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Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry

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Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry DEGREE PROJECT IN MATERIALS DESIGN AND ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry A case study on a corrugated cardboard packaging solution for fresh fish ANDREAS KOPP ROBIN FALCONER KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT DEGREE PROJECT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry A case study on a corrugated cardboard packaging solution for fresh fish ROBIN FALCONER ANDREAS KOPP KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry A case study on a corrugated cardboard packaging solution for fresh fish by Robin Falconer Andreas Kopp Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:249 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Industrial Management SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Adoption av Hållbara Förpackningslösningar för Fiskindustrin En fallstudie på en wellpapp förpackningslösning för färsk fisk av Robin Falconer Andreas Kopp Examensarbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:249 KTH Industriell teknik och management Industriell ekonomi och organisation SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:249 Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry - A case study on a corrugated cardboard packaging solution for fresh fish Robin Falconer Andreas Kopp Approved Examiner Supervisor 10-06-2020 Frauke Urban Staffan Laestadius Commissioner Contact person Stora Enso Oyj Tomas von Hofsten i Examensarbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:249 Adoption of Sustainable Packaging Solutions for the Fish Industry - A case study on a corrugated cardboard packaging solution for fresh fish Robin Falconer Andreas Kopp Godkänt Examinator Handledare 10-06-2020 Frauke Urban Staffan Laestadius Uppdragsgivare Kontaktperson Stora Enso Oyj Tomas von Hofsten ii Abstract The rapid development of plastic production the last couple of decades has led to extensive use of plastic products and vast problems with littering, waste management and exploitation of natural resources. Due to the cheap and easy production of plastics, the world’s population has extended the limit of acceptable usage. The world’s oceans are filled with plastic debris and waste is landfilled, which have had large impacts on the ecosystem, animal and human life (World Environment Day Outlook, 2018). One of the industries that have been revolutionised by the development of plastic advancement is the packaging industry, where products can be protected and quality can be kept, helping globalisation and developing the modern economy (UNEP, 2018). However, due to the lack of waste management systems and recycling facilities for plastics, the world’s population is demanding change. The United Nations have developed the Sustainability Goals and issued The New Plastics Economy, where governments, citizens and regulatory institutions are to work towards a circular economy (The New Plastics Economy, 2019). The demands are addressed towards whole value chains, from production to end-use, and include waste minimising, material optimisation, increase of recyclability, and the development of sustainable alternatives. The fish industry has historically been limited to a few packaging options and expanded polystyrene (EPS) has been the least inferior one when packaging fresh fish for transportation and keeping the quality of the fish. EPS has great material properties for this purpose, however, with the sustainability transition and increasing demands from consumers, the material is regarded as unsustainable with limited availability and profitability to recycle (Hansen et al., 2012). This master thesis aims to investigate if there are sustainable packaging solutions for fresh fish and how these could be adopted by the fish industry. This was done by conducting a qualitative case study on an alternative packaging solution made from corrugated cardboard. Stakeholders from the whole fish value chain were interviewed in order to understand the value perception of existing and alternative packaging solutions for fresh fish. The findings have been analysed using innovation adoption theory together with a sustainability framework. This in order to understand the adoption behaviour of innovative sustainable packaging solutions, and the sustainability impact of these with regards to environmental, social and economic aspects. The study has identified two packaging solutions, develop recycling systems for EPS and fish boxes made from corrugated cardboard, that the fish industry should consider adopting. The two identified packaging solutions have different diffusion possibilities, where the corrugated cardboard fish box is considered as the most sustainable solution. Keywords: Fish industry, sustainable packaging, EPS, corrugated cardboard, diffusion of innovation, innovation adoption, sustainability iii Sammanfattning Den snabba utvecklingen av plastproduktion de senaste decennierna har lett till en omfattande användning av plastprodukter, vilket har medfört problem som nedskräpning, ökad avfallshantering och överdriven användning av naturresurser. På grund av billig och enkel tillverkning av plast har världens befolkning överskridit gränsen för acceptabel användning. Världens hav är fyllda med spillror av plast och avfall deponeras, vilket har haft stora effekter på ekosystemet och djur- och människoliv (World Environment Day Outlook, 2018). En av branscherna som har revolutionerats av utvecklingen av plast är förpackningsindustrin, där plasten bidrar till att produkter kan skyddas och kvalitet kan bevaras, vilket har hjälpt globaliseringen och utvecklat den moderna ekonomin (UNEP, 2018). På grund av bristen på avfallshanteringssystem och återvinningsanläggningar för plast kräver dock världens befolkning förändring. FN har utvecklat hållbarhetsmål och utfärdat The New Plastics Economy, där regeringar, människor och tillsynsinstitutioner ska arbeta för en cirkulär ekonomi (The New Plastics Economy, 2019). Kraven riktas mot hela värdekedjor, från produktion till slutanvändning, och inkluderar avfallsminimering, materialoptimering, ökad återvinningsbarhet och utveckling av hållbara alternativ. Fiskindustrin har historiskt sett varit begränsad till att använda materialet expanderad polystyren (EPS) vid förpackning av färsk fisk för transport och för att behålla fiskens kvalitet. Detta material har bra materialegenskaper för dessa ändamål, men med hållbarhetsövergången och ökade krav från konsumenter anses materialet vara ohållbart med begränsad tillgänglighet och lönsamhet att återvinna (Hansen et al., 2012). Denna masteruppsats syftar till att undersöka om det finns hållbara förpackningslösningar för färsk fisk och hur dessa bör anammas av fiskindustrin. Detta gjordes genom att genomföra en kvalitativ fallstudie av en alternativ förpackningslösning gjord av wellpapp. Intressenter från fiskens hela värdekedja intervjuades för att förstå värdesynen på befintliga och alternativa förpackningslösningar för färsk fisk. Resultaten har analyserats med hjälp av innovations teori, tillsammans med ett hållbarhetsramverk. Detta för att förstå adoptionsbeteendet för innovativa hållbara förpackningslösningar och hållbarhetspåverkan av dessa när det gäller miljö, samt sociala och ekonomiska aspekter. Studien har identifierat två förpackningslösningar; ett utvecklat återvinningssystem för EPS och fisklådor tillverkade av wellpapp, som fiskindustrin bör överväga att anamma. De två identifierade lösningarna har olika diffusionsmöjligheter, där wellpappfisklåda betraktas som den mest hållbara lösningen. Nyckelord: Fiskindustrin, hållbara förpackningar, EPS, wellpapp, innovationsspridning, innovationsadoption, hållbarhet iv Table of Content 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Formulation 3 1.3 Purpose and Research Questions 3 1.4 Delimitations 4 1.5 Scientific Contribution 4 1.6 Disposition of Study 5 2. Methodology 6 2.1 Research Strategy 6 2.2 Data Collection 7 2.3 Data Analysis 11 2.4 Quality of Research 12 3. Literature Study 16 3.1 The Age of Plastics 16 3.2 Circular Economy 18 3.3 Actions and Policy Instruments for Sustainable Plastic Management 20 3.4 Fish Industry and its Packaging Processes 23 3.5 Expanded Polystyrene 26 3.6 Corrugated Cardboard 29 3.7 Sustainable Innovation Adoption 32 4. Frameworks 36 4.1 Theoretical Framework 36 4.2 Sustainability Framework 37 5. Case Specific Information 41 6. Results and Analysis 44 6.1 Relative Advantage 46 6.2 Compatibility 50 6.3 Complexity 57 6.4 Trialability 60 6.5 Observability 61 7. Discussion 64 7.1 Adoption Behaviour 64 v 7.2 Sustainability Impact 69 8. Conclusion 81 8.1 Theoretical Contribution 82 8.2 Practical Implications 82 8.3 Limitations and Future Works 84 9. References 86 Appendix A - Informed Consent Letter 93 vi List of Figures Figure 1. A schematic overview of the research strategy .......................................................... 7 Figure 2. Historical data (solid lines) and projections (dashed lines) of cumulative plastic waste generated and disposed of in 1950 to 2050 (Geyer, Jambeck & Law, 2017) ................ 17 Figure 3. Linear vs circular economy ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 4. Fish value chain and its packaging processes ........................................................... 24 Figure 5. An overview of EPS production and its related industries ......................................
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