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Water in the Arab World Management Perspectives and Innovations

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Water in the Arab World Management Perspectives and Innovations Water in the Arab World: Management Perspectives and Innovations Management Perspectives Arab World: the in Water Water in the Arab World Management Perspectives and Innovations N. VIJAY JAGANNATHAN THE WORLD BANK AHMED SHAWKY MOHAMED Middle East and North Africa Region (MNA) ALEXANDER KREMER 1818 H Street, N.W. MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION Washington, DC 20433 THE WORLD BANK Editors Water in the Arab World: MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS N. Vijay Jagannathan Ahmed Shawky Mohamed Alexander Kremer Editors MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION THE WORLD BANK ©2009 The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank Middle East and North Africa (MNA) Region 1818 H St., NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and De- velopment/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Office of the Vice President, Middle East and North Africa Region, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. Cover photographs: World Bank MNSSD staff, clients, and consultants. Book design and typesetting: The Word Express. Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Acronyms and Abbreviations 1. Introduction: Beyond WRM— Unbundling Water Management in MNA Countries N. Vijay Jagannathan, Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, and Christopher J. Perry 1 SECTION 1. ASSESSMENT 17 2. Bridging the Practice Gap in Water Management: Lessons from the “MNA Development Report on Water” N. Vijay Jagannathan 19 3. Egypt: Water Sector Public Expenditure Review Ahmed Shawky Mohamed and N. Vijay Jagannathan 37 4. Assessing the Efficiency and Equity of Water Subsidies: Spending Less for Better Services Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Alexander Kremer, and Manish Kumar 59 5. Applications of Latest Technologies and Hydrological Models in Water Resources Management and Planning in MNA Region Bekele Debele Negewo, Julia Bucknall, and Ahmed Shawky Mohamed 79 iii iv N WATER IN THE ARAB WORLD: MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS 6. Water Resource Assessment in the Arab World: New Analytical Tools for New Challenges Christopher J. Perry and Julia Bucknall 97 7. Egypt Case Study: Energy Efficiency CDM Program: Irrigation and Drainage Pumping Sector Abdulhamid Azad 119 8. Accountable Water and Sanitation Governance: Japan’s Experience Satoru Ueda and Mohammed Benouahi 131 9. Tunisia’s Experience in Water Resource Mobilization and Management Mohamed El Hedi Louati and Julia Bucknall 157 10. Lessons from the Rehabilitation of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Post-War Iraq Sana Agha Al Nimer 181 11. Governance in Yemen’s Water Sector: Lessons from the Design of an Anticorruption Action Plan Maher Abu-Taleb and Richard Calkins 191 SECTION 2. BARGAINING 211 12. Water Allocation Conflict Management: Case Study of Bitit, Morocco Rachid Abdellaoui 213 13. How Did a Small, Poor, and Remote Rural Village in Djibouti Recently Become a Government Priority to Receive Water Supply and Sanitation? Sarah Houssein, in collaboration with Julia Bucknall and Nathalie Abu-Ata 229 14. Water Conflict in Yemen: The Case for Strengthening Local Resolution Mechanisms Christopher Ward 233 Contents N v 15. Water Diplomacy in the 21st Century N. Vijay Jagannathan 269 SECTION 3. CODIFICATION 283 16. Comparative Analysis of Water Laws in MNA Countries Jackson Morill and Jose Simas 285 17. Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani 335 18. Use of Output-Based Aid to Jumpstart a Rural Water Supply Service Market in Morocco Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani 345 19. New Approaches to Private Sector Participation in Irrigation: Lessons from Egypt’s West Delta Project Aldo Baietti and Safwat Abdel-Dayem 355 SECTION 4. DELEGATION 365 20. Participatory Irrigation Management and Cost-Sharing in Yemen Naji Abu Hatim and Ahmed Shawky Mohamed 367 21. Community Management of Rural Water Supply: Evaluation of User Satisfaction in Yemen Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, Andrew Makokha, and Richard Pollard 383 22. Rural Sanitation within an IWRM Framework: Case Study of Application in the Delta Region, Egypt Ayat Soliman, Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Maged Hamed, Wendy Wakeman, and Mohammed Mehany 401 23. Water Management in Spain: Highlights Relevant for MNA Countries Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Abdulhamid Azad, and Alexander Bakalian 421 vi N WATER IN THE ARAB WORLD: MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS SECTION 5. ENGINEERING 431 24. Egypt: Irrigation Innovations in the Nile Delta Jose Simas, Juan Morelli, and Hani El Sadani 433 25. Water Reuse in the MNA Region: Constraints, Experiences, and Policy Recommendations Claire Kfouri, Pier Mantovani, and Marc Jeuland 447 26. Desalination Opportunities and Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa Region Khairy Al-Jamal and Manuel Schiffler 479 27. Enhancing the Socioeconomic Viability of Spate Irrigation through Conjunctive Use in Coastal Areas in Yemen: Case Study of Wadi Ahwar Arjen de Vries and Tarun Ghawana. Supervised by Ahmed Shawky Mohamed 497 Appendix A1. List of Authors 523 Boxes 1.1 What a Water Steward Should Monitor 6 2.1 Water Is Everybody’s Business: Morocco 20 3.1 Water Management in the Philippines 53 7.1 Need for a New Approach to Emission Reductions 120 11.1 Three Key Principles of Good Governance 194 11.2 Overview of Anticorruption Action Plan 201 14.1 Scarcity, Conflict, and Adaptation in the Sa’ada Basin 235 14.2 For Centuries, Strict Rules Have Governed Water Management in Yemen’s Wadi Dahr 238 14.3 Wadi Zabid Downstream Farmers Conflict with Upstreamers 241 14.4 Bloody Conflict between Traditional Wadi Al Jawf Spate Rules and Modernization 242 14.5 Sheikhs Adjudicate a Water Dispute in Wadi Dahr 243 14.6 Growing Water Sales around Ta’iz Raise Equity Questions 244 Contents N vii 14.7 Upstream Prospers but Downstream Area Desolate in Wadi Bani Khawlan 245 14.8 Urban Water Tactics Dry up and Pauperize Al Haima 246 14.9 Water and Land Disputes Leave Many Dead 248 14.10 Conflicts over Dam Construction in Hobah and Shahik End in Waste and Death 250 14.11 Wadi Habir Resists Surrenders Its Water to Urban Use but Is Defeated through Violence 251 14.12 Irrigation Council Water Allocation Rules 256 14.13 Sa’ada: Successful Community Initiatives 259 16.1 Brazilian Water Law 9.433, 1997 290 17.1 Output-Based Aid: Core Concepts 336 20.1 Yemen Community Water Management Project 379 22.1 Untreated Sewage Results in National Economic Loss 403 22.2 Local Context 404 22.3 Egypt’s Rural Villages 405 22.4 ISSIP Intervention Categories 411 22.5 Water Quality Index M&E Application 415 27.1. Kitui Sand Dams, Kenya 510 Figures 1.1 Large-Scale Relative Changes in Annual Runoff for 2090–99, Relative to 1980–99 2 1.2 Conceptual Framework to Explain Ideal IWRM Outcomes 5 1.3 Water Consumptive Uses and Losses 7 2.1 Projected Decreases in Rainfall, 2000–70 21 2.2 North Africa Estimates of Change in Runoffs 22 2.3 Projected Changes in Flow of the River Indus, 2005–15 22 2.4 Role of Renewable, Nonrenewable, and Virtual Water in MNA Countries, 2005 23 2.5 Estimates of Environmental Degradation Costs, 2005 27 2.6 Cost of Over-extraction of Aquifers, 2006 27 2.7 Changing Nature of Accountability 33 3.1 Irrigation and WSS Expenditures 42 3.2a Trend of Irrigation Public Authorities’ Expenditures to Total Expenditures 43 viii N WATER IN THE ARAB WORLD: MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS 3.2b Trend of Ratio of Expenditure of Irrigation Economic Authorities to Expenditures of all Economic Authorities 43 3.3a Trend of WSS Public Authorities’ Expenditures to Total Expenditures 44 3.3b Trend of Ratio of Expenditures of WSS Economic Authorities to Expenditures of all Economic Authorities 44 3.4 Irrigation O&M Cost Recovery Ratio 45 3.5 Financial Resources of Irrigation Sector, 2001–05 45 3.6 Financial Resources of the WSS Subsector: Cairo 46 3.7 Water Supply and Sanitation: Cost Recovery 46 3.8 Poverty and Access to Water and Wastewater 47 3.9 Cumulative Debts of WSS and Irrigation Subsectors 49 3.10 Actual Expenditures vs. Needs 55 4.1 Breakdown of Capital Spending between Public and Private Goods 60 4.2 Breakdown of GOE Recurrent Spending on Public and Private Goods 60 4.3 Seasonal Irrigation Water Supply per Unit Agricultural Area 61 4.4 On-Farm Water Demand/Supply Ratio 61 4.5 Canal-System Efficiency of Water Delivery 62 4.6 Annual Irrigation Supply per Unit Irrigated Area 62 4.7 Cost-Recovery Ratio 63 4.8 Average Depth to Shallow Water 63 4.9 Average Production Value per Unit of Irrigation Supply 63 4.10
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