WISCONSIN MAGAZINE ^/HISTORY

Published Quarterly by the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF June 1948 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY CLIFFORD L. LORD, Editor LILLIAN KRUEGER, Associate Editor

CONTENTS Chats ivith the Editor Clifford Lord 385 Wisconsin Centennial Address Governor 391 Wilderness Travelogue Doty's Loggery John F. Kienitz 397 Albert O. Barton William T. Evjue 410 Highlights of Manitowoc Ralph G. Plumb 412 Was Lucius Fair child a Demagogue? Wallace E. Davies 418 " Koshkonong, " a Misunderstood Place-Name Frederic G. Cassidy 429 The Douglas County Historical Society and Museum Vivien G. Dube 441 DOCUMENTS: A Visit to Wisconsin in 1843 Nils William Olsson 452

BOOK NOTES 461

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE 484

The WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published quarterly by the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN, 816 State Street, Madison, 6. Distributed to members as part of their dues (Annual Membership, $3.00; Life, $50). Yearly subscription, $3.00; single number, 75 cents. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsibility for statements made by contributors. Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Madison, Wis- consin, under the act of August 24, 1912. Copyright 1948 by the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN. Paid for by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund.

THE COVER THE EARLY-DAY HOME of Governor James D. Doty at Neenah has been restored and is one of the State's proud landmarks. The Historic American Buildings Survey lists the date of the erection of THE LoGGERY as 1847. Sturdy as the magnificent oak which shades its hospitable doorway, it has stood for more than a century on a picturesque island. Its latchstring is out; Centennial visitors will find it a place of pleasant respite away from the busy thoroughfares. " Wilderness Travelogue and Doty's Log- gery," written by Professor John F. Kienitz, appears in this issue. Photo- graph by courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY 4@»

Volume 31 June 1948 Number 4

Chats with the Editor

E SURE TO ATTEND the Centennial Exposition at the State Fair Grounds, West Allis, August 7-29. This unquestion- B ably will be the finest exposition ever held in Wisconsin, and a feast for the historically minded. Be sure to visit our Society's own building, Building No. 1, right at the west gate, where we will display a colorful summary of Wisconsin history. See this to gQt the over-all view before you visit the . , . exhibits on specialized segments such as industry, the Month . , , , -n agriculture, transportation, labor, or women. Be sure to visit the 1848 model house alongside the Boston Store in Mil- waukee, remodelled in period as a joint project of the Society, the Boston Store, and the Power and Light Company, and open throughout the month of August. Be sure to come to the annual meeting of the Society in Milwaukee, August 19-21. More details later, but watch your August calendar. You can't afford to miss the fun.

WISCONSIN IS now officially in its second century as a state, the occasion having been marked by appropriate festivities in the capital city and elsewhere on May 29. The Madison observances . , were an unqualified success. The three-hour parade Statehood „ ., ... , . . , , , _ was run off without a hitch and right on schedule. The floats were on the whole excellent, and com- mercialism was notably absent. The weather was perfect for parade, track meet, and evening events. The post office and private first- 385 386 CHATS WITH THE EDITOR [June day cover operators enjoyed a land-office business. The city parks in the afternoon were the scene of many colorful nationality festi- vals, concerts, and dances. The three-hour evening program, in- cluding musical specialties, folk dances, numbers by 3,500 members of the massed school bands, a presentation of Mr. Gard's "The Thirtieth Star," and an elaborate display of fireworks, also went off as planned, actually winding up three minutes ahead of schedule. One hundred and twenty-five thousand people viewed the parade. Forty-five thousand witnessed the evening spectacle in the University stadium. The offices of the Society were crowded with staff members and their families and friends to view the twelve-mile parade, with its myriad bands and historic floats. The Museum was visited by several hundred people. Nine stores in Madison featured displays furnished by the Society, and contributions from our collections were visible on several of the floats, including that of the State Centennial Committee itself. Governor Rennebohm promptly turned the souvenir album of the new three-cent Wisconsin Cen- tennial stamp over to the Society for exhibition. Of the quite remarkable day one feature noted by the prejudiced eye of your editor was the number of members of the Society seen about town: the Governor, the Chief Justice, all but one member of the State Centennial Executive Committee, the chairmen of 23 of the Cen- tennial sub-committees, 16 members of the Legislature, the heads of several other State agencies, and literally hundreds of our other fellow members from all over the State. Full radio coverage was given the event by WKOW, the station which inaugurated our Wisconsin Cavalcade program last winter. It was a historic day— at which the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY was well represented.

THE DELAYED observance of the centennial of Swedish settlement in this region brought to Pine Lake long due recognition. Here, in 1841, under the leadership of Gustaf Unonius and with high hopes of founding in this new country a New Upsala, or , center of Swedish culture and learning, settled the first group of Swedish immigrants to colonize the Midwest. The subsequent career of Unonius, who became the first person 1948] CHATS WITH THE EDITOR 387 ordained to the ministry after training at Nashotah and filled several pastorates in Wisconsin before moving to Chicago and later returning to Sweden; the colorful von Schneidau who also moved to Chicago to become a successful daguerreotypist; the frontier experiences of the group of pioneers which proved so try- ing that only the Rudebergs and Petersons stuck it out at Pine Lake, form a fascinating chapter in the early history of Wisconsin. To the initial group of Swedes were quickly added Norwegians and Danes, many of whom have descendants living today in the vicinity. A half century later began the migration to this lovely site of wealthy people from Milwaukee. Pine Lake, or modern Chenequa, thus offers unusual opportunities for a study of the im- pact of pioneer life and the later evolution of a rather specialized type of community. The acts and the dreams of Unonius and his band of followers which initiated this development are now com- memorated by an impressive granite boulder and bronze plaque erected by the Wisconsin Swedish Pioneer Centennial Commission. This monument was dedicated June 18 before official delegations from Sweden and from the Swedish Pioneer Centennial Associ- ation in front of the town hall of Chenequa, less than a mile from the site of Unonius' log cabin. Wisconsin thus records a distinguished addition to its growing list of historic markers and centennial observances.

THE CONSERVATION COMMISSION has recently taken title to the 122 acres of land on which are situated the famed Aztalan Indian Mounds. Believed to date from about 1500, these remains of a . . fortified village with ceremonial earth pyramids inside Aztalan • . , , , ... _Trr. the stockade, were the only site in Wisconsin recom- mended some years ago by the for preservation as a national monument. They mark a type of Indian civilization which shows important influence from ancient Mexican civilization not found elsewhere in Wisconsin or so far north. Their acquisition by the State is the appropriate result of an untiring crusade conducted chiefly by a group of Lake Mills residents, abetted by the interest and research devoted to the site by S. A. Barrett and W. C. McKern, respectively former and 388 CHATS WITH THE EDITOR [June present director of the Milwaukee Public Museum. It stems too from a dream long cherished by certain men in the Conservation Department and in the Wisconsin Archeological Society of a chain of historic sites such as Aztalan established throughout the State as a means of preserving certain important symbols of our heritage as Americans. It is fitting that Aztalan should be among the first tracts acquired by the State under the act of the 1947 Legislature making available for the first time in the history of the State an annual appropriation for the acquisition and preservation of such sites. It is anticipated that in the future a scientific restoration of the site may be made. In the meanwhile the mounds are safe from exploitation or further damage.

LAST FALL the Society launched its school program. Six experi- mental junior chapters the preceding year had helped indicate some of its potentialities, while initial explorations with school

„ T . authorities all over the State had confirmed suspicions The junior . , ., r , , . , . , that such a program would find a ready niche in the Wisconsin school curricula, at least on a modest scale. Similar programs in other states had achieved a certain degree of success. Currently Pennsylvania in its sixth year has some 200 chapters, 6,000 junior members; Texas in its ninth year, 36 active chapters, 1,300 junior members; New York, in its sixth year, 95 chapters, 3,158 junior members; Minnesota, in its third year, 21 chapters, 550 junior members. The programs in Oklahoma, Oregon, and Indiana were wartime casualties. Wisconsin closes its first year with 751 junior chapters, 14,480 junior members, 1,115 individual subscribers. The activities of our juniors would quite literally fill a book. There have been numerous field trips to historic sites, plays and pageants, model-making, diorama and map preparation, puppet shows, assembly programs, commencement themes, discussion groups—in a number of which parents and school authorities have been asked to join—square dancing, six radio programs utilizing scripts written by chapter members, and interviews. A lot of Wis- consin history has been explored and recorded by these chapters, 1948] CHATS WITH THE EDITOR 389

only a small portion of which has made its way into print in Badger History. Indeed, it is safe to say that in quantity of re- search and creative writing, our juniors have far outstripped our senior members in 1947-48. Many chapters have prepared his- tories of their school districts. Some of the Sauk County groups have written the stories on the old farms of their localities. The Winneconne chapters wrote a history of the churches and ceme- teries in their vicinity. Over a hundred chapters visited our own Museum. Many groups gathered materials, pictures, and scrap- books for their local school libraries. Literally hundreds of con- tributions have been received for the magazine. In all it was an exciting, gratifying, rewarding year. Parents, teachers, supervisors, and superintendents have been loud in their praise of the first year of the program. To them the magazine and the Wisconsin Teacher Newsletter have become learning tools of significance, but success is best tested by what the children themselves say. Extensive quota- tions from the hundreds of fine letters we have received from our junior members must yield to considerations of space, but a few selections will set the general tone. When we see the new issues of Badger History, we all flock to get one. The summer will seem very long waiting to get the new issues.—Kathleen Blummer, Demonstration group, Green County Normal School. The Lodi Valley Junior Historians are planning to have six members speak on subjects concerning the centennial at the P.T.A. meeting.... All the boys and girls find the magazine very interesting and enjoy reading it very much.—Annette Zeier, Lodi. We enjoy your magazine very much. It is so interesting. The fourth, fifth and sixth grade have been studying out of them also. Then we draw pictures of what we read.—Genevieve Wolff, Leeds Center School, Morrisonville. The morning after they had taken their magazines home, one boy came with a long face and said, "Mrs. Schoelling, I never even got to look at those Badger History magazines after I took them home. Do you know why? " Upon assuring him I didn't know, he continued, " Well, my Dad and Mother and Bonnie and Jerry read them all evening and I didn't even get to look at them." Then another boy told the same story.—Irma Schoelling, teacherleader, Boscobel. A certain enthusiasm is reflected, too, in the act of the Wauzeka Badgers, 26 strong, and four other chapters which have already joined up for another year. 390 CHATS WITH THE EDITOR

The Society's thanks are due to our supervisor of school services, Mary T. Ryan, whose unceasing efforts to insure the success of the program are in large degree responsible for its results, to our school friends who have been so helpful in forwarding the pro- gram, and to the Emergency Board which kindly bailed us out of the financial difficulties created by the unforeseeable success en- joyed by the program in its initial year.

THE COLLAPSE of one wing of the historic Milton House at Milton invites attention once again to the necessity of taking steps in time to preserve the perishable relics of another day. Moves .. for the preservation of this building, a famous hostelry MtltOn . . , ill ^' c T -ii Tv/r-i in its day on the old stage line from Janesville to Mil- waukee, a known stop on the Underground Railroad, and reputed to be the first all-concrete building in the country, have been under consideration for years. The owners had pre- served it from destruction or exploitation, the possibilities of State acquisition had been explored, and the Milton Historical Society had just closed an option for its purchase two days before the collapse. To restore the severely damaged structure will now be an enormously expensive undertaking. Had steps been taken earlier, the use of tie rods could have saved it at relatively little cost. The misfortune of Milton should be a provocation to other communities with historic shrines in their midst to get to work before the ravages of time make their task more difficult or even impossible.

BY THE TIME this reaches our readers, a special centennial edition of Fred L. Holmes's Old World Wisconsin will be off the press. . , This popular work has been out of print for some OldMTT/ world/ 7 . ^ ,. . . - ,. , , - _• __ TTrr. . time. The new edition is published by E. M. Hale Wisconsin , n -, , . r . T and Company, Eau Claire, tor $1.19. Its reappear- ance will be widely welcomed. Wisconsin Centennial Address

By GOVERNOR OSCAR RENNEBOHM

R. CHAIRMAN, DISTINGUISHED GUESTS, FELLOW CITIZENS: M The history of the Territory of Wisconsin is a story filled with soul-stirring drama and of intriguing accomplishment in which we feel deep pride. In good time that magnificent territory considered herself ready for statehood. Congress had passed the enabling act which made possible the First Constitutional Convention, October 15 of 1846. The Second Constitutional Convention opened at Madison, De- cember 15, 1847, and on March 13, 1848, the constitution pro- posed by the convention was adopted by popular vote. Wisconsin was admitted to the Union under act of Congress, May 29, 1848. It is my purpose, very briefly, to review the story of our Common- wealth from the year of its birth through a century of dramatic achievement—100 years during which Wisconsin has been the example of her noble motto " Forward." In that century of state- hood ours has been a happy and prosperous Commonwealth, always in the forefront as a testing place of new ideas for the benefit of all our people. In the notable year of 1848, was elected the first governor of the State. The first Legislature convened June 5, and the State officers were sworn in. and Isaac P. Walker were elected Senators, and Andrew J. Miller was appointed judge of the United States District Court. A free school system was established by law, a land grant for a university was made by Congress, and the State University was incorporated. Auspiciously inaugurated into the sisterhood of states, the new member of the Union, for a century of time, has set a magnificent

THIS ADDRESS was delivered by GOVERNOR RENNEBOHM at the formal opening of the All-State Centennial Celebration at the State Capitol on Monday morning, January 5. 391 392 GOVERNOR OSCAR RENNEBOHM [June example of adventure, experimentation, loyalty, sacrifice, and de- votion. Politics formed the excitement of the pioneer State. The majority party of early days was the Democratic Party. Politically the con- flict was between Democrats and Whigs. In the decade of the fifties, the slavery issue became acute throughout the nation. Antislavery agitation was strong in Wis- consin, and in 1854, at a mass meeting held in Ripon, the name Republican was suggested for a new party which held a conven- tion in Madison. The movement resulted in sending Charles Durkee, the first Republican senator, to Congress. In those early years economic as well as political problems were among those of interest and significance to the people of the new State. Wisconsin was, of course, predominantly an agricultural area. Wisconsin's agriculture was then, as it has been ever since, a progressive industry. The precedent of new and ever.more effective inventions was established by the development of harvesters and reapers. The Esterly Reaper and the Appleby Knotter were Wisconsin inven- tions. From those early years to the present the story of agriculture in the State is replete with the introduction of new methods and new machinery which have made possible greater diversity of agriculture, more prosperous farms, and the most enviable standard of living among our rural population. The development of transportation is a story which intrigues the imagination. Progress in agriculture created the need for railroads. The first railroad was the Milwaukee and Mississippi which ran its first train from Milwaukee to Waukesha in 1851. By 1854 it had reached the Capital City, and in 1857 had been extended to Prairie du Chien. The coming of the railroad gave impetus to the expansion of telegraph lines. Road building became a necessity, basically plank roads. Ferries were superseded by bridges, and life moved at an ever-increasing pace. But to the happy and prosperous first decade of the new State came rumblings of war; then its advance was tragically checked GOVERNOR OSCAR RENNEBOHM

1948] WISCONSIN CENTENNIAL ADDRESS 393 by war. The existence of the Union was threatened. The ideals which motivated the brave men and women who had settled the State were under attack. The call to the colors which reached this then remote area was a clarion call. The response was characteristic of a freedom loving and loyal people. The first week after the call for men, thirty-six militia com- panies offered their services. Never was there a time, throughout the Civil War, when Wisconsin's quota of troops was not full. This State supplied fifty-eight regiments, 91,379 men to the Union armies, and lost 10,752 to the Union cause. After four years of bloody strife, peace came, and in 1865 our troops were mustered out. With the return of troops from the battlefield, and with the opening of our northern area, Wisconsin moved from an era of provincialism to enter upon a promising period of development and prosperity. The federal census of 1870 showed a population for Wisconsin of upwards of 1,000,000. The population was largely concen- trated in the southern third, below the parallel running approxi- mately through Portage. There are those now living, possibly some in the audience today, who will remember the challenge of the immediately postwar years presented in the great task of diversi- fying the many potential possibilities of the State. In the seventies the lumber industry grew to amazing propor- tions. Great fortunes were accumulated from the resources of the north. Lumbering gave employment to increasing thousands. Mills were built at convenient locations and from those early milltowns have grown important cities extending from Marinette on the east to Eau Claire on the west. Wisconsin, up to the turn of the century, was largely ruled by men prominent in the lumber industry who became interested in government. The most important offices in the gift of the people were held by leaders in the lumber fraternity. Northern Wisconsin became the stage for another spectacular drama when timber inevitably became exhausted and cut over lands became available for a new influx of settlers. Many factors 394 GOVERNOR OSCAR RENNEBOHM [June combined to bring a sturdy, solid people to that area. Hardship did not daunt them. They were possessed of the spirit of adventure. They were ambitious to build homes for their families and to assure a brighter future for their children. In 1872 the Wisconsin farmers organized a dairy association at Watertown. Its objective was to promote milk, butter, and cheese production. Thus began the agricultural revolution which has re- sulted in Wisconsin becoming the first dairy state in the Union. In the decades of the seventies and eighties, manufacturing be- gan to compete with agriculture as an industry of importance. From small beginnings in which the basis of manufacture has been the State's chief products, and which gave rise to the production of flour and mill machinery, to lumber and timber products, this State has advanced to a position of high rank among the industrial states of America. Upwards of 7,000 manufacturing establishments, employing between four hundred to five hundred thousand workers who earn approximately one billion five hundred million dollars per year, are the proud boast of Wisconsin. Indeed, signi- ficant as is our agricultural record (a close approach to 180,000 farms with a land area approaching 24,000,000 acres, and an income from all farm crops reaching nearly a billion dollars) the value of the products of industry is more than two and one-half times as great. Today there is no state of the nation and hardly a country of the world in which the products of Wisconsin factories are not known and used. I have referred to the State's enviable record in the Civil War. No less proud was our record in the Spanish-American War, for which we raised and equipped four regiments of infantry and one battery—5,469 men in all. During the administration of Governor Philipp the catastrophe of World War I came upon us. Wisconsin's record in that war, with all its people evidencing splendid loyalty, was such that the head of selective service paid splendid tribute to the efficiency of the State when he said, "I have come to expect the impossible from Wisconsin." Equally notable was the record of Wisconsin in World War II. 1948] WISCONSIN CENTENNIAL ADDRESS 395

This State supplied 348,618 of its citizens to the armed service in this greatest of wars. Wisconsin never failed to make her total and complete contribution in the hour of the nation's need. Badger participation in World War II is a bright spot in our annals. Whether it be service in the Army or the Navy, women's auxiliaries, industry, labor, agriculture, or any other activity in- cident to the war effort, there are none but bright spots on our record. Characteristic of the leadership of the State, plans were begun soon after the treacherous attack on Pearl Harbor, to readjust those who served in the armed forces, to the problems of return- ing to civilian life. Wisconsin has been acknowledged, by the federal government, as having formulated the most comprehensive plan for the rehabilitation of its veterans of any of the forty-eight states. Veterans' problems have been recognized as matters of govern- ment concern beyond anything which has ever happened in the life of the State. Whatever the economic circumstances or social status, practically every family has had a direct interest in the problems faced by veterans. Had I time properly to relate the story of the federal legislation in favor of the veteran and the equally favorable co- operation of State agencies with federal laws, I would tell a story which deserves a prominent place in the 100-year history of Wisconsin. Anything like an adequate inventory of Wisconsin's record in the field of legislation is impossible. Among the outstanding achievements which we may contemplate with pride as we close a glorious century of progress, I would remind you of a few: (1) Here was enacted the first primary election law. (2) The State passed one of the earliest corrupt practices acts. (3) We led in the development of ad valorem taxation of rail- road property and in the effective regulation of railroads and public utilities. (4) The State was among the first to adopt a civil service 396 GOVERNOR OSCAR RENNEBOHM system for its employees, and to adopt a budget system and central- ized purchasing. (5) The first legislative reference and bill service was a Wis- consin idea. (6) Laws relating to the industrial commission, workmen's com- pensation, unemployment compensation, and fair labor practices have set the example for legislation by many states and the federal government. Yes, you and I, fellow citizens, live in a great state populated by a great people. On this hundredth anniversary let us draw in- spiration from a past in which those who have gone before achieved so notably. May we appreciate to the full those whose deeds and accomplishments have handed on to us a rich and enviable heritage. And may we, in our time, so perform in the social, economic, and political life of Wisconsin that each passing year may add to the glory that is Wisconsin. Wilderness Travelogue and Doty's Loggery

By JOHN F. KIENITZ

HROUGH the entire nineteenth century the young United States and territories within their borders offered oppor- T tunities for men to look out on vast landscapes relatively untouched by man. When they were so touched, the landscapes presented more often than not a union of man and nature of a definitely idealistic kind. In the East, in the upper reaches of New York State, the romantic naturalist, Frederick E. Church, found this sympathetic union of domesticity and grandeur in 1852 when he painted his Catskill Mountains. In the foreground, in its clearing, to the far side of a curving wagon trail is a log homestead announcing man's presence and composure before the splendid pageant of magnificent nature. A like composure and a similar pleasure before the visual splendor of nature is to be found in the hearts of many Americans who had occasion to move for business, adventure, or other reason from the eastern Seaboard to the Middle West and beyond. As a proper prelude to a local Wisconsin manifestation of this same feeling, we have a journal which was kept during the years 1819 and 1820 by a poetic army captain, now utterly anonymous. The cap- tain was a member of the suite which accompanied General

A year has rolled around since the Magazine brought to its readers the charming story of the Mitchell-Rountree House, contributed by PROFESSOR JOHN F. KIENITZ of the Art History staff, University of Wisconsin. Thanks to Professor Kienitz, the Doty Loggery and its wilderness setting are here partially described as seen by Captain Lauchlan B. Mackinnon when traveling in Wisconsin almost a century ago. This paper is made possible by grants-in-aid of research which have been allotted to Professor Kienitz by the Faculty Research Committee of the University of Wisconsin and the University Committee administering the University's Rockefeller Grant to Promote Wisconsin Studies. 397 398 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June

Jacob Brown on a tour of inspection through several states (includ- ing Michigan).1 When this anonymous aide-de-camp and his party came to Lake Saint Clair and the river of the same name and rested for the night at Fort Gratiot, the fortress overlooking the passage into Lake Huron, he declared that the river afforded "the most beautiful exhibition of scenery" he had ever beheld. His delight was evi- dent in writing of the river's low banks, its luxuriant growth of trees, long interruptions of forests, and great expanses of prairie. He saw natural vistas opening by accident, and through the dense masses of forest growth there were exposed a profusion of rich and variegated objects... copses, clumps of trees often appearing to rise out of the water, narrow points of land covered with a low, marshy vegetation penetrating far into the water and sometimes orna- mented with a few trees scattered with great beauty over them, groves separated from the general mass of forest scenery and a thousand other features attach an exquisitely beautiful character to this river Few settlements line its borders and trie most picturesque points exhibit only the unassisted efforts of nature.2 During the eighteenth century and even before the growth of romantic feeling, a distinction was made between art and nature as incompatible and mutually exclusive. If you were a classicist temperamentally, you preferred the ordered, man-made regularities and austerities of. art. Just the opposite held true if you were romantic by inclination. The romanticist regarded man-made regu- lation as artificial; he preferred free nature to be his composer. The painter Church belonged to this school of thought; so did our aide-de-camp. Nature unassisted by the hand of man, that was the ideal of the romantic nineteenth century. When the general's party reached the Detroit River, the keeper of the Journal saw the difference between its effect and that of the Saint Clair as basic.3 The Detroit had much of agreeably soft scenery, but it owed its charm to the effective workings along its margins of the hand of man. The " most romantic place I ever saw "was the captain's verdict when his party came to Michilimackinac: 1 Journal of Travels of General Jacob Brown and his suite in New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Kept by his aide-de-camp, with watercolor views and pencil drawings, 1819-20. MS 10458, New York State Library, Albany. 2 Ibid., June 15, 1819. s Ibid. 1948] DOXY'S LOGGERY 399

The town is expanded on a plain almost immediately beneath the Fort which towers about 200 feet above it, with an European air of domination —more retired still, there is another height of about 50 feet more ele- vated surmounted by a Block house enclosed in an earth epanlement and pallisade, constituting altogether the most perfect picture of romance I ever beheld.4 These experiences before the American landscape have been in- cluded here because they are essential to our understanding of the Loggery at Neenah, and our appreciation of its importance as a house in the Wisconsin of 1851. During that year it shared its hospitality with an English naval officer, Captain Lauchlan B. Mackinnon, about whom, either here or in English archives, little is known. He published a record of his stay at the Loggery, and it is one of the most graphic accounts of early Wis- consin life to be found anywhere.5 Captain Mackinnon was in New York in October, 1850, and had reached Michigan on his way to Wisconsin in May, 1851. A steamer run of some seven hours brought him from Chicago to Milwaukee. It was then as it is now " a city beautifully situated on undulating ground." He thought it safe to say that it could very well be " the best example of progress in the Union." It had had a phenomenal growth in only a few years but, better than that, it had already achieved good physical form as well: he liked its "spacious and tasteful blocks of buildings; wide and regular streets." 6 From Milwaukee he arrived at Green Bay, "an embryo city," and a " wretched little steamer" took him up the Fox River. The landscape interested him greatly because this area had been ceded to the United States only a few years before. He found the right bank of the river still in the possession of Indians: "Wild woods and rich farms were rapidly passed on the one hand; whilst, the rough land on the other, still in a state of nature, clearly in- dicated the wild man's abode." 7 Six miles from Green Bay, he admired the Fox River locks, "wonderful work for a state only three years old." A fat buck

*Ibtd.t June 19, .1819. 5 Captain Lauchlan B. Mackinnon, Atlantic and Transatlantic Sketches, Afloat and Ashore (2 vols., London, 1852). 6 Ibid., 185-86. " Ubid., 218-19. 400 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June

was spotted swimming across the river. It attracted the attention of Indians up to now concealed on the bank. A bark canoe shot out to overtake the buck. And a passenger on the steamer hauled out a duck gun. Soon another deer was discovered in the shallows. The first stag disappeared after a load of shot hit him. He re- appeared, made land, collapsed, and died. The captain found that except for a portage of nine miles to Appleton there was no break in this water passage from Green Bay to the Mississippi. He recorded that a canal was being built to make this waterway complete.8 Because the settlers hoped this would become an important trade route, villages were growing rapidly along its banks. Appleton, for example, had at that time a population of 1,000, and this only eighteen months after the first tree was felled there to make a clearing.9 Captain Mackinnon covered the nine miles of portage in a wagon, on a rough and forested route. He found great danger to life and limb from the frequent stumps and swamps, but felt reassured since Blood, the driver, was an expert in Wisconsin over- land travel. When Appleton was reached, the captain left on a rowed ferryboat for Neenah, situated on the shore of Lake Winne- bago. Then he boarded a lake steamer and there became acquainted with James Duane Doty, former . The Englishman was enchanted by the scenery, viewed from the lake which is twenty-eight miles long and ten to eleven wide. We are asked to believe with the captain that Europe's most elaborate and carefully tended scenery is inferior to Lake Winnebago's: "The fragrance of the air; the exquisite verdure of the trees; the gorgeous colours of the prairie-flowers; and the artist-like arrangements of the 'oak openings/ and wild meadows, are delights never to be forgotten." 10 The captain found it difficult to understand why this country- side and lake, this " Garden of Eden," were not more widely known in the eastern states. He is convinced that this district " is the most desirable and the finest in the world for emigrants." Among its

8 For a discussion of the " Fox-Wisconsin River Improvement" see Joseph Schafer, The Winnebago-Horicon Basin (Madison, 1937), chap. 6, pp. 90-110.—EDITORS. 9 Mackinnon, Atlantic and Transatlantic Sketches, 219-21. 10 Ibid., lll-l'b. J?ll floorj are offfo'thick pineboards- S'to/e'urtda 3ed<%ooms Jv"C'a,7-6 /Z'toar-ds and fattens •5tovepi/& holes are. cut 6/iro fioor3 to TOO77is bslour JDoorj yp.ry tn width from, /-'f'to Z:?% and iTi hat from " to 6:sr

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Historic American Buildings Survey. Courtesy, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. GOVERNOR DOTY'S OLD HOME: THE LOGGERY Floor plans

1948] DOTY'S LOGGERY 401

advantages he pointed out its access to the Mississippi on the west, with Lake Michigan itself only a few miles to the east. Its soil was inferior to none he has come upon or known of in the states. Its climate was healthy. It had a number of natural advantages. The health of its inhabitants he attributed to the excellent artesian wells. In Fond du Lac he found that each house " has its own crystal fountain spouting from the earth." And he noticed the existence of a plank road which was to be completed that year from Lake Winnebago to Kaukauna.11 Captain Mackinnon echoed the feelings of his time when he confessed that this Wisconsin scene "has an extraordinary effect upon the imagination." Because it had such an effect, Wisconsin was being settled he claimed by " ramblers" from the other states. The Wisconsin landscape, in other words, stirred the im- agination of man not as forbidding or sinister, but as inviting—it was rough country with a pacific air, a wanderer's natural rest. At the outlet of Lake Winnebago the captain found an island, which was long the favored retreat of the Menomini Indians. These Indians were hailed by our Englishman as " capital judges of loca- tions." Where the Indians found nature most attractive, there they made their home. He would have us believe what we very- well can believe that the Indians' perceptions of natural beauty were as acute as the white man's. To this charming island on Winnebago, Captain Mackinnon later was invited by Governor Doty. The invitation to stay at the former governor's house—which had come to him at Milwaukee— pleased him because it gave him a chance to enjoy unusually fine hunting. So he left from there by steamer for Sheboygan, at that time "the nearest point to any practicable road to Lake Winne- bago." Once he reached Sheboygan, the captain hired a wagon team to take him up country. He shared this wagon trip with a young Englishman from Ringwood in Hampshire, England. This young man had come West to- work as a house painter and glazier, and Captain Mackinnon stated that in these trades the Englishman was successfully employed at Menasha. 11 Ibid., 226-27. 402 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June

Traveling over a plank road, the journey began auspiciously. So much so, that Mackinnon felt compelled to load his gun, light his Havana cigar, and keep on the alert for a suitable target for his marksmanship. He saw many quail, pigeons, ducks, and other birds. After a twelve-mile stretch they reached the end of the plank road, where a number of men were working a locomotive saw- mill, the engine furnishing the power to saw trees into planks which were immediately laid down as extensions of the plank road. We learn from Mackinnon that the usual plank was 8 feet long, 3 inches thick, and random in width, and such roads had their beginnings in Canada. At his time they were used extensively both there and in the United States. He claimed that once such a road was projected, with some assurance of its being carried through, the lands adjacent to it would rise 100 percent in value, and when actually completed, the price would rise a great deal more. Tolls on plank roads known to Mackinnon varied from half a cent to 2 cents a mile.12 Values and accommodations were relative. For such travelers in mid-century Wisconsin as Captain Mackinnon, the worth of a plank road was immeasurable. No sooner had his wagon team reached the plank road limits than trouble began. Trouble first came in the form of a box of window glass that was jolted off the wagon into bits, an expensive loss for the glazier from Ringwood. All passengers had to lend a hand to get the wagon on an even keel again after one wheel had sunk down to its hub in a mud hole. As they continued their way, a hole or a stump or both interfered constantly. Once their wagon tipped over so suddenly as to send them all into the mud. This time the young English- man had to sacrifice a big can of varnish to the spirits of the way. Finally when the travelers and their gear had been put back on the upended wagon, it was found that the dead weight was too much for the team to budge out of the muck. With the coming of darkness, the company left the wagon and found shelter for the night nearby " in a frank and hospitable manner " with a Vermont man whose wife prepared for them "excellent tea, bread, butter, and bacon." 13 12 Ibid., 235-36. ™lbid.t 237. 1948] DOTY'S LOGGERY 403

When daylight arrived, they learned that what lay ahead of them was as hazardous as what had been encountered. Knowing this, the travelers hired a team of oxen to assist for they expected delays occasioned by the heavy going. The oxen were what was needed to free the wagon from its mud hole, and they were able to move forward for at least three miles. Again the wagon sank into the muck! Once more all hands pitched in to unload. But even this lessening of the burden failed to free the craft, and the dismayed voyagers could only sigh as the wagon proceeded to sink hopelessly out of sight. More help was sent for. A fire was started, and some game birds were prepared for eating. In the meantime an Irishman had been persuaded to leave his ploughing and come over with a double team of oxen. Three ox teams and the pair of horses then set about successfully to free the wagon. Then they continued on their way until they came upon another plank road some four miles from Fond du Lac. It had taken them two days to cover the twenty-four-mile section of unplanked road. This included six upsets of the wagon and themselves. Now they were able to travel sixteen miles in two hours. Mackinnon noted that the advantages even of crude planking were obvious, and "The new country that is without them, has little or no value, as the farmer cannot carry his produce to market, or get his supplies." Mackinnon's arrival at Fond du Lac brought him to what he describes as a small village of some 2,400 souls, all gathered there in a short five-year span. One of the villagers led Mackinnon to a certain spot where he pointed out some faint indications of a footpath. The villager said that when he had come here only seven years earlier, the path was plainer and he had tried to follow it. At that time it was a main trailway used by Indians moving westward to the Mississippi. As he walked the trail, the villager had been stopped by an Indian chief and a group of braves. And the chief spoke to him with this futile plea: "White man, thou cans't not pass; we know that a pale face, once allowed to see our country, will bring swarms after him, and drive us out. Go in peace, but do not attempt to return." Next morning as he moved up the lake, Mackinnon was aston- 404 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June ished by the many sturgeon sporting in the water. He was told that this fish was finer than other varieties, and that it was the chief food of the Indians during the winter. He found that the sturgeon was at that time a leading article of trade between local and distant tribes. Fifteen miles farther brought Mackinnon to Oshkosh at the mouth of the Fox River. Its population was 1,600. At its head, Lake Winnebago emptied into two channels of the Fox. These two channels formed an island, and this island impressed our captain as the beau ideal of Indian habitation. At their northern end, these two outlets joined to form little Buttes des Morts Lake. To this region the Indians used to come from hundreds of miles around to enjoy the fishing in their " old and favorite home." This island was named for its owner, "Doty." Its Indian name, however, was " Menasha." This name had been given it by the red man to signify its importance as par excellence, " The Island." Doty's Island was a pleasant picture of miniature prairies and oak openings with a variety and an abundance of wild fruit. Its trees fronting die lake shore were smothered sometimes in heavily laden vines, the wild cucumbers especially stifling them. The abundance of wild fruit was a constant lure to wild animals. The bears especially made it their feasting grounds, and the islanders sent out an alarm whenever they saw one swimming over from the mainland. It was the habit of the people to lie in ambush for the bears, from behind sumach bushes. During the night, how- ever, bears frequently came over safely under cover of darkness "to raise hob" among hog sties and gardens. And a swamp in the center of the island also served as refuge for the bears. Wis- consin hunting was then what it was long before, what it is now and what it will be time without end. We learn of the accidental shooting of brother by brother brought on by some " trigger- happy " amateur mistaking this or that human being for a bear. On the island shores, the captain came upon an Indian crone preoccupied with fishing. He discovered that she had journeyed there with members of her tribe from a considerable distance so that she and they could " revisit once more the loved scenes of their 1948] DOTY'S LOGGERY 405

youth." Mackinnon's sensitive admiration went out with equal strength to her fishing skill and the strange beauty of the fish she caught. As he stood watching this patient Griselda, a small band of Indians approached. All were mounted on ponies. They were led by a tall, handsome brave, followed by his squaw whose papoose was characteristically swung from her back. Then came another offspring, seven years old. The rear-guard was a number of curs coming along with appropriately hang-dog looks. Mackinnon hailed them and sign language was used in con- versation. Then they walked on together in silence. His curiosity as to their " home life" led the captain " to string along." To win favor with them he fastened his silk neckerchief round the throat of the seven-year old. We learned that this pleased the child, but brought no response from the squaw. Their way led to three Indian lodges which were built of long intertwined sticks covered with skins. In the manner of English gypsies back home, the Indians started a fire and suspended a big pot over the flames. Now the Indian crone appeared with her heavy catch of fish which she threw into the dirt while dinner was preparing. She was fol- lowed to the camp by a tribesman who had been hunting squirrel, among them black, grey, red, mouse-colored, and even flying squirrels. She set about to skin the squirrels and popped them into the cauldron. Captain Mackinnon had been examining the flying squirrel, but the cook took it from him and with a sudden twist of her knife severed head from body over the steaming pot. It was now, he confessed, that the captain began to regret his desire to have dinner in this company. And this, even though the cooking odors were tempting. His doubts were increased consider- ably as he watched fish, scales, entrails, and all added, to the merry stew with the addition of some choice rats until then hidden in some rubbish. Prudence being by far the better part of valor, our captain left the field, a hungrier and a healthier man, perhaps. As he walked along, he was forced to admit, however, that though they might be cleaner in some respects, the cooking arts of many pioneering whitefolk matched this Indian crudity. As to the cooking customs 406 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June

of the whites the captain was aware of an old American failing, one in fact that plagues and ought to shame us to this day. He was shocked by the white man's wasteful extravagance. As an Englishman of the old school, he found it particularly annoying and difficult to accept the American conduct with grouse. He saw to his dismay a typical housewife throw whole grouse into water to soak until needed. Sometimes this soaking covered thirty- six hours after which it was cut apart and boiled in a sauce pan. The consequence was that the meal was sodden. His experiences on Doty Island led Mackinnon to say that its eastern shore afforded "the finest ground for deer shooting in the States." On this shore there grew a stand of the finest and largest trees he had seen in North America. These woods con- tained an interlace of deer paths, most of which terminated on the shore. So it was a simple matter with the help of a few hounds to drive deer toward the lake. The summer mode of hunting deer was from boats standing a little off the shore. In autumn the shores and neighboring creeks fairly swarmed with wild fowl rest- ing on their journey to the South. They fattened on wild rice. Woodcocks were common to the island and " in a small garden, attached to the Governor's house, of not more than one acre, it was usual to kill three couple of woodcocks every morning be- fore breakfast." Again as an Englishman of the old school, the captain took his chief pleasure in hunting grouse. On his trips to the western shore of the lake in the questionable company of " one slow and pottering, but very good pointer," Mackinnon always came back with as many grouse as he wanted. Given a pack of more alert dogs, he claimed that this sport on the western shores of Winne- bago would be superior in results to the best of Scotland's moors. Settlers on this shore continually complained of the remarkable increase in the number of grouse. And the captain is led to this paradoxical conclusion: game has a tendency to increase when a settler first invades its preserves. Then when the population grows to a certain figure, game decreases rapidly and eventually disappears. During a stroll on the south shore of Doty's Island the visitor 1948] DOTY'S LOGGERY 407 came upon some Irish settlers, who were preparing ground for an orchard. The ground was partly covered by long prairie grass whose roots penetrated not more than a quarter of an inch of soil. The upturned earth was " black and unctuous, and looked almost like chocolate." The Irish uncovered several eggs of curious shape, believing them to be snake's eggs. The captain broke one open, and a small turtle scooted off for the lake. During this same stroll the captain came through " a magnificent grove of sugar maples without any underwood." A companion pointed out in this stately grove a number.of Indian mounds in the shape of recumbent animals: beavers, bears, deer, and squirrels. Mackinnon was ready to believe in the remote antiquity of these mounds. He considered them as the ceremonial work "of some ancient and unknown race." During his stay on the island the captain met a Scotsman whom he had known in Britain as "keeper" of game on one of the large estates on the Scottish moors. The Scotsman showed Mackin- non a prospectus prepared and published by Governor Doty to attract emigration to this place, in which were described two vil- lages, Neenah and Menasha, thriving within a mile of each other. A good market was one of their attractions. The soil was rich limestone, and ready at hand were flour and sawmills and other water powered machinery. Both villages had schools as well as "well-established" religious societies. This additional inducement appeared in the prospectus: I am now erecting several houses, with parlour, kitchen, and bed-room below, and two chambers above, with a birch chimney and oven in the kitchen. Each of these houses will be surrounded by a secure fence to enclose five acres of cleared land. I will let these lots to tenants, whose characters are satisfactory, for one or five years as they prefer, taking as rent one half the produce of the land. I will likewise give the accepted tenant a range for a cow and a pig on the adjoining land, and as much wood as he can use for fuel. What Governor Doty was offering to prospective emigrants by way of a house was not much less than what he had built for his own uses. It is a curious fact that nowhere in his account does Captain Mackinnon give a direct word to describe the governor's living quarters. Our belief is that his silence is his way of being 408 JOHN F. KIENITZ [June tactful. We believe that this visitor, finding the lodgings quite ordinary, never bothered to describe them. There was nothing exceptional he could say for them. Because he failed to do justice by the house, we are the losers. His evidence would have been perfect and valuable. According to the architects who surveyed it for the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936, the log house dates from 1847.14 It is, taken altogether, a perfect specimen of whole log construction. The solid wall timbers are hewn of cedar, oak, and ash trunks which were carefully selected for uniformity in size. The wall logs range from ten to twelve inches in diameter. Log ends are squared and all corner joining of two logs is dove-tailed by men who knew how to make a joint secure. The carpentry exhibited here is a testament to the conscientiousness with which men on the frontier gave themselves to the tough task of making details come out right. Chunks of wood, flint bits, and such are used to stop the openings between logs. The intervening spaces are packed this way and then plastered over. Both the interior and exterior walling is whitewashed. This whitewash doesn't hide com- pletely the bulk of the whole log construction, but it ameliorates it considerably so that the Loggery impresses the spectator just exactly as it should impress him: as the closest thing to a frame house he could hope to find on this or any other frontier. The form of this house puts one in mind of the first house to be erected in Fond du Lac at the other end of Lake Winnebago. The house in question was built in 1836 by the Fond du Lac Company. Colwert Pier operated it as a tavern. Roughly speaking, the difference between these two log buildings is the whitewash that covers one of them. We are apt to think of log construction as hopelessly small in size. The Doty Loggery actually is a handsome 52^2 feet long across the front and, with its central wing, it is 36V2 feet deep. Both houses are entered by way of an inset porch, a type of entry which is common to the South and not unknown in the 14 Wisconsin Section, Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress, Depart- ment of Prints and Photographs, Washington, D.C. Wisconsin Historical Society Library has facsimiles of the Wisconsin drawings. .,.,._..;.. PIER CABIN, BUILT IN 1836

1948] DOTY'S LOGGERY 409

science of whole log construction as it was practiced in early . Just back of the inset porch is a small square hall. The door that leads from porch to hall has side lights of a type common to the Wisconsin building practice of the eighteen forties. To the left of the hall as you enter is the living room. Including the walls, this room measures 18x20 feet. The ceiling is spanned from front to back by six joints, 6x6 inches in size. This joint con- struction, openly exposed, is duplicated in the dining room that lies to> the right of the hall as you enter. To the rear of the hall directly opposite the inset porch is the kitchen. It juts out as a central wing or bar in this practical T-formation. The ceiling here has five of the usual joints. A small stair on highly confined windows leads to the half story above from both the kitchen and the entrance hall. On the main floor all flooring is of five-inch-wide pine boards. Ceilings are plastered in both dining room and hall. In the kitchen and living room the ceiling cover is only the bottoms of the second floor pine boards. All of the trim is pine. Chimneys are of birch. And stoves instead of open wood-burning fireplaces were already in use here in Wisconsin. Evidence still remains of stove pipe holes that were once cut through the upper floors to give on the rooms below. The second-story floors are made up of inch-and-a-quarter-thick pine boards which vary in width from 8 to 12 inches. Notice that on the main story all floor boards were uniformly 5 inches wide. On the second and functionally " lesser " floor, they were random in their width. A distinction was made, in other words, by these methodical craftsmen between the worth and care to be given the main as against the second story. Doty Island, once the home and the hunting ground of the Indian, with its giant trees, wild game, and Indian mounds, has gradually changed. The wilderness is gone; the historic Loggery, in possession of the city of Neenah and cared for by its park com- mission, has become a popular place of pilgrimage. It may prove as permanent as Wisconsin itself. Albert O. Barton

By WILLIAM T. EVJUE

A LBERT G. BARTON was a man who had a natural instinct for /A catching the historical significance of the rapidly unfold- -*• -*• ing developments around him. He occupied a ringside seat in much of the dramatic history that drew the attention of the world to Wisconsin. And he took a part in fashioning that history. But through it all, he never lost his sense of historical perspective. The nature of the man was such that he was unable to lose the feeling for detached appraisal no matter how intimately his own life was interwoven with the historical developments which swirled about him. He was a man of gentleness, understanding, tolerance, and an ever-abiding curiosity. He somehow seemed out of place in the turbulent activities in which he engaged but he always did his job competently and thoroughly. As a city editor of the old Wisconsin State Journal, where I first worked under him, he was anything but the " rip- snorting," apoplectic prototype of the city room boss. He was a gentle and soft-spoken taskmaster. He seemed out of place too in the rough-and-tumble of politics. The successfully practicing politician has to see events and person- alities in blacks and whites. Albert Barton's great store of human tolerance often blended blacks and whites into an indiscernible grey. Yet, he was liked and trusted by the voters. He was seven times elected to the office of register of deeds of Dane County by overwhelming margins. In 1909 he went to Washington as a clerk in Senator La Fol- lette's office and there began a warm friendship between him and the Senator that continued until La Follette's death. La Follette and Barton were a good team. The dynamic leader of the Pro- gressive movement needed the help of a methodical, analytical

WILLIAM T. EVJUE is the editor and publisher of Madison's Capital Times. A discriminating observer and writer, he has contributed this excellent sketch of CURATOR BARTON, whose death occurred at Madison on October 22. 410 ALBERT O. BARTON

ALBERT O. BARTON 4ll person to provide him with material with which he carried on his public political battles. It was Barton who would dig out the facts and figures with which the old Senator would buttress his public speeches and writings. But Albert Barton's first love was history—the history of Wis- consin and Dane County. He was forever putting away clippings and making trips to out-of-the-way places in southern Wisconsin in search of data to round out historical researches. It always seemed incongruous to see him making the rounds in a political campaign or taking care of his routine administrative duties in the courthouse when you knew that he would prefer to be out over the Wisconsin countryside, which he loved so well, wandering through some obscure cemetery gathering place names and his- torical clues. He was happiest when engaged in this type of work or on some project connected with the Friends of Our Native Landscape. His contributions to the literary and scholarship prestige of the State are among the most valuable. He was a wonderful reference source of all matters pertaining to the history of his home county, Dane. He possessed a great fund of literary knowledge. His last article, written from his deathbed at Madison General Hospital, was a beautiful piece of prose, reflecting his rich literary background and his magnificent sense of seeing the good and beautiful in his surroundings. Albert Barton was a man of high ideals and broad humani- tarian principles. It was natural that he should have been at- tracted to the cause which Old Bob La Follette fought for. He was one of the quiet and reserved scholars who took his place in the movement which Old Bob founded. He performed without stint his quiet day-to-day work which was so necessary to keep the movement going in Wisconsin. He served his people well as a public servant and as an his- torian of their lives and times and as one who labored long and courageously for a better life for all. He was one of whom it truly can be said that were it not for the Albert Bartons there could have been no Bob La Follette nor Wisconsin Idea. Highlights of Manitowoc

By RALPH G. PLUMB

HIS is A brief and fragmentary attempt to reflect a few pages of national history into the mirror of events in the T Manitowoc region. While French explorers had visited the area and even main- tained a trading post within the present county borders in 1795, the history of the county begins with 1836. That was the year of the boom, full of inflation and speculation. The settlement at Manitowoc was due to this very same situation: the brothers Jones, William and Benjamin, who had arrived at Chicago in 1833, de- cided to divide their holdings—William remaining in Chicago and Benjamin taking his chances northward in the hope that his new land company could develop a town that would rival that which William had chosen. To do the pioneer work he dis- patched a group of woodsmen to the mouth of the Manitowoc River, and at the foot of what was to become Manitowoc's North Seventh Street, they cleared a space and erected a warehouse. The surroundings were forbidding, with the big pine trees crowding them toward the river. By spring, when Benjamin and his family had arrived to take possession, only two or three of the builders were left to greet him. Within a few months the depression of 1837 was upon the country and the inflated values soon dis- appeared, leaving Jones and his little company only the duty of slowly building up a little village—just another tiny settlement on the shores of Lake Michigan. That it remained throughout the forties until foreign and domestic immigration turned Wisconsin- ward. Seven miles up the lake shore, almost to the jutting point, two

RALPH G. PLUMB, a curator of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY and a resident of Manitowoc, emphasized the historical highlights of his region when he spoke on the opening day of the annual meeting, August 22, at Manitowoc. 412 HIGHLIGHTS OF MANITOWOC 413

rivers united and flowed into the lake. Here was located the second of the 1836 attempts at settlement. This attempt came from an entirely different motive, that of capitalizing on one ot the natural resources of Lake Michigan—the fish that abounded in its depths. John P. Clark of Detroit was the instigator and had brought with him an outfit, opening sites at Two Rivers, White- fish Bay, and several other places. To assist him in his work he invited a group of French Canadians from Montreal, Trois- Rivieres, and other St. Lawrence centers. A schooner visited the fishing camps monthly, loaded the hauls from the seine nets, and carried them to Detroit. The catches were large, one haul netting 175 barrels, and a seasonal total of 2,000 not being unusual. A Captain Joseph V. Edwards, who had met a Manitowoc- bound party at Green Bay, joined Clark as his local agent and he it was who built the first vessel, the "Citizen," in 1847, that was to be the first of a grand procession of craft. Lumbering and rudi- mentary forms of manufacture also soon were started at Two Rivers, and for a time its commerce and importance eclipsed that of the settlement down the bay. The third settlement in the county, parallel in time, was due to the water power existing about three miles up the Manitowoc River, where a falls tempted the Conroe brothers from Vermont to erect a dam and begin an extensive lumbering operation. A large group from northeastern New York arrived in the spring of 1837 by way of Green Bay, including many who started farms in the vicinity, and soon little Manitowoc Rapids was the political center of the county, becoming its first county seat. The site of the first courthouse on a rise just north of the village is still main- tained at county expense, and in the village itself there still stands (though remodeled) the first tavern, hotel and permanent home, a building now 110 years of age. To this village came Waumegesako, the chief of the mixed tribes, and in its environs is located his grave and monument. With the later importance of its neighbor to the east, the county seat was removed to Manitowoc in 1853 and the Rapids saw no further growth. 4l4 RALPH G. PLUMB [June

The Indians in the county were a peaceable, rather drab mix- ture. They occasioned no trouble, but Manitowoc reacted as did other pioneer communities to the rumors occasioned by massacres in distant areas. Thus in the forties a squaw, overcome by drink, was heard to mutter of an impending outbreak, and the settlers rushed out from the Rapids and gathered the only miscreant they could find, another addicted to firewater, and kept him in the little building that served as courthouse and jail until he and they had sobered up. But in 1862 when the stories of the Minnesota up- risings reached the settlements along the lake, fear seemed to become rampant. Oldsters and youths not yet engaged at the front in the civil struggle then raging, formed companies and scoured the woods—often mistaking each other for hostiles. Others gath- ered their women and children in the new courthouse and heated water in the cupola that might be thrown down on the savages, should they enter the village. Some even suggested boarding schooners and sending the women and children out in the lake. So strange were the consequences of mere rumor when there probably was not a dangerous Indian in the whole eastern part of the State. Wisconsin began to be appreciated in 1847 and 1848, and Manitowoc shared in the great inflow.of New Englanders, New Yorkers, and immigrants from distant Germany, Norway, Ireland, and later from Bohemia and Poland. By this time Manitowoc was a port of call for the great steamers that were profiting by the stream of travelers through Buffalo, bound westward. Its natural harbor made it a place of refuge, and the businessmen soon con- structed two bridge piers to act as landing places, in the mean- time joining the western cry for improved harbor facilities. This brought only a measly $8,000 appropriation in 1852, and it was not until immediately after the Civil War that the harbor itself was dredged and improved, while it took forty more years before the great breakwater was built. Why did Manitowoc become a shipbuilding center? The answer lay in the great stretches of beautiful, towering trees abounding in the back country, so long as wood was the material used. Again, 1948] HIGHLIGHTS OF MANITOWOC 415 many of the immigrants were seafaring men from Norway or from Bremen, and their capacities were easily engaged throughout the long winters, when the lake was icebound, in building craft which they manned and sailed during the summer. Thus, after the con- struction of the "Citizen," many men engaged in shipbuilding, that led to the name " Clipper City" being given to Manitowoc. Boats were also launched at Two Rivers and at Neshoto, some miles up one of the "Twins." It was in those days that the Clip- per City Flour Mills and even the Clipper City Cigar factory flourished. Then the age of steam turned men's minds to the construction of side-wheelers and later of propellers. In 1861, near the present Eighth Street bridge, was launched the first steamboat, the " Sun- beam," built by Bates and Son for the progressive Goodrich Line which was to have its craft come from Manitowoc yards for the next forty years. There followed the "Northwest," the "Mani- towoc," the "Sheboygan," the "Chicago," the "Muskegon," the "Oconto," the "De Pere," the "Ludington," the "Racine," the "Indiana," and finally the modern "Alabama" (still in oper- ation) , and the " Nevada." The present owners of the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company took over in 1902 and immediately turned to steel in methods of construction. Fire tugs for Chicago, a " fruit liner " for the South American trade, and several car ferries preceded the building of many cargo ships for use in World War I. Then came more car ferries, climaxed by the beautiful "City of Midland," when the new world conflict suddenly launched the company into the con- struction of submarines, a project that seemed almost chimerical at first, but which proved to be one of the important factors in providing the country with this new means of offense. Manitowoc had no rail connections until 1873 and had to rely on stage, schooner, and steamer for its intercourse with the outside world. True, many railroad schemes had been hatched and seven miles of the Manitowoc and Mississippi Railroad had been graded in the middle fifties, but the panic of 1857 put an end to rail- road ventures for a time, leaving for the locality an aftermath of 416 RALPH G. PLUMB [June

lawsuits and intervillage squabbles. When the Milwaukee, Lake- shore and Western was finally constructed, the divisional shops were located at Manitowoc but were removed to Kaukauna when that city was founded by. the railroad promoters. For some years the city was characterized as a " Sleepy Hollow," this period hav- ing culminated in the bank failures of 1893 and consequent depression. In fact, after the leading factory of the town had burned to the ground and had pulled down with it one of the local banks and many other business institutions, Editor John Nagle of the Pilot inserted in his column a notice " Died of in- anition—the city of Manitowoc." This was but the darkness be- fore the dawn because the new civic life was born with the entry of the Wisconsin Central, the building of great elevators, malting plants, aluminum factories, and the institution of the car ferry service across the lake in 1895. All these inspiring events marked the beginning of the modern industrial city we now know. In all the wars of the century Manitowoc had its part. A veteran of the Mexican War, Nicholas Dittmar, returned to the county and was rewarded by being elected one of the first Republican assemblymen from his district. The controversies in the later fifties furnished the occasion of a celebrated gathering in 1859. Imitat- ing the Lincoln-Douglas debates of the year before, a meeting was arranged to be addressed by both candidates for governor, Alex- ander W. Randall, Republican, and Harrison C. Hobart, Demo- crat. At the last minute the former could not appear and his place in the forensic encounter was taken by , the candidate for lieutenant governor. After celebrating with torch- light parades, led by the local brass band, the villagers gathered on the main street underneath the balcony of the leading hotel and from that vantage point the two speakers proclaimed their political doctrines for an hour apiece. The addresses were praised that week by their respective newspaper advocates and belittled by the opposition sheets, so probably the truth was somewhere " betwixt and between "—that both men did the best that circum- stances permitted. It was not many months before words gave way to deeds, and 1948] HIGHLIGHTS OF MANITOWOC 417 one April day 104 young men gathered at the pier and boarded the steamer " Comet" to become Company A of the Fifth Wis- consin. They served all through the eastern Virginia and Pennsyl- vania campaigns, and when the struggle was over only 36 lived to see the happy day. Other companies were a part of the Ninth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, and other regiments. The local military company was one of the first to be sent into service in the later Spanish-American War, and in the gigantic world conflicts of twenty and forty years later the city and county contributed its generous quota. Manitowoc County is proud of some of its men who have be- come famous. To mention but a few, we select first the famous Salomon family. When Wisconsin lost its war governor, Louis P. Harvey, it was a Manitowoc man, , who filled out the term and carried on under the burdens of a wartime re- gime. During the same years Generals Charles E. and Frederick Salomon were at the front in Missouri, winning laurels in their adopted land. Another man of political importance was Thomas J. Walsh, who was born in Two Rivers, worked his way through college, and became a leading lawyer and United States Senator from Montana. The Markham family furnished a governor for California; , a Manitowoc boy, served two terms as lieutenant governor besides being mentioned for higher honors on many occasions. Nor should be forgotten the editor-philosopher, John Nagle, whose leadership in the weekly Wisconsin press was widely acknowledged. Finally, in a bare settler's cabin in the western part of the county there first saw the light that strange pioneer of economic thought, Thorstein B. Veblen. Thus it is that each recurring period of American history from 1836 to 1947 has had its local repercussion in the county we know as Manitowoc. Was a Demagogue?

By WALLACE E. DAVIES

VERNIGHT in the early summer of 1887 a resident of Madi- son, Wisconsin, won national notoriety for his denunci- O ation of 's order to return the Confederate battle flags to the Southern states. General Lucius Fairchild's attack upon the President of the United States was all the more remark- able because it came from the head of the Grand Army of the Republic, a powerful veterans' organization which claimed a near- monopoly on patriotism. As a result, Fairchild became its only commander-in-chief ever to achieve any degree of lasting fame through holding that office. Nevertheless, to classify him, as has been done, among the "insincere demagogues" whose sole pur- pose was "to traduce the President"1 seems an unduly harsh verdict that seriously underestimates the force of the Civil War emotional heritage. A superficial survey of Fairchild's career might seem to support the suspicion that partisanship and personal ambition, not genuine dismay, explained his fervor. Although originally from a Demo- cratic family, ever since the war he had been a prominent figure in the Republican Party. Even the campaign of 1884, which strained the loyalty of many other Republicans so severely that they helped place Cleveland in the White House, found his ortho- doxy unshaken. "I have no sympathy with a so-called reformer who goes to the democratic party for reform," he wrote his brother. "It's worse than going to hell to obtain morality."2 His own greatest political successes had occurred years earlier during the Reconstruction period when, as a young war hero who had lost

DR. WALLACE E. DAVIES received his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1946 and is now an instructor at Yale. During 1945-46 he taught history and gov- ernment at the University of Maine. 1 Allan Nevins,, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (New York, 1932), 333. 2 Lucius Fairchild to Charles Fairchild, June 29, 1884, in Lucius Fairchild Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society Library. 418 GENERAL LUCIUS FAIRCHILD

WAS LUCIUS FAIRCHILD A DEMAGOGUE? 419 his left arm at Gettysburg, he served three terms as governor of Wisconsin from 1866 to 1872. Thereafter followed ten years in the foreign service at , Paris, and Madrid, but when he returned to the United States in the early 1880's he found himself outside the dominant Wisconsin political machine and he never won the offices to which he aspired.3 After the failure of sporadic efforts to boom him for either the presidential or vice-presidential nomination in 1884, Fairchild made a more determined bid for a United States Senatorship in which he relied heavily on his Grand Army and Loyal Legion contacts throughout the State.4 His chief lieutenants were all prominent in the G.A.R., especially Griff Thomas, the postmaster at Berlin, Wisconsin, who had been a State commander, and Philip Cheek, Jr., of Baraboo, who was the veterans' current leader. Their cor- respondence, often on the official stationery of the order, reveals a complete intermingling of G.A.R. and political activities.5 At one time there was even a plan to turn the State encampment, which was scheduled to meet at Madison at the same time that the Legisla- ture would be naming the new senator, into a demonstration for Fairchild's candidacy.6 All these efforts proved abortive, indicating that Fairchild never perfected the adept manipulation of the veter- an vote that contributed so much to the success of other politicians. If his correspondence is an accurate index to his intentions, his dramatic invective of 1887 came after he had abandoned any overt political ambitions.7

3 For a sketch of Fairchild's career, see Louise P. Kellogg, " The Fairchild Papers," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 10:259-81 (March, 1927). 4 For suggestions that Fairchild should receive a national nomination, see George W. Currier to Fairchild, Feb. 18, 1884; Alfred E. Lee to Fairchild, Feb. 19, 1884; Edward F. Noyes to Fairchild, March 24, 1884; and George F. Rowell to Fairchild, May 25, 1884. Noyes was the former law partner of the Ohio G.A.R. commander, while Rowell was the head of a post in Mazomanie, Wisconsin. For the attempt to win Fairchild the senatorship, see C. J. Rollis to Fairchild, Sept. 5, 1884; C. J. Rollis to George F. Rowell, Sept. 5, 1884; and J. S. Bugh to Fairchild, Dec. 12, 1884, Fairchild Papers. 5 George F. Rowell to Fairchild, Sept. 7 and Sept. 16, 1884; Philip Cheek, Jr., to Fairchild, Nov. 18 and Dec. 9, 1884; Griff J. Thomas to Fairchild, Nov. 17 and Nov. 24, 1884; Jan. 15. Feb. 9, March 9, and April 28, 1885. For Fairchild's use of his position in the Loyal Legion, see F. W. Byers to Fairchild, Nov. 27, 1884; Pliny Norcross to Fairchild, Dec. 1, 1884; and Fairchild to Norcross, Dec. 5, 1884, ibid. 6 George E. Smith to Fairchild, Jan. 16, 1885, and Griff J. Thomas to Fairchild, Jan. 19, 1885, ibid. 7 Some interpreted Fairchild's official inspection of G.A.R. posts throughout the country early in 1887 as the opening step in a campaign for the Republican nomination in 1888. Philadelphia Record, Jan. 17, 1887. 420 WALLACE E. DAVIES [June

Even more essential for evaluating Fairchild's comments is the realization that he was no professional waver of the " bloody shirt." Instead, both before and after Cleveland's order he expressed his regard for the Southern people.8 Shortly after he assumed the headship of the G.A.R. in the summer of 1886, a devastating earth- quake at Charleston aroused concern throughout the North. Ac- companied by the adjutant-general of the order, E. B. Gray, Fair- child hastened to the spot and assured its inhabitants that he had no thought of sectional differences nor harsh memories of Fort Sumter, " but only a feeling that these were our people, loyal to the same flag as I, and in distress." He insisted that the survivors of both armies "have no bitter animosities. I have none in my breast I know, and today if I should meet the soldier whose aim made this armless sleeve, I would grasp his hand by the only hand he left me, and have no hard feelings toward him. I believe all the Grand Army men feel as I do." 9 Deciding that conditions re- quired an " immediate and extraordinary effort" and " confident that every comrade is anxious to do what he can for the comfort and happiness .of this stricken people," on September 14 he asked every G.A.R. post to collect funds to repair the city's homes. More than $7,000 had been raised before the mayor wired Fair- child in the middle of October that no further subscriptions were necessary, and the commander-in-chief was certain that $100,000 could have been secured if necessary.10 Fairchild was extremely gratified to find that the residents of Charleston were " profoundly impressed with this move of the G.A.R." n The Palmetto Guard, composed of Confederate veterans in the city, made him an honor-

8Long before the order he insisted that, as far as the G.A.R. was concerned, "there is riot, and never has been, in that Society any apparent hatred of the people of the once rebellious states. There is now, and has been always, only the kindest feeling manifested toward them. No word of abuse of them is ever heard in a post." Society of the Army of the Tennessee, Report of the Sixteenth Meeting Proceedings, 1883, p. 517. Two years after it he wanted Congress to mark Confederate as well as Union positions at Gettysburg, " and thus show to the world that our brave boys met and repulsed a ' foe worthy of their steel.' " Grand Army of the Republic, Twenty-third Annual Session of the National Encampment Journal, 1889, p. 169. 9 From an excerpt from a speech made by Fairchild before the Palmetto Guard of Charleston as quoted in an acknowledgement sent to Fairchild, Sept. 28, 1886, Fairchild Papers. 10 Grand Army of the Republic, Twenty-first Annual Session of the National Encampment Journal, 1887, pp. 36-37, 268-70; New York Tribune, Sept. 15, 1886; Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, Sept. 14, 1886, Fairchild Papers. 11 Ibid. 1948] WAS LUCIUS FAIRCHILD A DEMAGOGUE? 421

ary member and placed an extract from his speech on its minutes.12 As he returned northward, he was further touched to discover that " The southern people I meet almost shed tears when they speak of my action in going to Charleston "13 Unlike many other Republican leaders, Fairchild had never deliberately stirred up animosity toward the South merely to create political capital for himself. Nevertheless, Fairchild's leadership of the veterans came during a year when relations between the Grand Army and the Demo- cratic administration grew steadily more acrimonious, though he himself added little fuel to the controversies. Grover Cleveland's numerous and pungent vetoes of private pension bills had already created considerable tension when in February, 1887, he struck down the G.A.R.'s pet project, the Dependent Pension Bill. With a restraint shared by few of his Middle Western colleagues, Fair- child merely issued a brief request, neutral in tone, that the mem- bership tell Congress promptly what it thought of the President's act.14 Having almost unanimously demanded repassage, the veter- ans were further irritated to learn later in the spring of 1887 that Cleveland had accepted an invitation from the local committee on arrangements to attend their national encampment at St. Louis in September. The most articulate critic of the President's decision, however, was not Fairchild nor any of his associates in national office but the voluble and intemperate commander of the Iowa department, General J. M. Tuttle, whose widely publicized com- ments indicated that Cleveland's presence would cause an energetic veteran protest.15 But Fairchild carefully remained aloof from this discussion. The threat of an insult to the nation's chief executive was causing the society's more conservative leaders to rally to the President's support when Cleveland's "rebel flag" order alienated the entire organization as well as nearly all the other veterans outside it. During the evening of June 15 word of this event reached a "Palmetto Guard of Charleston to Fairchild, Sept. 28, 1886, ibid. "Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, Sept. 17, 1886, ibid. "G.A1, Journal, 1887, pp. 166, 296. 16 New York Tribune, June 4, 1887. 422 WALLACE E. DAVIES [June

"brilliantly lighted" hall at Fourth Avenue and 129th Street in the Harlem district of New York City, where shortly before Fair- child had arrived in " full uniform and empty coat sleeve" for a reception tendered him by 200 members of a local post.16 The verbal explosion that followed can only be understood in terms of the terrific emotional shock that the news gave a group of veterans gathered to commemorate the war. Convincing evidence that a genuine group hysteria ensued comes in a private letter that Fair- child wrote his wife a few days later: Hardly ever in my life have I been so wrought up with grief & indigna- tion as when I heard the announcement made in the G.A.R. meeting in Harlem of the intention of the Government & I have never seen a body of men more excited than were the old soldiers there. They, many of them, stood with their eyes full of tears. I fairly trembled with excite- ment—& when called upon to say something my heart was so full that my lips gave utterance to the most bitter sentences that ever came from them. I did not know what I was saying until the words were out and gone.17 Fairchild's excited malediction rang across the country: "May God palsy the hand that wrote the order! May God palsy the brain that conceived, and may God palsy the tongue that dictated it! " His fervor infected the audience: "There was a moment's silence. A wild hurrah, like the old battle cry went up. For a moment nothing could be done. Men cheered and hurrahed, wild with the old spirit so thoroughly aroused."18 Fairchild's extremism stemmed largely from the contagion of being with the very element among the ex-soldiers whose active participation in a veterans' organi- zation suggests particular susceptibility to such situations. But even on second thought the commander-in-chief did not regret his choice of words. He argued that " the very extravagance of the denunciations sent them at once to the farthest corner of our country & called attention to the outrage contemplated."19 In fact, he eventually concluded that "the good Lord" had put the ex- pressions into his mouth.20 Whether or not his phraseology had divine inspiration, it is

1GIbid., June 16, 1887. "Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, June 19, 1887, Fairchild Papers. 18 New York Herald, June 16, 1887. 19 Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, June 19, 1887, Fairchild Papers. 20 Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, June 28, 1887, ibid. 1948} WAS LUCIUS FAIRCHILD A DEMAGOGUE? 423 significant for determining Fairchild's sincerity that instinctively he had been an accurate spokesman for the Grand Army members. Old soldiers descended by the score upon the Fifth Avenue Hotel, where he was staying, to shake his hand and congratulate him.21 Typical comments in New York City were "Hurrah for Fair- child! " " Good for the old Boy! " and " Three cheers for our commander! " 22 " You have made a personal friend of the 15,000 comrades, in New York and Brooklyn—every one," a member of the Harlem post assured Fairchild, adding, with what would seem considerable understatement, "The comrades of Post 182 will never forget your visit." 23 Outside of New York the members similarly backed their chief. As Fairchild continued his travels, he found that "the 'boys' every where overwhelm me with their thanks, & hundreds of others, too—they nearly shake my arm off." 24 Other Grand Army men hastened to pen their approval, though among them was a high proportion of persons already known as opponents of the Democratic Party.25 Alonzo Williams of Providence reported that at a recent meeting, "The boys from Conn. Maine, Mass. and R.I. who filled the hall responded to every sentiment and cheered to the echo, especially every allusion to your name."26 One of the members of the order in Washington, who also hap- pened to be a pensions claim agent, informed Fairchild that he " had organized a movement to seize the first package of flags and prevent their shipment from the City. Had plenty of volun- teers but the ' back down' saved us trouble. Cleveland's acts find no defenders here."27 Not only did a number of Grand Army department com- manders endorse Fairchild's stand,28 but the leaders of affiliated

21 New York Tribune, June 17, 1887. 22 New York Herald, June 17, 1887. 23 William C. Reddy to Fairchild, June 17, 1887, Fairchild Papers. 24 Fairchild to Mrs. Fairchild, June 28, 1887, ibid. 25 H. S. Huidekoper to Fairchild, June 16, 1887; M. Griffin to Fairchild, July 30, 1887; to Fairchild, Aug. 2, 1887; Benjamin F. Butler to Fairchild, Aug. 10, 1887; J. K. Proudfit to Fairchild, Aug. 13, 1887; John W. Foster to Fairchild, Aug. 13, 1887; M. Brayman to Fairchild, Aug. 27, 1887; George Blight Halsted to Fairchild, Sept. 6, 1887; W. B. Stokes to Fairchild, Sept. 7, 1887; Charles Fairchild to Fairchild, Sept. 12, 1887, ibid. 26Alonzo Williams to Fairchild, July 6, 1887, ibid. 27 E. W. Whitaker to Fairchild, June 18, 1887, ibid. 28 New York Tribune, June 17, 1887. 424 WALLACE E. DAVIES [June organizations added their approval. The founder of the Ladies of the G.A.R. wrote Cleveland that she believed him " untrue to the cause of freedom, country and God," 29 while the commander- in-chief of the Sons of Veterans, after warning the entire member- ship in a " general order " that •" the incidents of the last few days show that there is a volcano under our Capitol which might make a fatal eruption and again bring war upon us as a Nation," re- joiced that " we have true men, positive men, loyal, not only to their country, but to God, who spoke with the lightning of the telegraph and subdued the fire while it was yet a spark." 30 This repeated identification of viewpoint with that of the deity, pre- sumptuous as it may now seem, shows how sharply the President's order had struck at his critics' basic emotional values. Though the others' words attracted less publicity, Fairchild was not the only head of a patriotic society who felt that impassioned language was the appropriate reaction. The Democratic press charged that all this excitement was too hysterical to be genuine and represented only a Republican maneuver to win the veteran vote.31 Certainly many Republican leaders were quite aware of the possibilities inherent in the situ- ation. That wily campaigner and Grand Army idol, Corporal James Tanner, bluntly observed to Fairchild, "We are political fools if we do not take advantage of this patriotic revival." 32 Even if Fairchild's words had been impulsive rather than calculated, once they were spoken did he realize the possibility of exploiting them? Did he now hope he could gain the prizes he had pre- viously sought in vain? He received a number of letters proposing him for the presidential or vice-presidential nomination in 1888 and was well aware that similar comments were appearing in some newspapers. But there is no evidence that he gave any active encouragement to these suggestions, even though his own brother was one of those engaging in optimistic speculation. In-

29 She apologized to him in 1894, when his stand on the Pullman Strike altered her opinion. Mrs. Edward Roby to Grover Cleveland, July 12, 1894, Grover Cleveland Papers, Library of Congress. 30 Sons of Veterans, U.S.A., Sixth National Encampment Proceedings, 1887, p. 24. 31" Concerning Certain Flags," Public Opinion, 3:231 (June 25, 1887). 32 James Tanner to Lucius Fairchild, Aug. 15, 1887, Fairchild Papers. 1948] WAS LUCIUS FAIRCHILD A DEMAGOGUE? 425

deed, the tone of some of his correspondents became quite querulous because of his failure to show an appropriate interest.33 Fairchild probably would not have declined any honor proffered him as a result of the situation, but he did not intend to take the initiative himself. Another clue as to whether Fairchild had spoken sincerely or had merely relapsed into a conscious manipulation of stereotypes is that on this particular matter Cleveland alienated even the Democratic veterans who in other conflicts between him and the Grand Army had usually come to his support. Such outstanding Democratic ex-soldiers as General Horatio C. King and Daniel E. Sickles expressed indignant dismay,84 while almost approaching Fairchild's bitterness was the comment of Joseph W. Kay of Brooklyn: " If it should be so, if he has issued such an order, and that order is to be executed, then let him go to the hell he has made for himself." 85 A veteran's son in Bellaire, Ohio, who claimed never to have "voted other than the Democratic ticket," now charged that " Cleveland would insult his Mother to show his hatred of the Union soldier." 86 Quite exceptional was the re- assuring message of a Nebraska ex-soldier to the President: "I notice that comrad Fairchild want God to paralyze you. Don't be allairmed I am allmost as wicked as he is probably—and my prayer is directly the opposite of his." 37 But there was clearly an upsurge of emotion that affected most veterans regardless of party. Fairchild merely expressed it more violently and then received more attention because of his position. Fairchild's conduct soon showed that his outburst had been a temporary aberration. The forthcoming national encampment was threatening to prove extremely embarrassing. Fortunately, early in July Cleveland's decision not to attend eliminated one awkward

33 H. S. Huidekoper to Fairchild, June 16, 1887; J. E. Peterson to Fairchild, June 18, 1887; Champion S. Chase to Fairchild, June 18, 1887; A. J. Sampson to Fairchild, June 20, 1887; Eugene F. Weigel to Fairchild, July 7, 1887; W. E. Gardner to Fairchild, Aug. 9 and Sept. 19, 1887; J. K. Proudfit to Fairchild, Aug. 13, 1887; Charles Fairchild to Fairchild, Sept. 12, 1887, ibid.; Omaha Excelsior, June 18, 1887; Evening Wisconsin (Milwaukee), Aug. 9, 1887. 34 New York Tribune, June 17, 1887. 35 " Most Righteous Wrath," Grand Army Review, 3:494 (July, 1887). 36 J. E. Peterson to Fairchild, June 18, 1887, Fairchild Papers. 37 Charles G. Lewis to Grover Cleveland, July 8, 1887, Cleveland Papers. 426 WALLACE E. DAVIES [June problem.38 But there still remained the problem of how to pre- vent any insult to the President of the United States without im- plying a rebuke to the commander-in-chief. At the end of August an affront, such as many feared might be repeated at St. Louis, occurred in Wheeling, West Virginia, when several thousand veterans ostentatiously refused to march under a picture of Cleve- land.39 Speculation now mounted as to what might happen when the Grand Army met in full conclave. Considerable sentiment developed to shift the meeting place.40 Fairchiid became more and more apprehensive. Far from wanting to keep feelings aroused, he was genuinely anxious to avoid any unpleasantness. In his concern he queried various associates as to how to handle the situation; the consensus of their advice was to ignore the un- fortunate developments of the preceding year as much as pos- sible.41 Fairchiid's brother, though he criticized Cleveland's " silly letter" of declination, expressed satisfaction that the commander- in-chief " had nothing to do with or any sympathy with the Tuttle talk/' He suggested that Fairchiid announce that the G.A.R. would always welcome the President of the United States, re- gardless of who he might be.42 If this was scarcely gracious in its implications, it at least fell more within the bounds of propriety than what the radicals favored. Thousands of veterans had congregated in St. Louis by the time the encampment opened on September 28. "To a man they all declare there is no politics in the Grand Army," the New York

38Grover Cleveland to David R. Francis, July 4, 1887, Allan Nevins, ed., Letters of Grover Cleveland (New York, 1933), 143-46. 39 New York Tribune, Aug. 27, 1887; Josiah Lightner to Grover Cleveland, Sept. 5, 1887, Cleveland Papers. 40New York Tribune, Sept. 2, 1887; "The President and the G.A.R.," Public Opinion, 3:454-55 (Sept. 10, 1887). Earlier in the summer Tuttle, writing "unofficially & reluctantly," had reported to Fairchiid that " letters and papers from St. Louis breathing a spirit of great hostility towards you and myself personally and the G.A.R. collectively for supporting us in the position we have taken," some of which " make very spiteful threats of insult & violence," had brought him "to the conclusion that the best interests of the G.A.R. would be served by holding the meeting somewhere else." This, he claimed, was also the unanimous sentiment of the G.A.R. in Iowa. J. M. Tuttle to Fairchiid, July 11, 1887, Fairchiid Papers. 41S. S. Burdett to Fairchiid, Aug. 4, 1887; Henry E. Taintor to Fairchiid, Aug. 11, 1887; M. Brayman to Fairchiid, Aug. 27, 1887; Fairchiid to Brayman, Aug. 29, 1887, Fairchiid Papers. Brayman warned Fairchiid that in some respects Tuttle had a vulner- able wartime record and expressed apprehension that his enemies might discover it. ^Charles Fairchiid to Fairchiid, Sept. 12, 1887, ibid. 1948] WAS LUCIUS FAIRCHILD A DEMAGOGUE? 427

Herald reported, " and to a man they are all expecting a political outburst that they cannot afford to miss." 43 Turtle, with his " tall commanding form and a bluff and hearty manner," held court at the Iowa headquarters. His supporters argued that any attempt to rebuke either him or Fairchild for their attacks on the President would constitute introducing politics into the order, an idea that they professed to abhor.44 Tuttle denied any intention of starting a controversy, but also indicated his readiness to accept any challenge that might arise.45 But Fairchild and his colleagues in the inner circle of the na- tional organization were equally determined to soft-pedal all in- cendiary issues. The commander-in-chief went out of his way to assure a public gathering of St. Louis citizens that the veterans had no use for "waving the bloody shirt." 46 In his annual report to the encampment he insisted that within the Grand Army " there is not now nor has there ever been any bitter feeling of hate for those of our fellow-citizens who, once in arms against us, but now being loyal, have long ago taken their old-time place in our hearts, never, we devoutly hope, to be removed therefrom." 47 As much as possible he avoided any specific reference to the various points of dissension which filled the minds of those present. Of the Dependent Pension Bill veto he observed mildly that it had caused " disappointment and regret."48 When a former com- mander-in-chief, Paul Van Der Voort of Nebraska, introduced a critical resolution which he claimed expressed " the least possible censure upon the President of the United States," the more con- servative faction brought its influence to bear and succeeded in defeating it.49 Having deftly avoided any major crisis, Fairchild then relin- quished his post and bowed out of the picture. The question of his successor aroused some ill feeling, for the not inconsiderable body

43 New York Herald, Sept. 30, 1887. 44 New York Tribune, Sept. 28, 1887. 45 New York Herald, Sept. 28, 1887. 46 Ibid. 47G.A.R., Journal, 1887, p. 50. 48 Ibid., 40-41. ™Ibid., 211-16; New York Herald, Sept. 29, 1887; New York Tribune, Oct. 1, 1887. 428 WALLACE E. DAVIES of Democratic members felt that the order could furnish a final demonstration of its political neutrality by honoring a Democrat for the first time. This, however, proved too much of a concession for the majority of the delegates, who, for reasons partly un- connected with his politics, passed over the Democratic candidate, General Henry Slocum of New York, in favor of a Middle Western Republican, John P. Rea of Minneapolis.50 After the turbulent events of 1887, Fairchild retired into rela- tive obscurity. When he has been remembered at all since then, it is because of his hasty words spoken in the white heat of an emotion which is now difficult to understand but which at the time seemed entirely fitting to the mass of Civil War veterans. His momentary extremism has obliterated his previous efforts to heal the sectional breach and his subsequent success in checking the really demagogic elements within the Grand Army. 50 R. B. Beath to Fairchild, Aug. 14, 1887; George B. Halsted to Fairchild, Sept. 6, 1887; John C. Black to Fairchild, Sept. 22, 1887, Fairchild Papers; G.A.R., Journal, 1887, p. 207; New York Tribune, Sept. 25-Oct. 1, 1887; New York Herald, Sept. 27-28, 1887; " The G.A.R. Encampment," Public Opinion, 3:547-49 (Oct. 8, 1887). "Koshkonong," a Misunderstood Place-Name

By FREDERIC G. CASSIDY

HE NAME "Koshkonong" is applied to a sizable lake formed by a spread in the Rock River, to a creek flowing T into this lake, to a large prairie in southeastern Dane County, and to several smaller features near-by. The prairie itself is well known as the site of an early, successful Norwegian settlement: settlers who went farther north and west harked back for many years to " Kaskeland," their half-humorous adaptation from " Kosh- konong" with the added word "land," so common in Norwegian place-names. And before the time of white settlement the lake was known as an important rendezvous for the Winnebago and other Indians of the Rock River Valley. Considering all this it is rather surprising that there is so much uncertainty about the origin and meaning of this name. Several guesses have been made—some of which are amusingly fantastic—and one explanation has gained considerable currency, but nobody appears to have gone into the matter in more than a passing way. The explanation offered here may not put an end to all questions, but it does rest on a fuller examination of the evidence and should at least serve to clear away former inacceptable explanations.

Former Explanations Previous attempts have been mostly of the type in which some- body, having noticed a similarity between "Koshkonong" and

DR. FREDERIC G. CASSIDY, a member of the English department faculty, University of Wisconsin, contributed his excellent study, "The Naming of the 'Four Lakes,"* to the September, 1945, Magazine. The present article had its beginnings in the preparation of his recently published volume, The Place-Names of Dane County, Wisconsin. " Koshkonong" will bring something "new" to the readers, and impress them with the fine scholarship exhibited in its preparation. 429 430 FREDERIC G. CASSIDY [June some Indian word, assumes that they must be related. The fact that the two are not exactly alike appears to cause no qualms. Similarity may easily be converted into identity—in fact, it is part of the game to ignore inconvenient differences. Here are some explanations of this kind which have been given for the name " Koshkonong ": Probably a corruption of gwaskwaning (jumping), pr. gwash-kwau-ning. Some Indians pronounce the syllable wa like o, so they might have pro- nounced the word goshkoning.1 Possibly refers to "Koshkosh"—a hog.2 By Potawatomi interpretation, " What he kept for himself." 3 Thiebau, the old French trader, and early settler at Beloit, told me that the name Koshkonong was of Winnebago derivation, and means "the place where we shave;" as when he and another trader first came into the country, they left their razors at the lake, and would travel around among the Indians trading for furs; but when they wanted to shave, they returned to their headquarters at the lake.4 One other attempt, though it shows much better knowledge of language, still distorts the word so as to make the explanation fit: The Algonquin terminals indicating the place where, or region of, are ang, eng, ing, ong, ung. And this terminal found in the word Kosh- konong shows that it is Algonquin and not Winnebago. If the syllable "Koshk"is changed to" Ki-ashk" the word would then be Ki-ashk-en-ong, meaning the place of gulls. Here must have been a large lake or marsh frequented by gulls from earliest times, of sufficient importance to warrant a name, and this long before the advent of the white men.5 The trouble with this kind of etymologi2ing is that even if some of the authors were writing with tongue in cheek, all treat words as if they might change their forms at any time without making much difference in the meaning. They leave out of account the laws of language, and sometimes they do not even attempt to show any appropriateness of meaning in their guesses. Because of these distortions, such explanations cannot be accepted. The explanation most widely accepted today is that Koshkonong means " the lake we live on." This comes ultimately from an

1 Chrysostom Verwyst, " Geographical Names. . . Having a Chippewa Origin," Wis- consin Historical Society, Collections, 12:392 (1892). 2 Anon., in Wisconsin State Historical Library, File of Geographical Names. 3 Milwaukee Journal, Feb. 21, 1932. 41. T. Smith, "Early Settlement of Rock County: A Journal, November 26, 1835- May 26, 1836." Wisconsin Historical Society, Colls., 6:424 (1872). 5W. H. Wheeler, "Indian Nomenclature," Beloit Daily News, Sept. 16, 1921. 1948] "KOSHKONONG," A MISUNDERSTOOD PLACE-NAME 431 article by Joshua Hathaway, written in 1849 and published in the first volume of the Wisconsin Historical Society's Collections: Kosh-ko-nong, or more properly, Kosh-kaw-a-nong, (third syllable unaccented), signifying "the lake we live on," was for many weeks, the lurking place of the families of Black Hawk's warriors, in the troubles of 1832.6 As the earliest attempt at an explanation this deserves attention, but unfortunately, " Koshkonong " cannot be so translated. Hath- away has evidently been misled. If we examine the probable source of his information, the early maps, his error becomes clear and it is an understandable one. Apparently he jumped to a conclusion which the maps seemed to justify. The earliest map known to include the present Lake Koshkonong is John Farmer's "Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouis- consin," 1830. This map, though it shows the lake, does not name it, but labels it with the phrase " the L. we live on." The next map (Tanner's, 1833), evidently based on Farmer's, alters this label slightly, but perhaps significantly, to "L. we-live-on." The omission of " the" and the hyphenation of " we-live-on" do make the label look more like a name, and we may suppose that Hathaway (or somebody else) seeing one or both of these maps, and knowing that the lake was called " Koshkonong " (for records of this go back to 1820), simply put the two together and as- sumed that the phrase was a translation of the Indian word.7 Once printed in an authoritative publication this explanation gained currency, to which the county histories added, and today, though wrong, it has become virtually established by repetition. Hathaway's statement, besides, implies that " the lake we live on " was a designation given by Black Hawk's warriors in 1832. But since Farmer's map has it in 1830 this cannot be correct. The phrase may have nothing at all to do with the Indians, but may just as well refer to the camp of the white men who later made the map. It is exactly the kind of notation that might be made on a manuscript map and be transferred to the printed map made from it. «P. 118. 7 Smith, " Rock County," quoting Thiebeau, says, " The Pottawatamies had a village on the east side, and their name signified ' the lake we live on.' " Perhaps Farmer's in- formation came from them. Still, the phrase is not a translation of " Koshkonong." 432 FREDERIC G. CASSIDY [June

Applications of the Name In interpreting the evidence from early maps and accounts one should remember how names were given, particularly to geo- graphical features. An Indian tribe might know thoroughly the territory within which it ranged, and some of the border regions; but in general its members were likely to be vague (according to map makers' notions) about the broader geographical picture. An Indian might speak of high mountains or great rivers to the west or north without understanding the system of range and spurs or of main stream and tributaries. For that matter, the white man has not always been sure which he is to call the main stream or range, since he has usually known part of the system before know- ing it all, and has therefore given names or adopted them on as- sumptions that later turned out to be wrong. There is no reason why, for example, the Missouri should not be considered the true source of the Mississippi, if the longest of the source streams is the " right" one. Since a stream was primarily a means of travel and transport, the broader, more navigable parts were likely to be known first, and a name applied to a stream often did duty for its tributaries before they were individually named. At the same time a large tributary might acquire a name of its own without reference to its part in a larger system. Then these names might conflict later. When white explorers and map makers came along, they could gain from the Indians a fair notion of what to expect, but what with difficulties of language and the limitations of the Indians' and their own knowledge they made many mistakes. It is most instructive to compare a series of early maps and to notice the gradual increase in accuracy and detail as the region becomes better known and the map making more careful. Many of the early mistakes come from the engravers, who misread the manu- script maps or placed names on the wrong features. For example, the tributaries of the Wisconsin River are often misnamed on early maps: Finley's (1826) places "Black Earth River" too far north; Chandler's (1829) on the contrary places "Duck Cr." 1948} "KOSHKONONG," A MISUNDERSTOOD PLACE-NAME 433 where Black Earth Creek belongs—that is, too far south; Mitchell (1835) follows Finley, but having displaced Black Earth Creek, he also displaces " Cheepee R." which belongs next below it, and puts it too far to the north. This kind of serial displacement is a common occurrence; this instance of it is not corrected till Jud- son's map (1838), and Tanner's (1839).

Spelling Variants of "Koshkonong" and Their Applications Spelling Applkation Date Source 1. Kus-kou-o-nog Winnebago village 1820-22 Morse (see foot- and Lake Koshkonong note 8) 2. Coscoenage Indian village 1823 Tanner, map of 3. Goosh ke-Hawn Yahara River 1828? Farmer, MS map 4. Cos ca ho e nah Yahara River 1829 Chandler, map 5. Goosh-ke-hawn Yahara River 1830 Farmer, printed map 6. Coshconong Winnebago village 1830 Farmer, printed near Beaver Dam; map Lake Koshkonong 1835 Mitchell, map 7. Gooskehawn Yahara River 1833 Tanner, map Lake Koshkonong 1833 Survey, town of 8. Kishkanon Albion Koshkonong Creek 1833 Survey, town of 9. Kuskonong Christiana Lake Koshkonong 1833 Survey, town of 10. Kushkawenong Porter (Rock Co.) Koshkonong Lake 1834-55 12 maps: Burn- 11. Koskonong and Creek ham, Featherstone- haugh, Burr, Mor- rison, Judson, Suy- dam, Cram, Jervis, Greeley, etc.; Doty's letter. 12. Kushkanong Koshkonong Lake 1835-39 5 maps: Territor- and Creek ial, Illinois and Wisconsin, Hin- man, Tanner, Suydam. 13. Kuskanong Lake Koshkonong 1836 Suydam, map 14. Koshkanong Lake Koshkonong 1838 Taylor, map Outlet 15. Kuskenong Lake Koshkonong 1838 Abel, map 16. Koshkonong Koshkonong Lake 1844, etc. Doty, map; etc.

17. Koskonon Lake Koshkonong 1844 Haraszthy, account 18. Kosh-kaw-a-nong Lake Koshkonong 1849 Hathaway map 434 FREDERIC G. CASSIDY [June

All such matters must be kept in mind when we come back to Koshkonong. This name was applied to more than one specific feature, and perhaps generally to a region. The accompanying list gives all the important occurrences of it up to 1850, with the dates, sources, variant spellings, and various applications. The out- line map shows the features which have borne this name, and other names which they have borne. "Koshkonong" was evidently first applied to a Winnebago village, from which it passed to the lake on which the village lay. In his Report to the War Department concerning his trip into southwest Wisconsin during the summer of 1820, on which he gathered information about the local Indians from " Mr. Law, and other gentlemen, Indian traders," Dr. Jedidiah Morse wrote: On Rock river and its branches they [the Winnebago] have fourteen villages, one of which, the largest, the lowest down Rock river, three hundred miles by water from its mouth, is called Kus-kou-o-nog Their village is on the west side of a Lake of the name of their village, six miles long by three wide On this lake are three other Winnebago villages.8 Two map makers corroborate the existence of a village by this name on the Rock River (though neither shows it as being on a lake). Tanner (1823) labels it "Coscoenage" and locates it in the Indian territory below the present northern border of Illinois. Farmer (1830) labels it "Coshconong Village" and places it at about the present location of Beaver Dam. Thus (assuming that Morse's " three hundred miles " is correct, which suits the location of the present Lake Koshkonong) Tanner has put it too far down stream, and Farmer too far up. But both do recognize the village, indicating very likely that it was first to bear the name, which was secondarily extended to the lake. The fact that the village is said to be of Winnebago Indians, while the name turns out to be Algonquian—a different language family entirely—probably means no more than that the white men got their information from Algonquians—the Fox, Ojibwa, or others who also held the Rock River Valley. This would be nothing unusual. The name "Winnebago" itself is not from the 8 A Report to the Secretary of War of the United States, on Indian Affairs. . . (New- Haven, 1822), Appendix, 59. 1948] "KOSHKONONG," A MISUNDERSTOOD PLACE-NAME 435

18 S3-"White Water Or* \U3 id

other $fel\it%p$. 41 village.

maps, "tite streams near '

Winnebago language, but from Ojibwa. The Winnebago called themselves " Hochungara "; but the white man learned about them from the Ojibwa, and therefore used the Ojibwa's name for them. Farmer also had a manuscript map however (1828?)9 on which this name is surprisingly placed upon the present Yahara River: " Goosh ke-Hawn or R. of the 4 lakes." The difference in spell- ing will be discussed later; here it is more important to wonder whether this was a correct application—that is, one made by the Indians—or whether Farmer was somehow mistaken. If this map is right, the Yahara River must earlier have been called the " Koshkonong." If not, the name has been misapplied, and may have belonged where it does today, on Koshkonong Creek, which parallels the Yahara, and flows into Lake Koshkonong. The first possibility gains some support from Chandler's map (1829) which labels the Yahara "Cos ca ho e nah," using a spelling different from Farmer's, though apparently of the same language source. However, the second possibility has just as good support from maps, and seems more logical. If any stream were to be called "Koshkonong," it would most likely be the one closest to Lake Koshkonong and Koshkonong Village. Reading our map from east to west we see that Koshkonong Creek, the Yahara River (earlier called "Catfish Creek") and Badfish Creek run more or less parallel. When we learn that " Badfish" and " Catfish" are alternative translations of the Ojibwa name for this creek, Mdn-ameg, it becomes plausible that we have here an- other instance of " serial displacement," like that mentioned above for the tributaries of the Wisconsin. This is supported by both Farmer's map of 1830 and the government surveyors' maps of 1833. It looks as though Farmer, or his source, mistakenly put "Goosh ke-Hawn," which belonged on Koshkonong Creek, upon the stream next west (the Yahara), and therefore put its name (at that time "Catfish," or alternately "Bad Fish") on the stream next west.10

9 In possession of the State Historical Society Library. iaSaunders Creek actually intervenes between Koshkonong and Catfish, but it is so small that the early map makers left it unnamed, and usually unmarked. 1948] "KOSHKONONG," A MISUNDERSTOOD PLACE-NAME 437

The surveyors, in 1833, met this confusion and cleared it up, but not without some difficulty of their own. The survey of the town of Albion labels Koshkonong Creek "White Water Cr.," that of the town of Dunkirk labels the Yahara " Catfish Cr.," and that of the town of Christiana first uses "Kuskonong Cr/' cor- recting " White Water Cr." n Those which include the lake call it Koshkonong, though with various spellings. Thus, after 1833, the authority of the surveyors established "Koshkonong" for the lake and creek flowing into it, and " Catfish" for the Yahara. Later map makers, not realizing the common source of "Cat- fish" and "Badfish," preserve both names, and so they last till today. "Yahara" is a later (1854) arbitrary substitution for Cat- fish, but, though official, has never succeeded in ousting the latter from popular usage.

Variant Spellings On examining early American place-names one is struck by the amazing variety of spellings in which the same name may be recorded. The Indians naturally gave a name their own dialectal pronunciations; or if it belonged to a language other than their own, they were likely to distort it somewhat. The white men who heard the name might be speakers of French, English, or some other language; they might hear more or less accurately and imitate the sounds more or less well; they might be careful and consistent spellers, or they might satisfy themselves with an ap- proximate rendering. These and other factors are responsible for the variety of early spellings, which in the course of time were sifted down until one became established by custom or official action. So with "Koshkonong": it has had at least eighteen different spellings, of which the present was only the sixteenth to appear! Most of these spelling variants are found only once, and the most striking differences come at the early period. Once the sur-

31 For further details about these names, see my Place-Names of Dane County, Wisconsin, Publications of the American Dialect Society, No. 7 (Greensboro, N.C., 1947). 438 FREDERIC G. CASSIDY [June veyors passed through this area (1833-36), their authority estab- lished the initial K (instead of G or C) and the final -ong rather than -on. The ending of the first syllable varied between s and sh till at least 1850; for a while "Koskonong" was definitely the favored form. The first person to use the present spelling, we may notice, was James D. Doty, in 1844. He had better luck with this name than with the name of the State, which he preferred to see spelled "Wiskonsin" or " Wiskonsan"! Though "Koshkonong" has come to be the standard form to- day, the early variant spellings are not to be ignored. They may not all be exact representations of what the Indians said, yet it is clear that a good attempt has been made to show this, and that they cannot be from the same Indian language. Taking only the last syllable, for the moment, we see that their spellings fall into three groups: those ending in -g or -ge (numbers 1 and 2 in the list), those ending in -h or having nothing at all after the n (numbers 3, 4, 5, and 7), and those ending in -ng or -n (numbers 6, 8, and those following). These differences, as it turns out, correspond strikingly with phonetic differences between the Al- gonquian languages which were used in this region in the early eighteen-hundreds; thus it looks as if the first group are from Potawatomi or Fox (in which the word would have ended with a stop plus a nasal), the second group from Menomini (which would have ended with -h plus a stop, with the stop lost in final position, as here), and the third group from Ojibwa (which would have ended with a nasal plus a stop: -ng). The first group were evidently recorded by speakers of English; the -g and -ge would not otherwise represent stops. Number 4 is a relatively careful rendering, which number 3 seems also to be trying to render though less successfully, leaving off the final -h (an easy sound to miss). Numbers 5 and 7 are map imitations of number 3. The third group, representing Ojibwa, furnished the form that be- came "standard." This not surprising when we recall that the ending -ong was already familiar to the whites from the East, and that they made contact with the Ojibwa more frequently than with some of the other local tribes. 1948] "KOSHKONONG," A MISUNDERSTOOD PLACE-NAME 439

Within the third group it will be noticed that numbers 10 and 18 are four-syllabled. These represent the longer form which the Indians used, whereas the others represent their regular con- traction to three syllables. The first and second groups represent only the uncontracted form. If, as its ending indicates, num- ber 4 is Menomini, it is not divided correctly; the second c should end the first syllable, and the -ahoe- is probably intended to represent -awl-. As to the variation between s and sh in the first syllable, this is a result of the necessity of recording in our alphabet. We recognize these two sounds as different, whereas in the Indian languages in question they are insignificant variations—the dif- ference is not phonemic. The Indians might make the sound anywhere from dental to alveolar position in the mouth without affecting its meaning; but speakers of European languages, used to distinguishing s from sh, recorded it now one way, now the other, despite its making no difference in the Indian. The fact that sh became the correct English spelling is therefore not due to etymology, but to chance, or some unknown factors of choice. In all Indian versions of this name the accent or stress came on the second syllable; in English usage it has come to be stressed on the first syllable, no doubt under the influence of the normal pattern of English. Meaning of the Name It has been pointed out so far that none of the former explana- tions of "Koshkonong" can be accepted. Many are fantastic, and even the most widely accepted apparently arose from an error in reading a map. However, our evidence shows that the name was known to the whites before 1820, that it was applied first to a Winnebago village and thence to the lake on which the village was, and that it was next applied to the creek flowing into that lake from the north, though several early map makers shifted it to the stream next west, which shift the government surveyors rectified. From the early spellings it has been shown to be clearly an Algonquian word, represented in at least three languages of 440 FREDERIC G. CASSIDY. this family, and adopted ultimately in the Ojibwa form by the whites; thus it cannot have been the Winnebago's name for their village any more than " Winnebago" is their name for them- selves. Analyzing the Ojibwa form kackdwanung (pronounced kash- ka-wa-nung) we get: kack = shut in, close in; -divan-= £og; ung = place, the whole phrase meaning " where there is heavy fog," "where it is closed in by fog," or "a sheltered place behind a windbreak (where fog might remain)."12 This would certain- ly suit the region of Lake Koshkonong, and specifically a spot chosen for a village beside the lake. News of this place came to the whites from several sources, but the most influential proved to be the Ojibwa, which the surveyors used, giving it their au- thority. Still the spellings varied for many years, but eventually (whether by design or accident we do not know) the spelling first used by James D. Doty won the widest acceptance and became established. As the Indians were displaced, the name remained on the lake and creek, rather than the village, and from the creek it was extended to the prairie through which it flowed, and to the various other features which bear it today.

12 The interpretation of this name and the identification of the dialect I owe to the Rev. James A. Geary, of "Washington, D.C., who has also consulted about them with his Indian informant, Harry Lincoln, of Tama, Iowa. The Douglas County Historical Society and Museum

By VIVIEN G. DUBE

HE HISTORICAL society in Superior is almost as old as the city itself. Superior was founded in 1854, and the earliest T record of a historical society is found in its first newspaper, the Superior Chronicle. The issue is dated June 12, 1855, and reads: " The citizens of Douglas County in September last organized a historical society choosing R. B. Carlton, the oldest resi- dent at the Head of the Lakes, as president." One of the main objects of this society was the gathering and preserving of the historical material relating to this region. Although there are some illusions to this early historical society in the press, no records of it have been preserved, and it apparently passed into oblivion during the panic of 1857, when its full impact was felt in Superior. In that year the population of Superior dwindled from 2,500 to scarcely 500. The next organized effort to start a historical society was in September, 1902. The meeting was held in the old Superior Hotel, then called the West Superior Hotel. Most of the prominent early settlers were present. Many of them were also members of the Old Settlers Association, and an effort was made to interest all in this group to join with them. Articles of incorporation were drawn up and by-laws adopted. The Rev. James R. Smith, who was at that time pastor of the Pilgrim Congregational Church, was elected president. W. H. Webb, prominent in real estate circles, was vice-president. Clough Gates, who was associated with the Superior paper, was secretary, and W. B. Banks, president of the

MRS. VIVIEN G. DUBE is the curator of the DOUGLAS COUNTY HIS- TORICAL Museum. The growth of this museum is amazing, and its history shows that cooperation, endless work, and great interest have made it a success. Not a little of the credit goes to its energetic and ingenious curator, Mrs. Dube, who has been with the museum for more than seven years. 441 442 VIVIEN G. DUBE [June

First National Bank, was treasurer. On the advisory committee were Kirby Thomas, Henry S. Butler, and James Bardon. Mr. Gates is the only one of the group who is still living and is still active on the Superior Telegram staff. Their first annual meeting was held the following January. At that time, their president, the Rev. Mr. Smith, gave a very fine talk, outlining their aims and purposes. He said: "We are a small and unpretentious group, but I believe we are engaged in a very important work. It may be a thankless task just now. However, the time is coming when those, who succeed us here, will be grateful indeed for the work we may do in preserving old land marks and making accessible certain information that will be valuable as time goes on." The general object and purposes of the society were laid down in its constitution: "To gather up either by way of loan, pur- chase or donation, original maps, records, books, pictures, docu- ments and relics of any kind, that may throw light upon and add to the interest of the early and continuous history of this city." The organization grew in membership. They met at different places, sometimes in the homes and sometimes in public buildings. They met only once a year, however, and interest could not be kept up with so few gatherings. At each meeting papers were read on early historical subjects, but no real collection of docu- ments, papers, or objects was started. After four years the society lost interest and disbanded. It was not until the beginning of 1931 that interest was again revived in such a society. At this time Mrs. George Hawley and Mrs. Philip Stratton sponsored an effort to organize a society. They felt that many valuable historical articles were being sent away from Superior, because there was no place to show them. Their main object was to start a museum to house these precious relics, and they felt an active historical society would be the best way to accomplish this purpose. A meeting was called by these two women on January 14, 1931, at the Douglas County Courthouse. About fifteen were present, Mr. A. D. S. Gillett acting as temporary chairman. Dues were set 1948] DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 443 at $1.00 per member, and each person present agreed to solicit ten members, upon which the meeting adjourned. One other pre- liminary meeting was held on January 28, at which Mr. Henry Butler acted as chairman. Mr. John Bardon was elected president, and Mr. P. G. Stratton vice-president. The following month on February 3, 1931, this newly organized society had its first regular meeting. This is the society that is in existence today. Mr. Stratton presided. There were a number of officers and charter members of the 1902 historical society present, and they became the backbone of the organization. They all realized that the early residents of Superior were leaving this sphere too quickly, and soon there would be no one to explain the happenings of the early days and no one to care that certain things had happened. The names of the first settlers would soon be forgotten unless records were kept and the objects in use labeled and put on exhibition. It was a very enthusiastic meeting; every one was made a part of the membership committee, and through its efforts 159 per- sons joined, with dues at $1.00 per year. While the dues have always been kept at $1.00 a year, there are two other types of mem- bership in the organization: the sustaining members at $5.00 a year, and those who pay $25 for life memberships. The first officers in this organization were John Bardon, presi- dent, Philip Stratton, first vice-president, Mrs. George Newton, secretary, and Mrs. L. W. Beebe, treasurer. There were also nine other vice-presidents elected and an advisory board of three: Mrs. George Hawley, Mrs. Philip Stratton, and Mrs. William Ground; the first two are still members of this board. Like the 1902 organization, the members' first interest was to col- lect and preserve the relics of the past, and their first question was where to house them if they got them. John Bardon, whose father was one of the very earliest settlers in Superior, having come here in 1854, was particularly interested. He always had been very historically minded and at an early age had started to collect Indian trophies, early farming tools, and various things the early settlers had brought with them. His 444 VIVIEN G. DUBE [June daughter, Mrs. John Cadigan, who still lives in Superior, says that their house, since the time she was a small child, had always been a collector's paradise. Mr. Bardon had also kept all the old photo- graphs of early citizens, pictures of the first buildings, and old maps of this region. He was a good story teller and wrote down tales and anecdotes of the early happenings, both from his own experiences and as told by his father. He very generously offered the society all of his valuable relics if there was a place to keep them. They all felt that if the objects they had could be placed in view of other people, it would stimu- late interest and more objects would be obtained. The newly elected advisory board was given power to look up a place to house these relics, to purchase cases and have them painted and supplied with locks so that the exhibits would be in safekeeping and yet easy to view. This board decided that the proper place to have these exhibits would be in the courthouse. On the third floor hall of this building there was a large gallery with a splendid skylight and an open well where the marble stair- cases came up. Permission was given the society by the county board to use this space, and so the Douglas County Historical Museum was born. The courthouse was conveniently located and accessible to every- one. After the floor space was available, a search was made for cases, old and new. The committee went to every store house, attic, and basement of buildings and finally found ten old cases that could be used. Carpenter work had to be done to make them presentable. When funds were exhausted, the committee mem- bers chipped in a little more out of their own pockets to take care of the expenses. Andrew E. Anderson and his son Arvid offered to paint the cases free, as their contribution to the Museum. The following spring the cases were ready, and the articles collected to put in them. Many of the first contributions were rather crude and worthless, but they took whatever was offered in the hope that it would encourage others to bring their better things. Before the articles were put in the cases, permission was given 1948] DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 445 the Camp Fire Girls to exhibit a world fellowship display of articles loaned by people who had brought treasures and inter- esting things from their foreign homes. There were hand wrought silver and other lovely things from Sweden and Finland, embroideries and pottery from Italy, and heirlooms from Norway, Sweden, Pol- and, England, France, and Belgium. It was a beautiful exhibit and showed the real treasures of the town. It was hoped by1 this special exhibit various nationality groups would become interested and gradually loan their gifts or articles indefinitely or give them to the Museum. This opening lasted two days, beginning March 27, 1931, and many persons came to view the display. After these pieces were taken out, the cases were filled with permanent gifts, the majority of the articles having been given by Mr. Bardon. Others were given or loaned by members who were interested in the Museum. The formal opening of the new Museum was April 14, 1932. The cases were filled, the articles catalogued, and every thing made ready for this great day. Considerable interest was shown in this new project by the people of Superior. It was open during the same hours as the courthouse, so that many persons had an opportunity to see it. Those from the county who had business at the courthouse would use their waiting hours in looking at the many exhibits. Merchants of the city donated several cases, and the interest and exhibits increased. Every year a case or two was added to the Museum, and it be- came more and more popular. It was decided in* 1934 to change the name of the society from the Superior Historical Society to the Douglas County Historical Society. It was felt that as long as the Museum was housed in a county institution, the county residents would feel more interested if it broadened its scope to include the entire area. In 1935 the finest and most valuable gift of all came to the society. A very well-known Superior photographer, David F. Barry, died. Mr. Barry had been a government photographer in Dakota for many years and knew all the Indians and officers before and after the Custer Massacre. His photographs of the Sioux Indians 446 VIVIEN G. DUBE [June were known all over the country. He also had many articles be- longing to these Indians that he had either bought from them or they had given to him. He had kept these articles in his little photograph studio in Superior. There were war clubs, beautiful beadwork, peace pipes, Indian utensils of every kind, and his very valuable Indian photographs. The historical society felt these should not leave Superior where they had been for forty years, and a hurried meeting of the board was called and an option was secured on the purchase of this exhibit from the Barry estate. Then the members of the society asked for donations from Superior citizens, and in two days the sum of money was raised to secure the exhibit and new cases to house them. So the valuable Barry exhibit became the property of the historical society. Mr. Barry had willed his photographs to Mr. W. K. Link of Superior, and his son donated them to the Museum, making a wonderful addi- tion to the collection. So the Museum kept growing. So many cases had been added and placed in the upper hallway of the courthouse that the men having offices in the courthouse and the board of supervisors and particularly the janitors were getting heartily sick of having the cases there. Then with the depression hitting Superior, all the courthouse space was needed for its many W.P.A. projects, so the problem was to find a permanent museum building. Mrs. A. A. Roth, a much interested early member of the his- torical society, generously offered her home as a permanent Museum for the county and city. This house was built by John W. Scott in 1892, when he was mayor of Superior, and is interesting in it- self as an example of fine architecture of the early nineties. The county board was approached on taking over this building for a Museum, and remodeling it through W.P.A. projects and helping in its yearly support. They finally decided to do this, and offered $1,000 for the buying of materials, the W.P.A. to do the work, and to also give $500 annually for the running expenses of the building, if the city would contribute $1,500 a year. The mayor and city council agreed to this plan. The work started in June, 1938, and the building was begun DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

PIONEER KITCHEN

1948] DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 447 to be transformed into a museum. Of course the original amount set aside did not begin to cover the expense of the project, and again the society's house committee had to solicit the county and city for money to finish the undertaking. Another W.P.A. project was set up, and the building was finally finished in February, 1939- After this, the house had to be cleaned, plans made for housing the many exhibits in the new cases that had been built in the Museum, and the transporting of the cases from the courthouse to their new home. There were twenty-two cases now which had to be moved, and all of the packing and, unpacking and arrange- ment of exhibits had to be done. This work was all carried out under the supervision of the house committee, Mrs. Philip Stratton, Mrs. A. A. Roth, and Mrs. H. A. Juneau. Mrs. George Hawley was chairman of the acquisition committee, and her work was also endless. Mr. Gerald Stowe, who had special training in museum work in Madison and Oshkosh, was hired as curator and was able to come in January to help pack the objects and direct the men in moving them and set up the new exhibits in the fine Museum that was now completed. After the building was ready, many new articles started to pour in. Mr. Stowe took care of cataloging and placing them, and even helped build more cases. He planned many new scientific exhibits that had been lacking at the Museum. He also took charge of a " white collar " W.P.A. project that was housed in the Museum. This "white collar" project proved of great value to the Museum's records. Old papers, diaries, and records of early Superior that had come to the Museum were typed by the W.P.A. workers. Many of these were then put in book form and bound by the W.P.A. book bindery. Duplicate copies of historical material com- piled by the W.P.A. project at the Superior Public Library were given to the Museum, which added to the value of its reference library. Early pictures of Superior and early newspapers were also taken care of by this group, and it is due to their work that the Museum has such a fine record of early Superior. The county was 448 VIVIEN G. DUBE [June very glad to have this place to house their W.P.A. workers, and the work for them to do. Finally the Museum was ready to open its doors to the public. A preview was given a few days before to the Douglas County supervisors, the city council, and officials and school officers and teachers from the city and county. Two groups of Camp Fire Girls were dressed in old costumes and acted as guides for this event. On February 27, 1939, the Douglas County Historical Museum had its grand opening for the general public. People came from every part of the city and county. The schools sent their classes for special work and for general tours. At the end of the first year, the curator reported there had been 14,000 visitors, and more than 100 classes who came for instruction or additional in- formation. Not only had there been a large attendance, but many additions were made to its exhibits and historical collections. The work of the historical society was not finished with the establishment of the new Museum. Annually the problem of its financing would come up, and during the first few years, members of the society's board would have to meet with the city and county officials at their budget hearings to ask for money for continuing the Museum for the coming year. Often members of the society would have to go out in the county to homes of various county supervisors and plead with them to allow them an annual ap- propriation. In spite of its growth and popularity, there were still many persons who had never been inside its doors and felt it was an unnecessary expense. It has just been in the last six years that the idea has been sold to the officials to the extent that a budget appropriation for the Museum is deemed a necessity. It still has to be kept at a minimum, and every item is watched so that with the increased costs of other things, the Museum still keeps its budget at practically the original appropriation. Superior is not a wealthy community, and costs on things have to be scrutinized, but it is the general opinion of Superior citizens that the city is well paid for the little spent on the operation of the Museum. 1948] DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 449

Perhaps something more should be said about the activities and scope of the Museum at the present time. In the nine years since it has opened its doors, it has grown beyond all expectation in attendance, exhibits, activities, and popularity. It is opened every day except Saturday. Sunday afternoon has always been the biggest day, when families come in and spend the afternoon. There are seventeen rooms open to exhibits, and more than 30,000 articles on display. These exhibits are on many subjects. On the first floor hall is a collection of Mrs. Roth's buttons, one room holds the famous Barry Indian Collection, another is devoted to a Chinese exhibit. One room has articles from various foreign countries. The dining room has a lovely china and glass exhibit. The office and library are also on the first floor and the very valuable files. The pictures, reference material, old books, and maps are of special value and interest to the historical society and research workers. The attached garage holds the traditional Paul Bunyan relics and early nautical and lumbering relics. It was due to the late John Bardon that there is such a fine collec- tion of these articles. The second floor has a Chippewa Indian exhibit, all the war cases from every war, the gun and sword cases, an early lighting exhibit, old musical instruments, children's toys, school aids, and dolls. The third floor has a huge science room, with stuffed animals, geological displays, botanical exhibits, and so on. In the back room of the third floor is an interesting old pioneer room, con- structed of logs, containing a fireplace, and furnished with old furniture and objects used in pioneer days at the Head of the Lakes. In a town the size of Superior unless there was a constant change of exhibits people would not continue to come, so a plan was instituted to have several new exhibits each month. A large display case on the second floor, made from three closets, glassed on all sides, is the main center of interest. This case is changed each month with exhibits of every kind. Some attract the young, some the collector, and some the average adult. These exhibits are loan exhibits, sometimes a traveling exhibit, but generally 450 VIVIEN G. DUBE [June articles borrowed from people living in Douglas County. There are often old country exhibits from various nationality groups in Superior or the county. Sometimes exhibits are put in by different local clubs or organizations, or the schools use them for an ex- hibit. Various collectors often bring their collections. The art room, too, is changed each month. There are many local one-man-shows, sometimes a group of artists show together, and quite often there is an out-of-town exhibit. Here, too, the schools have a chance to exhibit during the year. Then there are several small cases, and here the hobbyist has a chance to exhibit his hobby, or precious small collections are loaned for display. There are three methods used in receiving articles or collections in the Museum. They may be given, placed on indefinite loan, or just loaned for a monthly display. It has been found that the majority of indefinite loans eventually become permanent gifts, and that many articles in the monthly displays are often given to the Museum. Because of these many changes which arouse enthusiasm and interest in the people, and the very fine publicity the newspaper gives the Museum on its special displays, the attendance has not waned throughout the years. There is always something new to see at the Museum, and so the people keep coming. A little about this attendance. It averages more than 10,000 a year. Classes continue to make use of its facilities. More than 100 classes from the county, city, and college come each year. It is also the privilege of any civic, patriotic, social, or church group to hold one meeting a year at the Museum. There are kitchen facilities, chairs, and space for at least fifty persons, and many meetings are held there during the year. This not only keeps up the interest and attendance at the Museum, but often adds many new gifts to its possessions. The Museum staff is small. There is one full-time curator, and then a couple, living at the Museum, look after the building and the fires and are there at all times. The woman devotes part of her time to helping with the office and case work and takes charge 1948] DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 451 in the curator's absence. A man is hired one day a week to do the cleaning, and to take care of any extra cleaning and odd jobs. The complete cost to the city and county averages about $3,500 a year, and I believe that everyone feels it is money well spent. A great deal has been said here of the Museum itself, because it has been the one big project of the Douglas County Historical Society, and it is still their main interest. The board of the society meets at the Museum once a month and helps with its manage- ment, guides its policies, and often contributes financially for the many little extra expenses that are not covered in the Museum's budget. The society also has its annual meetings here. At the present time it is a small society, in fact it has never been very large, but the Museum is a splendid tribute to what a small group of historically minded earnest citizens can do if they have their hearts in it. If this little society can start and sponsor a Museum of this kind on such a small sum in a small town, any society can do the same. In closing a word should be said about the few who stand out particularly for their part in making this Museum a reality. There is Mr. John Bardon, who for years had been the collector and generous giver of what he had not only in relics, but of his rich historical memoirs. Then there are Mrs. George Hawley and Mrs. P. G. Stratton who worked tirelessly for many weeks and months in their planning of the Museum, and Mrs. A. A. Roth who so generously gave her home for the Museum. Miss Anna Butler should also be mentioned for all her generous and lovely gifts and exhibits. Tribute should be paid to the many officers and presidents who have given so generously of their time and interests to the Museum. Dr. Omar Loop, now president, has proved to be very enthusiastic and helpful in his guidance. Mrs. G. H. Winsor has served as treasurer for many years, and Mrs. Elmer Palo has been a faithful secretary and a willing worker. There are many others who have also given of their time and patience. But certainly it has been very much worth-while, and the Museum is a grand monument to those first pioneers of Superior who gathered together to preserve the relics of the past. Documents A Visit to Wisconsin in 1843 Edited by NILS WILLIAM OLSSON

INE LAKE is the site of the first Swedish colony to be settled in the Midwest. To this attractive region in 1841 came the P highly educated Gustaf Unonius with his bride, Charlotta Ohrstromer. He had known Polycarpus von Schneidau, the subject of the document following, for many years in Sweden and was greatly surprised to meet him unexpectedly in the Pine Lake wilderness. The former Swedish army officer, his wife, and brother- in-law were asked to spend the night in the small Unonius cabin. The unhappy Mrs. von Schneidau grew hysterical and mistook a bearded shoemaker at the Unonius cabin door for a bandit. The insecurity of a latch instead of a lock and a severe rainstorm dur- ing the night terrified her. The disillusionment and irritation of the von Schneidaus over their New World prospects were at first recorded as a mixture of comedy and tragedy by Unonius. After residing at the latter's cabin for several weeks, however, Mrs. von Schneidau responded to Charlotta's friendliness and helped care for her when she became ill, assisted with the housework, and even conversed with the " bandit"-shoemaker, who was living with Unonius. The visitors soon were able to buy a place of their own, but they suffered great hardship during the severe winter in their poorly constructed cabin, later replaced by a more substantial one. It is from the Unonius Memoirs that one learns a little of the manner in which the von Schneidaus lived, during their brief stay in this Swedish colony. A proper observance of the arrival of the Pine Lake colonists

MR. OLSSON, who has edited this Document, is the Executive Secretary of the Swedish Pioneer Centennial Association, Inc., with offices in Chicago. He received this manuscript with permission to publish from Mrs. Phineas Prouty of Los Angeles, California, a granddaughter of Captain von Schneidau. 452 WISCONSIN IN 1843 453 was delayed by the war, but this year will see appropriate cere- monies, attended by an official delegation from Sweden, in the major centers of Swedish colonization in the country. These ob- servances are being coordinated and arranged through the Swedish Pioneer Centennial Association. Appropriate to the occasion is the publication of this narrative which was written in May, 1893, by Sarah Freeman Clarke of Marietta, Georgia, to Mrs. Paulina Jerome,1 the daughter of the von^Schneidaus.2 Miss Clarke writes in her introduction to the narrative: " It is just fifty years since that memorable visit to Pine Lake that I so well remember. If I am not mistaken, it will be of deep interest to you, for you can not have known much of these early times, which were so trying to your dear father and mother. " I have often told the story and I remember, too, Mary Howitt who was very fond of your country, and who translated the novels of Fredrika Bremer. She was deeply interested and wanted to write it out but I would not allow anyone to do that, reserving the right for myself and for you."

IT WAS IN 1843 THAT I with my mother and my friend Miss Fuller3 went to spend the summer in Chicago and Milwaukee, where my brothers were lately established in business. We went first to Chicago and my brother William who lived there took us on a delightful excursion over the flowery prairies, himself driving us with his own horses and what we called a prairie wagon. I will not say more of this fresh and charming experience but pass to our visit in Milwaukee 1 The story of Polycarpus von Schneldau and his career in America has been told by Victor O. Freeburg in " A Lieutenant and His Lady," in the American Swedish Monthly, November, 1941. According to Mr. Freeburg, Paulina von Schneidau was born in Chicago, March 3, 1846. She married Eugene Murray Jerome in Chicago, July 1, 1867. Sarah F. Clarke (1808-96) opened the Franklin Lending Library in 1882 at her resi- dence in Marietta. Through her continued efforts funds were raised, a lot was purchased, and the Sarah Freeman Clarke Library was opened to the public on October 26, 1893. See Sarah B. Temple, The First Hundred Years . . . Cobb County, Georgia (Atlanta, 1935), 435-36. 2 John Carl Frederick Polycarpus von Schneidau was born in Kisa, Ostergotland, Sweden, February 26, 1812, the son of Captain Johan Henrick von Schneidau and Baroness Antoinetta Elizabeth Cronhielm. He entered military service and as lieutenant in the King's Guard was appointed to Charles XIV's General Staff in 1838. After marrying Carolina Jacobsson, the daughter of a Stockholm merchant, May 4, 1842, he resigned his commission and came to America in the fall of 1842. 3 Margaret Fuller, Marchioness Ossoli (1810-50), American writer and lecturer, author of Summer on the Lakes in 1843 (Boston, 1844). 454 DOCUMENTS [June where my brother Abraham lived. He too wished to show us some of the beauties of Wisconsin and proposed a three days' excursion to the lake country. This is a region about thirty miles west from Milwaukee, where [there} are forty lakes within a circle of ten miles. This is called oak openings, being hills with scattered oaks and the lakes lying among them. We were to have a carriage which held the party, spend one day on the road, one day among the lakes, and one day to return to Milwaukee. The difficult question was, where should we spend the nights, as there were no houses of- entertainment of any kind where we were going. It chanced that my brother met Dr. Castleman, a friend of his, one day in Milwaukee. Dr. Castleman lived in this lovely country, and with true western hospitality imme- diately invited our party to pass the two nights at his house.4 This offer we gladly accepted though when we saw his house we perceived that our hosts meant to give up their own beds in our favor, for we would require at least three beds, being five in number, as my brother Sam was also with us. It was, however, too late to withdraw our visit, though it might be very difficult for our hosts. The carriages, horses and driver found other quarters. In the evening Dr. Castleman was telling my brothers what route to take the next day so as to see the most of the beautiful country. He said, " By the by, you must call on Captain Schneidau at Pine Lake, as he has some pictures, Rembrandts, I think he told me." and added, " He will be very glad to see you." This was something remarkable, indeed. Rem- brandts to be spoken of so lightly as in the possession of a dweller in the forest. Of course we did not believe them to be genuine, for at that time and for long years afterward there was no such thing in any of our cities, no collection of pictures in the United States, that could boast of a Rembrandt. At Pine Lake we found the house that had been described to us. It was a neat house of squared logs, a house of two rooms, with no fences or out buildings, so we drove at once to the door. A beautiful woman appeared there. We told her why we had come. She looked surprised and said in imperfect English " I do not think my husband has any pictures, but if you will come in, he will be glad to see you. He cannot come to you as he is lame." We had been told that Capt. and Mrs. Schneidau were from Sweden, that was all we knew. We were taken by Mrs. Schneidau to the inner

4 Dr. Alfred L. Castleman (1807-77), a native of Kentucky, lived at Delafield at this time. He had located at Milwaukee as early as 1835, coming from Indiana. 1948] WISCONSIN IN 1843 455 room, which was the bedroom. Capt. Schneidau was seated by a table on which lay his books and a guitar. His leg rested on a chair. He was nicely dressed in cap and wrapper. He was very handsome with blue eyes and light hair and fair complexion and a clear, candid, intelligent expression. They were both of distinguished appearance and beauty. She was a brilliant dark Jewish beauty—in fact they had left Sweden because marriages between Jews and Christians were then prohibited. One thing I immediately noticed, was the extreme nicety of their way of living—a quality not usually found in log houses. Mrs. von Schneidau was dressed in a cheap print, a working dress, but her hair was so neatly dressed as if she had a maid to do it for her while her short sleeves for working showed her beautiful hands and arms. In fact she kept no servant and did all for her husband and herself. He told us how he had had a fall on ship board, and in that way injured his ankle, which never healed. They were now in their second year of residence in Wisconsin. They had been induced to come there by letters in the Stockholm newspapers, describing lands both fertile and cheap and perhaps not mentioning clearly the difficulties that settlers unused to the work must meet with. These letters were written by M. (!) Unonius5 the pastor of a Swedish settlement in Wisconsin. Captain von Schneidau had sent money to this man with which to buy for him a home in this land of promise.6 When they arrived winter was not far off. The old log house on the place leaked and they were obliged to occupy it and to hire some of the neighbor- ing Swedes to build them a new house. Captain von Schneidau was unable with his lameness to do anything himself and he had very little money. When we inquired about the Rembrandts, he laughed and said that he had no other pictures than what we could see nailed to the wall of his bedroom. There was a row of small drawings in lead pencil, of the heads of some of his friends in Sweden, done by an artist friend before he left Stockholm as "Remembrances" and this

5Gustaf Unonius (1810-1902) arrived with several companions at the Pine Lake site in 1841. After having been a lay preacher of a small Swedish church at Pine Lake, he became a candidate for the Episcopal Church Seminary, Nashotah House, January 18, 1844, after a group of seven Swedes from Pine Lake had applied for church membership. Unonius was the first graduate of Nashotah, being ordained for the diaconate by Bishop Jackson Kemper in March, 1845, and the priesthood in August, 1845. In May, 1849, Unonius founded the first Scandinavian Episcopal Church in Chicago known as the St. Ansgarius Church. He returned to Sweden in 1858. 6 Unonius writes in his Memoirs that Schneidau " bought a quarter section of land from an American,. . . and he could hardly have made a better choice or gotten greater value for his $200." The cabin located near the road " was but a shanty." Wisconsin Magazine of History, 19:304 (March, 1936).—EDITORS. 456 DOCUMENTS [June word was easily mistaken by the doctor who had given us the informa- tion as to " Rembrandts." My brother Samuel, who was a druggist and a good deal of a doctor, asked him about his case and learned that the cause of the wound not healing was probably some taint of scrofula in his blood. My brother on hearing this, offered to send him a remedy that he thought might relieve him and accordingly did send him a half dozen, bottles of Sarsaparilla which proved very useful and was the first relief that had been found. Capt. von Schneidau had been taken to Milwaukee for advice, and that which he received was so unwelcome that he refused to make use of it. It was to have his foot amputated. After using the six bottles of Sarsaparilla that my brother had sent him, he sent for more and continued to take it, till he was perfectly well, and could walk as well as ever. But to return to the first winter of their residence. It was an uncommonly long and severe winter, snow six feet deep lying on the ground many months. During that winter and while the new house was being built, their first child was born. The only person to help the wife through this trying time was a Swedish woman, a neighbor. The men who were building the new house had to get their meals there. Mrs. von Schneidau got up from her confinement too soon. The excessive cold proved too much for the infant. It drooped from the first, though when the mother left the bed she " put the baby in von Schneidau's bosom to keep it warm." But after a few days it seemed to be sinking. They tried a warm bath but it was evidently passing away. The father said, " Lina, this little one has never been baptized, I will baptize it with the water of the bath." He did so and the little one left them alone. We had a long conversation with husband and wife. Mrs. von Schneidau took my mother to the other room, which in its scrupulous neatness served for kitchen, parlor, and all other uses, she showed her the little arrange- ments for doing the work, where she kept her pail of water from the lake for coolness, and they became very confidential She confided to my mother her intense anxiety to get away from the forest. Also that if her husband could regain the use of his leg and they could remove to one of the cities he could be a teacher of many things, of language, French, German and Swedish, of mathematics, for his military educa- tion included that knowledge, of fencing, gymnastics, the guitar and other accomplishments. We left them, deeply interested in this pair, so out of place, and apparently hopelessly so, and cast about for some way to help them, but the lameness of Capt. von Schneidau seemed to 1948] WISCONSIN IN 1843 457 make it impossible for them to move with any hope of bettering their condition. But we did not forget them. My mother had a plan of returning to Chicago the next year, as she owned a small house there, where we could make a home for my brothers. This we did the following summer. As soon as we were settled there, we learned from my brother in Milwaukee that Captain von Schneidau had recovered the use of his ankle, and was now quite well. We began to inquire among our acquaintances for pupils for him and soon secured a class in French, one in German and a position as a teacher of mathematics in a school. This we thought would do to begin with and wrote to them if they liked to make the attempt to earn a living in Chicago we would be glad to help them. The letter was given to, Mrs. von Schneidau at the little Swedish church on Sun- day, and she promptly had a notice put up on the wall of the church that there would be an auction at their house the following Wednesday. They sold all of their movables but bed and blankets which they re- served for a purpose which will presently appear. They hired a man who owned a team of horses and an open wagon to take them to Chicago. The weather was now very cold as winter was near. With their trunks for seats and bed and blankets to keep them warm, they came in the open wagon to Chicago. My brother came home one forenoon and announced, "The von Schneidau's have come to Chicago, they are at a hotel." My mother immediately said to my brother " That will never do, pray go and ask them not to remain there, but come at once to us and pass a week, and we will find suitable lodgings for them." So they came and dined with us the same day. They proved to be charming guests. Every evening we invited some of our neighbors and friends to meet them, so they formed acquaintance with many people. All were delighted with them. Mrs. von Schneidau was so delighted to escape from the forest that her spirits rose and her gaiety made her very acceptable in our little society. Capt. von Schneidau's manners were perfect and his face expressed so clearly the presence of an honorable and upright character of sincerity and intelligence, and his manners, those of a self possessed gentleman, who confided in the good inten- tions of others, that everyone was immediately disposed in his favor. Being thus at home with them it was easy to see how trying and bitter must have been his disappointment in having brought his bride to a country so unsuited to their habits, for even if he had not been dis- 458 DOCUMENTS [June abled he could not have prospered in the work of a farmer, for which his life and education had unfitted him. It was true that the land was fertile and of trifling cost, but when you have said that you have said all. To use this advantage, a man must know how to work the land and must have assistance. Here the labor of others was im- possible to procure, for no man who could buy his land and work it himself would willingly work for another. Any man could enter a quarter section and by putting up a cabin and living on it, he gained the first right to buy it, and paid nothing till the government offered it for sale. Then if he had not the money to pay for itt he could easily borrow it, and give a mortgage on the land as security. Thus the laboring man had a decided advantage on the man who was not trained to work of cutting down trees or digging and plowing, and the care of cattle. Fortunately, Mrs. von Schneidau was full of spirit and courage, and kept her husband from despair by her cheerful temper and her capacity for resource in trouble. She amused us much with her anecdotes of their life in Wisconsin. As their money was rapidly dwindling she planned to get some cheap goods such as the neighboring settlers would buy and make a little shop in one corner of the house. Here her husband could sit and wait for customers while she was engaged in the house work. She said she was obliged to watch when a customer came in, " for her husband was so little commercial" that he would let the customer take the goods away without paying if he did not want to pay. He was so courteous that he could not refuse. She said it was like this. An Indian would come in and say, "Here is hat I want, Captain von Schneidau, I will take it and pay you when I get some money." Her husband would reply, " As you please," in his polite way. Then she would rush in and say, " You no pay de money. You no take de hat." So she would make the Indian pay. One could easily understand that he was as little fitted for commerce as for farming. But he was successful as a teacher. That winter he did very well, and his wife earned money sewing. After they left us for lodgings, they used to be with us a good deal and seemed to feel our house like a home to them. They would often drop in for a cup of coffee after dinner, which they knew we were glad to see them coming in for, at any time. While they were staying with us we asked them if they played cards. " Oh yes," said your mother laughingly. "At Pine Lake I played cards for my coo (cow) and won it," she said with glee. One day your father came 1948] WISCONSIN IN 1843 459 in with a copy of Longfellow's poems, in which he had found a translation of " The Children of the Lord's Supper " by Tegner,7 and he read it to me with much enthusiasm, that I might know how beautifully a Swedish poet could write. Chicago at that time was a small place, perhaps of ten thousand inhabitants and there were really not many persons who cared to study French or German, so the classes fell off and our friend was obliged to try something else. He took a class in fencing and one for ladies' gymnastics. This last excited the people much. For ladies to jump around a room, climb ladders and swing by their arms under the direction of a man was such a new thing that many people thought it improper. Of the two leaders of fashion, one advocated it as healthy exercise and the other, a stout lady, opposed it as unbecoming. Two parties were formed, your father's friends including myself, placed ourselves under his direction and learned to jump and climb as well as we could. It became so popular that the stout leader of fashion gave in and joined us and was soon near the top of the room, in a way that astonished all be- holders. But the difficulty was that people soon tired of these diversions. " There is one thing, Captain von Schneidau," said my mother, " that the Chicago people will never tire of, and that is dancing. Now if you would teach dancing and have balls, you would have as many pupils as you would want." He looked a little doubtful and surprised. He said, " Perhaps I should not like to have my friends in Sweden think that I had become a teacher of dancing." He looked thoughtful, but presently he said, "But after all it is honest, and why should I object?" and he took it into consideration and filled out his spare time with classes in dancing, and as my mother had prophesied, they did not tire of dancing. Then he arranged balls, and the tickets sold fast enough and it proved very profitable and he managed everything with such grace and ease and everybody enjoyed the fortnightly balls very much. In the second spring a company was formed to send him to Lake Superior to find a copper mine, as military mining had been part of his education. He went, he found a mine and secured it, but it was found so costly to work it, that the company decided to do nothing more about it. The last thing he tried proved most successful and permanent of all and this was making daguerreotypes. He did very

7 Esaias Tegner (1782—1846), well-known Swedish poet and bishop, author of the epic poem Frithjofs Saga (1825). 460 DOCUMENTS

well with this and his courteous manners no doubt helped him to success. My brothers used to say that in contact with the rude people such as he was compelled to meet, his perfect courtesy always told and the roughest men were tamed by something so unusual. About this time my mother and I left Chicago to return to the East. It was before your birth. I never saw your mother again and only once your father. He came to New York to see Ericsson,8 his com- patriot and consult him about some of the mysteries of the then new art of daguerreotyping. And he came to Cambridge where we were then living, to see us once more. You know the rest. Your mother's death9 and your visit to Sweden with your father followed. I re- member Mrs. Sheldon brought you to Newport. You were then ten or twelve years old I should think. I have often had occasion to observe how a trifling circumstance that seems a mere accident, leads to unexpected results that could not have happened without that trifle which proved a pivot on which a destiny turned. Such was our visit to Pine Lake and the pivot was Dr. Castleman's mistake about Rembrandt. Without that we should not have stopped at the door of the house where we found your father and mother, and the conse- quence of that visit was that we were able to open a way of escape for them out of that place where they were so imprisoned. My brother will add a little to this attempt to make you acquainted with the early life of your parents in this country, and I hope I have succeeded in showing you how much we loved and respected them both. With love, SARAH FREEMAN CLARKE

8 John Ericsson (1803-89), Swedish-American inventor and engineer, developed screw propeller and chiefly known as designer and builder of the " Monitor." 9 Mrs. Carolina Jacobsson von Schneidau, born in Stockholm, April 27, 1810, died in Chicago, August 18, 1855. Book Notes

Grass Roots History. By THEODORE C. BLEGEN. (University of Min- nesota Press, Minneapolis, 1947. Pp. x, 266. $3.00). The latest book by the former superintendent of the Minnesota Historical Society, now for some years professor of history and gradu- ate dean at the University of Minnesota, is a cogent brief for the study of history from the bottom up instead of from the top down, that is, for the fundamental importance of local and regional history. " Region- alism is not cultural separatism. It is not the doctrine of every region for itself. Its essence... is a creative concern with the development of the region to its maximum for the cultural strength of the nation.... Provincialism, as Helen Clapesattle has said, * sees the world in the locality's own image' Regionalism reverses the process, to view the region in relation to the nation and the world" (p. 12). This doctrine of regionalism, which recalls the pioneering of our own Frederick Jackson Turner, propounded by a historian who in point of view, scholarship, and urbanity is obviously one of the chief successors of Professor Turner, falls pleasantly on the ear at this time, when the States of the Upper Mississippi Valley have begun to celebrate the centennials of their statehood. The author draws his illustrations—his " preaching" is that of example rather than of precept—from the two fields of research in which, he has worked: Norwegian immigration and the history of the Upper Midwest. Indeed there is probably a Minnesotan flavor about the very title of the book, for, according to Mencken's Supplement 1, the locution " grass-roots" seems to have been brought into our language by the Farmer-Labor Party about 1920. The jacket of the book conveniently lists the more important grass-roots materials the author draws upon: diaries and letters, songs and ballads of the im- migrants and pioneers (catchily translated by the author from the Norwegian), every-day speech, and newspaper advertisements. And it is pleasing to note that the author appreciates the politeness, yes, the decency, of speaking of the immigrant Norwegian settlers as Nor- wegian Americans. It is a long time since Theodore Roosevelt pointed up the depreciation involved in hyphenating American citizens. How long shall we have to wait for the newspapers to catch on? The seventeenth and final chapter is a plea for cooperation in the 461 462 BOOK NOTES [June field of our national history. The requirements are stiff: an effective clearing house for significant questions and topics on which research should be forwarded (p. 249), a great central, national inventory of archives and MSS. (pp. 253-54), and a resolute effort to make the past significant for the present, to narrow the gap between the people and the scholars (p. 255). Indeed, "any really * valid and properly proportioned national synthesis/... that will do justice to the abun- dant variety of American culture," and enable us to understand our regions, will require the interpretative aid " of the novelist, poet, essayist, painter, musician, and sculptor, as well as of the historian and biographer" (p. 247). (Howard Mumford Jones, another in- fluential Midwesterner, now in the East, expresses the same thought in the Saturday Review of Literature for February 21, 1948, when he writes of those self-same " practitioners of the arts " as by the nature of their calling " sensitive to register what I may call the barometric pressure of the spirit.") The great synthesis, then, will not be made today or tomorrow. In the meantime each American historian may contribute what he can to the enterprise. It is a tribute to the singleness of purpose of the author that all but two of the seventeen chapters of this book appeared originally as addresses and articles over the two decades 1926-46 (pp. 257-59). The author tells the reader at the outset that "they make a whole and are presented to the public as such" (p. viii). He did not need to; the reader would have discovered that for himself. The format of the book is what one has learned to expect from the University of Minnesota Press. The index—the final courtesy of author to reader— is excellent. Madison G. C. SELLERY The Diary of James T. Ayers—Civil War Recruiter. Edited with an introduction by JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN. (Occasional Publications of the Illinois State Historical Society, Springfield, 1947. Pp. xxv, 138, 3 plates. Not for sale). With the publication of this decidedly atypical diary, the Illinois State Historical Society resumes its occasional historical writings series interrupted by the late war. In keeping with its fine policy of selec- tion, the Illinois State Historical Society has not merely published another firsthand account of experiences in the Civil War but has presented a volume that throws new light on a hitherto dim feature of organization and administration—Negro recruiting. 1948} BOOK NOTES 463

The diarist, James T. Ayers, an aging lay Methodist preacher from Illinois, joined the Union army in September, 1862, to help " Crush out the Rong." Ayers was a little too old for active campaigning and, after about a year of service, he managed to find the one job in the army for which he was properly fitted by experience and aptitude— recruiting. The diary opens on December 28, 1863, when he re- ported at Stevenson, Alabama, eager to begin his proselyting among the recently liberated Negroes. Ayers found his new job more arduous and depressing than com- mon soldiering, but heroically managed to stick with it nearly a year. The fact that he received a fee from an unknown source for each recruit may have helped him endure. He met opposition on every hand and did not hesitate to report it to his diary in lucid detail. In the first place the liberators of the slaves, practically all of them— the soldiers, their officers, the men of the administration, and even the " Great Emancipator" himself were very reluctant to receive the services of the freed Negroes. The former masters and mistresses naturally also put obstacles in the recruiter's way. And the freedmen themselves, being understandably suspicious of the intentions of the loyal administration which did not offer them equal pay or service opportunities with the white soldiers, hung back. It is a tribute to man's hope that 104,387 of them did join the Union forces. The gregarious Ayers's greatest objection to his job was the im- paired social standing it cost him. His association with the former slaves excluded him from much of the society of his colleagues in the army and almost completely from that of the white residents of his recruiting area. " While by [my] Brother soaldiers and officers would occasionally meet a smile from Southern faces in Shape of Southern Women," he laments, " My Lot was sneers and Curses." He eventual- ly made a happy contact, however, though he sacrificed a recruit to do it. After a lively argument with a comely widow bent on protect- ing her former slave from the evils of army life, he writes: "She is A, Splendid Little Piece of Humanity in Shape of A Female, and gained her Point and saved the nigger. God bless the Little widow them Blue Eyes that little plump Rosy Cheek them Delicate Lilly white hands that Lady Like Smile that well Seasoned Christian Like spirit. Man would be A monster Could he Deny such an Angel as this." In October, 1864, Ayers quit his recruiting job and went back to 464 BOOK NOTES [June

Illinois to campaign for his idol, President Lincoln. Ecstatic over the outcome of the election, he rejoined the army as a common soldier determined to put an end to the rebellion once and for all. By the time he reached Savannah, however, having experienced the best the country had to offer in rail and water transportation, a little of his enthusiasm had worn off. He describes and approves the destruction wrought on Georgia and South Carolina by General Sherman's forces, but was apparently too ill with dysentery to hit his usual writing stride again. The diary ends with Ayers encamped in Virginia near Washington preparing for the grand review of the armies which took place on May 24. Dr. Franklin, one of the foremost scholars in the field of Negro history, deserves great credit for a splendid editing job, an informative but brief introduction, and discreet footnotes—actually designed to guide the reader rather than to impress him with the editor's erudition. The diarist himself should be revered for his original observations and his even more original spelling and syntax. State Historical Society of Wisconsin ERNEST ST. AUBIN

Indiana, An Interpretation. By JOHN BARTLOW MARTIN. (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 1947. Pp. xii, 300. $4.50). Indiana, An Interpretation is a very dull name for a very sparkling volume. As I read it, I find myself in continuing amazement, not only at the breathless speed of this conducted tour over my native state, but even more at the fact that the masterful young conductor was not even born when I left it in 1913, after twenty-eight years of pleasant living through what he now informs me was the " golden age " of Indiana. This book would be a best-seller even if no one read it except everyone who is mentioned in it or who has a friend or a relative mentioned in it. I can only hope that the able author will not have to use his profits to pay damages as a result of libel suits. No writer covering so much ground so rapidly could avoid some inaccuracies, poor proportioning and over-hasty generalizations. A friend of mine in Terre Haute complains good naturedly: " He takes several pages to describe Mrs. Brown's place in the Red Light District, which I never heard of before, although I have lived here for over thirty years, but he does not see fit to mention our three colleges, art gal- lery, many churches and numerous cultural clubs. It does not give 1948] BOOK NOTES 465 a fair impression of Terre Haute, but it is clever and everyone is reading and enjoying it." I wondered if it was really a good book with a general appeal, or if its attraction for me was merely the attraction of gossip about the familiar. So I went to the library and borrowed another book by the same author which I had not read, Call It North Country, a book about northern Michigan. I found it almost as enthralling even though it strikes fewer familiar chords. I have to conclude that the author can write and has written well, and that his regional books do have a charm for those not familiar with the region. That is not absolute proof that anybody, anywhere, would like this book, but it provides evidence to that effect. But I feel that the best assurance of a good audience for this book is the fact that it can serve as a source book to future authors looking for material. It has no one plot but, rather, countless plots involving the lives of an unrivaled collection of statesmen and politicians, scholars and illiterates, idealists and crooks—enough salty characters to keep a Dickens or even a Shakespeare busy for a lifetime. Mr. Martin may not have given always a perfectly fair, balanced picture, but in the main he has done some wonderful work in bal- ance and contrast. In Terre Haute itself, for example, he balances off the immigrant families with acute cleverness. Terre Haute became home to the German Hulmans, who achieved wealth as wholesale merchants. It became home to the German Dreisers, who produced two famous sons: Theodore, the somber realist who wrote of the " shanties and poverty and depravity of the underworld " on the edge of which the family lived; and Paul, the sentimental sport who changed his name to Paul Dresser and wrote the music, at least, of the Indiana State Song, " On the Banks of the Wabash." And finally, it became home to the Debs family from Alsace, and the birthplace of their boy Eugene, who was to become organizer for the railroad workers, national villain in the great nationwide Pullman strike of 1894, per- ennial candidate for President on the Socialist ticket, father of the I.W.W., champion and friend of the underdog everywhere, and senti- mental crony of sentimental James Whitcomb Riley who lived in the heart of the capital city while he extolled country life and chronicled and to some extent created the famed Hoosier character— the likewise sentimental and kindly rural home folks. But the State which gave to the nation its Debs with his Ameri- 466 BOOK NOTES [June can socialism ("... it can be said that this man was influenced almost as much by Riley as by Marx") and his new forms of labor or- ganization, also gave to it D. C. Stephenson, Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan, whose sordid story is a novel in itself. It produced Court Asher, sentimental lover of the Jurdon Valley in which he was born a poor boy—to become later " by turns a machinist, a boot- legger, Klan undercover man, newspaper man, saloon-keeper, and publisher"—publisher of the X-Ray, devoted to the " extermina- tion " of " Red-rat Communists " and " Red Kikes." This editor of hate and bitterness " grew up in the poverty ridden hill country, in his youth wandered rootless through the new factory cities; and be- came a publisher almost by accident, to vent an underdog's wrath." But, " For every editor like Asher there are in Indiana a hundred editors of a different sort, editors of country weeklies... who write more about family reunions than about Communism. One of these is Edmund C. Gorrell of Winnemac... who grew up in a print shop, surrounded by better soil, savoring the Indiana heritage not only of rusticity, but of gentleness a man of terrible temper and strong principles and uncompromising virtue, and yet of considerable toler- ance, a moral force, a firm believer in the future of his town and the essential goodness of human beings, a contented man." Then there is Governor Ralph Gates, of whom the author says: " God has made few more unimportant Governors than Gates; but I have devoted a good deal of space to him because he is really extremely important. There are so many Hoosiers like him." Mr, Martin does not neglect the romance in the coming to Indiana in 1832 of the rich British employer who sought a chance to work out his radical ideas of cooperative industry, good working condi- tions, and universal education; who gave up the experiment to return to England and become one of the fathers of British cooperation and Socialism; but who left a son to become a leader in Indiana educa- tion. But Mr. Martin has something which I did not have when I studied the influence of the Owens on Indiana and civilization. He has another family, the Hapgoods, who came to Indianapolis a hun- dred years later to try out a similar experiment in cooperative produc- tion. And while William Hapgood also failed to achieve financial success with the Columbia Conserve Company as a worker's cooper- ative, he also gave to the State and the nation a son who represents a new chapter in the history of American industry and American labor. 1948] BOOK NOTES 467

For Powers Hapgood, product of Phillips Academy and of Harvard, found his adventure working in the mines of Pennsylvania, of Eng- land and Wales; in organizing for the mine workers, in defying John L. Lewis, in becoming as Debs had been, friend of the underdog everywhere. The radical leaders the State has produced stand out in Mr. Martin's tour of Indiana, and so do the leaders of reaction and intolerance. But he does not forget to point out that it is the state not only of the idealistic thwarted manufacturers, Owen and Hapgood, but also of the practically successful Studebakers and Olivers and Balls. And it is the conservative spirit which seems to prevail in Indiana. Hard- ened perhaps by long exposure to the beckoning preachers of radical- ism and reaction, Indianians tend to choose " the middle way." " Is it not significant that Indiana is usually in accord with the na- tion politically, that it has produced so many undistinguished Vice- Presidents, that the nation's population center has been within its borders since 1890, that between 1920 and 1940 its changing rural- urban balance remained closer to the nation's than did that of any other state? ... Here is Indiana, the central place, the cross roads, the mean that is sometimes golden, sometimes only mean." It is an irresistible book for Hoosiers; but it is also a fine mirror for the nation. Madison JENNIE M. TURNER

Historic Midwest Houses. By JOHN DRURY. (University of Min- nesota Press, Minneapolis, 1947. Pp. x, 246, with 87 illustrations. $5.00). The author of this inexpensive and at the same time almost per- fect book is a Chicago newspaperman with a genuine affection and understanding for houses of historical interest in the Middle West. As an aid in research he was given a University of Minnesota Fellow- ship in Regional Writing. And this award was precisely to the point. For this is such a book as ought to issue from university presses at least once in a while just to assure us that serious study and its results can be brought economically before the people in an attractive and usable form. Mr. Drury ought properly to have titled his book Historic Midwest Homes instead of Houses. He shows little concern for a physical ap- praisal of these dwellings as architecture or as buildings belonging 468 BOOK NOTES [June to a history of the American house. As he himself would be the first to admit, he is not the man to deal with these places as structure. And it is a real fault in his book, for us who do deal with architectural forms, that it illustrates not one plan of any of these homes. It is safe to say too that for the most part he has chosen his sub- jects far more because of their association with some name that is great or notorious in American history than for their architectural merit. In short, you will find in this book far more of good and famous people than of good and famous buildings. Oddly enough, this is as it should be. That part of the story of Midwestern houses which Mr. Drury was competent to handle he has carried through with skill and clarity. His work is a pioneering effort. And when further study is forthcoming in this field, Mr. Drury's work will be useful as a good, objective control. The author has taken only a nucleus of important homes out of the large material in each of the states he deals with: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, North and South Dakota. He has chosen wisely, and his book should be in the hands of all those who make it a point to visit historic monuments in any or all of these states. He cannot deal with any one place with the thoroughness it deserves. But he does get his enthusiasms over to the reader, and the merits that he finds in these homes and in those who made them into homes are com- municated to the reader, who will agree with the reviewer, I am sure, that these dwellings make a fascinating part of ^the story of the Middle West. A real achievement of this book is its handsome, large, and recent photographs showing well the interiors and exteriors. Mr. Drury has done very well for example by our Villa Louis at Prairie du Chien, even though his heading for it gives the building date as 1843. As it stands the Villa is a good example, externally, of a house dating from the 1870's. Of the interior Mr. Drury says that it "is probably the truest and most complete example of mid-nine- teenth-century style to be found, not only in Wisconsin, but in the entire United States." It is, at any rate, as good an example as may be found anywhere of the St. Louis, Missouri, style of the 1850's. His illustrations show its architectural and internal decorative merits to perfection. The reader will enjoy a triad of houses Mr. Drury has named in 1948] BOOKNOTES 469 his book as showing a French influence in their style and appearance. The three houses in question are: Wisconsin's own Tank Cottage at Green Bay; the Jean Baptiste Valle House at Sainte Genevieve, Mis- souri; and the House at Kaskaskia, Illinois. Each of these houses has something droll about it. If you look at them for their architecture, you will see more than one clue to the rural build- ing of Normandy and this despite the sea changes suffered in their transplantation to the New World. Students of our architectural history may find several chances here to quarrel with the author about attributions, dates, influences, and style-labelings. But for that large audience who like to hear of sound folk and earnest home-making this book will be a pleasure. Mr. Drury has done the Middle West a service it must long remember. University of Wisconsin JOHN FABIAN KIENITZ

Uncollected Works of . His Letters, Addresses and Other Papers. Assembled and Annotated by RUFUS ROCKWELL WILSON. (Volume 1, 1824-40. Primavera Press, Inc., Elmira, New York, 1927. Pp.655. $5.00). In 1905 Nicolay and Hay published an enlarged and final revision of their Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. The twelve volumes contained 2,243 selected items—the cream of the Lincoln documents and a mine of information for research historians and Lincoln cultists. Dr. Rufus Rockwell Wilson has set for himself the task of as- sembling, editing, and annotating the 1,600 items not found in the Complete Works. Some of the manuscripts were discovered since Nicolay and Hay compiled their final edition. Others were unavail- able at that time. Many were by-passed as unimportant by Nicolay and Hay. A few of the manuscripts remain in private hands, but most of them are in the Herndon and Robert Todd Lincoln collections in the Library of Congress. This volume is the first of four projected by Dr. Wilson. It covers the 1824-40 era, when Lincoln was a surveyor, citizen, postmaster, auditor, election clerk, political aspirant, lawyer, and legislator. It opens with a nine-page " Lincoln Chronology, 1809-1840," an ex- cellent summary of the highlights of the early years. Each of the twelve chapters is preceded by a valuable, scholarly, and readable survey of the period. The first chapter contains docu- ments of the years before 1831; each of the next ten are devoted to 470 BOOK NOTES [June

the documentary materials of the succeeding year. The last chapter, " Supplementary Items, 1833 to 1839," contains some fifty articles, either too recently acquired or belatedly transcribed. The documents, preceded by explanatory notes which place them in their settings, are ' arranged in chronological order in each chapter. The first several chapters contain meager collections of documents. Interesting items in the initial chapter include a doggerel which Lincoln wrote as a youth, the summary of his first stump speech, and the "Chronicles of Reuben." The next two chapters together contain less than a dozen items which Lincoln either signed or drafted—such as a bill of sale, several receipts, the muster roll he signed as " Captain A. Lincoln," and the short speech he gave at Springfield in behalf of his candidacy for the Legislature. As Lincoln moved into the arena of politics and the area of law the number of documents he signed or drafted grew progressively with the years. Lincoln's legislative efforts contributed resolutions, bills, amendments, and reports. The documentary evidence reveals Lincoln as one of the " Long Nine," the group which was responsible for moving the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. " Honest Abe " frequently resorted to the newspaper columns to report on the schemes of the rival political party—always under various pseudonyms. " Sampson's Ghost Letters " reveal a technique of discrediting a poli- tical opponent. The newspaper accounts of the Lincoln-Douglas de- bates of May, 1838, are interesting and disclose the journalist's bias. More than twenty years before his nomination in I860, Lincoln was mired deeply in the political mud. The Lincoln of I860 was both a practical and a professional politician. But the bulk of the material in the successive chapters is legal in nature—mortgages, bonds, notes, deeds, lawyers' complaints, deposi- tions, declarations, summons, bills for divorce, defendants' demurrers, bills in chancery, pleas, bills of sale, and affidavits. Most of these documents are of interest only to lawyers and students of Lincoln the litigant. Of the eighty-five documents included in the ninth chapter, seventy-three are for legalists only. Yet these documents reveal Lincoln's development as a lawyer. The volume contains an "Index to Persons, Places and Subjects," as well as an " Index to Documents and Legal Papers." Truly, Nicolay and Hay skimmed the cream—but skim milk has 1948] BOOK NOTES 471 value too. Dr. Wilson utilizes the "skim milk" with professional skill and enhances its value with timely editorial comments. Within the covers of his volumes, Dr. Wilson will publish all the Lincoln documents not found in the Complete Works. That is truly a service and a contribution to Lmcolniana. Eau Claire State Teachers College FRANK KLEMENT

Saga in Steel and Concrete: Nonvegian Engineers in America. By KENNETH BJORK. (Norwegian-American Historical Association. Northfield, Minnesota, 1947. Pp. xii, 504. $4.00.) In recent years historians have begun to focus attention on immigra- tion and the contributions made by non-Anglo-Saxon national groups to the development of our political, economic, and social institutions. That our country is indebted to Europe for the man power without which our resources could not have been developed is well known, though hardly appreciated. Too often the immigrant has been con- sidered solely as a beneficiary—the reciprocal advantages being over- looked. The millions who by the countries of the old world had been brought to the age when they could render a maximum of service represented a capital contribution to America of inestimable value. The immigrants of the last century contributed far more to the store of American wealth than they took out of it. While most of them were unskilled, the sprinkling of well-trained artisans and technologists enriched this mass and supplied leaders in many branches of our own economic life. This aspect of the immigration movement has hitherto been much neglected. The book under review represents, therefore, something of a pioneering enterprise. Dr. Bjork, professor of history at St. Olaf College, tells the story of contributions made by Norwegian-trained technologists. The work is broadly conceived. Two introductory chap- ters entitled " A Migration of Skills" and " Pioneering the Technical Fronts " are followed by accounts of careers of individuals educated in Norway who have won general recognition for work done in American engineering, architecture, chemistry, and the machine tool industry. As indicated by the book's title, the greater part of the " saga " is devoted to the engineers. For several decades upwards of 50 percent of the graduates of Norway's technical schools migrated to America. Some of these men played important roles in bridging 472 BOOK NOTES [June over and tunneling under rivers and inlets, in building dams and sky- scrapers, in the invention of machines, in metallurgy, the chemical industries, and paper making. Joachim G. Giaever, Olaf Hoff, Tinius Olsen, Edwin Ruud, Ole Singstad, E. A. Cappelen Smith, and C. Bache Wiig are honored names among the many Norsemen who have helped to build America, The concluding chapters deal with technical societies formed by Norwegian engineers, and the contributions which they have made ." Toward a Social Philosophy." The book is solidly based on painstaking and extensive research. It is well-organized and clearly and soberly written. While Dr. Bjork may have relied somewhat too heavily on Norwegian-American evi- dence and estimates of the men discussed, his sound critical scholarship has kept him from accepting nationalistic flapdoodle. Besides show- ing what these Norwegians have done for America, he discloses also what America has done for them and for Norway. In the present century, when the Norwegian industrial development got under way, a number of engineers who had spent several years in this country returned to their homeland enriched by the further training and ex- perience gained on this side of the Atlantic. Saga in Steel and Concrete upholds the high scholarly standards characteristic of the publications of the Norwegian-American His- torical Association. It is a valuable contribution to the. growing historical literature telling the story of what immigrants have done for America. University of Wisconsin PAUL KNAPLUND

Bucket Boy: A Milwaukee Legend. By ERNEST L. MEYER. (Hast- ings House, New York, 1947. Pp. xiv, 236. $3.00). In Bucket Boy: A Milwaukee Legend, Ernest Meyer has made of the old Milwaukee neighborhood a legend, a history, a story. A his- tory, because to those of us who lived and g;rew up in that locality he has truly and authentically recorded its facts down to the minutest details. Indeed, its Milwaukee readers, as I learned in conversation there, have investigated those details and now recognize and swear by the book's truthfulness. One of them reported: " Leona was sure Steinmeyer's didn't sell vegetables in those days, not even some of the more durable ones like red cabbages, but then Lettie Lotz looked into it. The time Steinmeyer's didn't sell vegetables came later. For 1948] BOOK NOTES ' 473 quite a number of years they did quit, and now they sell them again." If Ernie is right on the question of red cabbages and Stein- meyer's, he probably is right in the larger field. He has made it a legend. Sometimes we are puzzled: Did this really happen? It surely might have! It sounds too good to be truel He may have put into a few people's lives what happened to many; he may have exaggerated some of their good qualities. And it is good story telling. Each of the narratives is a wonderful unit by itself. It is pleasant reading, and our tears almost inter- mingle with our laughter. Read the book as legend, as authentic history, or for the enjoy- ment of supremely good story-telling—but read it. It is wise, philo- sophical, humorous, understanding, and kind. The wisdom and philosophy are underneath, the stories carry you along. You are happy among a cosmopolitan group of good and interesting people, involved in curious and plausible events. Anything can happen, you begin to philosophize—even to " one of those round, brown, crisp, potato pancakes." The story " The Pancake" in which Ernie's father and the police reporter, Dolfee, play leading parts, demonstrates that. Then we go back. Are these stories really as astoundingly good as we thought? Or is it nostalgia for us of the old neighborhood that makes us exaggerate their charm and genius? We reread the stories. We did not exaggerate. They deal with universal qualities. They are told with a warm-hearted understanding of human beings and with great sympathy for them. They stimulate those qualities within us. Here, in these simply told stories, we encounter the universal problems of the family, we learn how to meet them. We can recall a number of stories of the first adventures in smoking of growing boys. Ernie's story, ct The Cigar," ranks with the best. It starts so innocently with the collection of cigar bands. In his introduction Ernie mentions the fact that a few of the readers of his manuscript questioned his veracity in speech pattern, " holding some of it too fine-spun, too precious and didactic." To me it sounds right. He has achieved that style of English which still reveals the background use of the German language, the one first learned and spoken. I always have maintained that those who analyze the effect of the knowledge and use of one language upon that of an- 474 BOOK NOTES [June other, put too much stress on accent and mispronunciation of words. It is revealed more clearly in word order and in the translation of idiomatic phrases and of prepositions. For instance in "The Five Dresden Angels " the boy's mother says, " Go into the cellar please, Ernst, and find a sack." (Geh mat in den Keller, bitte, Ernst.') "Wouldn't ordinary English usage be, " Ernst, go down cellar, please, and find a sack." And when we have read " The Five Dresden Angels " we know that this is not a book that will appeal only to a small local region and to a limited number of people. It is universal and will be read for years to come. " The Five Dresden Angels " had been with the family since its beginning. "The casualties among the angels during our journey ings were terrifying. One had lost a hand. Another the best part of a foot The set of little angels had been a wedding present and she [mother] had discovered after quests in the stores of many chics that they were irreplaceable. Her greatest grief came on our1 last removal from Chicago to Milwaukee, for on unpacking our treasures in the new home mother discovered that one of the angels, the harp player, had lost an entire golden wing. Mother's stricken face, plus her promise of a dime if I found it, made me lug the barrel of excelsior in which the china had been packed to the basement where I scattered the heap on the floor and went through it patiently. Though I worked an hour, I found nothing; perhaps be- cause a dime is really too small a price to set upon an angel's golden wing. Heaven, no doubt, has its own rigid scale of values." " Mother's stricken face! " Which of us would not have done as Ernie did when she asked him to look for the broken wing? And like other children he hides his desire to take that look from his mother's face, with his comments on the dime. Neither a parent nor a child will read the story without being moved by it. It will recall to each one some event in his own family that made him better. I wish that the beautiful color illustrations of the angels and of the party around the dining table that accompanied it, when first published in Collier's, August 23, 1947, could have been reproduced in the book. We have not yet mentioned the tribute to the writing of letters as revealed in the story " The Visitor"; nor yet a word about the " Bucket Boy " and the pails of foaming beer to slake the thirst and mellow the hearts and spirits of the Germania newspaper staff. Is 1948] BOOKNOTES 475 that omitting the obvious—not even to have mentioned the first story from which the book gets its title? Or to quote his calling beer " the world's esperanto"? Read for yourself about Heinz der Kesseljunge, about Dolfee and Bbhnchen, " The Carousel," and " The Birthday Book." I can only wish you the same enjoyment in their reading and recollection that I have had. His friends in Wisconsin have always said that Ernie Meyer would be a great writer. He has proved it in Bucket Boy. He has achieved the excellent that becomes the permanent. Washington, D.C. IRMA E. HOCHSTEIN

The American Iliad: The Epic Story of the Civil War as Narrated by Eyewitnesses and Contemporaries. By OTTO ElSENSCHIML and RALPH NEWMAN. (Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, 1947. Pp. 720. $5.00). These are the days of anthologies, and collections of readable passages have been compiled in poetry, fiction, literary essays, public affairs, and economics. It is no wonder that history—a subject which has long worshipped the past and has long placed an emphasis on the " original" sources—should follow suit. Within a little more than a year two Lincoln anthologies—one by Edward Wagenknecht and the other a best-seller by Paul Angle—have come from the presses. Now these have been followed by The American Iliad, compiled by two diligent delvers in the fertile soil of romantic controversy over the Civil War. Messrs. Eisenschiml and Newman have brought together, in a manner reminiscent of Angle, eyewitness accounts of the battles of the Civil War. Soldier accounts, commanders' official reports, civilian diaries, and—most of all—newspaper correspondents' descriptions have been strung together end-to-end with only a minimum of transition paragraphs. On the whole, the selections have been made judiciously —with an eye always for their dramatic qualities—and the result is a highly readable narrative of battles as seen by the actual participants on both sides. Serious students will find the absence of specific cita- tions annoying, but the Civil War hobbyist who doesn't want his enjoyment of the " epic story " marred by scholarly paraphernalia will not be bothered. University of Wisconsin WILLIAM B. HESSELTINE 476 BOOK NOTES [June

Frontier Parsonage: The Letters of Olaus Fredrik Duus, Norwegian Pastor of Wisconsin, 1855-38. Translated by the VERDANDI STUDY CLUB of Minneapolis and edited by THEODORE C. BLEGEN. (Norwegian-American Historical Association, Northfield, Minne- sota, 1947. Pp. xii, 120. 12.50). Norwegian-born Olaus Fredrik Duus, who wrote these "America Letters," 1855-58, lived in a parsonage nine miles from Waupaca. Traveling from three to four thousand miles a year, he served churches in Waupaca, Neenah, Stevens Point, and several in the rural area. These letters contain something unusual: the " preacher's kids" romping through the domestic scene of this Norwegian parsonage; their "busy work" is entertainment of the first order. Mrs. Duus's doings in her cozy home with the three children were diligently re- ported to the home folks. Dr. Blegen writes in his introduction: " If social contacts with his kind had been less rare, Duus might not have detailed so minutely the simple joys of family life—the games and toys, escapades, language, growth, and ways of his children. If he had had more contacts on his own intellectual level, he might even have been less companionable with his boys." That in a way is our good fortune. Many " America Letters" contain the briefest announcement of the births or deaths of children, but beyond that one hardly knows that they inhabited the frontier. Perhaps a resume of the choice antics of the Duus children, enjoyed by the faraway relatives, might have a place here. Upon the return of Parson Duus, Olaf, the older of the boys, was found sitting on his mother's lap chewing on the drumstick of a prairie chicken, trying out his two new teeth. Duus worshipped the two rascals, and writes: " You sriould see him [Olaf] when he comes stamping along in his long-waisted dress, with his little neck bare, his hair standing up in a cockscomb, red roses in his cheeks, with large and almost black eyes." Olaf's prized possession was a wagon, a gift from his Grandfather, which he shared with little Morten, a husky young chap with turned-up nose. Free rides were one of their discoveries. An occupant upon leaving the " Sentry House "—as the little structure was referred to—would find the boys in the wagon in front of the door, and the result was a merry ride to the house. Time after time the pastor mentions his " sweet little fellows," and says that when Olaf saw him " take the Book, he climbed up onto the 1948] BOOK NOTES 477

sofa and folded his hands," ready for devotions. But there were mo- ments when the halo disappeared as when Olaf kissed little Morten hard and long, then bit him, and sang to drown his brother's cries. Upon one occasion young Olaf catechized " Bif " (his pronunciation of bishop) Morten. The latter, questioned again and again, was completely at sea, which resulted in Master Olaf losing his patience and launching into a long dissertation. He wore his father's cap, a perfect fit the parson reported, and he also told of Olaf's first real boots with red tops. When his father removed them one night, " no less) than six copper pennies fell out of one of them." Playing on the ashpile—resulting in extra scrubbings—yelling and pounding about the house, climbing on his father's back and tweaking his nose were great sport. But the admiring parent's ministerial patience sometimes was worn threadbare. Sophie, " a sturdy woman, well and strong," managed her little rebels much of the time, for Duus spent many days out on his circuit. Though she had difficulty in finding help, John Brosdal spent two winters in the parsonage assisting with the children, caring for the horse, doing the milking, the errands, and helping in other tasks. Part of the time a maid was employed and also a woman to do the laundry. Mr. B. Paus, a pioneer miller, and wife often visited at the parsonage, and the Duus family returned their visits, holiday-time being especially favored for entertainment in the respective homes. So in spite of the pastor's absence from the parsonage, Sophie had friends and assistants around her. Then, too, Norwegian ministers and the bishop occasionally would come to the Waupaca region from a distance and stay with the Duus family for several days, some- thing which is part of a cleric's home life. The letters do not contain much news of Sophie's travels or recre- ation. Morten and his father and mother visited in southern Wis- consin, which was perhaps her longest absence from home. Several days were spent at the Rev. A. C. Preus parsonage on Koshkonong Prairie, and they stopped at Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, and Madison. Duus was impressed with Milwaukee, which he considered unusually well-planned. At Madison they had the good fortune to meet Governor Bashford. Duus says of the Capital City: " Its site is so beautiful that I do not believe I exaggerate when I describe it as one of the most beautiful on earth. It lies between four lovely lakes with charming though rather rugged shorelines." 478 BOOK NOTES [June

Other subjects discussed in this volume are the use of a hyphenated language, the buying and selling of land, church affairs, immigration, a St. Louis visit, and numerous references to the many relatives in Norway. Frontier Parsonage is an excellent collection of early letters, which the student of the social history of the frontier will wish to peruse. Bound in an attractive cover, with pleasing format, it con- tinues the fine standard of the Norwegian-American Historical Asso- ciation's publications. State Historical Society of Wisconsin LILLIAN KRUEGER

A Winter in the St. Croix Valley—George Nelson's Reminiscences, 1802-03. Edited, with an introduction and notes, by RICHARD BARDON, M.D., and GRACE LEE NUTE. (Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, 1948. Pp. 46. 50 cents). With the publication of George Nelson's A Fur Trader's Reminis- cences, historians, scholars, and the general reading public have been given ready access to a moving document of untold value in its authentic information and data heretofore unknown. This vital written record has been edited under the title of, A Winter in the St. Croix Valley. Nelson, the writer of the reminiscences, was an apprentice clerk for the Montreal company of Parker, Gerrard and Ogilvy, and spent the winter of 1802-3 in the upper reaches of the St. Croix Valley in the vicinity of what is now Yellow Lake, Burnett County, Wis- consin. His observations on Indian customs and life, the rivalry and competitions between the fur companies, and the day-by-day experi- ences of a fur trader make for interesting and spirited reading. At the time of his sojourn in the St. Croix Valley, Nelson was but sixteen years old. Comparatively little has been published about the historic St. Croix River Valley in its association with the settlement of the West," and this small booklet adds materially to the knowledge of conditions in the region during the pre-colonization period of the upper Midwest. This document has had the distinct advantage of having two top- notch editors, both of whom are well-grounded in the field of Middle Western history. Dr. Richard Bardon, a prominent Duluth, Minne- sota, physician, is the president of the St. Louis County Historical Society, while Dr. Grace Lee Nute, a professor at Hamline University, in St. Paul, is research associate at the Minnesota Historical Society 1948] BOOK NOTES 479 and the author of a number of books devoted to Minnesota and regional history. " A Winter in the St. Croix Valley" appeared in installments during March, June, and September, 1947, in Minnesota History, and this pamphlet is a reprint of the original articles with the pages re- numbered. The format and size are excellent, though there is no index. Hudson, Wisconsin WILLIS H. MILLER

An excellent bibliography of the historical files, including a list of manuscript and newspaper biographies, in possession of the Oshkosh Public Museum, was issued early this year (57 pp.)- This material may be used at the Oshkosh museum, and covers many phases of State, county, and Oshkosh history. Many hours were devoted to the preparation of this extensive bibliography, and those who were responsible for its appearance are to be congratulated.

Saving Wisconsin Wild Flowers by Albert M. Fuller, curator of botany, has been issued by the Milwaukee Public Museum (48 pp.). The illustrations, including both the flowers in their natural habitat and outdoor scenes, are especially beautiful. The author believes with conservationists that " we must establish nature reserves throughout the state if we are to give permanent protection to the native plants of Wisconsin Laws have not given native plants any real protection. After there are Nature Reserves and an effective conservation educa- tional program, then, laws may be useful." The bulletin contains a list of sound and silent motion pictures and slides and the institutions where they may be obtained, to aid in conservation teaching. Price $1.00.

The County Board of Kenosha County appropriated $6,000 toward the observance of the centennial and requested the Kenosha County Historical Society to handle the work incident to the celebration. Miss Margaret Diehl, superintendent of the Kenosha County Schools, had planned a booklet to be entitled Wisconsin State Centennial, 1848-1948. Let's Celebrate in Kenosha County Schools and appealed to the Kenosha County Historical Society to finance the publication from the centennial appropriation. Since printing costs were pro- hibitive, the book (46 pp.) was issued in mimeograph format in the 480 BOOK NOTES [June office of the County School Superintendent, the expenses being met by the centennial funds. This souvenir of the centennial year, given to the boys and girls of Kenosha County, is chock-full of lively State history. Blank pages are waiting for the pupils' stories and book lists to be entered. Included are several outline maps on which are to be indicated the location of Wisconsin Indian tribes, the State parks, nationality groups, important cities, and so on. It is an excellent school project and will greatly benefit the young Wisconsin historians who participate.

A Story of Men... and of a Great Industrial Era, 1847-1947, con- tains the fascinating narrative of the building of the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company (47 pp.). From a few men employed in 1847 has come the great army of 31,000 workmen of today, who have a part in producing " the world's most diversified line of major industrial and farm machinery." A story of great achievement, highlighted with artistic illustrations, is recorded in this centennial publication.

The Plumb and Nelson Company, Manitowoc, issued in 1948 a short history of its firm, showing its seventy-five years of progress. From the original grocery store others were established in the sur- rounding territory; with the trend toward cooperatives in the early thirties, Plumb and Nelson decided to join the Clover Farm system in 1933. All northeastern Wisconsin became blanketed with well- operated stores, later spreading into Michigan. The president of the firm is Ralph G. Plumb, a curator of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

The History of the South Division Civic Association by William Pieplow was first published in the Milwaukee Times, the south side newspaper (March, 1946-October, 1947), and has now appeared in book form (176 pp.). Mr. Pieplow was one of the organizers of the association, a charter member, and for forty years a member of the board of directors. He was its president for three years (1932-34). A civic leader in many of the worthwhile projects of Milwaukee, the accomplishments of the Civic Association could not have been chronicled by one better fitted to do the job than Mr. Pieplow.

The Descendants of Nathaniel Lewis Hill, compiled by his grand- son, Charles L. Hill (56 pp.) appeared in 1947. It contains data on 1948} BOOK NOTES 481 the life of Grandfather Hill and his descendants, early letters, and in addition a list of all of Hill's descendants with their present addresses. Mr. Hill wished to include the addresses since he had " found half a dozen or more families in a state who had never even heard of the cousins who were living right near." The book is small, but is com- pactly written, and supplies valuable family information. "Pleasant" Flowers and (t Comfortin'" Herbs is a 15-page brochure recently received. Mrs. Dorothy M. Brown, whose avocation is Amer- ican folklore, is the author. A double-spread herb chart is alone worth the price of this pamphlet. Price 60 cents. Wisconsin Circus Lore, 1850-1908 (40 pp.) is another of Mrs. Brown's booklets. It contains stories of the big top, sawdust ring, menagerie, and side shows. Those who ride the circus hobby would find these pages pleasant reading. Price 75 cents. Author's address: Box 367, Madison. " Count" Haraszthy, Hungarian-born, of an old ducal family, stepped into Wisconsin's frontier picture in the 1840's when he founded Haraszthy on Sauk Prairie, fronting on the Wisconsin River. Wisconsin history does not record a great deal about his ambitions, but it is known that he left with his family for California where he planted vineyards and became interested in producing wine. The Society has received a reprint published in Wines & Vines, 1947 (12 pp.) which contains an excellent biographical sketch of Agoston Haraszthy by Paul Fredericksen. It is a worth-while addition to the sparse material which is available on the Haraszthys. History in the Making: By Kenoshans Who Had a Part Therein (88 pp.) was issued by the Kenosha County Historical Society and the Kenosha County Centennial Council in late spring. Miss Carrie Cropley, the secretary of the local historical society, as well as a curator of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, compiled the miscellaneous articles which cover such diverse historical phases as the " Gold Rush," industrial progress, printing, campaigns of the Civil War, and others. Each of these sections has a half-title containing an appropriate draw- ing related to the subject. These were prize-winning illustrations done by the advanced art students of the Mary D. Bradford High School at Kenosha. Those who worked to bring about the publication of this fine booklet as a part of the centennial observance have com- pleted a worth-while historical project. Price $1.00. Address: Kenosha County Historical Society, Kenosha. 482 BOOK NOTES [June

Susan B. Davis' The Student Veteran's Wife (38 pp.) is based on firsthand information. Miss Davis was the educational counselor at the University of Wisconsin Truax Project (Madison), where many of the GI's who are attending the University live with their families. She tells of the manner in which life goes on in the small Truax apartments, an emergency housing project. Included are incidents about homemaking in the Randall and Monroe Parks Trailer Camps and Badger Village. What Miss Davis deplores is the inadequate housing facilities for these men and their families. " They deserve an opportunity, through adequate housing, to put their best into their every day living Why not give the student veteran's wife her chance to know economic security and spiritual growth in a home of her own, surrounded by the family she has planned and sacrificed for and adores," concludes Miss Davis. Price 25 cents. Author's ad- dress: 2635 Kendall Avenue, Madison.

In the Society's library is filed a copy of the Centennial pageant- drama, A Century of Progress: Cavalcade of Wisconsin, by Ethel T. Rockwell. This 81-page mimeographed publication may be obtained without cost from the Wisconsin State Centennial Committee, State Capitol, Madison.

Oak Openings: The Story of Stoughton (82 pp.) was written by Ferd Homme and published by the Stoughton Centennial History Committee in 1947. Mr. Homme does not claim to be a professional writer, but he has a wide knowledge and appreciation of the place and its people. The first history of Stoughton is neatly printed, and contains interesting pictures of schools, churches, village scenes, the old mill, and a fine frontispiece of Luke Stoughton, the founder of the settlement. Price $1.00.

Memory Sketches by Emily Riesenberg is a mimeograph booklet (42 pp.) which Mrs. Riesenberg left in manuscript form in the care of her daughter Elsa. The sketch begins with the writer's grand- parents and is devoted to the life of her parents on their Milwaukee River farm, near Humboldt. Eisa Riesenberg states in a letter that her mother compiled numerous advertising booklets, wrote for Chicago newspapers and well-known v/omen's magazines, and is the author of two books on culinary subjects. 1948] BOOK NOTES 483

Lincoln Fellowship of Wisconsin (1910 Kendall Ave., Madison) has published a small edition of t! The Heart of Abraham Lincoln " written by Albert H. Griffith, whose avocation is the study of Lincoln. This 16-page booklet may be secured from the address above. Price 50 cents.

The following church publications, marking the anniversary dates of the founding of the churches, have come to the attention of the Society: Columbus, The Methodist Church, 100th Anniversary, 1847-1947 (16 PP-). Marinette, Seventy--fifth Anniversary of Our Savior's Evangelical Luth- eran Church, 1872-1947 (11 pp.). Menomonie, Seventy-fifth Anniversary of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1871-1946, and the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Church Edifice, 1887-1947 (20 pp.). Milwaukee, First Reformed Church Centennial, 1847-1947 (32 pp.)- Walworth, 100 Years of Service, First Baptist Church, 1844-1944. (published 1946, 48 pp.).

ERRATA

We have been informed by Miss Marian E. Gregory, daughter of the late John G. Gregory, that her father's death occurred on April 12, 1947, not April 11. She believes that his Milwaukee History, 1931, is as important as his Southeastern Wisconsin: A History of Old Milwaukee County, 1932. William George Bruce states in the Gregory obituary that the later publication is " his most important contribution to the historic records of the city and the State." See Gregory obituary in the September, 1947, Magazine.

Mr. A. W. Schorger, who contributed the sketch " The Wisconsin Natural History Association " to the December, 1947, Magazine, has called to our attention the incorrect legend which appears under the illustration, facing p. 170. Stated correctly, Madison's New Museum Building appeared in Gleason's Pictorial, March 31, 1854. The Society and the State I. THE SOCIETY NEW MEMBERS*

the three months ending March 10 the continuing Cen- tennial Membership Drive has brought the Society 4 life members and 405 annual members. In the same period 14 members were lost by death, resignation, or nonpayment of dues. The total membership on March 10 was 3,118. This total includes 2,935 members, 140 exchanges, and 43 local societies. The STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is now the second largest historical society in the country. The new members are C. G. Abendroth, Sheboygan; Allan W. Adams, Beloit; Arthur B. Adams,* Beloit; M. R. Altenburg, Shulls- burg; J. R. Amacker, Madison; John G. Arnet,* La Crosse; Albert Austin, Mount Horeb; Frances Austin, Sparta; Alexius Baas, Madison; Helen J. Babcock, Chicago, Illinois; J. G. Baker, Evansville; I. L. Baldwin, Madison; Mildred A. Banker, Oconomowoc; Harry W. Barney, Sparta; Edith Bartlett, Galesville; Mrs. Evelyn Baxandall, Osh- kosh; Walter A. Bechthold, Milwaukee; Harvey Becker, Rhinelander; Darline Bekkedal, Westby; Beloit Public Library, Beloit; Mrs. Leah Bennett, Augusta; A. J. Benzing, Milwaukee; Joseph Berg, Madison; Mrs. Anna B. Bestel, Oconomowoc; Thomas Bibby, Galesville; Ray- mond C. Bice, La Crosse; R. D. Bienemann, Burlington; Orrie M. Bigham, La Crosse; Mrs. Joseph S. Bobst,# Waukesha; Daniel Bohan, Avoca; the Most Rev. Bishop Stanislaus V. Bona, Green Bay; John L. Bonn, Milwaukee; Mrs. J. M. Boorse,* Waukesha; J. M. Boorse,* Waukesha; Mrs. Ida M. Bower, Omro; Mrs. Lee A. Bowlus, Janesville; Henry G. Brach, Union Grove; C. G. Bridgman, Wautoma; Mrs. Francis Broderick, Omro; Winston Brown, Waukesha; Henry Brust,* Mukwonago; Mrs. George S. Bryan, Madison; Mrs. G. A. Brye, Ettrick; Philip F. Buchanan, Madison; Alice I. Bunting,* Concord, New Hamp- shire; P. H. Burbach, Jr., West Allis; Beatrice Burgdorff, Mauston; Mrs. E. H. Burgess/* Bristol; E. H. Burgess,^ Bristol; Harry Burton, Eagle; Ralph H. Cahill, Milwaukee; C. J. Caldwell,* Waukesha; Mrs. F. T. Caldwell, New York, New York; Jessie E. Caldwell, La Crosse; Fred Calhoun, Sheboygan; Mrs. Bernard C. Capen, Milwaukee; Mrs. John A. Card, Markesan; A. S. Cargill,* Minneapolis, Minnesota; Carla (WTMJ), Milwaukee; Christie Carlin,# Palmyra; Dr. Edward P. Carlton, De Forest; Adolph P. Carr, Janesville; J. P. Carr, Janesville;

* An asterisk after a person's name indicates joint membership with a local society and the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 484 THE SOCIETY 485

Mrs. H. T. Cary,* Beloit; John J. Cary, Shorewood; Hilda Cavanaugh, Baraboo; William F. Cavanaugh, Milwaukee; Mrs. E. F. Chapman, Hartland; Christine Christenson, Marinette; A. D. Christofferson, Waukesha; the Rev. E. B. Christophersen, Pigeon Falls; G. A. Churchill, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Irene Clark, Ashland; Mrs. Archibald Clarke,* Minneapolis, Minnesota; Dr. Paul W. Clough, Baltimore, Maryland; William F. Coffey, Milwaukee; Harold C. Collins, Wausau; Nannie Col well,# La Crosse; Mrs. Lester W. Conger, Kohler; Philomene T. Conway, Thorp (Life); G. F. Cook, Everett, Washington; Ralph H. Crerar, Mukwonago; Blanche Crow, Evansville; Elba L. Dahlberg, Merrill; Mrs. Olga H. Dana, Kewaunee (Life); Irma Davidson, Mauston; Marguerite Davis, Racine; Mrs. Ralph Davis, Mount Horeb; Thomas Davlin, Madison; Jerod Day, Ashland; Denmark High School, Denmark; Dr. Robert J. Dixon, Madison; Howard M. Doner, Beloit; Eugene P. Dunn, Milwaukee; William D. Dyson, Viroqua; Conan B. Eaton, Nashotah; Walter W. Eiler, Milwaukee; George Ela, Rochester; Lucy Elberfeld,* Milwaukee; F. W. Eppling, Kohler; Mrs. R. O. Erickson, Hartland; Union Free High School, Fennimore; Einer R. Fischer, Racine; Edwin L. Fisher, Chilton; Mrs. Frank W. Fisher, Janesville; High School Library, Florence; Dr. Harry R. Foerster, Hartland; Board of Education, Fond du Lac; Alice E. Fowler, Mil- waukee; John G. Fowlkes, Madison; Ruth M. Fox, Racine; Harry F. Franke, Milwaukee; Victor S. Freund, Fond du Lac; Mrs. William Fuller, Milwaukee; Arthur P. Gale,* Beloit; Mrs. Medora D. Gammon, Kenosha; Mrs. Anthony J. Ganz, Burlington; George H. Gaskin, Beloit; Ben F. Gerred, Union Grove; Dr. G. J. Gerretson, Kasson, Minnesota; Mrs. Ethel M. Gill, West Bend; Mrs. W. C. Ginty, Chip- pewa Falls; Laurin P. Gordon, Mount Horeb; Mrs. Francis C. Grant, Janesville; Mrs. E. J. Graul, Madison; Robert L. Graves, Viroqua; Myrtle Green, Evansville; Dr. T. D. Greene,* Beloit; Mrs. J. W. Grotkin, Benton; Dr. Sigurd Gundersen, La Crosse; Mrs. Forrest D. Gunderson, Oconomowoc; Roger Hagen, Plymouth; R. H. Hager, Prairie Farm; H. J. Hagge, Wausau; Mrs. E. Harold Hallows, Wauwa- tosa; Tom W. Hamilton, Berlin; C. C. Hammiller, Burlington; Laur- inda M. Hampton, Milwaukee; Josephine Harper, Madison; M. M. Harrington, Wausau; Paul A. Hartwig,* La Crosse; Charles Hathorn, Janesville; Dr. William Hausman, Jr., West Bend; Mrs. R. C. Heidner, Hartford; Mrs. C. O. Heldstab, Wauwatosa; Harold Herzog, Kenosha; Albert Hess, Arcadia; F. Gardiner Hibbard, Milwaukee; Ralph G. Hinners, Winnetka, Illinois; Louis Hirschheimer,* La Crosse; Ethel M. Holt, Racine; Chester P. Holway, Evansville; Edwin H. Honeyager, Waukesha; Mrs. John H. Hopper, Fond du Lac; E. A. Howard, Mil- waukee; Mrs. Donnel C. Howe, Chicago, Illinois; Monte F. Huebsch, Milwaukee; Willard Hurst, Madison; Robert F. Jacobi, Milwaukee; R. L. Jacobs, Janesville; J. E. Jacobson, Milwaukee; Nicholas A. Jaeger, Milwaukee; Jack Jaster,* Beloit; M. R. JefFris, Rhinelander; Mary C. Jennings, Fond du Lac; T. F. Jensen, Shorewood; Earle W. Johnson, 486 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

Berlin; Robert L. Johnson, Hammond; Mrs. Alan P. Jones, Fort Atkinson; Mrs. Charles L. Jones, Milwaukee; Mrs. John E. Jones, Cambria; Mrs. R. W. Jones, Wausau; Dr. A. L. Kastner, Milwaukee; Thomas Kattnig, Milwaukee; Steven E. Keane, Milwaukee; John Keenan,* Beloit; Mrs. George W. Keitt, Madison; Lewis J. Kellner, Manitowoc; Fenton Kelsey, Madison; Kendall High School, Kendall; Gerald J. Kenehan, Milwaukee; Alice M. Kerwin, Neenah; C. T. Kiefer, Tomah; Dr. J. J. Kinast,^ Beloit; Esther J. King, Racine; Mrs. T. J. King, Milwaukee; Arnold H. Klentz, Milwaukee; Walter Klug, Juneau; Leola Knudson, Clintonville; William B. Knuese, Milwaukee; E. Rudolph Koethe,* Coon Valley; Kohler Company, Kohler; E. A. Kraemer, West Bend; Mrs. Robert Kraus, Racine; Mrs. E. A. Krembs, Merrill; Mrs. Richard A. Kremers,* Milwaukee; S. K. Kreutzer, Jr., Evanston, Illinois; Walter E. Kroening, Mil- waukee; Edwin M. Kuschbert, Milwaukee; Harry T. Kyle, Santa Rosa, California; Aquinas High School,# La Crosse; High School Library, Lake Geneva; Lake Mills Public Schools, Lake Mills; R. E. Lane, Janesville; Robert E. Lange, Janesville; Myrtle L. Larsen,* La Crosse; the Rev. I. A. Lavik, Mount Horeb; Mrs. L. A. Leadbetter, Rhinelander; Mrs. W. B. Leishman,* Beloit; Nels C. Lerdahl, Mad- ison;, Mrs. James E. Lienlokken, La Crosse; M. F. Linnan, Milwaukee; Omar D. Lloyd, Milwaukee; C. A. Loveland,* La Crosse; Mrs. R. H. Ludden, Madison; Mrs. Elizabeth S. Lull, Wausau; Mrs. Samuel W. McCaulley,* Winnetka, Illinois; Mrs. J. E. McConnell,* La Crosse; Mrs. Thomas F. McCormick, Milwaukee; Dr. Thomas F. McCormick, Milwaukee; Victor McCormick, Green Bay; Vera Macdonald, La Crosse; Thomas McGavock,* Beloit; Margaret V. Mclntosh, Mil- waukee; Amelia E. McMinn, Milwaukee; Charles L. Manson, Wausau; L. J. Markwardt, Madison; A. D. Marston, Fort Leavenworth, Kan- sas; Katharine Martindale,* La Crosse; Ben R. Mavis, Mount Horeb; C. A. Maxwell, Kenosha; Henry G. Meigs, Milwaukee; High School, Social Science Department, Merrill; the Most Rev. Bishop Albert G. Meyer, Superior; Carl F. Michel,# La Crosse; Henry E. Michel, Lake Mills; Beatrice Mickelson, Fall Creek; the Rev. Irving A. Mielenz, Lowell; Mrs. Phillip E. Miles, Madison; Mrs. A. W. Miller, Mil- waukee; Arthur W. Miller, Milwaukee; R. E. Miller, Milwaukee; Margaret Mills, Highland Park, Illinois; Village of Whiteflsh Bay Library, Milwaukee; Mrs. John R. Minahan, Green Bay; Nellie K. Mohr, Racine; M. O. Monson, South Wayne; Elizabeth Mouat, Janes- ville; Jean C. Mueller, Mount Horeb; Mrs. Hedwig Muenzer,* Mil- waukee; John D. Mylrea, Wausau; John W. Nash,# Pewaukee; Mrs. C. J. Neave, Janesville; Harry Newburg,* La Crosse; Irene W. New- man, Madison; Scott B. Nichols, Whitehall; Roy D. Nordstrom, Mil- waukee; Al Nortman, Milwaukee; D. V. Nusbaum, Park Falls; Mrs. Arthur J. O'Connor, Milwaukee; the Most Rev. Bishop William P. 1948] THESOCIETY 487

O'Connor, Madison; Oconomowoc Public Schools, Oconomowoc; Alice G. Ogden, Milwaukee; Margaret O'Leary, Appleton; S. A. Oscar, Madison; Mrs. Odin J. Oyen, La Crosse; Clarence S. Paine,* Okla- homa City, Oklahoma; A. L. Pappenfuss, Wausau; Mrs. Kenneth Parker, Janesville (Life); Wilfred C. Parker, Milwaukee; Florence M. Patterson, Racine; Mrs. Leslie Pease, Appleton; E. G. Peet,* Beloit; Mrs. Gordon A. Peirce, Racine; Harry A. Peterman, Merrill; Herbert H. Peters, Port Washington; Basil Peterson, Madison; Mrs. Nels Peterson, Hammond; Mrs. Charles Pfannerstill,* Wauwatosa; Richard Philipp, Milwaukee; Louis Pierron, Milwaukee; Mrs. Elmer J. Pipkorn, Thiensville; Charles J. Plotz, South Milwaukee; Robert W. Podlesak, Janesville; L. C. Porter, Cambridge; Mrs. Leona Postell,# Waukesha; R. E. Puchner, Wausau; Frank Rabenowice, Phillips; H. A. Raube, Beloit; Willard F. Reese, Whitewater; Joseph Reidner, Durand; the Rev. Farrel Reilly, Milwaukee; Elliott J. Resneck, Janes- ville; Doris Richards, Sparta; Victor W. Riedel,* Milwaukee; Ripon Public Schools, Ripon; Mrs. Raymond J. Roark, Madison; Mrs. Warren Rodd, Evansville; A. J. Rogers, Beulah, Michigan; George Roseman, Beloit; Mrs. D. M. Rosenheimer, Kewaskum; Rothschild Public Schools, Rothschild; Mary M. Ruggles, Seattle, Washington; Rolf S. Rynning,* La Crosse; John C. Sammis, Madison; Sauk City High School, Sauk City; Patrick Scanlon, Milwaukee; Arthur W. Schaaf, Kohler; Mrs. Edna M. Schaller, La Crosse; H. A. Schatz, West Bend; J. M. Schilder, Sheboygan; William P. Schmidt, Hampshire, Illinois; Harry A. Schmitt, Milwaukee; Clarence A. Schoenfeld, Madison; Herbert P. Schowalter, West Bend; Norman A. Schowalter, West Bend; Bertena B. Schroeder, Hay ward; Mrs. Gerhard Schroeder, Wau- watosa; Arthur A. Schultz, Sheboygan; Edward Schwerm, Milwaukee; Fitzhugh Scott, Jr., Milwaukee; Charles Seals, Madison; Lennerd H. Seim, Wausau; Mrs. O. W. Senglaub,* Milwaukee; Edmund B. Shea, Milwaukee; F. A. Sherwood,* Beloit; George W. Shields, Hales Corners- Bertha C. Shuman, La Crosse; Florence B. Shuman,* La Crosse; Martha F. Shuman,* La Crosse; Mrs. Larry Sieger, Viroqua; Hermione I. Silverthorn, Wausau; Dr. Joseph F. Smith, Wausau; Margaret M. Smith, Madison; Mrs. May M. Smithwick, Kewaunee; Karl J. Solum, Kenosha; Mrs. B. A. Spangler,# La Crosse; Mrs. Alice J. Speth, Platte- ville; Gustave M. Steig, Whitehall; Edward Stephan, Dousman; John Stevens, Jr., Wausau; William Stewart, Packwaukee; Robert Stortz, Sr., Waterford; Harold R. Strauss, Milwaukee; Emily C. Stromstad,* La Crosse; R. M. Stroud, -Madison; Mrs. Susan E. Stuessy, Platteville; Margaret Suttie, Ettrick; Mrs. B. R. Swan, Berlin; E. H. Swantz, Union Grove; Dr. Edyth C. Swarthout, La Crosse; Lizzie A. Symmonds,* Kenosha; Burr Tarrant, Whitehall; E. G. Teschan, Milwaukee; Lucy Thatcher, Waukesha; Mrs. George Thompson, Hudson; Orrilla M. Thompson, Madison; George G. Thorp, Madison (Life); Tomahawk 488 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

Public Schools, Tomahawk; Vincent Totka, Cudahy; the Most Rev. Bishop John P. Treacy, La Crosse; George N. Tremper,* Kenosha; Albert O. Trostel, Jr., Union Grove; Myrtle Trowbridge, La Crosse; Dr. J. K. Trumbo, Wausau; Mrs. Ethel Tuft,* Waukesha; Lewis Turner, Jr., Kenosha; Robert S. Turner,* Palmyra; William O. Van Loon, Holmen; Mrs. Charles Van Wart, Evansville; Valley View School, Verona; Bert Vethe, Cambridge; Dr. Robert D. Vinter,* La Crosse; Viola High School, Viola; J. Henry Voje,* Oconomowoc; Jean C. Vollrath, Sheboygan; Elizabeth Walker, Kenosha; Mrs. M. J. Wallrich, Shawano; Donald C. Walrath,* Beloit; Mrs. E. D. Walsh,* Waukesha; Mrs. Frank W. Warren,* Waukesha; Wauwatosa Public Library, Wauwatosa; Jennie L. Webster, Eau Claire; G. Woodbury Weinhagen, Milwaukee; Mrs. Arthur Wenz, Milwaukee; Fred H. Westphal, Janesville; Mrs. Alfred P. Wettstein, Milwaukee; Wey- auwega High School, Weyauwega; Robert B. Whitaker, Kenosha; Maude H. Whitney, Stevens Point; William G. Whyte, Wausau; Arthur L. Wichner, West Allis; John R. Wiecki, Berlin; Mrs. Ross Wilbur,* Waukesha; the Rev. John Wilcox, Arkansaw; Henry B. Wildschut, Wauwatosa; Mrs. M. Owen Wilkins, Janesville; the Rev. Margaret Wilkinson, New London; Mrs. C. C. Williams, Madison; E. L. Wingert, Madison; Henry Winsauer, Kohler; Frank F. Wolf- gram, Milwaukee; Mary D. Woodruff, Janesville; John Woods, Mil- waukee; Mrs. Walter S. Woods,* La Crosse; Richard S. Yeo, Racine; Alvin Ziegenhagen, Poysippi; Anthony Ziegler, Jackson.

NECROLOGY The following members of the Society have died recently: John L. Grindell, Curator, STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WIS- CONSIN, Platteville, April 18. Mrs. Charles R. Carpenter, Madison, January 18; Alexander R. Graham, Madison, October 7, 1947; Mrs. Ursula S. Gross, Waukesha, October 13, 1947; J. P. Jenkins, Kenosha, December 13, 1947; James M. Murphy, Milwaukee, December 26, 1947; Adolph C. Nelson, Arcadia, California, December 10, 1947; Oscar Thureen, Viroqua, August 28, 1947. JUNIOR HISTORIANS CHAPTERS In this quarter, December 10, 1947, through March 10, 1948, 449 chapters have been formed in 61 counties, with a membership of 8,315. The totals for the year, as of March 10, are 11,540. The list of these additional chapters formed in the last quarter is as follows: Barron County—McKinley School (Cumberland), 12. Brown County—Chappell School (Green Bay), 32; Fort Howard School (Green Bay), 13; Howe School (Green Bay), 71; Lincoln School (Green Bay), 66; Neighborhood Historians-home (Green 1948] THE SOCIETY 489

Bay), 15; Nicolet School, Grade 4 (Green Bay), 21; Nicolet School, Grade 4 (Green Bay), 7; Nicolet School, Grade 4 (Green Bay), 58; Nicolet School, Grades 5 and 6 (Green Bay), 19; Nicolet School, Grade 6 (Green Bay), 30; Norwood School (Green Bay), 43; Park View School, Route 7 (Green Bay), 10; Ridge View School (Green Bay), 10; Roosevelt School (Green Bay), 50; Tank School (Green Bay), 28; Public School (Wrightstown), 15. Buffalo County—Lucky Seven 4-H Club (Modena), 14. Burnett County—Roosevelt Consolidated School (Barronett), 10; Public School (Siren), 13. Calumet County—Public School (Chilton), 10. Chippewa County—Woodmohr 4-H Club, Route 5 (Bloomer), 13; Grandview School (Boyd), 10; Public School, Route 4 (Chip- pewa Falls), 10. Columbia County—Engle School (Cambria), 8; Prairie School (Cambria), 10; Slab School (Cambria), 13; Columbia County Normal School (Columbus), 11; King's Corner School (Columbus), 10; Otsego Village School (Columbus), 17; Public School, Grades 7 and 8 (Columbus), 48; Beliefountain School (Dalton), 10; Engel- wood School (Fall River), 16; High School (Fall River), 25; State Graded School (Friesland), 25; Gibralter School (Lodi), 7; Lodi School (Lodi), 25; Union School (Lodi), 6; South Leeds School (Morrisonville), 15; Blaisdell School (Pardeeville), 5; Comstock School (Pardeeville), 5; Coopman School (Pardeeville), 10; River- side School (Pardeeville), 11; Alloa School, Route 2 (Portage), 14; Leo A. Devine School (Portage), 11; Fox Glen School (Portage), 11; Hillside School, Route 2 (Portage), 6; Senior High School (Portage), 116; Staudenmayer School, Route 2 (Portage), 6; Woodford School (Portage), 10; Gilbert School (Poynette), 10; Jefferson School, No. 8 (Poynette), 10; Pershing School (Poynette), 10; Public School (Poynette), 5; Rust School (Randolph), 7; John Hampden School (Rio), 11; Monroe School (Rio), 11; Pleasure Hill School (Rio), 10; Woodside School (Rio), 8; Fern Dell School (Wisconsin Dells), 10; Public School (Wisconsin Dells), 23; Stearns School (Wisconsin Dells), 13; Tofson School (Wisconsin Dells), 10. Crawford County—Hurlbut School (Barnum), 12; Bishop School (Ferryville), 10; Stony Point School (Gays Mills), 11; Wheatville School (Gays Mills), 12. Dane County—Prairie Queen School (Cambridge), 10; Nora School (Cottage Grove), 10; Liberty 4-H Club (Deerfleld), 10; St. James School (Madison), 8; Nichols School (Madison), 23; Oak Hill School (Oregon), 2; Stone School (Oregon), 12; Central School (Stoughton), 34; Central Grade School (Stoughton), 30; Starr School (Stoughton), 10; Middleton Miracle Makers 4-H Club (Verona), 10. Dodge County—High School (Beaver Dam), 62. 490 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

Door County—Public School (Fish Creek), 10; Lincoln Grade School (Forestville), 17; Carnot School, Route 5 (Sawyer), 10; Silver- dale School, Route 5 (Sawyer), 14; Stokes School (Sawyer), 15; Carls- ville State Graded School (Sturgeon Bay), 17; High School (Sturgeon Bay), 3; Hainesville School (West Sturgeon Bay), 12. Dunn County—Hay Creek School (Eau Galle), 10. Eau Claire County—Junior High School (Augusta), 48; Oak Ridge School (Augusta), 16; Public School (Augusta), 9; Russell Corners School (Augusta), 19; Springfield Prairie School (Chippewa Falls), 10; Maple Drive School (Eau Claire), 10; Porter School (Eau Claire), 10; Willow Grove School (Eau Claire), 10; Public School (Fairchild), 16; Public School (Fairchild), 24; Pine Grove School, Route 3 (Fall Creek), 10. Florence County—Public School (Florence), 13. Fond du Lac County—Grant School (Brandon), 5; Crescent School, Route 1 (El Dorado), 10; Dodd School (El Dorado), 9; Grandview School (Fond du Lac), 10; The Trail Blazers 4-H Club (Fond du Lac), 14; Lincoln State Graded School (Oakfield), 13; Coles Corner School (Rosendale), 10; Alto Village School, Route 1 (Waupun), 9. Forest County—Public School (Hiles), 12. Grant County—Parter School (Boscobel), 6; Flat Rock School (Cassville), 12; Georgetown Boosters 4-H Club (Cuba City), 10; Dairyland Boosters 4-H Club (Fennimore), 13; Elk Grove 4-H Boosters (Platteville), 11; Franklin Livewires 4-H Club (Platte- ville), 10. Green County—Public School (Albany), 10; Public School, Grade 8 (Brodhead), 21; Green County Normal School (Monroe), 14; Hill- side View School (Monroe), 11; Twin Grove School (Monroe), 10. Green Lake County—The East Island School (Berlin), 15; Hoeft School, Route 1 (Berlin), 11; Spoor School, Route 1 (Berlin), 10; Marcellon Stone School (Dalton), 10. Iowa County—Grade School, Grades 7 and 8 (Linden), 13; Public School, Grades 5 and 6 (Linden), 11. Jackson County—North Branch School (Alma Center), 4; Public School (Alma Center), 13; Grade School, Grade 5 (Black River Falls), 29; Irving School (Black River Falls), 11; O'Brien School (Black River Falls), 10; Pine Hill School (Black River Falls), 4; Pleasant View School (Black River Falls), 20; Public School, Grade 6 (Black River Falls), 16; Public School (Black River Falls), 8; Public School (Black River Falls), 6; Public School (Black River Falls), 27; Public School (Fall River), 6; State Graded School (Hixton), 28; Highland School (Melrose), 7; West Indies School (Melrose), 7; Public School (North Bend), 10; West Franklin School (Taylor), 12. Jefferson County—Emmett Willing Workers 4-H Club (Water- town), 10; Lebanon Luckies 4-H Club (Watertown), 13. 1948] THE SOCIETY 491

]uneau County—Juneau County Normal School (New Lisbon), 12; Valton School (Wonewoc), 12. Kenosha County—Columbus School (Kenosha), 13; Hillcrest School (Kenosha), 22; Pleasant Prairie School, Route 2 (Kenosha), 25; Sheridan Road School (Kenosha), 10; Victory School (Kenosha), 42; Riverview School (Silver Lake), 24. Kewaunee County—Graded School (Casco), 18; Rosiere Graded School, Route 1 (Casco), 14; Krok School (Kewaunee), 17; Way- side School (Kewaunee), 9. La Crosse County—Long Coulee School, Route 1 (Holman), 10; Franklin School (La Crosse), 10; Jefferson School (La Crosse), 19; Jefferson School (La Crosse), 19; Jefferson School (La Crosse), 22; Junior High School (La Crosse), 30; Junior High School (La Crosse), 12; Lincoln School (La Crosse), 18; Lincoln School (La Crosse), 18; Lincoln School (La Crosse), 34; Washburn School (La Crosse), 20; Washburn School (La Crosse), 25; Washburn School (La Crosse), 22; Washburn School (La Crosse), 34; Lower Big Creek 4-H Club (West Salem), 12. Langlade County—St. John's Convent (Antigo), 15. Lincoln County—Franklin School (Merrill), 26; Public School (Merrill), 11; High School (Tomahawk), 13; Junior High School (Tomahawk), 63; Public School (Tomahawk), 19; Whittier School (Tomahawk), 38. Manitowoc County—4-H Club (Cato), 20; Maple Corner School, Route 2 (Kiel), 15; Rockville School (Kiel), 13; Meadow Brook School (Manitowoc), 12; Pigeon River School (Manitowoc), 10; Rapids Graded School (Manitowoc), 12; Rapids Graded School (Manitowoc), 13; Public School (Mishicot), 22; Valley View School (Newton), 10; Tip Top 4-H Club (Reedsville), 12; Public School (Two Rivers), 10; Twin Elder State Graded School (Two Rivers), 13. Marathon County—Holy Family School (Edgar), 15; Spring Valley School (Marathon), 10; Pioneer 4-H Club, Route 4 (Mosinee), 10. Marinette County—State Graded School (Beaver), 14; Marinette County Rural Normal School (Marinette), 20; Public School (Pesh- tigo), 10; Public School (Peshtigo), 12. Marquette County—Frink School (Montello), 12; Grade School (Montello), 17; Grade School, Grades 6, 7, and 8 (Neshkoro), 18; State Graded School (Packwaukee), 12. Milwaukee County—High School (Cudahy), 12; Nicholson Avenue School (Cudahy), 11; Public School (Cudahy), 10; Bartlett Avenue School (Milwaukee), 20; Henry Clay School (Milwaukee), 10; Henry Clay School (Milwaukee), 11; Henry Clay School (Milwaukee), 20; Henry Clay School (Milwaukee), 15; Congress School (Milwaukee), 63; Eugene "Field School (Milwaukee), 11; Eugene Field School (Mil- 492 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June waukee), 25; 4-H Club (Milwaukee), 13; Benjamin Franklin School, Grade 5 (Milwaukee), 25; Benjamin Franklin School (Milwaukee), 23; Benjamin Franklin School (Milwaukee), 60; Grange Avenue School (Milwaukee), 5; Green Bay Avenue School (Milwaukee), 41; Hillcrest School (Milwaukee), 14; Hillcrest School (Milwaukee), 38; Hillcrest School (Milwaukee), 43; Albert E. Kagel School (Milwau- kee), 37; Kilbourn School (Milwaukee), 35; Messmer High School (Milwaukee), 36; North Thirty-sixth Street School (Milwaukee), 36; North Twentieth Street School (Milwaukee), 32; Peckham Junior High School (Milwaukee), 28; Peckham Junior High School (Mil- waukee), 40; Pius XI Junior High School, Grade 7 (Milwaukee), 25; Public School (Milwaukee), 25; Thirty-first Street School (Milwau- kee), 11; Walker High School (Milwaukee), 36; West Brown Street School (Milwaukee), 60; Scanlon School (South Milwaukee), 10; Fisher School (Wauwatosa), 30; Jefferson School (Wauwatosa), 40; Lincoln School (Wauwatosa), 88; Milwaukee County Children's Home (Wauwatosa), 50; Roosevelt School (Wauwatosa), 48; Washington School (Wauwatosa), 26; Washington School (Wauwatosa), 28; Washington School (Wauwatosa), 25; Wilson School (Wauwatosa), 27; Public School (West Allis), 12. Monroe County—Public School (Cashton), 14; Bush Prairie School (Sparta), 19; Pleasant Valley School, Route 3 (Sparta), 10; Public School (Sparta), 10; Kirby School (Tomah), 11. Oconto County—Grignon 4-H Club, Route 1 (Suring), 10. Oneida County—Arbor Vitae-Woodruff School (Woodruff), 17. Outagamie County—Columbus School (Appleton), 15; Columbus School (Appleton), 19; State Graded School (Combined Locks), 39; Public School (Kimberly), 12; Riverbend School, Route 1 (Shioc- ton), 14. Ozaukee County—Waubeka 4-H Club (Fredonia), 12; Public School (Port Washington), 20; State Graded School (Thiensville), 44. Pierce County—Public School (Prescott), 38. Polk County—Public School (Clear Lake), 10; Lincoln School (Frederic), 13; West Sweden School (Frederic), 10; Graded School (Milltown), 22; Polk County Normal (St. Croix Falls), 10. Portage County—High School (Amherst), 35; Mary D. Bradford Junior High School (Stevens Point), 37. Racine County—Beebe School (Racine), 47; Stephen Bull School, Grade 3 (Racine), 22; Stephen Bull School (Racine), 15; Stephen Bull School (Racine), 23; Ho well School, Grade 6 (Racine), 6; Janes School (Racine), 29; Roosevelt School (Racine), 34. Richland County—Public School (Rockbridge), 10. Rock County—Afton School (Afton), 18; Smithton School (Ava- lon), 12; Kemmerer School, Route 1 (Beloit), 10; Cox School (Edger- 1948] THH SOCIETY 493 ton), 10; Cainsville School (Evansville), 10; Cooksville School (Evans- ville), 10; Wilder School, Route 1 (Evansville), 11; State Graded School (Footville), 44; Adams School (Janesville), 27; Austin School, Route 4 (Janesville), 10; 4-H Club (Janesville), 10; High School, Grade 9 (Janesville), 22; Wilson School (Janesville), 34; State Graded School (Lima Center), 10. Rusk County—-Sunny Hill 4-H Club, Route 1 (Bruce), 10. St. Croix County—Riverside School (Baldwin), 10; Public School (Hudson), 10; Wagon Landing School, Route 1 (Star Prairie), 14; Loyalty School (Woodville), 10; Maple Grove School (Woodville), 10. Sauk County—City View School (Baraboo), 10; Glenville School (Baraboo), 16; Green's Corners School, Route 1 (Baraboo), 10; Ikey School (Baraboo), 10; Lower Narrows School (Baraboo), 7; Park View School (Baraboo), 10; Public School (Baraboo), 8; Sunny Hill School (Baraboo), 10; Sunshine Valley School (Baraboo), 10; Hickory Grove School (Hillpoint), 10; Hickory Park School (Hillpoint), 10; Meyers School (Hillpoint), 10; Bethel School, Route 1 (La Valle), 10; Oak Hill School (La Valle), 10; Public School (La Valle), 10; Public School (Lime Ridge), 13; Honey Creek Ridge School (Logan- ville), 10; State Graded School (Loganville), 13; Diamond Hill School (North Freedom), 10; Happy Hill School (North Freedom), 12; Hilldrop School (Plain), 11; Little Prairie School (Plain), 10; Public School (Plain), 16; Sunnyside School (Plain), 8; High School (Prairie du Sac), 16; Hillside School (Prairie du Sac), 10; Public School (Prairie du Sac), 19; Butterfield School (Reedsburg), 10; Pleasant Knoll School (Reedsburg), 10; Public School (Rock Springs), 33; Cassell School (Sauk City), 10; Pine Grove School (Sauk City), 14; Public School (Sauk City), 27; Public School (Spring Green), 10; Upper Wilson Creek School (Spring Green), 12. Sawyer County—State Graded School (Couderay), 18. Shawano County—Ingersoll School (Eland), 4. Sheboygan County—Hingham Graded School (Adell), 15; 4-H Club (Random Lake), 10; Silver Creek School (Random Lake), 13; Mapledale School (Sheboygan), 12; Sheridan School (Sheboygan), 12; Sheboygan County Normal (Sheboygan Falls), 19. Trempealeau County—Beach School (Blair), 10; Fly Creek School (Blair), 11; Public School (Blair), 10; Sunny Side School (Blair), 10; Meadow Brook School (Eleva), 11; Hardies Creek School (Ettrick), 10; Hegg School (Ettrick), 20; Public School (Ettrick), 11; State Graded School (Ettrick), 11; Maplewood School (Gales- ville), 8; Public School (Galesville), 11; Public School (Galesville), 17; Smith School (Galesville), 11; Public School (Independence), 15; Hefifron School, Route 2 (Gmro), 7; Eimon School (Osseo), 10; Foster School (Osseo), 10; Holen School (Osseo), 7; Requa School 494 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

(Osseo), 10; Public School (Pigeon Falls), 11; Allen School (Strum), 12; Memorial School (Whitehall), 43; Memorial School (Whitehall), 30; Pleasantville School (Whitehall), 10. Vernon County—Public School (De Soto), 7; Folsom School (Readstown), 12; Lyster School (Readstown), 13; Sherry School (Readstown), 6; Sugar Grove School (Readstown), 10; Badaxe Valley School (Victory), 11; Public School (Victory), 4; Colonel May School, Route 1 (Viroqua), 12; Ole Torger School (Viroqua), 5; Public'School (Viroqua), 11. Vilas County—Public School (Eagle River), 23. Walworth County—-Public School (Delavan), 180; Public School (East Troy), 50; Grade School (Genoa City), 16; State Graded School (Honey Creek), 19; Stewart School (Lake Beulah), 14; Public School (Williams Bay), 14; Public School, Grade 5 (Whitewater), 32; Spring Brook School, Route 3 (Whitewater), 10. Washburn County—Tadpole School (Trego), 10. Washington County—Happy Hour 4-H Club (Jackson), 10; Public School (Kewaskum), 17; School Sisters of St. Francis (Slinger), 12; McLane School (West Bend), 22; Public School (West Bend), 20. Waukesha County—State Graded School (Butler), 50; Washington School, Grades 6 and 7 (Butler), 31; State Graded School (Dousman), 25; Eagleville School, Route 2 (Eagle), 25; Magee School (Genesee Depot), 23; Denoon School, Route 2 (Mukwonago), 10; Genesee State Graded School (Mukwonago), 14; Village School, Grade 4 (Mukwonago), 10; Bark River School (Nashotah), 11; Highland View School (Nashotah), 10; Prairie View State Graded School (North Prairie), 12; State Graded School (North Prairie), 31; Lincoln School (Oconomowoc), 17; Mapleton School (Oconomowoc), 12; Grade School (Pewaukee), 26; State Graded School (Wales), 17; State Graded School (Wales), 15; Junior High School (Waukesha), 485; Lawrence School, Route 2 (Waukesha), 14; Northview State Graded School (Waukesha), 25. Waupaca County—Copenhagen School, Route 2 (Fremont), 11; Zittau School (Fremont), 9; 4-H Farmington Club, Route 4 (Wau- paca), 14. Warn'hat'a County—Public School (Coloma), 10; Woodville School, Route 1 (Hancock), 12; State Graded School (Pine River), 13; State Graded School (Poysippi), 14; Guernsey Dale School, Route 1 (Wau- toma), 10. Winnebago County—4-H Club (Fremont), 12; Butte des Morts School (Menasha), 10; Fullar School, Route 1'(Neenah), 13; Gilling- ham School (Neenah), 11; Happy Hours School, Route 3 (Neenah), 6; High School (Neenah), 30; Royer School (Neenah), 12; Heffron School (Omro), 9; High School, Grade 6 (Omro), 22; Hill School (Omro), 6; Liberty School (Omro), 4; Public School (Omro), 11; 1948] THE SOCIETY 495

Public School, Grade 5 (Omro), 24; Stone School (Omro), 11; Black Wolf School, Route 2 (Oshkosh), 7; Boyd School (Oshkosh), 15; Golden Rod School, Route 2 (Cshkosh), 10; Howlett School (Osh- kosh), 20; Lakeside School (Oshkosh), 20; Widmer School (Osh- kosh), 12; Public School (Waukau), 22. Wood County—Public School (Lindsey), 13; Riverview School (Marshfield), 14; Lone Maple School (Milladore), 9; Public School (Milladore), 11; Stepping Stone School (Miiladore), 10; Wittenberg 4-H Club, Route 1 (Nekoosa), 10; Graded School (Pittsville), 12; John Edwards School (Port Edwards), 20; Lone Birch School (Ru- dolph), 10; Columbia School (Wisconsin Rapids), 11; Franklin School (Wisconsin Rapids), 9; Pleasant View School (Wisconsin Rapids), 12; Ross School, Route 5 (Wisconsin Rapids), 13. MANUSCRIPT ACCESSIONS In the Magazine for September, 1947, brief mention was made of the acquisition of a small group of manuscripts concerning J. Allen Barber, Samuel W. Eaton, and Edward D. Eaton, which were given by Mrs. Henry W. Hincks of Bridgeport, Connecticut. More recently, Mrs. Hincks, daughter of Edward D. Eaton, generously presented to the Society a much larger set of valuable family papers. Members of the Eaton family had long careers of service in Wis- consin. The Rev. Samuel W. Eaton came to Lancaster in 1846 as a home missionary. There he remained almost forty years as pastor of the Congregational Church, and during the Civil War he served as chaplain of the Seventh Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. One of his sons, Edward D. Eaton, at the age of fourteen also worked among the soldiers as a member of the Christian Commission. The younger Eaton was graduated from Beloit College in 1872, and after studying for the ministry, served pastorates in Iowa and Illinois. In 1886, he returned to his native state as the second president of Beloit College, and for thirty years he expertly guided the course of that institution. By his marriage in 1875 to Martha Barber, he was associ- ated with another prominent Lancaster family, for his wife's father, J. Allen Barber, had been a familiar figure in State politics, as a member of the first constitutional convention, State legislator for several terms, and representative in Congress for two terms. After his retirement from Beloit College in 1917, Dr. Eaton spent most of the remaining years of his life outside of Wisconsin, with the exception of a temporary year of service again at Beloit. He remained actively at work in the Congregational Church, edited a hymnal for schools and colleges, and wrote a number of articles and books, until at the age of ninety-one his extraordinarily full life came to a close in 1942. Most of the papers relate to Edward D. Eaton, his wife, their family, and their personal friends. The bulk of the manuscripts consists of 496 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June correspondence extending from 1826 to 1942. A few early papers pertain to J. Allen Barber, and there are a number of letters to the Rev. S. W. Eaton from such other pioneer clergymen in Wisconsin and northern Illinois as Aratus Kent and Stephen Peet. Although the later letters are mainly personal, many are of interest for a history of Beloit College, some contain unusual commentary on the social and economic life of the period, and others give interesting accounts of experiences abroad, in Europe in 1892 and 1902, and in China and Japan in 1898. In addition to the correspondence there is a group of manuscript family notes, and several small diaries and notebooks. Among these is a diary kept by S. W. Eaton in Europe in 1857, in which he fre- quently observed and compared differences in European and American ways of living. Others were written by Edward and his wife, chiefly during the period of his early ministry and on some of their journeys. Colorful reminiscences of her girlhood in Lancaster were written by Mrs. J. Allen Barber, who came to Wisconsin with her parents in 1838. Also included in the papers are some of Dr. Eaton's outstand- ing sermons and addresses. As a collection, the Edward D. Eaton papers will shed new light on the development of educational and religious organizations in Wisconsin.

The Society's growing collection of Wisconsin Civil War manu- scripts has been enriched by additional papers written by, or acquired by, Van S. Bennett, captain in Co. I, Twelfth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. Captain Bennett's diary for 1863 was a gift to the Society several months ago. Among his other papers, recently presented by Mrs. J. Scott Earll of Prairie du Chien, are his diaries for January- February and October-November, 1864, written while he was a mem- ber of Sherman's army in Mississippi and Georgia. His accounts of the campaigns, the hardships of combat, the living conditions in the South in 1864 continue to show considerable insight, and are ex- ceptionally vivid and readable. A Lincoln partisan, he considered the election of 1864 " the great battle of the war," although he was not afraid of the outcome. Of interest, too, is a notebook in which Captain Bennett made miscellaneous entries during his service: accounts, lists of supplies issued, prices for equipment, lists of men wounded, killed, discharged, and so on. Similar lists of men for part of the years 1861 and 1862 are found in the Orderly Sergeant's roll book for Co. I, the final item in this small but valuable group of manuscripts.

Other glimpses of life in the Union Army, as observed by two Wisconsin soldiers, William Harrison Downs and his son, Edmund H. Downs, are found in the letters which the Society has had micro- filmed from the originals generously loaned by the niece of E. H. Downs, Mrs. Clinton W. Nuzum of Viroqua. When did you last visit the MUSEUM OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN?

The galleries have been redecorated, and the exhibits are being redisplayed in attractive and colorful arrangements with emphasis on Wisconsin's history

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