Mangifera Indica L.) from Andhra Pradesh, India
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Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 12, No.3 2016 Morphological Variability and Microsatellite Diversity of Cultivated Mango (Mangifera indica L.) from Andhra Pradesh, India Hameedunnisa Begum1, Medagam Thirupathi Reddy1, Surapaneni Malathi1, Boreddy Purushotham Reddy1, Gonela Narshimulu1, Javaregowda Nagaraju2 and Ebrahimali Abubaker Siddiq3 ABSTRACT An eco-geographic survey covering three eco-geographical regions (Coastal Andhra, Telangana and Rayalaseema) of Andhra Pradesh State, India was undertaken during May-June 2009 to locate, analyse and as- sess the current status of mango genetic resources. Morphological analysis following descriptive statistics revealed considerable variability among 90 mango cultivars which was confirmed by molecular analysis with 109 mango-specific SSRs. Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient ranged between 0.35 and 0.85 signifying a wide range (15-65%) of intraspecific diversity at molecular level in mango. A dendrogram based on application of unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average cluster analysis demonstrated four genotypic groups among the varieties studied. Keywords: Genetic relationship, intervarietal diversity, mango cultivars, microsatellite markers, molecular characterisation, morpho-physiological characterisation. INTRODUCTION period of the Cretaceous era (Yonemori et al., 2002). It gradually spread and become naturalized and adapted Mango belongs to the genus Mangifera, family throughout the tropics and subtropics and has been Anacardiaceae and order Sapindales. The edible species grown commercially for centuries. Much of the spread Mangifera indica L. bears good quality fruits and is and naturalization has occurred in conjunction with the commonly referred to as cultivated mango. The other spread of human populations. Today, mangos are edible Mangifera species generally have lower quality recognized and eaten throughout the world and are fruits and are commonly referred to as wild mangos. It regarded as one of the most popular and esteemed originated in the Indo-Burma region during the earlier tropical fruits. It is well adapted to cultivation and has 1 been cultivated for thousands of years in India Vegetable Research Station, Dr.Y.S.R. Horticultural University (Dr.YSRHU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993). Its popularity and Andhra Pradesh, 500030, India 2Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, importance can easily be realized by the fact that it is Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500001, India often referred as ‘the King of fruits’ in the tropical world 3Institute of Biotechnology (Formerly Biotechnology Unit), Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), (Singh, 1996). Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500030, India Mango is diploid with 2n=40 (10) having a genome [email protected] 8 Received on 16/7/2013 and Accepted for Publication on of 8.8 × 10 bp, which is about two and a half times that 29/12/2015. of Arabidopsis thaliana (Bennett, 2004). The © 2016 DAR Publishers/The University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved. -815- Morphological Variability and… Hameedunnisa Begum et al phenomenon of allopolyploidy, out breeding, and the Morphological characterisation is traditionally the different agro-climatic conditions in mango growing most common method used and many different crops areas, has resulted in a high level of genetic diversity in have been studied (Gonzalez et al., 2002) including mangos (Krishna and Singh, 2007). Mango has rich mango (Subedi et al., 2009). Morphological intra-specific diversity and there are about 1600 cultivars characterisation can be used as an important tool since in the world (Pandey, 1998), of which some 350 published descriptors lists are readily available for most cultivars are in commercial production and the rest are major crop species (Hoogendijk and Williams, 2001) limited to mixed orchards or home gardens. India is including mango (IPGRI, 2006). Morphological thought to be the primary centre of diversity for mango characteristics are still extremely useful for identification (NBPGR, 2007). Wide ecological variation and diverse and or differentiation of cultivars. However, they are needs of multi-ethnic communities have enriched the often faced with the problems of being influenced by country with a genetic wealth of diverse mango environmental parameters, heritability and low varieties. India represents the biggest mango germplasm penetrance. Usually, description of mango germplasm in the world and currently, India harbors more than 1000 was based largely on morphology (Ram and Rajan, mango cultivars (Karihaloo et al., 2003). The farming 2003) and in India, mango varieties have been identified communities in India maintain a rich mango genetic and or differentiated based particularly on fruit diversity resource, both commercial and local cultivars. characteristics like size, shape and color. Several studies Farmers with access to the research system have been have been made on morphological characterization of systematically maintaining commercial mango cultivars many different cultivars of mango all over the world for fresh consumption and income generation. In India, (Ascenso et al., 1981; Mukherjee et al., 1983; where such a high diversity of mango cultivars Subramanyam and Iyer, 1989; Jintanawong et al., 1992; originated and exists, ambiguities in cultivar recognition Illoh and Olorode, 1999; Subedi et al., 2009). Some of and classification are also common especially in case of the mango cultivars in India had been identified based the cultivars that exhibit outstanding similarities in their on morphological characters (Mukherjee et al., 1983; morphological traits. It is indispensable to validate the Subramanyam and Iyer, 1989). Morphological identities of such cultivars as well as analyze the description cannot be seen as an older method that was diversity among the existing cultivars. The management replaced by molecular markers, but as a useful tool that of mangos would be effective and efficient if the complements the new techniques (Campos et al., 2005). characterization is accurate, so that it results in clear Molecular characterisation encompasses modern grouping which can be used as reference for the methods that complement morphological descriptors and breeders, orchardists, traders, stakeholders, certification has become quite popular, each with its own advantages agencies, and in intellectual property rights and trade and disadvantages (Lavi et al., 1993). Molecular markers agreements. In addition, it is imperative to safeguard the are recognized as one technique that increased the Indian mango cultivars from defraud and guaranty the advance in mango improvement as well as the other originality. Characterisation and evaluation of classifiable methods such as harmonized open germplasm is thus important for better use of genetic pollination and clonal selection (Iyer and Dinesh, 1997). resources of mango (Ravishankar et al., 2004). There are numerous examples of the application of -816- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 12, No.3 2016 different types of molecular markers in the analysis of marker for plant analysis. the genetic diversity of mango (Viruel et al., 2005; The main objectives of this research work were to Pandit et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2008; Galvez-Lopez et morpho-physiologically characterize and evaluate the al., 2009; Singh and Bhat, 2009; Singh et al., 2010). fruit characteristics and to identify the genetic diversity Techniques used include random amplified polymorphic at molecular level using SSRs among 90 local and DNA - RAPDs (Kumar et al., 2001; Karihaloo et al., popular cultivars of mango in Andhra Pradesh, India, as 2003; de Sousa and Costa Lima 2004; Ravishankar et an essential requirement for crop improvement al., 2004; Schnell et al., 2004; Damodaran et al., 2007; programs, preservation, and selection of elite materials Anju et al., 2008; Rajwana et al., 2008; Faleiro et al., for the mango industry at the state level. This paper 2009; Bhargava and Khorwal, 2011; Majumder et al., presents results of this genetic diversity study and of 2011; Srivastava et al., 2012), variable number of efforts to locate potential sites for in-situ conservation of tandem repeats - VNTRs (Adato et al., 1995), restriction mango genetic resources for future use in research and fragment length polymorphism - RFLPs (Ravishankar et development. al., 2004; Chunwongse et al., 2006), amplified fragment length polymorphism - AFLPs (Eiadthong et al., 2000; MATERIALS AND METHODS Phumichai et al., 2000; Hautea et al., 2001; Kashkush et Eco-geographical survey al., 2001; Teo et al., 2002; Yamanaka et al., 2006; Shi Eco-geographical survey was undertaken during Sheng-you et al., 2011), microsatellites or simple summer 2008 covering three different eco-geographical sequence repeats - SSRs (Eiadthong et al., 2000; regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 90 different Ravishankar et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2001; Karihaloo local and commercial cultivars of mango were sampled et al., 2003; Viruel et al., 2005; Honsho et al., 2004; from 12 districts surveyed covering home gardens, Duval et al., 2005; Schnell et al., 2005; Hirano et al., village gardens, roads and highways and scattered 2010; Wahdan et al., 2011; Begum et al., 2012; Vasugi populations of mango in villages (Table 1). Single tree et al., 2012, inter-simple sequence repeats - ISSRs of each of the 90 mango cultivars was selected for fruit (Gonzalez et al., 2002; Pandit et al.,