practices and Obesity in Low-Income Test African-American Preschoolers • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey • Direct Certification and its Impact on Errors in the 1999-2004, Food Security Questions National School Lunch Program Study • Research on Breast-fed Infants’ Growth

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 9 • The Implementation of the National School Lunch The Impact of Food Assistance Programs on the Program Application and Verifications Pilot Projects Tohono O’odham Food System: An Analysis and Recommendations • CACFP Administrative Cost Reimbursement Study The Effects of Food Assistance on Nutrition and • WIC Eligibility Expert Review Panel Study Food Security Among the Northern Cheyenne Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Nutrition and Health Outcomes and Dietary Wisconsin Behavior How Should We Measure Hunger? Measuring the Impact of WIC Participation on the • Longitudinal Modeling of the Effects of Dietary Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding Intakes on Body Composition and Risk Factors for Moderating the Effects of Food Insecurity on Coronary Disease in the Women’s Health Trial: Child Outcomes: The Role of Food Assistance Feasibility Study in Minority Populations Programs • Diet Patterns, Nutrients, and Development of Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of Adolescent Obesity Chicago and Northwestern University The Influence of Food Stamp Program • Eating Patterns, Diet Quality, and Obesity Participation on Adult Health: Estimates from • Conference on Interventions to Prevent Low Birth the NLSY79 Weights Interactions of Food Stamps and Housing Assistance • Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA Food and Economic Evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs Nutrition Program (EFNEP) in New York State • Food Demands and Nutrient Availability of Low- Department of Nutrition, University of California Income Households at Davis The Effects of Food Stamp and WIC Programs on • An Evaluation of USDA’s Healthy Eating Index Food and Nutrient Intakes • Demand System Analysis for Households Segmented Evaluation of the “Spend Less, Eat Well, Feel by Family Structure and Income Better” Project Validation of Food Security Instruments in Research Outreach Hispanic Households • Food and Nutrition Information Center • Small Grants Program: • Food and Nutrition Summer Institute Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi State University Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data Assessing Food Security and Related Welfare Reform Outcomes in Two Southern States • Data Development Initiatives for Research on Food A Structural Model of the Relationships of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs Insufficiency to Disease Risk and Outcomes • Panel Study of Income Dynamics Among Adults from NHANES III Food Stamp Dynamics Across Rural and Urban • Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Birth Cohort Landscapes in the Era of Welfare Reform 2000 (ECLS-B) Measuring Food Insecurity and Hunger and Its Effect on Health Among Participants in the • Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Kindergarten Expanded Food and Nutrition Program Cohort (ECLS-K) (EFNEP) in Tennessee • Current Population Survey (CPS) Food Security The American Indian Studies Program (AISP), Supplement, September 2000 University of Arizona • National Food Price Data System • Committee on National Statistics

10 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Fiscal 1999 Program Themes and Funded Projects

The following is an abbreviated list of projects funded • Community Food Security Assessment Conference under FANRP in fiscal 1999 (see table 4 for more • Community Food Security Assessment Tool Kit detailed information): Program Integrity and Effectiveness Food Stamp Program Caseload Decline • WIC Cost-Containment Study • Program Access and Declining Food Stamp Program Participation • Identify and Evaluate Methods to Prevent Fraud and Abuse Among Staff and Participants in WIC • What Explains Changes in Food Stamp Program Caseloads? • Summer Feeding Integrity Study: A Design, Cost, and Feasibility Plan • The Effects of Welfare Implementation on Food Stamp Caseloads Research Outreach • Causes and Consequences of Food Insufficiency After • Small Grants Program: Welfare Reform Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi • Devolution and Urban Change State University Food Stamp Program Caseload Declines: An Better Serving the Working Poor Indirect Effect of Welfare Reform? • Improving Access to Food Stamps for Low-Income A Comparison of Demographic Variables, Working Households Food/Nutrient Intakes, Level of Food Security, and Food/Nutrient Changes Among Food Stamp • Restructuring Food Stamps to Help Working Families Recipients and Nonrecipients in South • Program Integrity and Improved Service to the Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia Can Religious Congregations Satisfy Those Who Working Poor Under Alternative Reporting Plans Hunger and Thirst for Justice? An Assessment of Faith-Based Food Assistance Programs in Nutrition and Health Outcomes Rural Mississippi and Dietary Behavior Food Stamp Utilization Patterns in Non-metro • Understanding Child Nutrition in the Year 2000: Counties in Texas: A Multilevel Analysis of the Micro- and Macro-Level Determinants of Dynamic Shifts and Their Determinants Caseload Dynamics • Obesity in Low-Income Mothers and Children Nutrient Intakes of Food Insufficient and Food Sufficient Adults in the Southern Region of the • Factors Affecting Childhood Obesity Among Low- United States and the Impact of Federal Food Income Households Assistance Programs • The Determinants of Overweight and Obesity Among The American Indian Studies Program (AISP), Low-Income Children University of Arizona Monitoring the Nutritional Status of Navajo • Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding Promotion: A Preschoolers Controlled Clinical Trial Does the Food Stamp Program Provide an • Food Security and Health Outcomes in the California Adequate Safety Net for American Indian Health Interview Survey Reservations? The Northern Cheyenne Case Study • Evaluating the Impact of School Breakfast on The Impact of Food Assistance Programs on Learning: Design and Feasibility American Indian Reservations Food Security Measurement and Research Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin • Hunger: Its Risk and Impact in Poor, Female-Headed Development of a Face-Valid Food Security Households With Children Monitoring Tool • Food Security Measurement Research

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 11 Food Insufficiency and Women’s Health: Findings The Effect of Acculturation and Food Assistance From a Longitudinal Survey of Welfare Programs on Diet, Nutritional Status and Food Recipients Security Among the U.S. Hispanic Population Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of • Food and Nutrition Information Center: Research Chicago and Northwestern University Information Dissemination Does Participation in Multiple Welfare Programs • Improving Measurement of Health and Nutrition Improve Birth Outcomes? The Impact of Welfare Reform on Food Stamp Outcomes Take-up • Rural Dimensions of Welfare Reform Conference Monitoring Changes in Food Security Among Single Mothers • Committee on National Statistics Department of Nutrition, University of California • Food and Nutrition Summer Institute at Davis Food Stamps, Ethnicity, and Nutrient Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data Supplements: Association with Food Intake and • National Food Price Data System Enhancement Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Nutrient Supplement Use. • Panel Study of Income Dynamics Etiology of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Aged 12-36 Months • Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort Do Food Stamps, Food Label Use, and Nutrition 2000 (ECLS-B) Knowledge Affect Dietary Quality Among Low- • Measuring Food Security: April 1999 Current Income Adults? Results from the 1994-96 Population Survey Food Security Supplement CSFII/DHKS Questionable Food Acquisition Practices Used by • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Limited Resource Audiences

Fiscal 1998 Program Themes and Funded Projects

The following is an abbreviated list of projects funded • Research Linking Food Assistance Programs, under FANRP in fiscal 1998 (see table 5 for more Agriculture, Rural Areas, and the Economy detailed information). • Simplified Food Stamp Program Technical Assistance

Welfare Reform Food Security • Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study • Measuring Food Security: August 1998 Current • Report to Congress on State Use of Funds To Population Survey Supplement Increase Work Slots for Food Stamp Recipients • Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten • Report to Congress on Use of Food Stamps To Cohort (ECLS-K) Purchase Dietary Supplements • Panel Study of Income Dynamics • Expanded Study of Welfare Reform on Immigrants • Research To Strengthen and Improve Measures of • Food Program Targeting and Delivery Food Security

• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)- Nutrition and Health Leavers’ Use of Food Stamps • Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort • Studies of Households Who Leave the Food Stamp 2000 (ECLS-B) Program • Dietary and Nutrition Outcomes (Nutrition Risk • A Study of U.S. Emergency Food Assistance System: Follow-up) Provider and Recipient Characteristics • Evaluation of Food Stamp Program Nutrition • Study of Re-engineering the Welfare System Education

12 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA • Research To Assess Links Between Diet Quality and The Availability and Variety of Healthful Food at Health Convenience Stores and Trading Posts on the Navajo Nation • Development and Evaluation of the Nutritional Anthropometric Assessment Software in WIC Clinics Institute for Research on Poverty, University of (Epi Info 2000/Nustat Module) Wisconsin Independent Validation of the Core Food Security • Research on Breastfed Infants’ Growth Module with Asian and Pacific Islanders The Evolution, Cost, and Operation of the Private • Nutritional Advantages of Including More Beef, Food Assistance Network Lamb, and Chevon Meats in the National School Recency of Migration and Legal Status Effects on Lunch Program Food Expenditures and Child Well-Being Effects of Participation in the WIC Food Program Integrity and Effectiveness Assistance Program: Evidence from NLSY • Assessment of Computer Matching in the Food Children Stamp Program The Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of Chicago and Northwestern University • The Evaluation of EBT Customer Service Waivers on Immigration and the Food Stamp Program Recipients State Budgetary Behavior and the Fiscal • Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA Food and Interactions Between Food Stamps, AFDC, Nutrition Assistance Programs Medicaid, and SSI Does the Minimum Wage Affect AFDC and Food • WIC Supplemental Food Package Analysis Stamp Participation? Patterns of Food Stamp and WIC Participation Research Outreach and Their Effects on the Health of LowIncome Children • Small Grants Program: The Consequences of Food Insecurity for Child Southern Rural Development Center, Mississippi Well-Being: An Analysis of Children’s School State University Achievement, Psychological Well-Being, and Economic Downturns and Welfare Reform: An Health Exploratory CountyLevel Analysis Department of Nutrition, University of California The Impact of Food Stamp Reforms on Elderly in at Davis Mississippi Impact of Food Insecurity and Food Assistance Assessing the Benefits and Problems Associated Program Participation on Nutritional Risk with the Use of Electronic Benefits Transfer for Among the Elderly Food Stamps in Macon County, Alabama Relationships Between Participation in Food Food Assistance in East Alabama: Issues of Assistance Programs and Skeletal Health in Access and Need Adult Women and Men Assessing Food Insecurity in Kentucky Influence of Food Stamps on the Nutritional Status From Welfare Reliance to Wage Work: A Report of Inner-City Preschoolers from Hartford, CT, on Food Security Among Louisiana’s Rural Who Receive WIC Benefits Welfare Population The American Indian Studies Program (AISP), • Food and Nutrition Information Center: Research University of Arizona Information Dissemination Assessment of Food Concerns, Nutrition • Economic Research Service’s Second National Food Knowledge, and Food Security of Oglala Security Research and Measurement Conference Lakota College Students on the Pine Ridge Reservation Policy Research Dietary Choices and Weight Control Practices Among Cheyenne River Lakota Households • WIC General Analysis Project The Impact of Welfare Reform on American Indian • Food Stamp Program (FSP) Microsimulation and Reservations: The Northern Cheyenne Case Study Related Analysis Federal Food Programs, Traditional Foods, and • Child Nutrition Analysis Projects the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Nations of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 13 • The Extent of Trafficking in the Food Stamp Program • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey After Welfare Reform (NHANES IV)

Enhanced Data Development • National Food Price and Sales Information System • Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)

Extramural Research Program, Fiscal 2002

To meet the programmatic needs of the Department and Share of Extramural Awards by Type, to promote research from a broad arena, FANRP uses a Fiscal 2002 variety of funding mechanisms. Contracts are used when a very specific product is required, such as com- Interagency pliance with a Congressional mandate. When the intent Agreements Contracts 24% is to stimulate new and innovative research or to under- 26% take projects conducted jointly with ERS researchers, cooperative agreements and grants are used. The competitive portion of the extramural research program is announced publicly and awarded through the use of Small Grants peer review panels. 11%

Four contracts were awarded in fiscal 2002 in the areas of Food Stamp Program participation by the elderly; a Grants 13% design, cost and feasibility plan for an integrated study of school meal costs and outcomes; improved design of Cooperative children’s nutrition behavior questionnaires; and evalua- Agreements tion of pilot projects that provide to displaced workers 27% an integration of services including food assistance. In addition, one data purchase and enhancements to seven In addition, 14 cooperative agreements and grants total- existing contracts were conducted. Funding for con- ing $886,000 were awarded to fill special research tracts totaled $2.18 million. needs of the ongoing internal research program. The largest award, in the amount of $495,092, was awarded The Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements to Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation in Program is announced broadly, with program announce- continued support of its Development and Urban ments mailed out to universities, nonprofit and for-profit Change project. Other awards support research on such organizations, and State and local governments. The topics as evaluation of nutrition education with low- announcement was posted on the Internet through the income families; WIC eligibility; consumer food choic- ERS website. Funding for eight cooperative agreements es; and development of a food security survey for chil- totaled $1.51 million in fiscal 2002. In addition, a total dren and youths. of $1.02 million funded four grants. The acceptance rate for proposals of cooperative agreements and grants was The Small Grants Program funds grant competitions at roughly 1 in 5, or in dollars terms roughly $1 in $7. five diverse institutions. Each institution focuses on a Cooperative agreements and grants were awarded to particular facet of food assistance, such as diet and conduct research on such topics as innovative practices health outcomes, relationships to poverty and well- in WIC; trends in certification costs in the Food Stamp being, rural issues, and special at-risk population Program; the link between food insecurity and chil- groups. Funding for small grants totaled $899,000 in dren’s behavior and health; an evaluation of policy fiscal 2002. change on middle-school student lunch consumption; and links between eating patterns and obesity. Interagency agreements are used to enhance food assistance data development through cost-sharing partner- ships and to fund cooperative interagency research on

14 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA program interactions and policy issues. These intera- Longitudinal Studies, as well as the food security mod- gency projects include funding for additional data col- ule of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Funding lection in the National Health and Nutrition for interagency agreements totaled $2.03 million in fis- Examination Survey (NHANES), the Panel Study of cal 2002. Income Dynamics (PSID), and the Early Childhood

FANRP,Today and Tomorrow

FANRP addresses the research needs of the Nation’s decisionmakers and the public. FANRP will continue to food assistance and nutrition programs. Its research ana- integrate intramural research with the extramural pro- lyzes the benefits of improved diets and food choices, gram, enhancing its capacity to address policy and the factors that influence diet and nutrition, and the out- research needs of USDA’s food assistance and nutrition comes of policies and programs aimed at improving the programs in a timely, objective, and cost-effective man- nutrition, well-being, and food security of Americans. ner. To identify and prioritize research needs and policy These programs include the Food Stamp Program, WIC, issues, FANRP will continue to seek input from key and Child Nutrition Programs. constituencies such as policy officials, program and research leaders, and the Food and Nutrition Service. FANRP will continue to conduct and disseminate policy-relevant and programmatic research that informs

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program Publications, Fiscal 2002

The following is a list of publications completed by the Blisard, N. and Harris, J. Michael. Measuring the Well- Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program during Being of the Poor: Demographics of Low-Income fiscal 2002. The vehicles for most of these publications Households, TB-1898. USDA, ERS. April 2002 are the Food and Nutrition Research Report (FANRR) series and the E-FAN series. FANRR publications are a Buzby, J. and Guthrie, J. Plate Waste in School Departmental series and are typically available in both Nutrition Programs: Final Report to Congress, hard copy and electronic forms. E-FAN publications are E-FAN-02-009.USDA, ERS. March 2002. available strictly in electronic form and are a component of the ERS effort to serve the public with e-government Cohen, B. Community Food Security Assessment technologies and the ERS website. Both series showcase Toolkit, E-FAN-02-013. USDA, ERS. July 2002. the outcomes of FANRP research, whether the findings Cohen, B., Parry, J., and Yang, K. Household Food are obtained by ERS staff, by non-ERS authors under a Security in the United States, 1998 and 1999: FANRP contract or grant, or by non-ERS authors work- Detailed Statistical Report, E-FAN-02-011. USDA, ing jointly with ERS authors. ERS. June 2002. Bell, L., Pachikara, S., Schreiber Williams, S., and Cohen, B., Nord, M., Lerner, R., Parry, J., and Yang, K. Gabor, V. Re-Engineering the Welfare System—A Household Food Security in the United States, 1998 Study of Administrative Changes to the Food Stamp and 1999: Technical Report, E-FAN-02-010. USDA, Program: Final Report, FANRR-17. USDA, ERS. ERS. June 2002. June 2002. Cook, P. “Rural Reliance on Transfers Income Bernstein, L., and Hamilton, W. Sponsoring Remained Steady During the 1990s,” Rural America, Organizations in the CACFP—Administrative Effects Vol. 16, Issue 4. USDA, ERS. Winter 2002. of Reimbursement Tiering: A Report to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Crepinsek, M.K., Burstein, N., Lee, E., Kennedy, S., Study, E-FAN-02-003. USDA, ERS. March 2002. and Hamilton, W. Meals Offered by Tier 2 CACFP Family Child Care Providers—Effects of Lower Meal Reimbursements:A Report to Congress on the Family

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 15 Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study,E- Guthrie, J. and Buzby, J. “Several Strategies May Lower FAN-02-006. USDA, ERS. March 2002. Plate Waste in School Feeding Programs,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 2. USDA, ERS. Summer- Crepinsek, M.K., Ghelfi, L., and Hamilton, W. Fall 2002. Households with Children in CACFP Child Care Homes—Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering: A Hamilton, W., and Rossi, P. Effects of Food Assistance Report to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health: Legislative Changes Study, E-FAN-02-005. USDA, Volume 1, Research Design, FANRR-19-1. USDA, ERS. March 2002. ERS. February 2002.

Dagata, E. Issues in Food Assistance—Assessing the Hamilton, W., Burstein, N., and Crepinsek, M.K. Self-Sufficiency of Food Stamp Leavers, FANRR-26- Reimbursement Tiering in the CACFP: Summary 8. USDA, ERS. September 2002. Report to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study, FANRR-22. UDSA, ERS. “ERS Releases New Report, Household Food Security March 2002. in the United States, 2000,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 1. USDA, ERS. Spring 2002. Hamilton, W., Stickney, E., and Burstein, N. Family Child Care Home Participation in the CACFP— Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Effects of Reimbursement Tiering: A Report to Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements Congress on the Family Child Care Homes Program: Description and Application Process Fiscal Legislative Changes Study, E-FAN-02-002. USDA, 2002, USDA, ERS. March 2002. ERS. March 2002.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Hanson, K., and Golan, E. Issues in Food Assistance— Report: Fiscal 2001 Activities, USDA, ERS. January Effects of Changes in Food Stamp Expenditures 2002. Across the U.S. Economy, FANRR-26-6. USDA, ERS. August 2002. Gabor, V., Schreiber Williams, S. Bellamy, H., and Hardison, B. Seniors’Views of the Food Stamp Hanson, K., Golan, E., Vogel, S., and Olmsted, J. Program and Ways To Improve Participation—Focus Tracing the Impacts of Food Assistance Programs on Group Findings in Washington State: Final Report. Agriculture and Consumers: A Computable General E-FAN-02-012. USDA, ERS. June 2002. Equilibrium Model, FANRR-18. USDA, ERS. May 2002. Ghelfi, L. Effects of CACFP Reimbursement Tiering: Major Findings of the Family Child Care Homes Hanson, K., and Gundersen, C., Issues in Food Legislative Changes Study, FANRR-24. UDSA, ERS. Assistance—How Unemployment Affects the Food May 2002. Stamp Program, FANRR-26-7. USDA, ERS. September 2002. Ghelfi, L. Issues in Food Assistance—Program Targeting: Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering on Henry, M., Lewis, W., Reinschmiedt, L., and Lewis, D. the Child and Adult Care Food Program, FANRR-26- “Is There a Rural Disadvantage in Reducing Welfare 1. UDSA, ERS. April 2002. and Food Stamp Participation in Mississippi and South Carolina?” Rural America, Vol. 16, Issue 3. Gibbs, R. “Nonmetro Labor Markets in the Era of USDA, ERS. Fall 2001. Welfare Reform,” Rural America, Vol. 16, Issue 3. USDA, ERS. Fall 2001. Income Volatility and the Implications for Food Assistance Programs: A Conference of IRP and the Gundersen, C. and Oliveira, V. “The Food Stamp Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department Program and Food Insufficiency,” American J. of of Agriculture, May 2002. Focus, University of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 83, No. 4. November Wisconsin—Madison, Institute for Research on 2001. Poverty. Vol. 22, No. 2. Summer 2002.

16 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Contents: Lerman, R., McKernan, S., and Pindus, N. “Welfare Reforms and Employment of Single Mothers—Are Bitler, M., Currie, J., and Scholz, J.K. “WIC eligibili- Rural Areas Keeping Pace?” Rural America, Vol. 16, ty and participation.” Issue 3. USDA, ERS. Fall 2001.

Blundell, R. and Pistaferri, L. “Income volatility and Logan, C., Fox, M.K., and Lin, B-H. Effects of Food household consumption: The impact of food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and assistance programs.” Health: Volume II, Data Sources, FANRR-19-2. USDA, ERS. September 2002. Gundersen, C. and Ziliak, J. “The role of food stamps in stabilizing income and consumption.” Nord, M. A 30-Day Food Security Scale for Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement Data, Haider, S, Schoeni, R., and Jacknowitz, A. “Food E-FAN-02-015. UDSA, ERS. August 2002. Stamps and the elderly: Why is participation so low?” Nord, M. “Food Security Rates Are High for Elderly Households,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 2. USDA, Kabbani, N. and Wilde, P. “Short recertification peri- ERS. Summer-Fall 2002. ods in the U.S. Food Stamp Program: Causes and consequences.” Nord, M. “Rates of Food Insecurity and Hunger Unchanged in Rural Households,” Rural America, Meyer, B. and Sullivan, J. “Measuring the well-being Vol. 16, Issue 4. USDA, ERS. Winter 2002. of the poor using income and consumption.” Nord, M., and Brent, C. Philip. Food Insecurity in Moffitt, R. and Winder, K. “The correlates and conse- Higher Income Households, E-FAN-02-016. USDA, quences of welfare exit and entry: Evidence ERS. September 2002. from the Three-City Study.” Nord, M., and Andrews, M., Issues in Food Smallwood, D., Prell, M., and Andrews, M. “Income Assistance—Reducing Food Insecurity in the United volatility and the implications for food assis- States: Assessing Progress Toward a National tance programs.” Objective, FANRR 26-2. USDA, ERS. May 2002.

Yelowitz, A. “Gateways into the Food Stamp Nord, M., Andrews, M., and Winicki, J. “Frequency and Program.” Duration of Food Insecurity and Hunger in U.S. Households,” J. of Nutrition Education and Behavior, Jensen, H., Garasky, S., Wessman, C., and Nusser, S. Vol. 34. August 2002. Iowa Food Stamp Leavers Survey: Final Report. E- FAN-02-014-1. USDA, ERS. July 2002. Nord, M., and Bickel, G. Measuring Children’s Food Security in U.S. Households, 1995-99, FANRR-25. Lichter, D. and Jensen, L. “Poverty and Welfare Among UDSA, ERS. April 2002. Rural Female-Headed Families Before and After PRWORA,” Rural America, Vol. 16, Issue 3. USDA, Nord, M., Kabbani, N., Tiehen, L., Andrews, M., ERS. Fall 2001. Bickel, G., and Carlson, S. Household Food Security in the United States, 2000, FANRR-21. USDA, ERS. Kirlin, J., and Logan, C. Effects of EBT Customer February 2002. Service Waivers on Food Stamp Recipients: Executive Summary, FANRR-23. USDA, ERS. April 2002. Nusser, S., Anderson, L., and Anderson, D. Iowa Food Stamp Leavers Survey: Methodology Report, E-FAN- Kirlin, J. and Logan, C. Effects of EBT Customer 02-014-2. USDA, ERS. July 2002. Service Waivers on Food Stamp Recipients: Final Report, E-FAN-02-007. UDSA, ERS. June 2002. Ohls, J. and Saleem-Ismail, F. The Emergency Food Assistance System—Findings From the Provider Kornfeld, R. Explaining Recent Trends in Food Stamp Survey, Volume I: Executive Summary, FANRR-16-1. Program Caseloads: Final Report, E-FAN-02-008. USDA, ERS. June 2002. USDA, ERS. March 2002.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 17 Ohls, J., Saleem-Ismail, F., Cohen, R., Cox, B., and Whitener, L., Weber, B., and Duncan, G. Issues in Food Tiehen, L. The Emergency Food Assistance System— Assistance—Reforming Welfare: What Does It Mean Findings From the Provider Survey, Volume II: Final for Rural Areas?, FANRR-26-4. USDA, ERS. June Report, FANRR-16-2. USDA, ERS. August 2002. 2002.

Oliveria, V. “Food Assistance Expenditures Increase in Whitener, L, Weber, B., and Duncan, G. “Reforming 2001,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 1. USDA, ERS. Welfare: Implications for Rural America,” Rural Spring 2002 America, Vol. 16, Issue 3. USDA, ERS. Fall 2001.

Oliveira, V. Food Assistance Landscape, September Wilde, P. Issues in Food Assistance—The Standard 2002, FANRR-28-1. USDA, ERS. September 2002 Deduction in the Food Stamp Benefit Formula, FANRR-26-3. USDA, ERS. June 2002. Oliveira, V., Prell, M., Smallwood, D., and Frazao, E. Infant Formula Prices and Availability: Final Report Wilde, P. and Dagata, E. “Food Stamp Participation by to Congress, E-FAN-02-001. October 2001. Eligible Older Americans Remains Low,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 2. USDA, ERS. Summer- Oliveira, V., Racine, E., Olmsted, J., and Ghelfi, L. The Fall 2002. WIC Program: Background, Trends, and Issues, FANRR-27. USDA, ERS. September 2002. Winicki, J., Gundersen, C., and Jolliffe, D. Issues in Food Assistance—How Do Food Assistance Programs Tiehen, L., Issues in Food Assistance—Private Improve the Well-Being of Low-Income Families?, Provision of Food Aid: The Emergency Food FANRR-26-9. USDA, ERS. September 2002. Assistance System. FANRR-26-5. USDA, ERS. August 2002. Zotov, N. Keng, S. and Hamilton, W. Family Child Care Providers in the CACFP—Operational Effects of Vandeman, A. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Reimbursement Tiering: A Report to Congress on the Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries of 2000 Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study. Research Grants, FANRR-20. USDA, ERS. April E-FAN-02-004. UDSA, ERS. March 2002. 2002.

18 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Previous Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program Publications

The following is a list of publications completed by the Botsko, C., Gabor, V., Schreiber, S., and Pachikara, S. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program from State Use of Funds To Increase Work Slotsfor Food fiscal 1998, its first year of mandated responsibility, to Stamp Recipients: Report to Congress, FANRR-15. fiscal 2001. Please visit http://www.ers.usda.gov to USDA, ERS. August 2001. identify earlier ERS publications on the economics of food choices, nutrient intake, and diet quality. Botsko, C., Gabor, V., Schreiber, S., and Pachikara, S. State Use of Funds To Increase Work Slotsfor Food Aldrich, L. Consumer Use of Information: Implications Stamp Recipients: State Data Collection Instruments, for Food Policy, AHR-715. USDA, ERS. June 1999. E-FAN-01-007. USDA, ERS. August 2001.

Andrews, M., and Nord, M. Food Security Is Improving Breunig, R., Diasgupta, I., Gundersen, C., and Pattanaik in the United States, AIB-765-7. USDA, ERS. April P. Explaining the Food Stamp Cash-Out Puzzle, 2001. FANRR-12. USDA, ERS. April 2001.

Andrews, M., Kantor, L., Lino, M., and Ripplinger, D. Briefel, R., Gordon, A., Saleem-Ismail, F., Kalb, L., “Using USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan to Assess Food Kovac, M., and Sinclair, M. Summer Feeding Design Availability and Affordability,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Study: Final Report, E FAN-01-004. USDA, ERS. Issue 2. USDA, ERS. May-August 2001. October 2000.

Andrews, M., Nord, M., Bickel, G., and Carlson, S. Figlio, D., Gundersen, C., Ziliak, J. “The Effects of the Household Food Security in the United States, 1999, Macroeconomy and Welfare Reform on Food Stamp FANRR-8. USDA, ERS. Fall 2000. Caseloads,” American J. of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, No. 3. August 2000. Andrews, M. and Prell, M. Second Food Security Measurement and Research Conference, Volume 1: “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program: Proceedings, FANRR-11-1. USDA, ERS. February Spring Update,” USDA, ERS. May 1998. 2001. “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, A Andrews, M., and Prell, M. Second Food Security Blueprint for Success with Update Project Status,” Measurement and Research Conference, Volume II: USDA, ERS. September 1998. Papers, FANRR-11-2. USDA, ERS. August 2001. “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Bishow, J., Blaylock, J., and Variyam, J.N. “Matching Final Report: Fiscal Year 1998 Activities,” USDA, Perception and Reality in Our Diets,” FoodReview: ERS. October 1998. The Diet Quality Balancing Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May-August 1998. “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Research Priorities: Fiscal Year 1999,” USDA, ERS. Blaylock, J.R., Variyam, J.N., and Lin, B.H. Maternal February 1999. Nutrition Knowledge and Children’s Diet Quality and Nutrient Intakes, FANRR-1. USDA, ERS. “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, October 1999. Final Report: Fiscal 1999 Activities,” USDA, ERS. November 1999. Blisard, N. “Advertising’s Influence: The Case of Dairy Products,” FoodReview: The Diet Quality Balancing “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May-August Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements 1998. Program: Description and Application Process Fiscal 2000,” USDA, ERS. March 2000. Blisard, N., Smallwood, D., and Lutz, S. Food Cost Indexes for Low-Income Households and the General “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Population, TB-1872. USDA, ERS. February 1999. Final Report: Fiscal 2000 Activities,” USDA, ERS. February 2001.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 19 “Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Lin, B.H., Guthrie, J., and Frazão, E. “Nutrient Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements Contribution of Food Away From Home.” Program: Description and Application Process Fiscal 2001,” USDA, ERS. March 2001. Mathios, A.D., and Ippolito, P. “Health Claims in Food Advertising and Labeling: Disseminating Frazão, E., ed. America’s Eating Habits: Changes and Nutrition Information to Consumers.” Consequences, AIB-750. USDA, ERS. May 1999. Putnam, J., and Gerrior, S. “Trends in the U.S. Food Contents: Supply, 1970-97.

Bishow, J., Variyam, J.N., and Blaylock, J. “Who Ralston, K. “How Government Policies and Knew? Perception and Reality of Cholesterol in Regulations Can Affect Dietary Choices.” Our Diets.” Tippett, K.S., and Cleveland, L.E. “How Current Blisard, N. “Advertising and What We Eat: The Case Diets Stack Up: Comparison With Dietary of Dairy Products.” Guidelines.”

Crane, N.T., Hubbard, V.S., and Lewis, C.J. Variyam, J.N. “Role of Demographics, Knowledge, “American Diets and Year 2000 Goals.” and Attitudes: Fats and Cholesterol.”

Davis, C., and Saltos, E. “Dietary Recommendations Weimer, J. “Accelerating the Trend Toward Healthy and How They Have Changed Over Time.” Eating: Public and Private Efforts.”

Frazão, E. “High Costs of Poor Eating Patterns in the Young, C.E., and Kantor, L.S. “Moving Toward the United States.” Food Guide Pyramid: Implications for U.S. Agriculture.” Gallo, A.E. “Food Advertising in the United States.” Ghelfi, L. “USDA Subsidizes Meals and Snacks for Guthrie, J.F., Derby, B.M., and Levy, A. “What Children in Child Care,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue People Know and Do Not Know About 2. USDA, ERS. May-August 2001. Nutrition.” Gerrior, S., Putnam, J., and Bente, L. “Milk and Milk Huang, K. “Role of National Income and Prices.” Products: Their Importance in the American Diet,” FoodReview: The Diet Quality Balancing Act, Vol. Kantor, L.S. “A Comparison of the U.S. Food Supply 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May-August 1998. With the Food Guide Pyramid Recommendations.” Golan, E., and Nord, M. “How Government Assistance Affects Income,” FoodReview: Perspectives on Kennedy, E., Blaylock, J., and Kuhn, B. “On the Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. Road to Better Nutrition.” January-April 1998.

Kennedy, E., Bowman, S.A., Lino, M., Gerrior, S., Gundersen, C. “Economic Growth, Welfare Reform, and and Basiotis, P.P. “Diet Quality of Americans: the Food Stamp Program,” FoodReview: Perspectives Healthy Eating Index.” on Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April 1998. Levedahl, J.W., and Oliveira, V. “Dietary Impacts of Food Assistance Programs.” Gundersen, C., LeBlanc, M., and Kuhn, B. The Changing Food Assistance Landscape: The Food Lutz, S., Hirschman, J., and Smallwood, D.M. Stamp Program in a Post-Welfare Reform “National School Lunch and School Breakfast Environment, AER-773. USDA, ERS. March 1999. Program Reforms: Policy Development and Economic Impacts.” Gundersen, C., YaZez, M., Valdez, C., and Kuhn, B. A Comparison of Food Assistance Programs in Mexico

20 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA and the United States, FANRR-6. USDA, ERS. July Improvement,” FoodReview: The Diet Quality 2000. Balancing Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May- August 1998. Hamilton, W.L., Stickney, E., and Crepinsek, M.K. Family Child Care Homes and the CACFP: Lin, B.H., Guthrie, J., and Frazão, E. “Quality of Participation After Reimbursement Tiering (An Children’s Diets At and Away From Home: 1994-96,” Interim Report of the Family Child Care Homes FoodReview: Food Away From Home: America’s Legislative Changes Study), FANRR-3. USDA, ERS. Changing Food Choices, Vol. 22, Issue 1, USDA, October 1999. ERS. January-April 1999.

Huang, K.S., and Lin, B.H. Estimation of Food Demand Lutz, S.M., and Hirschman, J. “School Lunch Reform: and Nutrient Elasticities from Household Survey Minimal Market Impacts From Providing Healthier Data, TB-1887. USDA, ERS. September 2000. Meals,” FoodReview: Perspectives on Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April Huang, K.S. “Prices and Incomes Affect Nutrients 1998. Consumed,” FoodReview: The Diet Quality Balancing Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May- Mathios, A.D., and Ippolito, P.M. “Food Companies August 1998. Spread Nutrition Information Through Advertising and Labels,” FoodReview: The Diet Quality Jacobson, J., Rodriguez-Planas, N., Puffer, L., Pas, E., Balancing Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May- Taylor-Kale, L. The Consequences of Welfare Reform August 1998. and Economic Change for the Food Stamp Program—Illustrations from Microsimulation: Final McConnell, S., and Ohls, J. “Food Stamp Participation Report, E-FAN-01-003. USDA, ERS. January 2001. Rate Down in Urban Areas But Not in Rural,” FoodReview: Welfare Reform and Food Assistance, Kantor, L.S. A Dietary Assessment of the U.S. Food Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April 2001. Supply: Comparing Food Consumption with the Food Pyramid, AER-772. USDA, ERS. December 1998. Mills, G. and Kornfeld, R. Study of Arizona Adults Leaving the Food Stamp Program: Final Report, Kantor, L.S. “Community Food Security Programs E-FAN-01-001. USDA, ERS. December 2000. Improve Food Access,” FoodReview: Welfare Reform and Food Assistance, Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. Nord, M. “Does It Cost Less to Live in Rural Areas? January-April 2001. Evidence from New Data on Food Insecurity and Hunger,” Rural Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 1. March Kaufman, P.R. “Rural Poor Have Less Access to 2000. Supermarkets, Large Grocery Stores,” Rural Development Perspectives. Vol. 13, Issue 3. USDA, Nord, M. “Food Stamp Participation and Food ERS. April 1999. Security,” FoodReview: Welfare Reform and Food Assistance, Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January- Kirlin, J.A., and Cole, N. Assessment of WIC Cost- April 2001. Containment Practices: An Interim Report to Congress, E-FAN-01-005 USDA, ERS. February Nord, M. “Racial and Spatial Equity in Welfare 2001. Programs: Interstate and Intercounty Differences in Welfare Spending,” Rural Development Perspectives. LeBlanc, M. Poverty, Policy, and the Macroeconomy, Vol. 13, Issue 3. USDA, ERS. April 1999. TB-1889. USDA, ERS. February 2001. Nord, M. and Andrews, M., Using a Direct Measure to Lin, B.H., Guthrie, J., and Frazão, E. Away-From-Home Monitor Hunger, AIB-765-6. USDA, ERS. April Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American 2001. Diet, AIB-749. USDA, ERS. January 1999. Nord, M., Jemison, K., and Bickel, G. Prevalence of Lin, B.H., Guthrie, J., and Frazão, E. “Popularity of Food Insecurity and Hunger, by State, 1996-98, Dining Out Presents Barrier to Dietary FANRR-2. USDA, ERS. September 1999.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 21 “Nutritional Advantages of Including More Beef, Lamb Report to Congress, E-FAN01-006. USDA, ERS. and Chevon Meats in the National School Lunch April 2001. Program,” A report mandated by the House Appropriation Committee. USDA, ERS. February Price, C.C., and Harris, J.M. Increasing Food Recovery 1998. From Farmers’ Markets: A Preliminary Analysis, FANRR-4. USDA, ERS. January 2000. Oliveira, V. “Decline in Nutrition Assistance Expenditures Continued in 1999,” FoodReview: Rangarajan, A., and Gleason, P.M. Food Stamp Leavers Understanding Structural Change in the Food in Illinois¾How Are They Doing Two Years Later? Industry, Volume 23, Issue 2.USDA, ERS. May- Final Report, E-FAN-01-002. USDA, ERS. January August 2000. 2001.

Oliveira, V. “Domestic Food Assistance Expenditures Rogers, C. “A Look at America’s Children and Their Drop Again,” FoodReview: Annual Spotlight on the Families,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 2. USDA, U.S. Food System, 1999, Volume 22, Issue 3, USDA, ERS. May-August 2001. ERS. September-December, 1999. Rose, D., Gundersen, C., and Oliveira, V. Oliveira, V. “Food Assistance Expanded, Then Socioeconomic Determinants of Food Insecurity in Contracted in the 1990s,” FoodReview: Annual the United States, Evidence from the SIPP and CSFII Spotlight on the U.S. Food System, 2000, Volume 23, Datasets, TB-1869. USDA, ERS. September 1998. Issue 3, USDA, ERS. September-December 2000. Smallwood, D. “UpFront: Food Assistance and Welfare Oliveira, V. “Food-Assistance Expenditures Fall for Reform,” FoodReview: Perspective on Welfare Second Year,” FoodReview: Food Away From Home: Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April America’s Changing Food Choices, Vol. 22, Issue 1, 1998. USDA, ERS. January-April 1999. “Two Decades of Excellence: Annotated Oliveira, V. “Spending on Food-Assistance Programs Bibliography—Research Accomplishments in the Decreased in 1997,” FoodReview: Perspectives on Areas of Food Assistance, Poverty and Well-Being, Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. Food Choices, and Nutrition,” USDA, ERS. June January-April 1998. 1998.

Oliveira, V. “Welfare Reform Affects USDA’s Food- Vandeman, A. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Assistance Programs,” FoodReview: Perspectives on Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries of 1998 Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. Research Grants, FANRR-10. USDA, ERS. January-April 1998. December 2000.

Oliveira, V., and Gundersen, C. WIC and the Nutrient Variyam, J.N., Blaylock, J., Smallwood, D., and Intake of Children, FANRR-5. USDA, ERS. March Basiotis, P., USDA’s Healthy Eating Index and 2000. Nutrition Information, TB-1866. USDA, ERS. April 1998. Oliveira, V., and Gundersen, C. “WIC Increases the Nutrient Intake of Children,” FoodReview: Welfare Variyam, J.H., and Blaylock, J. “Unlocking the Mystery Reform and Food Assistance, Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, Between Nutrition and Knowledge and Diet Quality,” ERS. January-April 2001. FoodReview: The Diet Quality Balancing Act, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. May-August 1998. Oliveira, V., and Levedahl, J.W. “All Food Stamp Benefits To Be Issued Electronically,” Food Review: Weimer, J.P. “Breastfeeding: Health and Economic Perspectives on Welfare Reform, Vol. 21, Issue 1, Issues,” FoodReview, Vol. 22, Issue 2, USDA, ERS. USDA, ERS. January-April 1998. May-August 1999.

Oliveira, V., Prell, M., Frazão, E., and Smallwood, D. Weimer, J. Breastfeeding Promotion Research: The Infant Formula Prices and Availability: AnInterim ES/WIC Nutrition Education Initiative and Economic

22 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Considerations, AIB-744. USDA, ERS. September Decisions in an Endogenous Switching Regression 1998. Framework,” American J. of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, No. 1. February 2000. Weimer, J. Factors Affecting Nutrient Intake of the Elderly, AER-769. USDA, ERS. October 1998. Wilde, P., Cook, P., Gundersen, C., Nord, M., and Tiehen, L. The Decline in Food Stamp Program Weimer, J. The Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Participation in the 1990s, FANRR-7. USDA, ERS. Review and Analysis, FANRR-13. USDA, ERS. June 2000. March 2001. Wilde, P.E., McNamara, P.E., and Ranney, C.K. The Wilde, P. “Strong Economy and Welfare Reforms Effect on Dietary Quality of Participation in the Food Contribute to Drop in Food Stamp Rolls,” Stamp and WIC Programs, FANRR-9. USDA, ERS. FoodReview: Welfare Reform and Food Assistance, September 2000. Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April 2001. Wilde, P., Hofferth, S., Stanhope, S., Noonan, M., and Wilde, P. “The Food Stamp Benefit Formula: Collins, N. “Pre-1997 Trends in Welfare and Food Implications for Empirical Research on Food Assistance in a National Sample of Families,” Demand,” J. of Agricultural and Resource American J. of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, No. Economics, Vol. 26, No. 1. July 2001. 3. August 2000.

Wilde, P. Understanding the Food Stamp Benefit Winicki, J. “Low-Income Families Participating in Formula: A Tool for Measuring the Component Fewer Assistance Programs,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Effects, FANRR-14. USDA, ERS. April 2001. Issue 2. USDA, ERS. May-August 2001.

Wilde, P. and Andrews, M. “The Food Stamp Program Young, A., Ollinger, M., and Kantor, L.S. in An Era of Welfare Reform: Electronic Benefits and “Characteristics of Mid-Atlantic Food Banks and Changing Sources of Cash Income,” J. of Consumer Food Rescue Organizations,” FoodReview: Food Affairs, Vol. 34, No. 1. Summer 2000. Away From Home: America’s Changing Food Choices, Vol. 22, Issue 1, USDA, ERS. January-April Wilde, P. and Ranny, C. “The Monthly Food Stamp 1999. Cycle: Shopping Frequency and Food Intake

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 23 Peer Reviewers, Competitive Grant & Cooperative Research Programs, FY02

Reviewer Institution

Janet Allen University of Florida, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology Garrry Auld Colorado State University, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition Peter Basiotis USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Kurt Bauman U.S. Bureau of the Census Alok Bhargava University of Houston, Dept. of Economics Jay Bhattacharya Stanford University, School of Medicine Shanthy Bowman USDA, Agricultural Research Service Randolph Capps Urban Institute Andi Carlson USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Sheryl Cates Research Triangle Institute John Cawley Cornell University, Dept. of Policy Analysis and Management Sandra Clark Center on Budget and Policy Priorities John Cook Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Dept. of Pediatrics Janet Currie University of California—Los Angeles, Dept. of Economics Michael DePiro USDA, Food and Nutrition Service Jennifer Fisher Baylor College of Medicine Katherine Flegal DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Tracy Fox Food, Nutrition and Policy Consultants Deborah Galuska DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Kim Gans Brown University, Institute for Community Health Promotion Thesia Garner DOL, Bureau of Labor Statistics Nancy Gaston USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Diane Gibson City University of New York, Baruch College, School of Public Affairs Michael Goran University of Southern California, Dept. of Preventive Medicine Craig Gundersen USDA, Economic Research Service Gail Harrison University of California-Los Angeles, Dept. of Community Health Sciences Pamela Haines University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dept. of Nutrition Betsy Haughton University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Dept. of Nutrition Colleen Heflin University of Michigan, Poverty Research and Training Center Janet Hunt USDA, Agricultural Research Service Amber Jessup DHHS, Food and Drug Adminsitration Dean Jolliffe USDA, Economic Research Service Wen Yen Juan USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Sue Krebs-Smith National Cancer Institute Marie Kuczmarski University of Delaware, Dept. of Nutrition and Dietetics Fred Kuchler USDA, Economic Research Service Darius Lakdawalla RAND Institute for Civil Justice Marji McCullough American Cancer Society Carla Miller Pennsylvania State University, Dept. of Nutrition Esther Myers American Dietetic Association Rudy Nayga Texas A&M University, Dept. of Agricultural Economics Theresa Nicklas Baylor College of Medicine Victor Oliveira USDA, Economic Research Service

24 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA Tomas Philipson University of Chicago, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies Judith Putnam USDA, Economic Research Service Katherine Ralston USDA, Economic Research Service Anu Rangarajan Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Joseph Richardson Congressional Research Service Angela Ritzert DHHS, Food and Drug Administration Beatrice Rogers Tufts University, School of Nutrition Science and Policy Dottie Rosenbaum Center on Budget and Policy Priorities Nadine Sahyoun University of Maryland, Dept. of Nutrition and Food Sciences Kristine Siefert University of Michigan, Poverty Research and Training Center Victoria Shaffer Beyond Behaviors, Inc Linda Snetselaer University of Iowa, Dept. of Epidemiology Carol Suitor Consultant Valeria Tarusuk University of Toronto Mario Teisl University of Maine, Dept. of Resource Economics and Policy Michele Ver Ploeg National Academy of Sciences Michael Wiseman The George Washington University, Institute of Public Policy Essie Yamini USDA, Center for Nutrition and Policy Promotion

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 25 26 Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Program Design and Operations

Trends in Food Stamp Program Certification To examine the trends and composition of Food Stamp Program administrative $245,143 Costs, 1989-2001 costs, focusing on certification costs, the largest component, and the relationship Abt Associates between the number of participants and administrative cost per participant.

An Assessment of the Impact of Medicaid To identify and examine State-level efforts to support coordination between WIC $291,052 Managed Care on WIC Program Coordination programs and primary care services that are provided through Medicaid managed with PrimaryCare Services care models. Health Systems Research

WIC Innovative Practices Study To examine and present detailed information on a range of innovations and $149,747 Mathematica Policy Research promising programs in WIC practices.

Implementation of Options and Waivers To examine how new options and waivers designed to increase access to the Food $248,229 to Increase Access to the Food Stamp Program Stamp Program are being implemented and to assess their effects on program Mathematica Policy Research operations, cost, and participation. The study will include in-depth interviews in four case studies at local welfare offices.

Promoting the Food Stamp Program and Work To conduct a process evaluation of a comprehensive service integration approach for $149,992 through Coordinated Economic Relief Centers supporting displaced workers and other families seeking work. The study will evaluate (CERCs) pilot projects in Virginia known as Coordinated Economic Relief Centers (CERCs), Mathematica Policy Research with special emphasis on the provision of food assistance.

Food Program Access and Caseload Dynamics

Welfare Transitions and Food Sufficiency: To examine food adequacy and other basic measures of well-being among current $149,994 Evidence from South Carolina and former welfare recipients in South Carolina’s Family Independence (FI) program. The George Washington University The study will also examine patterns of Food Stamp Program use and other types of Economic ResearchService/USDA in-kind assistance for these groups and the role that non-cash assistance plays in maintaining families’ well-being as they transition off of welfare.

Evaluation of Three Models Designed to To test which of three models in six demonstration sites can most cost-effectively $1,050,000 Increase Participation of Eligible Elderly increase participation of the eligible elderly in the Food Stamp Program (FSP). in the Food Stamp Program The three models involve simplification of the FSP application, assistance in Mathematica Policy Research completion of the FSP application, or the option of receiving FSP benefits in the form of a package of commodities. Economic ResearchService/USDA Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued

Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Devolution and Urban Change To provide support for continued incorporation of a Food Stamp Program $495,092 Manpower Demonstration component into a major analysis by Manpower Demonstration Research Research Corporation Corporation of the effects of welfare reform on the economic and social well- being of low-income families in four urban areas.

A Study of the U.S. Emergency Food Assistance To identify the characteristics, operating structure, and service areas of food banks, $60,345 System: Provider and Recipient Characteristics food pantries, and emergency kitchens and to provide national estimates of the Mathematica Policy Research the total number of recipients served and the total quantity and type of food by source. Additional funding was provided to support the sample administration for the study’s client survey.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food Food Stamp Program Elderly Demonstration To develop an evaluation plan for a set of Food Stamp Program demonstrations that $3,785 Mathematica Policy Research are aimed at increasing participation among the eligible elderly. Additional funding was provided to support the organizational meeting with State sites.

Program Access and Declining Food Stamp To examine Food Stamp Program access and participation issues. Additional $60,000 Participation funding was provided to add a publicly available interim report. Abt Associates

Forces Impacting Social and Economic To provide additional support of analysis conducted in tandem with the project $40,000 Well-Being in the Rural South “Program Access and Declining Food Stamp Participation.” This work focuses on Southern Rural Development Center, the rural South, examining how households in the region decide to participate in Mississippi State University the Food Stamp Program.

Food Security

Food Security, Behavior Problems and Health To examine the relationships among food security, childhood behavior problems, $214,768 among Kindergarten and First-Grade Children health, and educational achievement using data from the kindergarten and first Boston Medical Center grade children in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). The ECLS-K is a unique source of data of a nationally representative sample of approximately 21,000 young children, with survey participation by their families, teachers, and schools.

State Predictors of Household Food Security To investigate the relationship between household and community food security by $100,000 University of Wisconsin analyzing inter-state variations in USDA measures of food insecurity. The analysis will use data from the 1998-2000 Current Population Survey- Food Security Supplements together with State employment, food assistance, and food cost data. 27 28 Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Explaining High Levels of Food Insecurity To examine the effects of unemployment, seasonality of employment, housing $29,975 and Hunger in the Pacific Northwest costs, and migration patterns on food insecurity and hunger in Oregon and Oregon State University and Washington where levels of food insecurity and hunger exceed the national average.

Developing a Food Security Survey Module To develop a child/youth version of USDA’s food security survey module $24,500 for Use with Children and Youths that is appropriate for use in either interviewer-administered or self-administered The University of Southern Mississippi surveys of children between 10 and 16 years of age.

Program Integrity and Effectiveness

Integrated Study of School Meal Costs and To design a study of USDA school meal programs that jointly examines meal $560,592 Outcomes: A Design, Cost, and Feasibility Plan costs and nutrition. The design study will develop, test, and cost out study Abt Associates procedures and analyze designs.

Modeling WIC Eligibility and Participation To revise methods of using survey data to estimate WIC eligibility and $27,273 of Infants and Children participation patterns, focusing on such patterns for infants less than University of Wisconsin–Madison one year of age, and to examine outcomes for WIC infants and children.

Summer Food Service Program Study To conduct the first nationally representative study in 15 years of the Summer $126,279 Mathematica Policy Research Food Service Program. Additional funding was provided to integrate site and sponsor data with an electronic database and GIS coding.

WIC Cost Containment Practices Report to Congress on the effects of cost containment practices by States such $12,179 and Their Impacts as limiting brand-named products in the WIC food package. Additional funding Abt Associates was provided to produce a stand-alone Executive Summary.

Research Design Considerations for To examine the study design considerations in an evaluation of the performance $6,993 Integrating Cost Data with Customer of the National School Lunch Program and the School breakfast Program. Economic ResearchService/USDA Information in an Evaluation of School Additional funding was provided in support of the expert workshop. Meal Performance Abt Associates Economic ResearchService/USDA Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued

Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Obesity

U.S. Trends in Associations of Eating Patterns To examine trends in associations between eating patterns and obesity and $228,250 with BMI throughout the Lifecycle the relative strength of the associations for different age groups. The study Tufts University will provide insight into lifecyle changes in eating patterns, changes in the relationships between eating patterns and Body Mass Index measures across age groups, and the changes’ potential contribution to the U.S. obesity epidemic.

Development of Eating Patterns and To develop obesity prevention strategies targeting adolescent black girls, this $399,943 Obesity in Black Girls study will evaluate the role of dietary patterns as a mediator of the relationship University of California–Berkeley between socio-environmental factors and obesity using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Growth and Health Study (NGHS), the largest longitudinal Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food study of black adolescent females.

The Growth of Obesity and Health To organize a workshop involving leading health economists on the $15,000 Economic Research economics of obesity. University of Chicago

Longitudinal Modeling of the Effects of Dietary To develop dynamic models to explain selected nutrition-related risk factors $34,400 Intakes on Body Composition and Risk Factors for chronic disease among participants in a 12-month randomized trial of a for Coronary Disease in the Women’s Health low-fat diet. Additional funding was provided to extend the analysis to a second Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations data set composed of Food Stamp Program participants. University of Houston

Behavioral Nutrition

Understanding the Errors in Children’s To examine two issues that pertain to a child’s self-reported dietary intake, $180,000 Dietary Recalls this study will examine the extent to which children confuse items consumed Medical College of Georgia Research on a different days and the similarity between accuracy at the nutrient level Institute and the food item level.

Demand Projections Segmented by Income for To obtain better insight into the link between soft drink consumption, $25,000 the Highly Competitive Non-Alcoholic Beverage obesity and calcium deficiency, this study will examine consumer demand Complex for nonalcoholic beverages in lower and higher income households. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University 29 30 Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Analyzing the Welfare and Nutritional Effects To estimate the effects of proposed health-promoting food taxes and subsidies, $25,000 of Food Taxes Intended to Promote Healthful this study will estimate the relationships between purchases of beverages Eating Habits and dairy products and the prices households pay to to purchase them. University of California–Berkeley

Household Demand for Fruits and Vegetables: To evaluate the effectiveness of promoting the consumption of fruits $25,000 An Analysis of Homescan Data and vegetables through price subsidies or other economic incentives, University of Tennessee this study will estimate household demands for fruits and vegetables.

Impacts of Shifts in Food Demand To estimate the impacts on retail and farm prices of changes in income $25,000 on the Farm Sector and other factors affecting consumer demand in a framework that accounts North Carolina Agricultural Research for the diversity of products as well as the diversity of household budgets. Service, North Carolina State University

Supermarket Characteristics and Operating To examine the characteristics and operating costs of supermarkets in low- $40,000 Costs in Low-Income Areas income areas in comparison with those in higher-income areas including University of Minnesota estimating the empirical relationship between store characteristics and operating costs.

Nutrition, Health Outcomes, and Dietary Behavior

Eating Patterns and Diet Quality To identify eating pattern typologies that are associated with diet quality in $150,000 In Young Adults young adults, and link these typologies to socioeconomic, demographic, and Baylor University lifestyle characteristics. The study will also examine the association among eating patterns, overall diet quality, and obesity

Evaluation of Policy Change on Middle School To compare dietary patterns of middle school students before and after a new $179,396

Economic ResearchService/USDA Student Lunch Consumption policy to enforce restrictions on competitive food sales in schools. The study Baylor University will use point of sale data and self-reported lunch food records from middle schools in Pasadena, Texas to test whether daily purchases of fruits and vegetables increase after the policy change; whether purchases of high-fat and high-sugar foods decrease; and whether student consumption of fat and total energy decrease.

Design Considerations for Developing Effective To improve understanding of the options for wording and modes of $74,990. Wording and Format Options for a Children’s administration of future Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey— Nutrition Behavior Questionnaire Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) questions about children’s food ORC/Macro International purchasing and consumption. Economic ResearchService/USDA Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued

Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Post-Conference Workshop on Evaluation of To sponsor a workshop of nutrition education programs that target low-income $30,000 Nutrition Education with Low-Income Families families to promote development of strengthened evaluation and to encourage Society for Nutrition Education joint evaluation efforts by directors of nutrition education programs.

Assessing the Feasibility of International To provide support for assessing the desirability and feasibility of developing $50,000 Anthropometric References for School-aged international anthropometric references for school-aged preadolescents that Preadolescents would prescribe optimal growth in children rather than describe how they United Nations University Centre actually grow under current conditions.

Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA To improve and expand understanding of the effects of USDA’s food and nutrition $61,932 Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs assistance programs on food consumption, nutrient availability and intakes, dietary Abt Associates quality, nutritional status, and health outcomes. Additional funding was provided to Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food expand tabular analysis to include distributions of usual intake of nutrients.

Research Outreach

Small Grants Program To stimulate new and innovative research on food assistance programs and to broaden the participation of social science scholars in food assistance research. Five academic institutions and affiliated research institutes partnered with ERS in 1998 to administer the Small Grants Program. Each institution focuses on a particular facet of food assistance, such as diet and health outcomes, relationships to poverty and well-being, rural issues, and special at-risk population groups. The five institutions and areas of focus are:

• The Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of Chicago and Northwestern University funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare programs, and linkages between the macroeconomy and food assistance. ($179,999)

•The Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi State University supports food assistance research on rural people, families, and communities in the South. The Center also initiated a dialogue among scholars through the establishment of a Rural South Food Assistance Research Task Force, with the purpose of further articulating research priorities on food-assistancerelated issues. ($180,000)

• The University of Arizona, American Indian Studies Program is working with scholars at tribal colleges and elsewhere to support research addressing the unique issues and problems of Native Americans with respect to food assistance. ($179,718) 31 32 Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

• The University of California at Davis, Department of Nutrition has awarded small grants for research on the impact of food assistance programs on nutritional risk indicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), food purchasing practices, and food insecurity. This program seeks to encourage examinations of multiple indicators of nutrition impact, and interdisciplinary approaches integrating epidemiology, economics, or anthropology with nutrition. ($179,215)

• The Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin awarded research grants that address the effects of food assistance on individual and family well-being and food security. ($180,000)

Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC) To provide support to the National Agricultural Library (NAL) in systematically $202,000 National Agricultural Library storing and disseminating information on USDA’s food assistance programs, nutrition education, and related nutrition issues; and hosting a website and list server.

Food and Nutrition Summer Institute To help sponsor the Food and Nutrition Summer Institute, which has the objectives $20,000 Agricultural Research Service, USDA of positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges and universities to meet research and education challenges, and of creating a stronger voice and action for nutrition education, research, and policy within the African-American community.

Enhanced Food Assistance Research Data

Panel Study of Income Dynamics To sustain and improve the collection of food assistance data in the Panel Study of Income $200,000 National Science Foundation Dynamics (PSID). The PSID collects longitudinal data on family composition, income, use of public assistance, food security, and factors associated with family self-sufficiency.

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study— To include USDA’s food security module and other items in the Early Childhood Longitudinal $552,000 Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) Survey—Birth Cohort, sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics, Economic ResearchService/USDA Department of Education U.S. Department of Education. The survey was pre-tested for 9-month-old children, gathering infant height and weight data as well as responses to questions on food security, infant feeding practices, and participation in food assistance programs.

Early Childhood Longitudinal Study— To include USDA’s food security module and other items in the Early Childhood Longitudinal $448,000 Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) Survey-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), sponsored by the National Center for Educational Department of Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. The project will provide descriptive data on children’s status at entry into school, children’s transition into school, participation in the School Breakfast and National School Lunch Programs, and children’s progress through fifth grade—including data that allow for the examination of the relationship between food security/hunger, cognitive development, and school performance. Economic ResearchService/USDA Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Fiscal 2002—continued

Research Projects/Awards Objective Estimated Cost

Current Population Survey (CPS) To develop annual estimates of the prevalence of food security in the United States $450,000 Food Security Supplement and to provide data for analysis of the determinants of and changes in the level U.S. Bureau of the Census of food security.

National Health and Nutrition Examination To support inclusion of a battery of food security questions in individual $129,416 Survey 1999-2004, interviews of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food Security Questions Department of Health and Human Services

Household Food Purchases Survey To fund the purchase of detailed information on weekly household food purchases $10,000 Information Resources, Inc. over the course of an entire year based on a nationally representative sample of Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 2002 Fiscal Report: Final Program, Research Nutrition and Assistance Food households.

Committee on National Statistics To provide core funding for the Committee on National Statistics for such activities $26,200 National Science Foundation as a review of the 2000 Census, poverty estimates for small areas, measuring the effects of social welfare reform, cost-of-living indexes, performance measures for public health programs, the use of statistical formulas in legislation for fund allocation, confidentiality and data access, and other issues. 33 $5,000 $98,452 $159,463 $139,849 $149,995 $200,341 $206,904 households with income under the food stamp threshold and of jobs that The project will bring together data on the to enter. stamp recipients are likely An amendment supports an jobs. and low-wage workers characteristics of low-skilled analysis of CPS data expanded Program are due to inaccuracy of initial certifications as opposed to inaccurate of initial certifications Program are due to inaccuracy for ongoing cases.The relationship between shortened payment levels periods,certification payment accuracy, FSP participation, and administrative through case studies in three States. costs will be examined analysis of labor force participation descriptive a comprehensive provide To and food stamp benefits among the working poor, among the working and food stamp benefits to determine whether some of the portion of receipt,unexplained in FSP and to determine whether seasonal variation participation across States is related to Federal and or State EITC receipt. payment error rates in the Food to which State-level determine the extent To the effects of these characteristics on Food Stamp Program participation decision in the of these characteristics on Food the effects reform periods. pre- and post-welfare Credits (EITC) Tax trends and seasonality in the receipt of Earned Income examine To in the Food Stamp Program even when eligible to do so, Stamp Program even in the Food the use of linked exploring data for monitoring nonparticipation. administrative food stamp recipients and estimate characteristics of working describe employment To and exit from the Food Stamp Program for the aggregate caseload and various subgroups. caseload and various Stamp Program for the aggregate from the Food and exit with children do not participate families why some poor working examine To nutrition outcomes including participation in various food and nutrition assistance nutrition outcomes including participation in various programs, food-and nutrient-based measures of dietary intake, food security, and obesity. entry into policies affect changes in economic conditions and welfare how examine To To explore the implications of mothers’ explore To status for children’s employment Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001 The George Washington University Washington The George Abt Associates The Urban Institute The Urban Institute The University of Chicago The University Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Abt Associates Assistance Program Participation Assistance Program Accuracy: Experience During 1996-2000 State and Government Participation Labor Market Participation Among the Working Poor Working Among the Participation and Payment Periods Stamp Certification Food Program Participation Among the Working Poor Working Among the Participation Program Stamp Program The Effect of EITC on Food of the Working Poor Working of the Stamp Influencing Food Employment Factors and Policy Influences on Participation Decisions Influences on Participation and Policy Decisions Participation Understanding Program Outcomes Entry and Exit: Stamp Program Food Economic Research Projects/AwardsResearch Attachment,Workforce Volatility, Income and Administrative Costs Nutrition Employment and Children’s Maternal Objective Estimated Cost

34 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $39,393 $25,000 $98,022 $30,000 $12,000 $198,816 $311,214 $110,000 differences in State welfare policies. An amendment to this project examines policies. in State welfare differences consumption stabilization and smoothing associated with food stamp benefits. Nutrition Service, that are aimed at increasing food stamp participation among The plan will address implementation issues and effects among the eligible elderly. on participation, costs, administrative satisfaction, client and stakeholder and levels. household food stamp benefit of local labor on food stamp caseloads and expenditures the effects examine To support mechanisms, including food stamps,A series families. for low-income for future demonstration of roundtables will help identify State and local strategies and evaluation food pantries, national estimates of the kitchens and to provide and emergency and the total quantity type of food by source total number of recipients served made to support additional data collection contract was An amendment to an existing a set of demonstrations, a plan for evaluating develop To and funded by the Food sources of income dynamics into those associated with demographic charges changes, changes, wage changes. and employment access to work for improving effort stage of an interagency support the first To made to support additional data contract was An amendment to an existing collection efforts. identify the characteristics,To operating structure, and service areas of food banks, Maryland and across different types of program participants using longitudinal Maryland and across different data Stamp Program administrative Food the the dynamics of income and food security to break down examine To in the Kansas City metropolitan area, families low-income using trends to patterns of use characteristics associated with different compare the individual Stamp Program. households decide to participate in the Food how examine To To study program entry and exit dynamics across geographic locations within study program entry and exit To and public assistance by the interactions of receipts private examine To Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued University of Oregon University Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Department of Health and Human Services Research Mathematica Policy The George Washington University Washington The George Abt Associates Jacob France Institute,Jacob of Baltimore University of Kansas Medical Center University on Food Stamp Caseloads and Expenditures on Food The Impacts of Welfare Reform and the Reform Welfare The Impacts of the Needs of Low-Income Working Families Working the Needs of Low-Income System: and Recipient Characteristics Provider Elderly Demonstration Stamp Program Food Food Security Food Addressing Best Practices Roundtable on Participation Program Assistance Food Emergency A Study of the U.S. Participation in Maryland Participation Dynamics and Analysis of Poverty An and PrivateAssistance Stamp Access and Declining Food Program Research Projects/AwardsResearch Stamp Program Dynamics of Food Access,Food Program Caseload Decline, and Welfare Reform The Complementary Roles of Public Objective Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 35 $25,000 $17,966 $376,936 $250,000 $260,187 $134,949 $150,000 $2,207,501 brand-named products in the WIC food package. An option was exercised to conduct the exercised An option was WIC food package. brand-named products in the a mandated Report to Congress. analysis and develop Service Program. The study will obtain detailed information at the State,Service Program. sponsor, and on program operations and administration meal characteristics. site levels of cost containment practices by States such as limiting Report to Congress on the effects into a major analysis by Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation of the effects Demonstration Research Corporation of the effects into a major analysis by Manpower in fo families reform on the economic and social well-being of low-income of welfare ur urban areas. WIC participant shopping changes in records to examine WIC administrative with WIC foods) after the implementation of local nutrition education (for shopping behavior WIC foods). (for designed to change purchasing behaviors interventions study in 15 years of the Summer Food nationally representative conduct the first To among the macroeconomy and welfare reform on food stamp caseloads. among the macroeconomy and welfare Stamp Program component support for continued incorporation of a Food provide To on a wide range of child health and as their combined multiple participation effects administrative and well-being outcomes using a longitudinal database linking several datasets in Illinois. State together Washington use point-of-purchase data from grocery stores in To in the Kansas City area and produce an estimate of bias incurred when cross- food. sectional data are used to estimate trends in the demand for emergency modeling techniques to assess the relationships cointegration use advanced To on participants’ data. food security and nutrition outcomes using both clinical interview Stamp Program participation as well WIC and Food of effects the individual examine To To describe longitudinal patterns of service delivery by emergency food providers by emergency describe longitudinal patterns of service delivery To Program and National School Lunch of the School Breakfast effects investigate To s Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued Congressionally mandated) Congressionally Abt Associates Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Department of Health and Human Services Nova Scotia Agricultural College Scotia Nova of Chicago The University University of Kansas Medical Center University RAND Health Systems Research Their Impacts ( WIC Cost Containment Practices and Purchasing as a Result of WIC Nutrition Education as a Result of Purchasing Study Program Service Summer Food Program Caseloads Program and Urban Change Devolution on Child Outcomes Participation Food WIC Participant Changes in Evaluating Cross-Sectional Estimates of the Food Emergency Demand for Stamp Cointegration Estimation of Food Panel and Lunch Stamp Program WIC and Food Effects of Research Projects/AwardsResearch Instability on The Effect of Provider Integrity and Effectivenes Program the Impact of School Breakfast Evaluating Objective Estimated Cost

36 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $14,000 $55,496 $89,542 $350,000 $240,840 $108,981 procedures for estimating annually the number of people eligible Special Women,Supplement Nutrition Program for Infants, and Children (WIC), and to identify will assess Two WIC eligibility and participation estimates. Phase to improve ways and children, for estimates of eligible infants procedural improvements procedures develop for estimates of eligible women, and consider issues related to participation levels. extramural research on the elderly,extramural that the factors influence their diets, food and the role that USDA assistance and nutrition programs can play in maintaining the nutrition and health status of elderly. or improving methods and Academy of Sciences committee to review support for a National provide To assessment of individuals for eligibility to participation in the Special Supplemental assessment of individuals Women,Nutrition Program for Infants,The study will also evaluate, and Children (WIC). possible,to the extent other methods proposed to assess inadequate diets, including patterns that may be of use in predicting inadequate and food consumption behavior inappropriate diets intramural and support dissemination of FANRP To cost, in and satisfaction cost data with measures of customer behavior of integrating of the performance National School Lunch Program and an evaluation in the dietary risk basis for methods currently employed the scientific review To by USDA to better monitor,by USDA investigate, measure, and annually report on the extent data. Transfer using Electronic Benefit of food stamp trafficking the study design considerations, examine To with respect to complexity, feasibility, and program participation, food security, and health outcomes using multistate, multiyear clinical pediatric data. To gather information and solicit expert opinion regarding options that can be used opinion regarding gather information and solicit expert To children 3 years old and younger for associations among food assistance examine To Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued Food and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Society for Nutrition Education Society for National Academy of Sciences National Abt Associates ORC/Macro International ORC/Macro Boston Medical Center for the Elderly for Study Panel WIC Eligibility Expert Review A Scientific Assessment A Scientific of Nutrition Education Special Issue Journal Cost Data with Customer Information in an Cost Data with Customer Information of School Meal Performance Evaluation WIC Program: Dietary Risk in the Using EBT Data Intergrating Design Considerations for Research Participation,Program Security, Food Health Disparities and Child Maternal Research Projects/AwardsResearch Trafficking Stamp Measuring the Extent of Food ObjectiveNutrition, Health Outcomes, and Dietary Behavior The Associations Among Assistance Food Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 37 $25,000 $48,581 $149,670 $200,000 $199,994 $181,485 $247,976 $306,641 clinicians require appropriate infant growth charts to determine when, growth clinicians require appropriate infant and if, breastfeeding should be supplemented with formula to support weight gain. Current and, charts are based predominately on formula-fed infants growth infant hence, weight gains than optimal,may suggest faster leading to unnecessary formula funding from the Centers for Disease Control and With supplementation. Prevention, an amendment to the grant supports costs of hosting a meeting Reference Study. the Steering Committee for Multicentre Growth and various other activities related to lifestyle in 9- 11-year olds 4 rural other activities and various Alabama to identify diet and lifestyle characteristics that increase counties in obesity. the risk of developing WIC program rates for breastfed infants. conduct research on optimal growth To used dietary quality indexes to predict nutrient adequacy and body mass index. to predict nutrient adequacy used dietary quality indexes aspects of diet quality, various examine To patterns, eating physical activity, patterns among children 2- to 8-years-old in low income households,patterns among children 2- to 8-years-old in low using eating by cluster analysis,pattern typologies identified the impact of coping and to explore on adequacy,strategies and dietary patterns. diversity increases the ability of currently determine if a measure of dietary variety To a set of consumer lifestyle patterns that reflect combination food consumption and other lifestyle behaviors, such as the use of dietary supplements,Americans. among adult the relationships of food sufficiency, examine To diet quality, and food consumption and to assess the health, social, emotional, and academic outcomes of persistent childhood obesity. in diet quality and diet-related health outcomes by developing differences explain To adequacy of the diets high-needs subgroups:adequacy teenage females, elderly people, overweight and obese children adults, in food-insecure households, living individuals low-income individuals, participating in food and nutrition assistance programs. and individuals identify the school,To family, parent, and child predictors of persistent childhood obesity characteristic behaviors are prospectively related to the incidence, are prospectively characteristic behaviors remission, and/or persistence of child obesity. assessment of the nutrient for a comprehensive use the Dietary Reference Intakes To To evaluate the extent to which specific factors such as eating patterns and certain parent factors to which specific the extent evaluate To Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued World Health Organization World Auburn University Auburn Cancer Research Center of Hawaii Cancer Research University of Tennessee of University University of North Carolina School of Public of North Carolina University Health and School of Medicine University of Missouri University Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital Rural Alabama African American Children Infants’ on Breast-fed Research Growth Does Variety Matter? Does Variety Diet Quality and Its Relationship to Obesity in of Low Income Children of Low Adequacy: and Nutritional Dietary Patterns Impact of Food Sufficiency on Food Choices on Food Sufficiency Impact of Food Outcomes of Persistent Childhood Obesity Outcomes of Persistent Lifestyle Mediators of Diet Quality Subgroups Using the Dietary Reference Intakes Using the Dietary Reference Subgroups and Development The Ecological Predictors Behaviors that Predict Child Obesity that Predict Behaviors of High-Needs Assessing the Nutrient Intakes Research Projects/AwardsResearch and Dietary of Eating Patterns Development Objective Estimated Cost

38 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $817,940 $202,000 supports food awarded awarded has awarded small has awarded is working with scholars at is working funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare The Joint Center for Poverty Research, Poverty Center for The Joint of Chicago and Northwestern University University programs, and linkages between the macroeconomy food assistance. ($160,000) Center at Mississippi State University The Southern Rural Development assistance research on rural people, families,The Center and communities in the South. also initiated a dialogue among scholars through the establishment of Rural South Food Force,Task Assistance Research with the purpose of further articulating research priorities on food-assistancerelated issues. ($160,000) Arizona, of The University American Indian Studies Program to support research addressing the unique issues and and elsewhere tribal colleges Americans with respect to food assistance. ($178,796) problems of Native at Davis, of California The University Department of Nutrition grants for research on the impact of food assistance programs nutritional risk indicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), food purchasing practices, of program seeks to encourage examinations and food insecurity.This multiple indicators of nutrition impact, and interdisciplinary approaches epidemiology,integrating economics, or anthropology with nutrition. ($159,144) Wisconsin of at the University on Poverty Research The Institute for research grants that address the effects of food assistance on individual and of food assistance on individual research grants that address the effects ($160,000) well-being and food security. family disseminating information on USDA’s food assistance programs,disseminating information on USDA’s nutrition education, and related nutrition issues; hosting a website list server. To stimulate new and innovative research on food assistance programs and and innovative stimulate new To to broaden the participation of social science scholars in food assistance research. research institutes partnered with ERS in academic institutions and affiliated Five 1998 to administer the Small Grants Program. Each institution focuses on a particular of food assistance,facet such as diet and health outcomes, and relationships to poverty well-being, rural issues, institutions The five and special at-risk population groups. and areas of focus are: To provide support to the National Agricultural Library (NAL) in systematically storing and Agricultural Library (NAL) support to the National provide To • • • • • Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued Outreach National Agricultural Library Research Projects/AwardsResearch Research Small Grant Program Objective Estimated Cost Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC) and Nutrition Information Food

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 39 $20,000 $360,000 $123,600 $230,000 $261,008 $200,000 of positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges and universities and universities of positioning the nutrition programs historically black colleges to meet research and education challenges, and action and of creating a stronger voice for nutrition education, research,African-American community. within the and policy Cohort (ECLS-K),Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.The project will provide status at entry into school, data on children’s descriptive transition into school, children’s and National School Lunch Programs,participation in the School Breakfast and children’s of the relationship for the examination grade—including data that allow progress through fifth between food security/hunger, development, cognitive and school performance. movement in and out of food assistance program eligibility compliance with movement time,eligibility criteria over costs associated with eligibility criteria. and various and Nutrition Summer Institute, help sponsor the Food To which has the objectives Statistics, pre-tested for 9-month-old was The survey U.S. Department of Education. children, height and weight data as well responses to questions on gathering infant food security, feeding practices, infant and participation in food assistance programs. food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To outcomes for food assistance programs. ERS will support NAS research on how the newly research on how outcomes for food assistance programs. ERS will support NAS (DRIs) should be incorporated into program design Dietary Reference Intakes developed This phase of the project focuses on appropriate uses DRIs and evaluations. for dietary planning groups, households, individuals, and meals. in determining sponsor a conference on issues related to income volatility To composition, The PSID collects longitudinal data on family Income Dynamics (PSID). income, use of public assistance, security, food associated with family and factors self-sufficiency food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To To promote understanding of the proper methods for assessing health- and nutrition-related To Study of the collection of food assistance data in Panel sustain and improve To Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued ) Longitudinal Survey—BirthCohort, sponsored by the National Center for Educational Agricultural Research Service,Agricultural Research USDA Department of Education Institute for Research on Poverty, Research Institute for Wisconsin-Madison of University Department of Education Department of Health and Human Services National Science Foundation Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) Study—Kindergarten Implications for Food Assistance Food Implications for and Nutrition Summer Institute Food Cohort 2000 (ECLS-B Early Childhood Longitudinal Conference on Income Volatility and Volatility on Income Conference Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Research Projects/AwardsResearch Intakes and Use of Dietary Reference Interpretation Data Enhanced Food Assistance Research Study of Income Dynamics Panel Objective Estimated Cost

40 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $26,200 $12,156 $72,700 $120,578 $420,000 as a review of the 2000Census,as a review estimates for small areas, poverty measuring the effects reform,of social welfare indexes, cost-of-living performance health measures for public programs, for fund allocation, the use of statistical formulas in legislation access, and data other issues. confidentiality local market areas throughout the United States for use in a Report to Congress. local market core funding for the Committee on National Statistics such activities provide To over the course of an entire year based on a nationally representative sample of the course of an entire year based on a nationally representative over households. in 64 formula prices and sales in supermarkets fund the purchase of data on infant To of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey fund the purchase of detailed information on weekly household food purchases To and to provide data for analysis of the determinants of and changes in the level of data for analysis of the determinants and changes in level and to provide food security. interviews support inclusion of a battery food security questions in individual To To develop annual estimates of the prevalence of food security in the United States annual estimates of the prevalence develop To Table 2—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 2—FANRP Table Fiscal 2001—continued National Science Foundation Information Resources,Information Inc. Information Resources,Information Inc. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Bureau of the Census Bureau U.S. Committee on National Statistics Infant Formula Retail Prices Data Infant Formula Survey 1999-2004,Survey Security Questions Food Survey Purchases Household Food Security Supplement, 2001 April National Health and Nutrition Examination Research Projects/AwardsResearch (CPS) Food Survey Population Current Objective Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 41 150,000 $135,004 $100,318 $354,927 $250,000 $159,927 $169,489 characteristics,networks in ethnic enclaves,characteristics,networks Stamp Program participation, Food and in foodinsecurity between immigrant and other households. reform on differences welfare outreach program tailored to the elderly. After conducting 15 focus groups drawn outreach program tailored to the elderly. from three ethnic groups, plan and a the project will construct an outreach marketing set of outreach materials. of socioeconomic food insecurity in the immigrant populationand effects examine To $ or food stamps are related to their participation in the Food Stamp Program. The project Stamp Program. or food stamps are related to their participation in the Food of Income from the 1992-96 Survey files analysis of linked will conduct an extensive Administration earnings histories. and Social Security and Program Participation of a food stamp research methods for the development utilize social marketing To To examine how the long-term earnings patterns of the working poor who are eligible the long-term earnings patterns of working how examine To counties that are known to have high rates of iron-deficiency anemia, high rates of iron-deficiency to have counties that are known to identify dietary that are associated with poor iron status,factors data that can be used to and to provide programs. nutrition education and intervention design and implement effective food security for low-income households. Food Stamp Program regulations adjust benefits Stamp Program regulations households. Food food security for low-income housing costs,for excess between housing, tradeoffs households face low-income but share of their budgets,which accounts for the largest and food consumption. and toddlers,WIC infants collect primary data on To ages 6 to 24 months,Virginia West in and child nutrition programs to facilitate analysis of multiple program participation and and child nutrition programs to facilitate program operations in such areas as one-stop shopping,to improve eligibility adjunctive determination, program integrity, and client burden. and administrative and food expenditures affects in local market housing affordability how examine To Stress and PretermDelivery Study (PIN-III).The project will examine the relationships Study (PIN-III).The project will examine Stress and PretermDelivery between food insecurity and maternal nutritional indicators, poor birth outcomes, and social factors. and environmental from food stamps, data files identify the feasibility of linking administrative To WIC, To add a food security research component to the large,To ongoing Epidemiology of Exertion, Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000 University of West Virginia West of University Johns Hopkins University Johns Abt Associates Carolina Population Center, Population Carolina at Chapel Hill of North Carolina University National Bureau of Economic Research National Bureau Health Systems Research The Lewin Group WIC Infants in Rural West Virginia West WIC Infants in Rural of Housing Costs on Food Consumption of Housing Costs on Food Among Status Associated with Iron Factors Estimate Multiple Program Participation Estimate Multiple Program Basic Needs, Choices: Tough The Impact Feasibility and Accuracy of Record Linkage to and Feasibility Effects of Food Security on Pregnancy Outcomes Security on Pregnancy Effects of Food Participation Among the Elderly Participation Insecurity in the Second Generation Food Stamp Participation of the Working Poor Working of the Stamp Participation Stamp Food Study to Increase Social Marketing Research Projects/AwardsResearch Well-Being Access and Client Food Program and Food Analysis of the Earnings Longitudinal Objective Estimated Cost

42 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $12,100 $35,000 $20,000 $99,208 $623,794 $1,577,357 with income under the foodstamp threshold and on jobs that food stamp recipients are The project on will bring together datathe characteristics of low-skilled to enter. likely jobs. and low-wage workers community food security at the local level. This project provides support to ARS’s support to This project provides community food security at the local level. test of a community food security assessment tool kit in Drew Delta NIRI for a field County, Arkansas. analysis on laborforce participation of households descriptive a comprehensive provide To food pantries, kitchens and to emergency kitchens and to provide and emergency and the total national estimates of the total number recipients served provide to exercised An option to the contract was quantity and type of food by source. clients on their characteristics,survey participation in other food assistance programs, food instead of or in addition to obtaining and reasons for obtaining emergency programs. through USDA a set of standardized instruments for the measurement and assessment develop To this time period,This study focuses on testing for structural shifts over to 1999. 1970’s by long-run relationship and error correction specification estimating a cointegrated of structural change. within the framework food pantries, national estimates of the total kitchens and to provide and emergency A and the total quantity type of food by source. number of recipients served of the provider made to increase the coverage contract was to the existing modification Assistance Program (TEFAP) Food The Emergency to include agencies that distribute survey foods as a secondary function. identify the characteristics,To operating structure, and service areas of food banks, influence of local office the relative to examine exercised contract was to an existing practices, stigma, in the decision of eligible households that choose and other factors Stamp Program. not to apply for or participate in the Food Stamp Program caseloads from the late the time series properties of Food evaluate To To identify the characteristics,To operating structure, and service areas of food banks, An option Stamp Program. households decide to participate in the Food how examine To Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued The George Washington University Washington The George Agricultural Research Service,Agricultural Research USDA Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Agricultural College Scotia Nova Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Abt Associates Assistance Program Participation Assistance Program Field Test and Government Participation Labor Market Assistance System: and Provider Recipient Characteristics Kit Tool Assessment Security Community Food Caseloads System: and Recipient Characteristics Provider Food Emergency A Study of the U.S. Participation Program Stamp Program Analysis of Food Series Time Research Projects/AwardsResearch Assistance Food Emergency A Study of the U.S. Objective Caseload Decline Food Stamp Program Stamp Access and Declining Food Program Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 43 $15,000 $250,000 $203,591 $779,364 $100,000 $260,000 $251,707 into a major analysis by Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation of the effects into a major analysis by Manpower families reform on the economic and social well-being of low-income of welfare effects in four urban areas. it difficult for low-income families to access and retain program benefits. An to access and retain program benefits. families for low-income it difficult (HHS) Administration Children and Families made to the transfer was interagency Stamp Program component in a study that addresses support for a Food to provide (TANF). Assistance for Needy Families Temporary Medicaid and Stamp Program component support for continued incorporation of a Food provide To on certification,(NSLP) and its effects participation,A nationally error rates. and verification to gather information from Authorities will be surveyed sample of School Food representative offices. NSLP applications for free and reduced-price meals from State local welfare Program, on individuals’ focusing ability to obtain employment, the support by their earnings and other income sources,provided by public and support provided statistical design made to examine An amendment was programs. and/or private issues. problems eligibility processes that make counties solve help States and large To parenting practices associated with preschool children becoming to identify specific African-American PFQ is low-income population of the refined The target overweight. mothers, children are at high risk for becoming overweight. whose 2- to 5-year-old in the National School Lunch Program of direct certification assess the prevalence To conditions and differences in State welfare policies. An amendment to this project examines policies. in State welfare conditions and differences rates reform on State poverty of macroeconomic conditions and welfare the effects rates. and the links between food stamp caseloads poverty Stamp the Food who leave determine the status of households and individuals To of 300 households A survey diets and obesity risk. coping mechanisms on children’s households, with single parents oversampled, detailed information provide will for the analysis. and administer the Preschooler Feeding Questionnaire (PFQ), refine To which is designed To examine the effects on food stamp caseloads and expenditures of local labor market of local labor market on food stamp caseloads and expenditures the effects examine To of time use, study the effects To time constraints, demands, work role strains, and Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued Department of Health and Human Services Department of Health and Human Services Research Mathematica Policy Iowa State University Iowa Hospital of Chicago and Children’s University Medical Center (Cincinnati) University of Oregon University A&M University Texas Access to Medicaid, Stamp Program the Food (FSP), Health and the State Children’s (SCHIP) Insurance Program and Urban Change Devolution in the National School Lunch Program Errors Stamp Program: Iowa Reform: Welfare After Supporting Families African-American Preschoolers and its Impact on Certification Direct Macroeconomy on Food Stamp Caseloads on Food Macroeconomy and Expenditures the Food Who Leave Studies of Households Diet and Nutrition Children’s Practices and Obesity in Low-Income Parenting Research Projects/AwardsResearch and the Reform Welfare The Impacts of ObjectiveChild Nutrition Time,Parental Role Strains, Coping, and Estimated Cost

44 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $35,000 $250,000 $554,909 $220,000 $150,000 $124,997 $121,000 procedures for estimating annually the number of people eligible Special Supplement Women,Nutrition Program for Infants, and Children (WIC), to improve and to identify ways WIC eligibility and participation estimates. of family child care homes that participate in the Child and Adult Care Food Program Adult Care Food child care homes that participate in the Child and of family the sponsors’The project will examine (CACFP). and reimbursements, budgets and other costs, benchmarks for wages investigate reimbursement alternative and review methods and Academy of Sciences committee to review support for a National provide To adults from a biracial population,The project using the Bogalusa Heart Study database. diet quality. for changing eating patterns and improving will also identify strategies Lunch Program (NSLP) pilot demonstration sites for the Food and Nutrition Service’s Lunch Program (NSLP) pilot demonstration sites for the Food procedures. NSLP application and verification study of alternative costs incurred by sponsors of administrative reimbursement USDA’s examine To activity, weight control practices,The project will and height weight of adolescents. describe dietary patterns, diet quality, and obesity development. identify eating patterns associated with diet quality and obesity in children young To determine when, and if, should be supplemented with formula to breastfeeding amended to include a cross-sectional component The grant was support weight gain. through the to measure children ages 18-71 months for reliable estimates of growth end of the 5th year life. for the National School support for the initial phase of setup and evaluation provide To diet. Results will disease among participants in a 12-month randomized trial of low-fat influencing success in changing dietary behavior, insights into factors provide and the effects on body composition and other physiological measures of nutritional status. of dietary intakes containing annual assessments of diet, analyze 1996-2000 data from a longitudinal survey To To conduct research on optimal growth rates for breast-fed infants that will help to rates for breast-fed infants conduct research on optimal growth To for chronic selected nutrition-related risk factors dynamic models to explain develop To Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued Food and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Resource Network International Network Resource Baylor College of Medicine Food and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Hospital Women’s World Health Organization and University of and University Health Organization World California—Davis of Houston University ` Study Panel WIC Eligibility Expert Review systems. School Lunch Program Application and Application School Lunch Program Pilot Projects Verifications Cost ReimbursementAdministrative CACFP Study Adolescent Obesity Eating Patterns, Diet Quality, and Obesity The Implementation of the National on Body Composition and Risk Factors Intakes Health Women’s Disease in the Coronary for Trial: Study in Minority Populations Feasibility Diet Patterns, of Nutrients and Development Research Projects/AwardsResearch Infants’ on Breast-fed Research Growth ObjectiveNutrition, Health Outcomes, and Dietary Behavior Longitudinal Modeling of the Effects Dietary Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 45 $20,000 $35,000 $10,000 $30,000 $209,090 $819,999 ($169,999) The Joint Center for Poverty Research, Poverty Center for The Joint University of Chicago and Northwestern University programs, funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare and linkages between the macroeconomy food assistance. commodities for households distinguished by income and family structure. The resulting structure. commodities for households distinguished by income and family reform. economy-wide modeling of welfare elasticities will be incorporated into ERS’s could be improved by modifying its construction. Two recent studies have shown that shown recent studies have Two by modifying its construction. could be improved not cancer or disease but the HEI does moderately well in predicting cardiovascular mortality. overall estimate theoretically consistent price and income elasticities for food nonfood To expenditures and nutrient availability using 1997-98 data from the National Food and nutrient availability expenditures of food stamp benefits effects Studies that documented positive Stamp Program Survey. become dated. have and nutrient availability on food expenditure (HEI) performance of the Healthy Eating Index whether the predictive examine To assistance programs. An option was exercised to analyze NHANES III data exercised An option was assistance programs. groups of of nutrition- and health-related measures for several a variety investigate people:WIC participants and Stamp Program participants and nonparticipants; Food nonparticipants; school-aged children; and elderly persons. on households’ Stamp Program (FSP) benefits of Food estimate the effect To food low birth weights. Research on USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for birth weights. Research on USDA’s low Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has demonstrated its importance cost birth weight outcomes. in successfully reducing low effectiveness food and nutrition of USDA’s understanding of the effects and expand improve To To provide support for an international research conference on interventions to prevent support for an international research conference on interventions provide To research on food assistance programs and to broaden the and innovative stimulate new To academic institutions participationof social science scholars in food assistance research. Five research institutes partnered with ERS in 1998 to administer the Small Grants and affiliated of food assistance,Program. Each institution focuses on a particular facet such as diet and health outcomes, and well-being, relationships to poverty rural issues, and special at-risk institutions and areas of focus are: The five population groups. • Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued Texas A&M University Texas Syracuse University University of Nevada-Reno University Abt Associates Agricultural Research Service,Agricultural Research USDA Segmented by Family Structure and Income Structure Segmented by Family Demand System Analysis for Households Analysis for Demand System Low-Income Households Low-Income Eating Index Healthy of the USDA’s An Evaluation and Nutrition Assistance Programs and Nutrition of Availability Demands and Nutrient Food Birth Weights Birth Weights Food Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA Research Projects/AwardsResearch Low to Prevent on Interventions Conference Objective Outreach Research Small Grants Program Estimated Cost

46 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $20,000 $202,000 $305,933 supports food awarded research awarded has awarded small has awarded is working with scholars is working ($150,000) ($200,000) ($150,000) ($150,000) The Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi State University The Southern Rural Development Arizona, of The University American Indian Studies Program at Davis, of California The University Department of Nutrition Wisconsin of at the University on Poverty Research The Institute for well-being and family of food assistance on individual grants that address the effects and food security. assistance research on rural people, families,The Center and communities in the South. also initiated a dialogue among scholars through the establishment of Rural South Food Force,Task Assistance Research with the purpose of further articulating research priorities on food-assistancerelated issues. to support research addressing the unique issues and and elsewhere at tribal colleges Americans with respect to food assistance. problems of Native grants for research on the impact of food assistance programs nutritional risk indicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), food purchasing practices, of multiple indicators This program seeks to encourage examinations insecurity. and food nutrition impact, epidemiology, and interdisciplinary approaches integrating economics, or anthropology with nutrition. and disseminating information on USDA’s food assistance programs,and disseminating information on USDA’s nutrition education and related nutrition issues; hosting a website list server. positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges and universities to meet and universities positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges research andeducation challenges, and action for nutrition and of creating a stronger voice education, research,African-American community. within the and policy in systematically storing Agricultural Library (NAL) support to the National provide To on Federal food assistance and nutrition programs. The project will identify and evaluate on Federal food assistance and nutrition programs. in data resources, for investments 10 feasible initiatives an implementation and then develop plan and cost estimates for three selected initiatives. To help sponsor the Food and Nutrition Summer Institute, help sponsor the Food To of which has the objectives To explore possibilities for investments in new and improved data resources for research and improved in new possibilities for investments explore To • • • • Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued National Agricultural Library Agricultural Research Service,Agricultural Research USDA Urban Institute, Health Systems Research, Institute,Triangle and Research Inc. Food and Nutrition Information Center and Nutrition Information Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs Food and Nutrition Summer Institute Food Research Projects/AwardsResearch Objective Data Enhanced Food Assistance Research on Food Research for Initiatives Data Development Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 47 $26,200 $82,000 $116,388 $420,000 $250,000 $400,000 $200,000 review of the 2000 Census,review estimates for small areas, poverty of social measuring the effects reform,welfare indexes, cost-of-living performance measures for public health programs, for fund allocation,the use of statistical formulas in legislation and data confidentiality access, and other issues. volumes, dollar sales, and promotion information at the product group, class, brand, and information on promotional treatments. item levels and as a core funding for the Committee on National Statistics such activities provide To of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. support for the most recent national data on food prices, provide To quantities, comparable provide data for analysis of the determinants of and changes in the level of food security data for analysis of the determinants and changes in level provide interviews support inclusion of a battery food security questions in individual To Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K),Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics,The project will provide U.S. Department of Education. status at entry into school, data on children’s descriptive transition into school, children’s and National School Lunch Programs,participation in the School Breakfast and children’s of the relationship for the examination grade—including data that allow progress through fifth between food security/hunger, development, cognitive and school performance. of food security in the United States and to annual estimates of the prevalence develop To LongitudinalSurvey—Birth Cohort,LongitudinalSurvey—Birth sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics, pre-tested for 9-month-old children, was The survey U.S. Department of Education. height and weight data as well responses to questions on food security, gathering infant feeding practices,infant and participation in food assistance programs. food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To Dynamics (PSID). The PSID collects longitudinal data on family composition,The PSID collects longitudinal data on family Dynamics (PSID). income, use of public assistance, security, food self-sufficiency. associated with family and factors food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To To sustain and improve the collection of food assistance data in the Panel Study of Income the collection of food assistance data in Panel sustain and improve To Table 3—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 3—FANRP Table Fiscal 2000—continued National Science Foundation Food and Drug Administration and Drug Food Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Bureau of the Census Bureau U.S. Department of Education Department of Education National Science Foundation Committee on National Statistics 1999-2004, Security Questions Food Price Data System National Food Supplement, September 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) Study—Kindergarten Security (CPS) Food Survey Population Current Birth Cohort 2000 (ECLS-B) Early Childhood Longitudinal Early Childhood Longitudinal Study— Research Projects/AwardsResearch Study of Income Dynamics Panel Objective Estimated Cost

48 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $96,807 $50,000 $300,000 $200,079 $178,433 $1,889,035 Demonstration Research Corporation of the effects of welfare reform on the economic and of welfare Demonstration Research Corporation of the effects issues The study will examine in four urban areas. families social well-being of low-income implementation of national FSP policies,such as local office recipients fare, how whether policies, by changes in welfare local institutions are affected changes are evidenced and how by indicators of well-being. to caseload decline for the Food Stamp Program. The study focuses on such changes as Stamp Program. to caseload decline for the Food administrative institutional separation between food stamp and cash welfare the growing of the programs. systems and the increasing complexity of single mothers and their children in the era since welfare the experiences examine To and maternal child The study focuses on such outcomes as food insufficiency reform. health, and food stamp participation. histories and welfare and relates them to maternal work Stamp Program (FSP) component into a major analysis by Manpower incorporate a Food To demographic changes and welfare reform from the late 1970’s to 1998. The study will to 1998. reform from the late 1970’s demographic changes and welfare across time and States to disentangle the effects. use variation contributed that may have institutional changes in program delivery local-level examine To Stamp Program to supplement the incomes and propose options for restructuring the Food of working, families. low-income been affected by changes,been affected and increases in office such as customer service at local welfare reform. Population groups of special interest include legal stigma associated with welfare immigrants, ABAWDs, child-only cases,TANF. and households exiting Stamp Program caseloads of economic trends, estimate the impacts on Food To the number of participating households. the number of eligible households substantially exceeds longitudinal information on food stamp benefits,Data will involve food sufficiency, material hardship, and child well-being. Federalism Project, analyses related to the New Building on various this study will explore To examine how the decisions by clients to participate in the Food Stamp Program have the decisions by clients to participate in Food how examine To households, working food stamp use among low-income examine To a group for which the Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999 Department of Health and Human Services Rockefeller Institute of Government Rockefeller of Michigan University Abt Associates Urban Institute Abt Associates Corp. Demonstration Research Manpower on Food Stamp Caseloads on Food Insufficiency Causes and Consequences of Food Reform After Welfare and Urban Change Devolution Program Caseloads? Program Implementation Welfare The Effects of Families Working Program Participation Participation Program Stamp What Explains Changes in the Food Households Low-IncomeWorking for Help To Stamps Restructuring Food Research Projects/AwardsResearch Caseload Decline Food Stamp Program Stamp Access and Declining Food Program Objective Poor Working Better Serving the Stamps Access to Food Improving Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 49 $99,828 $289,311 $100,000 $399,700 $124,999 $350,000 $348,428 $200,000 of the impact school breakfast on learning and cognitive development. The research will development. on learning and cognitive of the impact school breakfast designs and address such critical issues identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative as controlling for confounding factors. participating in the California Health Interview Survey. The survey investigates the investigates The survey Survey. participating in the California Health Interview food insecurity and hunger to self-reported health status, relationship of household-level health services utilization, dietary quality, health behaviors. and preventative permit future evaluation study designs of that would alternative and evaluate develop To low-income women. A randomized controlled clinical trial will examine the effects on the effects A randomized controlled clinical trial will examine women. low-income and duration,breastfeeding prevalence health, infant medical costs of providing and infant the mother with personalized breastfeeding counseling. ethnic populations Security Core Module for use with different Food adapt the USDA To children. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey children. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), status the impact of household food insufficiency the study will examine receive for children whose families of being overweight on the likelihood and other factors WIC or food stamps compared with children in nonrecipient households. campaign among of a breastfeeding promotion intervention the benefits evaluate To and a statistical technique to correct for selectivity bias,and a statistical technique to correct for selectivity the study is designed to ascertain if households that participated in food assistance programs are at a children from low-income greater risk of becoming obese than are their counterparts. and obesity among low-income the relationships between food insufficiency examine To mother-child pairs,mother-child that may influence the probability factors the study will examine WIC child with an obese mother will also be obese. that by age 4 a (CSFII) by Individuals Intakes of Food 1994-96 Continuing Survey Using data from USDA’s to determine which best serves the working poor, the working to determine which best serves cost-savings, yields administrative program integrity. and preserves behavior, food intake away-from-home the role of maternal labor force participation, and the influence of food and nutrition assistance programs. data on approximately 35,000 WIC data and birth certificate Using links between To compare retrospective monthly earnings reporting and prospective quarterly reporting monthly earnings reporting and prospective compare retrospective To diets, the quality of children’s that affect factors examine To including snacking behaviors, Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999—continued Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy University of California—Los Angeles School of California—Los University of Public Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Boston University, Boston Medical Center University of Georgia University Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Cincinnati) Children’s The SPHERE Institute at Chapel Hill of North Carolina University Learning: Design and Feasibility California Health Interview Survey Health Interview California on the Impact of School Breakfast Evaluating Controlled Clinical Trial Trial Clinical Controlled Security and Health Outcomes in the Food Among Low-Income Children Among Low-Income Promotion: of a Breastfeeding Economic Benefits Low-Income Households Low-Income and Obesity The Determinants of Overweight Factors Affecting Child Obesity Among Affecting Child Obesity Factors Working Poor Under Alternative Reporting Plans Alternative Under Poor Working 2000:Their Determinants Dynamic Shifts and Mothers and Children Obesity in Low-Income Research Projects/AwardsResearch to the Service Integrity and Improved Program Nutrition, Health Outcomes, and Dietary Behavior Year Understanding Child Nutrition in the Objective Estimated Cost

50 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $149,570 $127,032 $236,859 $225,550 $250,000 $1,099,293 of community food security. The menu of instruments will be accompanied by of community food security. data collection and analysis at the implementation descriptions that will facilitate local level. the development of a standardized community assessment toolkit and sponsoring the development conference that gathered an interdisciplinary group of academics and community and implementation practitioners from across the country to help guide development of the assessment toolkit. a set of standardized instruments for the measurement and assessment develop To States, Security Supplements to the Current Population using data collected in the Food (CPS) conducted by the Census Bureau. Survey by supporting Security Initiative Community Food to the Department’s contribute To tools and data systems presently in use by some States existing The study will review by the identified The project was WIC vendors. among for detecting fraud and abuse WIC Directors as a high research priority. Association of National insecurity and hunger. The study will examine he impact of food insecurity/hunger The study will examine insecurity and hunger. of measures,on a variety such as food insecurity, physical and emotional health of mother and children, academic achievement. and children’s of food insecurity and hunger in the United analyze for the 1995-99 period extent To The study will assess the WIC food package. limiting brand-named products in the of such practices on program participation,effects of prescribed access to and availability foods, redemption rates, voucher actual food selections by participants, participants on food allergies,special diets or with specific with participant use of and satisfaction prescribed foods, health outcomes, of positive achievement and program costs. or participants. WIC staff among the best tools for and abuse identify and evaluate To To identify factors that predispose poor households to, identify factors To or protect them from, food of cost containment practices by States such as Report to Congress on the effects Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999—continued (Congressionally mandated) (Congressionally IQ Solutions USDA Graduate School USDA IQ Solutions Associates ATMS/Abt University of Massachusetts Medical School University Abt Associates Conference Conference Kit Tool Assessment Security Community Food Security Supplements to the Current Population Security Supplements to the Current Research Security Measurement Food Survey Assessment Security Community Food Female-HeadedHouseholds With With Children Female-HeadedHouseholds the 1998 and 1999 Food Analysis of Data from Their Impacts Integrity Research WIC Program Research Projects/AwardsResearch Food Security Hunger: Its Risk and Impact in Poor Objective Integrity and Effectiveness Program WIC Cost Containment Practices and Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 51 $412,246 $750,000 supports awarded research awarded has awarded small grants has awarded is working with scholars is working ($150,000) ($150,000) ($150,000) ($150,000) funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other The Joint Center for Poverty Research, Poverty Center for The Joint of Chicago and Northwestern University University programs,welfare and linkages between the macroeconomy food assistance. ($150,000) Center at Mississippi State University The Southern Rural Development food assistance research on rural people, families, and communities in the South. The Center also initiated a dialogue among scholars through the establishment of Force,Task Assistance Research Rural South Food with the purpose of further articulating research priorities on food-assistancerelated issues. Arizona, of The University American Indian Studies Program to support research addressing the unique issues and and elsewhere at tribal colleges Americans with respect to food assistance. problems of Native for research on the impact of food assistance programs nutritional risk indicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), food purchasing practices, of multiple indicators This program seeks to encourage examinations food insecurity. and of nutrition impact, epidemiology, and interdisciplinary approaches integrating economics, or anthropology with nutrition. The University of California at Davis, of California The University Department of Nutrition The Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin of at the University on Poverty Research The Institute for grants that address the effects of food assistance on individual and family well-being and and family of food assistance on individual grants that address the effects food security. of sponsor, site,The Service Program. and participant characteristics in the Summer Food sampling frames,study will consider alternative questionnaire design, modes for collecting information, time frames for data collection, and implications for implementation costs. To obtain a design,To cost, estimates study that considers options for improving and evaluation research on food assistance programs and to broaden and innovative stimulate new To academic the participation of social science scholars in food assistance research. Five research institutes partnered with ERS in 1998 to administer the institutions and affiliated of food assistance, Small Grants Program. Each institution focuses on a particular facet such as diet and health outcomes, and well-being, relationships to poverty rural issues, institutions and areas of focus are The five and special at-risk population groups. • • • • • Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999—continued Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy A Design, Cost, Plan and Feasibility Research Projects/AwardResearch Integrity Study: Summer Feeding Outreach Research Small Grant Program Objective Estimated Cost

52 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $6,000 $20,000 $26,200 $100,000 $150,000 $100,000 $104,500 $200,000 positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges and universities to meet and universities positioning the nutrition programs of historically black colleges research and education challenges, and action for nutrition and of creating a stronger voice education, research,African-American community. within the and policy of the 2000 Census, estimates for small areas, poverty of social measuring the effects reform,welfare indexes, cost-of-living performance measures for public health programs, for fund allocation,the use of statistical formulas in legislation and data confidentiality access, and other issues. and Nutrition Summer Institute, help sponsor the Food To of which has the objectives that have a rural or rural/urban comparative dimension, a rural or rural/urban comparative that have that most poor reflecting the fact outside of central cities and that substantial minorities live families and welfare-recipient outside of metropolitan areas altogether. live as a review funding for the Committee on National Statistics such activities provide To Cohort,Longitudinal Survey—Birth sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics, pre-tested for nine-month-old was The survey U.S. Department of Education. children, height and weight data as well responses to questions on food gathering infant security, feeding practices, infant and participation in food assistance programs. outcomes for food assistance programs. ERS will support NAS research on how the newly research on how outcomes for food assistance programs. ERS will support NAS References should be incorporated into program design and Dietary Intake developed evaluations. who will present research papers on poverty, assemble experts To and food assistance welfare composition,The PSID collects longitudinal data on family Dynamics (PSID). income, use of public assistance, security, food self-sufficiency. associated with family and factors food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To and disseminating information on USDA’s food assistance programs,and disseminating information on USDA’s nutrition education, and related nutrition issues; hosting a website list server. promote understanding of the proper methods for assessing health- and nutrition-related To sales at the product group, class, brand, to include information on which items and item levels types of local promotional treatments. various received Study of Income the collection of food assistance data in Panel sustain and improve To To provide support to the National Agricultural Library (NAL) in systematically storing Agricultural Library (NAL) support to the National provide To a national database of food prices, expand To quantities, and dollars and comparable volumes Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999—continued Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Research National Science Foundation Joint Center for Poverty Research, Poverty Center for Joint University University of Chicago and Northwestern Department of Education Department of Health and Human Services National Science Foundation National Agricultural Library Administration and Drug Food Food and Nutrition Summer Institute Food Committee on National Statistics Study—Birth Cohort 2000 (ECLS-B) Reference Intakes Intakes Reference Conference Reform Welfare Rural Dimensions of Early Childhood Longitudinal Center (FNIC) and Use of Dietary Interpretation Study of Income Dynamics Panel Research Projects/AwardsResearch and Nutrition Information Food Objective Data Enhanced Food Assistance Research Price Data System Enhancement National Food Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 53 $125,000 $440,000 and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),and Nutrition Examination Survey which collects data on diet, food consumption, and health status. and to provide data for analysis of the determinants of,and to provide and changes in, the level of food security. as part of the National Health the measurement of food security for individuals improve To To sustain annual collection of data on the prevalence of food security in the United States sustain annual collection of data on the prevalence To Table 4—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 4—FANRP Table Fiscal 1999—continued Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Bureau of the Census Bureau U.S. Examination Survey Examination Survey Supplement to the Current Population Survey Population Supplement to the Current National Health and Nutrition Research Projects/AwardsResearch Security:Measuring Food Security 1999 Food April Objective Estimated Cost

54 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $250,000 $677,000 $300,000 $120,250 $291,609 $1,959,007 families who are diverted before being enrolled in TANF, before being enrolled in who are diverted families to who fail or eligible families The analysis will include former recipients/eligibles participating in the TANF. enroll in wellbeing with Stamp Program and the role that food stamps play in their overall Food The particular focus on former recipients/eligibles that reside in nonmetropolitan areas. analysis will address individuals’ and the support provided ability to obtain employment by their earnings, and food stamps,TANF public programs besides and other programs. at-risk populations, of food program gaps and overlays, including examination reform,characteristics of food assistance recipients after welfare of behavior households,low-income and urban-rural delivery. caseload,TANF the leave recipients after they TANF Determine the status of eligible stamp eligibility and other aspects of welfare reform on immigrants,stamp eligibility and other aspects of welfare their households, National of households that were in the Urban Institute’s and communities. Interviews longitudinal information and a check on will provide American Families of Survey information on food stamp receipt,retrospective food security, and their relationship to economic, social, nutritional, and health outcomes. food assistance programs at servicing needy, the success of USDA’s evaluate To the potential knowledge regarding the potential value of vitamin and mineral the potential value regarding the potential knowledge impact of vitamin nutrient gaps and the comparative supplements in filling and mineral supplements, diets, improved of fortified and the intake foods on health status and care costs. Determine the economic, social, nutritional, of changes in food and health effects Employment and Training (E&T) Program on participants,Training and Employment especially on and descriptions able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs) unemployed States use E&T funds and recent changes in participation. of how regarding knowledge Report to Congress assessing the state of scientific child care homes participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Adult Care Food child care homes participating in the Child and on sponsoring organizations, participating and dropout homes, and children. Stamp Report to Congress on the implications of increased size Food Report to Congress on the effects of the new tiered meal reimbursements for family- tiered meal reimbursements of the new Report to Congress on the effects Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998 (Congressionally mandated) (Congressionally Department of Health and Human Services Mathematica Policy Research,Mathematica Policy University of Michigan, Urban Institute Department of Health and Human Services Life Sciences Research Organization Life Sciences Research Health System Research Abt Associates Leavers Use of Food Stamps Use of Food Leavers Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)— Assistance to Needy Families Temporary on Immigrants and Delivery Targeting Program Food To Purchase Dietary Supplements Purchase To mandated) (Congressionally Reform Welfare Expanded Study of To Increase Work Slots for Work Increase To Stamp Recipients Food mandated) (Congressionally Stamps on Use of Food Report to Congress Change Study on State Use of Funds Report to Congress Research Projects/AwardsResearch Reform Welfare Homes Legislative Child Care Family Objective Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 55 $88,389 $672,399 $362,443 $440,000 $1,493,061 $1,488,074 Program. Of particular interest are able-bodied adults between the ages of 18 and 50 without dependents, Stamp Program changes because the Food (ABAWDs) The analysis will focus on individuals’were the strictest for this group. ability to ability to obtain employment, by their earnings and other the support provided income sources, programs. by public and/or private and support provided Determine the status of households and individuals who leave the Food Stamp the Food who leave Determine the status of households and individuals to program options in the Simplified Food Stamp Program. To evaluate the potential evaluate To Stamp Program. Food to program options in the Simplified on program eligibility,effects participation, levels, benefit and costs. In particular, assistance packages being the characteristics of welfare to examine on Federal food may have and assess the impact they at the State level developed assistance program participation rates and expenditures. changes State-level conduct microsimulations and related analyses of alternative To as they affect the Food Stamp Program administrative processes. These include changes processes. Stamp Program administrative the Food affect as they either the interaction between food stamp reform that affect associated with welfare The focus of of the program. or the integrity or the efficiency applicants and caseworkers the study will be on those parts of States’ practices that are innovations administrative to or departures from prior practices. the linkages between food assistance programs and general economy. examine To characteristics, operating structure, and service areas of food banks, food pantries, national estimates of the total number kitchens and to provide and emergency This study provides and the total quantity type of food by source. recipients served a better understanding of the resource base food banks,policymakers food pantries, to manage current and kitchens and the capacity of these providers and emergency future changes in food demand and resources. and nature of States’ study the extent To re-engineering efforts administrative welfare To develop an understanding, develop To sample, through a nationally representative of the provide data for analysis of the determinants of and changes in the level of food security. data for analysis of the determinants and changes in level provide To develop annual estimates of the prevalence of food security in the United States and to annual estimates of the prevalence develop To Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998—continued University of Oregon, University , Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Iowa State University Iowa Research and Mathematica Policy Health System Research Mathematica Policy Research Mathematica Policy Abt Associates,Abt Research, Mathematica Policy State University,Iowa and South Carolina Social Services Census Bureau Technical Assistance Technical Agriculture,Areas, Rural and the Economy Stamp Program Food Simplified Research Linking Food Assistance Programs, Linking Food Research System: and Recipient Characteristics Provider System Welfare Study of Re-engineering the the Stamp Program Food Assistance Food Emergency A Study of U.S. Current Population Survey Supplement Survey Population Current Research Projects/AwardsResearch Who Leave Studies of Households ObjectiveFood Security Security:Measuring Food 1998 August Estimated Cost

56 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $200,000 $100,000 $444,830 $989,149 $500,000 $200,000 assessing changes in food security prevalence over time; (2) investigating alternative time; (2) investigating over assessing changes in food security prevalence approaches for measuring food security items and classifying households into a set of questions for future and field-testing and (3) developing security categories; of the food security scale. modifications measures of diet quality time and to determine whether overall and health status over health (HEI) predict the occurrence of adverse Healthy Eating Index such as the USDA disease,outcomes (such as cardiovascular cancer, or death). public assistance, security, food on self-sufficiency associated with family and factors questions and modify survey develop To Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). the Panel estimates of food expenditures,to improve participation in food assistance programs, on major consumer goods and services,expenditures nutritional behavior, and the calculation of food stamp eligibility. by: the measurement of food security and hunger at household level improve To (1) WIC program centers,in recognizing that adaptations may be needed for culturally functions, several The tools will serve populations. diverse including screening for dietary patterns that do not meet Federal recommendations, the triage facilitating of patients for services, and serving as the basis for general nutrition education. our understanding of the relationship between diet quality analyze and improve To Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K),Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten sponsored by the National Center for Educational Statistics, The project will provide U.S. Department of Education. status at entry into school, data on children’s descriptive transition into school, children’s and National School Lunch Programs,participation in the School Breakfast and children’s of the relationship for the examination grade—including data that allow progress through fifth between food security/hunger, and school performance. development cognitive composition, the collection of longitudinal data on family improve To income, use of security by adding a bank of questions to the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study— Birth Cohort (ECLS-BC), conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES),WIC Added questions include information on U.S. Department of Education. and other food assistance program participation, feeding practices, infant health care, height, weight, and related information. dietary assessment tools for young children that can be used and evaluate develop To To include USDA’s food security module and other items in the Early Childhood include USDA’s To WIC the link between support enhanced data collection necessary to examine To ) development, and childhood to cognitive participation in infancy obesity, and food Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998—continued Iowa State University Iowa School of Public Health Harvard National Academy of Sciences National School of Public Health Harvard Institute Triangle and Research Department of Education Department of Education Measures of Food Security of Food Measures Diet Quality and Health Research To Strengthen and Improve Strengthen To Research Assess Links Between To Research Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) Study—Kindergarten Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Panel Study—Birth Cohort 2000 (ECLS-B Dietary and Nutrition Outcomes Research Projects/AwardsResearch Early Childhood Longitudinal ObjectiveNutrition and Health Early Childhood Longitudinal Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 57 $76,000 $76,393 $526,358 $800,000 $647,255 $342,269 and lactating women, infants, and children meet supplementation needs of the target populations. assistance programs on food consumption, and intakes, nutrient availability dietary quality, nutritional status, and health outcomes. to pregnant WIC food packages that are currently offered well the and assess how review To clinicians require appropriate infant growth charts to determine when, growth clinicians require appropriate infant and if, breastfeeding should be supplemented with formula to support weight gain. Current and, charts are based predominately on formula-fed infants growth infant hence, may weight gains than optimal,suggest faster leading to unnecessary formula supplementation. customer service waivers, and assess clients’ response. food and nutrition of USDA’s understanding of the effects and expand improve To anthropometric software, implementation in clinic operations of the for NUSTAT, Women,Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Infants, and Children (WIC). WIC clinicians to properly will enhance the ability of improvements The software assess height-for-age, weight-for-age, for program participants and weight-for-height to national population standards. relative WIC program rates for breastfed infants. conduct research on optimal growth To in their food stamp and other assistance programs. By collecting to reduce fraud and abuse and disseminating information on computer matching, this project will help States improve to ensure that States manage the FSP as and support FNS oversight program integrity as possible. efficiently identify and estimate the occurrence of client service problems associated with EBT To To support further development,To pilot testing, of the nutritional and evaluation strategies States are currently using or planning to use computer-matching how examine To Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998—continued Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrition Policy Center for USDA Abt Associates World Health Organization World Abt Associates Department of Health and Human Services Research Mathematica Policy Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs and Nutrition Food Analysis Package WIC Supplemental Food (EBT) Customer Service Waivers on Recipients Waivers (EBT) Customer Service Nutrition and Health Outcomes of USDA Anthropometric Assessment Software in WIC in Assessment Software Anthropometric 2000/Nustat Module) Clinics (Epi Info Infants’ on Breast-fed Research Growth the Stamp Program Food Transfer Benefits of Electronic The Evaluation Research Projects/AwardsResearch of the Nutritional and Evaluation Development Objective Integrity and Effectiveness Program Assessment of Computer Matching in Estimated Cost

58 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA $110,000 $1,190,851 to conduct ($262,740) awarded research awarded has awarded small has awarded is working with scholars is working ($246,224) ($225,024) ($222,000) ($234,834) funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare funded proposals on interactions between food assistance and other welfare at tribal colleges and elsewhere to support research addressing the unique issues and and elsewhere at tribal colleges Americans with respect to food assistance. problems of Native at Davis, of California The University Department of Nutrition grants for research on the impact of food assistance programs nutritional risk indicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary), food purchasing practices, of This program seeks to encourage examinations and food insecurity. multiple indicators of nutrition impact, and interdisciplinary approaches integrating epidemiology, economics, or anthropology with nutrition. Wisconsin of at the University on Poverty Research The Institute for The University of Arizona, of The University American Indian Studies Program well-being and family of food assistance on individual grants that address the effects and food security. The Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi State University The Southern Rural Development food assistance research on rural people, families,The and communities in the South. Center also initiated a dialogue among scholars through the establishment of Rural Force,Task Assistance Research South Food with the purpose of further articulating research priorities on food assistancerelated issues. The Joint Center for Poverty Research, Poverty Center for The Joint of Chicago and Northwestern University University programs, and linkages between the macroeconomy food assistance. and disseminating information on USDA’s food assistance programs,and disseminating information on USDA’s nutrition education and related nutrition issues; hosting a website list server. • • in systematically storing Agricultural Library (NAL) support to the National provide To • • To stimulate new and innovative research on food assistance programs and to broaden and innovative stimulate new To academic the participation of social science scholars in food assistance research. Five research institutes partnered with ERS in 1998 to administer institutions and affiliated of food assistance, the Small Grants Program. Each institution focuses on a particular facet such as diet and health outcomes, and well-being, relationships to poverty rural issues, and institutions and areas of focus are: The five special at-risk population groups. • Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998—continued National Agricultural Library Center (FNIC) Food and Nutrition Information Food Research Projects/AwardsResearch Outreach Research Small Grant Program Objective Estimated Cost

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities 59 $199,921 $460,000 $235,000 $778,628 $100,000 $100,000 $560,000 $1,250,000 and conducting supporting research. comparison of the prevalence of trafficking before and shortly after initial implementation of trafficking comparison of the prevalence reform. of welfare and policy decisions,and policy of school-age including research on (1) food and nutrient intake children, of child nutrition programs to food and nutrient intake. and (2) the contribution longitudinal using current data and to provide update estimates of food stamp trafficking To dollar sales, and promotion information at the product group, class, brand, and item levels. The data system includes information on vitamin and mineral supplements. the impact of proposed changes to the FSP. Other objectives include: Other objectives the impact of proposed changes to FSP. microsimulation capabilities,maintaining and improving preparing databases, child nutrition programs to support program conduct research and analysis of USDA’s To and modifying survey (NHANES) by developing and Nutrition Examination Survey the measurement of relationship between diet and health for questions to improve individuals. low-income purchase the most recent national data on food prices,To quantities, comparable volumes, research needs and data collection, food security, such as measurement of individual and analyzing the refinement, validation, food security and use of the USDA/DHHS measurement scale. decisions,WIC eligibility, including research on (1) estimates of WIC (2) changes in time,participant characteristics over and (3) nutrient, health risk, and demographic WIC participants and eligible nonparticipants. characteristics of needed to estimate the simulations and related technical expertise provide To of in the Continuing Survey individuals by increasing the sample size of low-income questions and modifying survey (CSFII) and developing by Individuals Intake Food related to food assistance programs. collect data on diet,To food consumption, and health status as part of the National Health To bring together experts on food security measurement—providing direction for future on food security measurement—providing bring together experts To WIC Program to support program and policy conduct research and analysis of the To household food consumption in the United States estimates of low-income improve To Table 5—FANRP Extramural Research Studies: Extramural Research 5—FANRP Table Fiscal 1998—continued Macro International Macro Food and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Administration and Drug Food Food and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Department of Health and Human Service IQ Solutions and Nutrition Service,Food USDA Service,Agricultural Research USDA Program After Welfare Reform After Program Welfare The Extent of Trafficking in the Food Stamp in the Food Trafficking The Extent of System Information Microsimulation and Related Analyses and Related Microsimulation (CNAP) Analytic Projects Child Nutrition (NHANES IV) Examination Survey Price and Sales National Food Security Measurement and Research Security Measurement (FSP) Stamp Program Food (CSFII) Individuals National Health and Nutrition Research Projects/AwardsResearch on Food Second National Conference Research Policy (GAP) Analysis Project WIC General ObjectiveEnhanced Data Development by Intake of Food Continuing Survey Estimated Cost

60 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA