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Richmond - Petersburg Twierdze Nieujarzmione Richmond - Petersburg Twierdze nieujarzmione Ostatnie boje kawalerii na froncie wschodnim i zachodnim (1864-65) Zbigniew K. Penkalski, lipiec - grudzień 2018 1 SPIS TREŚCI WSTĘP................................................................................................................ 6 ROZDZIAŁ I KAMPANIA BERMUDA HUNDRED........ Armia James płynie do boju......................................................................... 5 Pierwszy rajd gen. A.V. Kautza........................................................... 10 Drugi rajd gen. A.V. Kautza................................................................. 12 Bitwa o Port Walthall Junction i Chester Station................................ 21 Bitwa pod Drewry's Bluff - 16 maj 1864................................................. 22 W oczekiwaniu na szturm miasta......................................................... 24 ROZDZIAŁ II WALKI W CZERWCU 1864 ..................................................... 25 Pierwsza bitwa o Petersburg - 9 czerwiec............................................. 25 Druga bitwa o Petersburg 15-18 czerwiec............................................... 28 Krajobraz po bitwie ................................................................................................33 Rajd kawalerii i ruchy piechoty........................................................................... 36 2 ROZDZIAŁ III WALKI W LIPCU i SIERPNIU 1864 ................................................ 40 Pierwsza bitwa o Deep Bottom - 27-29 lipiec..................................................40 Bitwa o Krater - Eksplozja 30 lipiec .......................................................... ..........47 Eksplozja w City Point - 9 sierpień............................................................ ..........50 Druga bitwa o Deep Bottom 14 - 20 sierpień........................................ ......... .52 Bitwa pod Globe Tavern - 18 - 21 sierpnia..................................................... 57 Druga bitwa o stację Reams - 25 sierpnia...................................................... 65 ROZDZIAŁ IV WALKI WE WRZEŚNIU 1864 ....................................................... 74 Bitwa o New Market Heights......................................................................................74 Fort Harrison i Fort Gilmer..................................................................................79 Walka o farmę Peeblesa 30.IX - 1.X .................................................................... 82 ROZDZIAŁ V SZÓSTA OFENSYWA GEN. GRANTA............................................. 86 Front południowy.........................................................................................86 Front północny............................................................................................ 97 3 ROZDZIAŁ VI SIÓDMA OFENSYWA GEN. GRANTA .................................................. 102 ROZDZIAŁ VII WALKI W STYCZNIU i LUTYM 1865 ........................................,,,, 118 ROZDZIAŁ VIII OSTATNIE STARCIA W MARCU i KWIETNIU 1865 .................130 Atak rebeliantów na Fort Stedman - 25 marca................................................130 Preludium końca........................................................................................................ 135 Bitwa pod Five Forks............................................................................................... 144 Atak na Petersburg...................................................................................................148 Upadek stolicy Konfederacji.................................................................................158 Czarny Czwartek................................................................................................ ..... 168 Akt kapitulacji i odpowiedzialność za rebelię.............................................. 177 Wielka defilada zwyciestwa.......................................................................... ...... 188 Koniec historii 8. pułku kawalerii z Illinois............................................. ..... 192 4 ROZDZIAŁ IX KOŃCOWE WALKI KAWALERII NA ZACHODZIE Bitwa pod Mansfield.................................................................. 197 Bitwa pod Pleasant Hill................................................................ 199 Ewakuacja armii i floty Unii......................................................... 207 Boje gen.Steele'a i płk. Claytona................................................. 211 Potyczka pod Yellow Bayou....................................................... 217 Kawaleria na froncie Zachodnim................................................. 220 Rajd gen. Davidsona.......................................................................... 224 Kampania Meridian........................................................................... 226 Bitwa pod Brice Crossroad............................................................. 232 Wyprawa do Tupelo.......................................................................... 237 Spalenie Oxfordu................................................................................. 243 Rajd gen. Sterlinga Price'a na Missouri ........................................ 246 ROZDZIAŁ X OSTATNIE PAROKSYZMY WOJNY .............................. 255 Kampania Franklin - Nashville............................................................. 255 Akcja Forresta pod Murfreesboro....................................................... 266 Rajd Cooka - Averella na Saltville.......................................................... 267 Rajd gen. Burbridge na Saltville............................................................. 273 Destrukcja Saltville, czyli rajd Stonemana.......................................... 276 5 WSTĘP Książka ta ma stanowić trzecią i ostatnią część mojego opracowania " Kawaleria federalna USA 1861-1865". W drugiej części dochodzę, co prawda do końca krwawych zmagań pomiędzy Północą a Południem, ale pokazuje ona głównie walki na froncie zachodnim w tej ostatniej fazie. Zabrakło tam decydujących o losach wojny starć kawalerii w rejonie Petersburg - Richmond, które doprowadziły do kapitulacji Armii Północnej Wirginii. Z drugiej strony niektóre rajdy i starcia kawalerii na froncie wschodnim zostały już opisane w części drugiej (np. rajd Kautza-Wilsona, czy rajd "bydlęcy"), a więc zostaną tutaj pominięte. Można by zapytać, jaką rolę miała odgrywać kawaleria w oblężeniu dużych ośrodków miejskich, jakimi były Richmond i Petersburg? Otóż wystarczy podać przykład bitwy o Atlantę, aby na to pytanie odpowiedzieć. Jak pamiętamy z części drugiej rajdy kawalerii federalnej koncentrowały się tam przede wszystkim na niszczeniu linii kolejowych dostarczających zaopatrzenia dla miasta oraz magazynów z zaopatrzeniem dla wojsk Konfederacji. Płonęły także wszelkie zapasy bawełny, konfiskowano konie i muły, niszczono zakłady przemysłowe. Widok dużych jednostek kawalerii na głębokich tyłach w Alabamie czy w Karolinie Płd. podkopywał morale ludności przekonując ją, że koniec wojny jest bliski. Uwalniano tysiące niewolników, a do niewoli szli masowo urlopowani i ranni żołnierze oraz członkowie lokalnych milicji i samoobrony. Mniej zdyscyplinowane oddziały federalne rabowały prywatne domy i placówki handlowe. Majątki dużych plantatorów, którzy czynnie wspierali rebelię, palono do fundamentów. Czytelnicy opracowania "Kawaleria atakuje" znają też losy Selmy w Alabamie. Było to silnie ufortyfikowane miasto - centrum przemysłu wojennego stanu, które zostało zdobyte wyłącznie siłami kawalerii i towarzyszącej jej artylerii konnej. Był to jednak wyjątek od reguły, że warowne miasta atakuje piechota i ciężka artyleria. Tak też się stało z inną twierdzą Konfederacji, położoną nad Missisipi, Vicksburgiem obleganym przez 47 dni przez gen. Granta. Petersburg był oblegany przez blisko 300 dni i nie ma tu żadnego precedensu ani podobieństwa do innych obleganych miast-twierdz. Przede wszystkim miasto to leżało u zbiegu dwóch dużych rzek: James i Appomattox, a łączna długość linii okopów i umocnień przekraczała 60 kilometrów! 6 Jeśli dodamy do tego fortyfikacje okalające stolicę Konfederacji, to długość tych linii trzeba podwoić. Gen. Grant prowadząc kampanię Overland w maju i czerwcu 1864 toczył nieustanne bitwy z gen. Lee nie zważając na ponoszone straty. On mógł je w każdej chwili uzupełnić, a zasoby ludzkie rebeliantów były nie do odtworzenia. Po krwawej bitwie pod Cold Harbor Grant nieoczekiwanie zmienił front, przekroczył rzekę James i zamierzał zdobyć Petersburg, co skutkowałoby szybkim upadkiem stolicy Konfederacji. Tyle, że miasto to położone strategicznie, powinno zostać zdobyte znacznie wcześniej przez znajdującą się w pobliżu Armię James. Jednak gen. Butler marzył o zdobyciu stolicy Konfederacji nie zdając sobie sprawy z tego, że klucz do Richmond leżał w Petersburgu. Przez jego ignorancję i brak zdecydowania gen. Granta wojna przedłużyła się o pół roku przynosząc wiele krwawych ofiar w tym bratobójczym konflikcie. Ostatnia faza wojen zwykle jest najciekawsza. Widać to po słynnym marszu gen. Shermana do morza, gdzie niszczony był potencjał przemysłowy oraz infrastruktura Południa. Ostatnie działania na froncie wschodnim wymagają więc bardziej szczegółowego potraktowania, stąd to opracowanie. Nikt nie chciał umierać, kiedy było wiadomo, że wojna dobiegała końca. Lata krwawych zmagań przyniosły żyznym i bogatym stanom Południa ogromne zniszczenia materialne oraz wyczerpanie rezerw ludzkich. Mimo to prezydent Konfederacji nie kwapił się do rozmów pokojowych, a większość
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