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Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry
Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors 123 Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker • Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Editors Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich Hospital of Psychiatry-Psychotherapy- Zurich Psychosomatic Switzerland General Hospital Frankfurt Teaching Hospital of the University Georg Northoff Frankfurt Mind, Brain Imaging, and Neuroethics Germany Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa Ottawa ON, Canada ISBN 978-3-319-75111-5 ISBN 978-3-319-75112-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75112-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948668 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Toward the Integration of Meditation Into Higher Education: a Review of Research
Toward the Integration of Meditation into Higher Education: A Review of Research Prepared for the Center for Contemplative Mind in Society by Shauna L. Shapiro Santa Clara University Kirk Warren Brown Virginia Commonwealth University John A. Astin California Pacific Medical Center Supplemental research and editing: Maia Duerr, Five Directions Consulting October 2008 2 Abstract There is growing interest in the integration of meditation into higher education (Bush, 2006). This paper reviews empirical evidence related to the use of meditation to facilitate the achievement of traditional educational goals, to help support student mental health under academic stress, and to enhance education of the “whole person.” Drawing on four decades of research conducted with two primary forms of meditation, we demonstrate how these practices may help to foster important cognitive skills of attention and information processing, as well as help to build stress resilience and adaptive interpersonal capacities. This paper also offers directions for future research, highlighting the importance of theory-based investigations, increased methodological rigor, expansion of the scope of education-related outcomes studied, and the study of best practices for teaching meditation in educational settings. 3 Meditation and Higher Education: Key Research Findings Cognitive and Academic Performance • Mindfulness meditation may improve ability to maintain preparedness and orient attention. • Mindfulness meditation may improve ability to process information quickly and accurately. • Concentration-based meditation, practiced over a long-term, may have a positive impact on academic achievement. Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being • Mindfulness meditation may decrease stress, anxiety, and depression. • Mindfulness meditation supports better regulation of emotional reactions and the cultivation of positive psychological states. -
Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence Principles and Practices To
6 Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence Principles and Practices to Corwin Transform Your Leadership Life “[T]here is a limit to the role of the intelligence in human Copyright affairs.” —James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (1955)1 A Leader Fails to Notice Jonathan, a 52-year-old chief academic officer (CAO) of a large subur- ban district in California, is a scholar. Not only does he work tirelessly planning professional learning in his district; he also finds time to write several articles for professional trade publications and has authored a chapter in a well-received book on new forms of teacher evaluation from an administrator’s point of view. Recently promoted, he has asked us to observe him during a senior staff meeting to help him with some “communication fine-tuning.” We happily agree. After some preliminaries and a couple of agenda items are announced, we observe Jonathan talk for almost 12 minutes about his goals as a 157 158 The Mindful School Leader new CAO, the latest district strategic planning session, and the books he is reading. He appears not to observe the body language of others in the room, and sometimes seems only distantly aware of their pres- ence. Finally, he turns to his executive staff to ask whether anyone has anything to contribute to the “discussion,” yet before anyone can reply, he shifts into another discourse about the iPad policy at one of the district’s schools. His colleagues begin to give each other side glances, adjust their clothing and hair, move about in their seats, and reach for their phones but Jonathan doesn’t seem to notice. -
The Buddha on Meditation and Higher States of Consciousness
The Buddha on Meditation and Higher States of Consciousness By Daniel Goleman Harvard University Buddhist Publication Society Kandy • Sri Lanka The Wheel Publication Nos. 189/190 Reprinted by permission of the Transpersonal Institute, 2637 Marshall Drive, Palo Alto, California 94303 U. S. A. First reprint—1973 Second reprint—1980 BPS Online Edition © (2008) 2 Digital Transcription Source: BPS Transcription Project For free distribution. This work may be republished, reformatted, reprinted and redistributed in any medium. However, any such republication and redistribution is to be made available to the public on a free and unrestricted basis, and translations and other derivative works are to be clearly marked as such. 3 The Buddha on Meditation and Higher States of Consciousness [1] In the Buddhist doctrine, mind is the starting point, the focal point, and also, as the liberated and purified mind of the Saint, the culminating point. Nyanāponika, Heart of Buddhist Meditation Introduction he predicament of Westerners setting out to explore T those states of consciousness discontinuous with the normal is like that of the early sixteenth century European cartographers who pieced together maps from explorers’ reports of the New World they had not themselves seen. Just as Pizarro’s report of the New World would have emphasized Peru and South America and underplayed North America, while Hudson’s would be biased toward Canada and North America to the detriment 4 of South America, so with explorers in psychic space: each report of states of consciousness is a unique configuration specific to the experiences of the voyager who sets it down. That the reports overlap and agree makes us more sure that the terrain within has its own topography, independent of and reflected in the mapping of it. -
The Biological Foundations of Identity in the Works of Antonio Damasio
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 50 (63) 2017 DOI: 10.1515/slgr-2017-0026 Aleksandra Porankiewicz-Żukowska University of Bialystok THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF IDENTITY IN THE WORKS OF ANTONIO DAMASIO. THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Abstract. This paper confronts the modern findings of neuroscience presented in the works of Antonio Damasio with classic and contemporary concepts re- garding the phenomenon of self / identity developed on the basis of the social sciences. In my view, both types of consideration involve illegitimate reduction of presented phenomena either by inadequate analysis of social entities, or by underestimating their biological basis. Keywords: self, identity, neuroscience, sociology, emergence. 1. Introduction Contemporary findings in neuroscience, such as identification of areas of the brain and the mechanisms accounting for the formation of self and consciousness, social emotions, and empathy, are making researchers rethink fundamental issues in the social sciences. Thanks to spectacular discoveries relating to the human nervous system, scientists are trying to re-establish the relationship between psychic and physical phenomena, which applies in particular to considerations about the nature of the mind and the rela- tionship between mind and body (Mianji 2015: 55–61). Neuroscience is the basis for an attempt to explain the phenomenon of social nature (Garza, Fisher Smith, 2009: 521–522). Therefore, new theories are formed to con- nect the achievements of such diverse disciplines as neuroscience, philosophy of mind, psychiatry, psychology, or sociology. Connecting far distant views and paradigms creates the need to redefine the scope of these phenomena that seem to be emergent against each other and those that can be success- fully reduced to lower levels. -
Functional Neuroimaging Information: a Case for Neuro Exceptionalism
Florida State University Law Review Volume 34 Issue 2 Article 6 2007 Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism Stacey A. Torvino [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. (2007) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol34/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM Stacey A. Torvino VOLUME 34 WINTER 2007 NUMBER 2 Recommended citation: Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case for Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 415 (2007). FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM? STACEY A. TOVINO, J.D., PH.D.* I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 415 II. FMRI: A BRIEF HISTORY ............................................................................. 419 III. FMRI APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 423 A. Clinical Applications............................................................................ 423 B. Understanding Racial Evaluation...................................................... -
Essentials of Presence & Mindfulness Vipassana
Practical Mindfulness | Online Study Program Module 1: Essentials of Presence & Mindfulness “Wherever you are, is the entry point.” – Kabir Lesson 2, Item 2.2 | THE SOURCE Vipassana Meditation VIPASSANA MEDITATION has proved to be an important and common thread in the The basic course is a ten-day silent retreat where you meditate for twelve hours a day, development of mindfulness. It was an important early source of both Jon Kabat-Zinn’s sitting for two hours at a time. You start by observing the sensations of your body in a and Daniel Goleman’s work. I myself learned and practised it too, and that led me to the very focused area and your job is to keep bringing your mind back to observing those creation of my own mindfulness program before I knew about this common thread. sensations with no judgement, no reaction. By day four you have to sit through an hour Therefore, let’s take a quick look at it. without moving or fidgeting, while scanning your whole body with no judgement, no The modern teachers of Vipassana claim that this is the meditation developed and reaction. Thereafter, sitting without moving or fidgeting throughout the sessions practised by Gautama the Buddha when he sat under the Bodhi tree to achieve becomes the standard requirement and an essential part of the training. enlightenment. At the very least, it has an ancient history and comes from the Buddhist When you complete the course, it is recommended that you sit twice a day, morning Theravadan tradition. A lineage of masters in Burma have passed it on over centuries, and evening, for an hour each time. -
The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious
Neuropsychoanalysis, 2011, 13 (1) 5 The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious Heather A. Berlin (New York) A great deal of complex cognitive processing occurs at the unconscious level and affects how humans behave, think, and feel. Sci- entists are only now beginning to understand how this occurs on the neural level. Understanding the neural basis of consciousness requires an account of the neural mechanisms that underlie both conscious and unconscious thought, and their dynamic interac- tion. For example, how do conscious impulses, thoughts, or desires become unconscious (e.g., repression) or, conversely, how do unconscious impulses, desires, or motives become conscious (e.g., Freudian slips)? Research taking advantage of advances in technologies, like functional magnetic resonance imaging, has led to a revival and re-conceptualization of some of the key concepts of psychoanalytic theory, but steps toward understanding their neural basis have only just commenced. According to psychoanalytic theory, unconscious dynamic processes defensively remove anxiety-provoking thoughts and impulses from consciousness in re- sponse to one’s conflicting attitudes. The processes that keep unwanted thoughts from entering consciousness include repression, suppression, and dissociation. In this literature review, studies from psychology and cognitive neuroscience in both healthy and patient populations that are beginning to elucidate the neural basis of these phenomena are discussed and organized within a con- ceptual framework. Further studies in this emerging field at the intersection of psychoanalytic theory and neuroscience are needed. Keywords: unconscious; psychodynamic; repression; suppression; dissociation; neural “Nothing is so difficult as not deceiving oneself.” 1998a). Early psychodynamic theorists attempted to Ludwig Wittgenstein [1889–1951] explain phenomena observed in the clinic, but lat- er cognitive scientists used computational models of the mind to explain empirical data. -
6 Affective Neuroscience Part II
THE USA BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY JOURNAL, VOL. 4:1 ALINE LAPIERRE A NEUROSCIENCE DIGEST PART II AFFECTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE ALINE LAPIERRE, PSY.D. This is the second of a three part review. In our last issue, Part I: Understanding the Mind- Brain and Nervous System, we presented a primer and an orientation to current foundational books that map the essential principles of neuroscience. In this issue, Part II: Affective and Developmental Neuroscience, we look at Jaak Panksepp and Antonio Damasio, at Allan Schore’s regulation theory, and Daniel Siegel’s interpersonal neurobiology. Finally, in our next issue, Part III: Neuroscience in Somatic Clinical Application we will explore neuroscience in relation to somatic psychotherapy. This review gives a general overview of the contributions of four important thinkers who have each published landmark books: Jaak Panksepp, Antonio Damasio, Allan Schore, and Daniel Siegel. These authors are remarkable because of the breath and detail of their knowledge which allows them to make important creative interdisciplinary bridges between neurobiological, behavioral, affective, and cognitive concepts. The advent of modern neuroscience highlights the inquiry into how mind is materially supported by and subject to natural law. An interesting dilemma has existed between the materialist and humanistic worldviews. According to the materialistic worldview, the evolution of life on earth is solely the result of complex chemical reactions. In the humanistic worldview, our ability to think about material reality transcends that reality and the cultural matrix of the arts and sciences forms an invisible cosmology which affirms the priority of mind over nature. In the movement towards the conciliation of this two-fold mystery, affective neuroscience seeks to understand how environmentally acquired internal representations in the present world interact with genetically dictated neurodynamics built out of the evolutionary experiences of worlds past. -
Emotions: Understanding the Basics
Emotions: Understanding the Basics By Fred Kofman Spring 2001 This is a translation of chapter 21, Metamanagement Volume III, Granica, 2001. The heart has reasons which reason knows not of. Pascal As a result of Daniel Goleman’s research,i emotional intelligence has become a hot subject in the business world. Lyle Spencer Jr., co-founder of one of the most important human resources consultancies (Hay Group), maintains that “what you learned in school distinguishes superior performers in only a handful of the five or six hundred jobs for which we’ve done competency studies. It’s just a threshold competence; you need it to get in the field, but it does not make you a star. It’s the emotional intelligence abilities that matter more for superior performance.”ii It’s precisely these emotional competencies that are so saliently missing from the curriculum of our traditional educational institutions. Summarizing his experience, Goleman comments that after analyzing 181 competence models from 121 organizations worldwide, he found that “67 percent – two out of three – of the abilities deemed essential for effective performance were emotional competencies. Compared to IQ and expertise, emotional competence mattered twice as much.”iii Increasing numbers of companies are discovering that emotional competencies mean competitive advantages. With the general adoption of this idea, emotional intelligence has become an essential condition for survival. Emotional intelligence is what allows the mission, vision and values of the company to be consistently put into practice amidst daily pressures. In order to respond to the dizzying, intense rhythm of changes in products, markets, prices and consumer and employee preferences, organizations need a permanent anchor in a vision, mission and values. -
Music, Feelings, and the Human Brain
Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 24, No. 1, 92–102 0275-3987/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/pmu0000033 Music, Feelings, and the Human Brain Assal Habibi and Antonio Damasio University of Southern California Music of varied kinds consistently triggers a large range of drives and emotions, which, in turn, induce a particular class of mental experiences known as feelings. The feelings are often pleasurable, though not necessarily. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies, in normal individuals as well as in patients with focal neurological lesions, reveal that music can change the state of large-scale neural systems of the human brain. The changes are not confined to brain sectors related to auditory and motor processing; they also occur in regions related to the regulation of life processes (homeostasis), including those related to emotions and feelings, most prominently in the insula and cingulate cortices, in the ventral striatum, in the amygdala, and in certain upper brainstem nuclei. The ease with which music leads to feelings, the predictability with which it does so, the fact that human beings of many cultures actively seek and consume music, and the evidence that early humans engaged in music practices lead us to hypothesize that music has long had a consistent relation to the neural devices of human life regulation. It is conceivable that, as a result, music-induced feelings can be informative and nourishing at the individual level and can also operate as significant promoters of sociocultural organization. We venture that the close relationship between music and feelings along with music’s effectiveness in certain personal and social contexts, that is, its roles in homeostasis, explain, at least in part, the considerable degree of selection and replication of music-related phenomena, both biologically and culturally. -
Poetic Leadership: a Territory of Aesthetic Consciousness and Change
POETIC LEADERSHIP: A TERRITORY OF AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND CHANGE R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership & Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2007 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: POETIC LEADERSHIP: A TERRITORY OF AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND CHANGE A DISSERTATION THAT INTRODUCES A NEW THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF LEADERSHIP BASED ON AESTHETIC MORALITY AND VALUES GROUNDED WITHIN CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH. Prepared by: R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership and Change. Approved by: Carolyn Kenny, PhD, Chair Date Laurien Alexandre, PhD, Committee Member Date Jon Wergin, PhD, Committee Member Date Perie Longo, PhD, External Reader Date Copyright 2007 R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani All rights reserved Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation has been an act of love that has known the support of many extraordinary people. It has first and foremost been made possible by the members of the Core Faculty at Antioch University, who have labored long to bring this magnificent program into being. To Elizabeth Holloway, Al Guskin, Peter Vaill, and Dick Couto you have encouraged my academic and personal growth through your wisdom, support and insight. Dick, your nod to pursue the secrets of the sacred texts was a surprising gift that I deeply appreciate. To Laurien Alexandre I offer deepest thanks for years of gracious advising and continuous enthusiasm for work which sometimes must have seemed overwhelmingly dense. To JonWergin I extend sincerest gratitude for allowing me to write a terribly funny but not very appropriate research redesign learning product.