DOCSLIB.ORG

Declaration of Authenticity Research Master HLCS Instructor: Dr. Dries Lyna Course: Research Master Thesis Historical Studies (L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Declaration of Authenticity Research Master HLCS Instructor: Dr. Dries Lyna Course: Research Master Thesis Historical Studies (L Declaration of authenticity Research Master HLCS Instructor: dr. Dries Lyna Course: Research Master Thesis Historical Studies (LET-HLCS-HS15-2019-JAAR-V) Title of the document: “Een thuijn geleegen buijten de Z. O. zeijde dezer steede”. Land use and land ownership in the eighteenth-century Four Gravets of Colombo (Sri Lanka) Date of submission: 15 August 2020 The work presented here is the responsibility of the undersigned. The undersigned hereby declares not to have committed plagiarism and not to have cooperated with others unlawfully. Signature: Student name: Afra de Mars Student number: Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars “Een thuijn geleegen buijten de Z. O. zeijde dezer steede” Land use and land ownership in the eighteenth-century Four Gravets of Colombo (Sri Lanka) Afra de Mars Supervisor: dr. Dries Lyna Research Master Thesis Historical Studies Second reader: dr. Coen van Galen 15 August 2020 2 Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars Front page: “een thuijn gelegen buijten de Z.O. zeijder dezer steede” (SLNA 1/3802, S. Sebastian 15). Translation: a garden located outside the South East side of this city. Word count: 25.467 (Excl. front matter, foot notes, appendices and bibliography) 3 Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars Acknowledgments This thesis would have looked very different (if it had existed at all) without the help of some people. Many thanks to: dr. Dries Lyna for supervising this thesis and commenting on first drafts; Luc Bulten for advice, comments and answers to pressing questions; Sanne de Laat for her comments and helping me out with English language issues; and last but not least to the friends and family who were there when I needed them. 4 Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars Summary In the late seventeenth and the entire eighteenth century, the coastal regions of Sri Lanka were a colony of the Dutch Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, better known as the VOC. Between 1659 and 1796 Colombo functioned as the capital of this colony. In this thesis, I study the developments of the land market and land use in the (mid-)eighteenth-century suburbs of this city, the so-called Four Gravets of Colombo. In studying this case, I tie into three ongoing debates in urban/historical research: debates on the development of various social groups in Sri Lanka, studies into colonial land management (which often focus on British colonies and in Dutch cases on Batavia/Java), and studies into suburbs (which all too often focus on nineteenth-century and more modern settings). In order to examine the developments that took place in Colombo’s Four Gravets, I use contemporary land registers, the land thombos. These registers are a unique source for socio-economic studies into the lives of (indigenous) people under colonial rule. This thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I aim to provide insights in the functioning and effects of VOC (land) policies outside its (political) centre Batavia, as well as to broaden existing knowledge on land management by a colonial power in a pre-nineteenth- century suburban setting. It also deals with the development of land prices in this period. The aim of the second chapter is to find if any notable differences existed between the various social groups in the Four Gravets in their behaviour on the land market. This chapter deals with the social group and caste the landholders belonged to, but also studies the influence of age, gender and marital status, and place of residence on one’s chances to own purchased lands (instead of (inherited) service lands). Amongst other things, it shows the role of women and manumitted slaves on the land market. The last chapter looks into the way people used their lands, by focussing on both subsistence (i.e. household consumption) production and substantial market production of coconut. This chapter shows that most people probably combined wage labour with private gardening and shows which social groups were leading in the substantial market production of coconut. Combined, these chapters provide an insight into land use and land ownership in the colonial suburbs of Colombo. Word count: 380 5 Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 5 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 8 A note on the references .................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 Social groups in Sri Lanka ...................................................................................... 10 Colonial land policies ............................................................................................... 11 The Four Gravets as colonial suburbs ................................................................... 12 Source material: The land thombos of the Four Gravets ..................................... 13 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................ 15 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 17 Demarcation of research & Structure .................................................................... 18 Chapter I: Buying and owning land in a colonial context: Land policies and the land market in the Four Gravets............................................................................................. 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20 1.1 VOC policies ........................................................................................................... 21 1.1.1 Colonial policies: India & Batavia .................................................................... 21 1.1.2 VOC policies in Dutch colonial Sri Lanka ....................................................... 24 1.2 The Land Market of the Four Gravets ................................................................ 28 1.2.1 The Four Gravets of Colombo .......................................................................... 28 1.2.2 Land transactions in the thombos ...................................................................... 33 1.2.3 The general trends ............................................................................................. 34 1.2.4 The location factor ............................................................................................ 36 Concluding remarks on Chapter I ............................................................................ 41 Chapter II: The Have’s and the Have-Not’s: Landowners in the Four Gravets, ca. 1730-1766 .......................................................................................................................... 43 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 43 2.1 Social groups ........................................................................................................... 44 2.1.1 The problem with colonial categories ............................................................... 44 2.1.2 General patterns ................................................................................................ 45 2.1.3 Moors and Chetties ........................................................................................... 48 2.1.4 The Dutch/European group ............................................................................... 49 2.1.5 The Sinhalese and Tamils ................................................................................. 50 2.1.6 Manumitted slaves and ‘others’ as PLHs .......................................................... 53 2.1.7 Concluding remarks on social groups ............................................................... 54 2.2 Gender and Civic state .......................................................................................... 56 6 Research Master Thesis Afra de Mars 2.3 Age ........................................................................................................................... 63 2.4 Place of residence of the PLH ............................................................................... 66 Concluding remarks Chapter 2 .................................................................................. 71 Chapter III: Living off the land? Subsistence agriculture and market-oriented agriculture in the Four Gravets ...................................................................................... 72 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 72 3.1 Subsistence .............................................................................................................. 74 3.2 Plantations .............................................................................................................. 86 3.3 Plantations & Subsistence ..................................................................................... 97 Concluding remarks Chapter III ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of the Role of the Malay Language and the Influence of Extra-Linguistic Factors in Language Usage in Sri Lanka
    A Study of the Role of the Malay Language and the Influence of Extra-Linguistic Factors in Language Usage in Sri Lanka Abstract The Sri Lankan Malay language (SLM) has undergone numerous changes in its lexicon and syntax as a result of prolonged contact with the two dominant languages of the country, Sinhala and Tamil as well as English. Therefore it has evolved into a distinct language from the Malay used in the South East Asiatic countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Along with such linguistic changes SLM has also experienced socio-linguistic changes in terms of its use, role and functions. Since the users of SLM belong to a minority ethnic group in Sri Lanka all of them are bi- or multi-lingual. Numerous language combinations can be traced among the Sri Lankan Malays and this result in complex code switching and mixing which take place among the speakers as well as the dynamic decisions of language choice they make. These language choices and the role and function of SLM are influenced by factors such as local and national ideologies, social and economic class, education, employment, environment, religious fervor and personal beliefs. It is therefore worthwhile to study to what extent extra-linguistic factors influence the language choice(s) of Sri Lankan Malays and how the same factors influence the use of SLM in particular. This study is an attempt to understand this situation and determine how conscious the speech community is about these choices and the changes that occur in the language. The study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews of several families from different socio-economic classes and different geographic locations.
    [Show full text]
  • “Lost in Translation”: a Study of the History of Sri Lankan Literature
    Karunakaran / Lost in Translation “Lost in Translation”: A Study of the History of Sri Lankan Literature Shamila Karunakaran Abstract This paper provides an overview of the history of Sri Lankan literature from the ancient texts of the precolonial era to the English translations of postcolonial literature in the modern era. Sri Lanka’s book history is a cultural record of texts that contains “cultural heritage and incorporates everything that has survived” (Chodorow, 2006); however, Tamil language works are written with specifc words, ideas, and concepts that are unique to Sri Lankan culture and are “lost in translation” when conveyed in English. Keywords book history, translation iJournal - Journal Vol. 4 No. 1, Fall 2018 22 Karunakaran / Lost in Translation INTRODUCTION The phrase “lost in translation” refers to when the translation of a word or phrase does not convey its true or complete meaning due to various factors. This is a common problem when translating non-Western texts for North American and British readership, especially those written in non-Roman scripts. Literature and texts are tangible symbols, containing signifed cultural meaning, and they represent varying aspects of an existing international ethnic, social, or linguistic culture or group. Chodorow (2006) likens it to a cultural record of sorts, which he defnes as an object that “contains cultural heritage and incorporates everything that has survived” (pg. 373). In particular, those written in South Asian indigenous languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Urdu, Sinhalese are written with specifc words, ideas, and concepts that are unique to specifc culture[s] and cannot be properly conveyed in English translations.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Transport System Development Project for Colombo Metropolitan Region and Suburbs
    DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EI ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. JR 14-142 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS URBAN TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORTS AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis of Current Public Transport AUGUST 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOR COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION AND SUBURBS Technical Report No. 1 Analysis on Current Public Transport TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Railways ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 History of Railways in Sri Lanka .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Railway Lines in Western Province .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Train Operation ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • American Institute for Lankan Studies Quarterly Newsletter
    American Institute for Lankan Studies Quarterly Newsletter 5/22, Sulaiman Terrace, Colombo 5. Sri Lanka. Tel. 94 11 2508512 tel. 94 11 4513706 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.aisls.org/ United States Director - Dr. John Rogers Executive Director, Colombo Center - Dr. Vagisha Gunasekara _________________________________________________________________________________________________ st 1 Quarter 2019 January-March 2019___ MAIN FEATURES: AILS’ Pilot Digitizing Project AILS Digitization Pilot Lead Success Story Project on SLMA Newspaper The STAR of ISLAM Newspaper & the Jubilee Book Star of Islam & AILS Digitizing Initiative: The STAR of ISLAM Jubilee Book Newspaper and the Jubilee Book Workshop on Digitization Initiative lead by Neel Agrawal of the Center for Research Libraries th 25 January, 2019 Pali Text Society Publications Donation to Rajarata University March 15, 2019 AILS Executive Director, Dr. Vagisha Gunasekera delivering the keynote address – 18.1.2019 The American Institute for Lankan Studies [AILS] included a digitization initiative to preserve endangered material as part of core programming around 2017 focusing on locating, preserving, conserving, digitizing and archiving endangered material which subsequently became a major part of the AILS program activities. Consequently, AILS in collaboration with the Research, Documentation Study and Communications Committee of the Sri Lanka Malay Association [SLMA] worked closely to repair, digitize and conserve endangered historical material of the Malay community, namely; the newspaper series titled The Star of Islam published in Colombo during July 1939 to March 1940 and The Jubilee Book of the Colombo Malay Cricket Club published in February 1924 which needed extensive restoration due its deteriorating state. At the SLMA Founder’s Day annual commemoration & 97th anniversary held on the 18.1.2019, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment
    Recent Slprt•• books World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbooks 1968-1979, Cumulative Index Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Other related •• 8lprt books Ecological Consequences of the Second Ihdochina War Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment Publish~d on behalf of SIPRI by Taylor & Francis Ltd 10-14 Macklin Street London WC2B 5NF Distributed in the USA by Crane, Russak & Company Inc 3 East 44th Street New York NY 10017 USA and in Scandinavia by Almqvist & WikseH International PO Box 62 S-101 20 Stockholm Sweden For a complete list of SIPRI publications write to SIPRI Sveavagen 166 , S-113 46 Stockholm Sweden Stoekholol International Peace Research Institute Warfare in a Fragile World Military Impact onthe Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of disarmament and arms regulation. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. As a consultative body, the Scientific Council is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Dr Rolf Bjornerstedt, Chairman (Sweden) Professor Robert Neild, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Mr Tim Greve (Norway) Academician Ivan M£ilek (Czechoslovakia) Professor Leo Mates (Yugoslavia) Professor
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of South Asian Linguistics
    Volume 8, Issue 1 July 2018 Journal of South Asian Linguistics Volume 8 Published by CSLI Publications Contents 1 Review of The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Contemporary Guide 3 Farhat Jabeen 1 JSAL volume 8, issue 1 July 2018 Review of The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Contemporary Guide Farhat Jabeen, University of Konstanz Received December 2018; Revised January 2019 Bibliographic Information: The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Contemporary Guide. Edited by Hans Heinrich Hock and Elena Bashir. De Gruyter Mouton. 2016. 1 Introduction With its amazing linguistic diversity and the language contact situation caused by centuries of mi- gration, invasion, and cultural incorporation, South Asia offers an excellent opportunity for linguists to exercise their skill and challenge established theoretical linguistic claims. South Asian languages, with their unique array of linguistic features, have offered interesting challenges to prevalent formal linguistic theories and emphasized the need to expand their horizons and modify their theoretical assumptions. This book is the 7th volume of The World of Linguistics series edited by Hans Heinrich Hock. The current book is jointly edited by Hans Heinrich Hock and Elena Bashir, two excellent South Asian linguists with extensive experience of working in the field on a number of South Asian languages. At more than 900 pages, the volume is divided into ten sections pertaining to different linguistic levels (morphology, phonetics and phonology, syntax and semantics), grammatical traditions to study South Asian languages, sociological phenomena (contact and convergence) and sociolinguistics of South Asia, writing systems, as well as the use of computational linguistics approach to study South Asian languages in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Languages: Ecology and Evolution in Asia
    This page intentionally left blank Contact Languages Why do groups of speakers in certain times and places come up with new varieties of languages? What are the social settings that determine whether a mixed language, a pidgin, or a Creole will develop, and how can we under- stand the ways in which different languages contribute to the new grammar? Through the study of Malay contact varieties such as Baba and Bazaar Malay, Cocos Malay, and Sri Lanka Malay, as well as the Asian Portuguese ver- nacular of Macau, and China Coast Pidgin, the book explores the social and structural dynamics that underlie the fascinating phenomenon of the creation of new, or restructured, grammars. It emphasizes the importance and inter- play of historical documentation, socio-cultural observation, and linguistic analysis in the study of contact languages, offering an evolutionary frame- work for the study of contact language formation – including pidgins and Creoles – in which historical, socio-cultural, and typological observations come together. umberto ansaldo is Associate Professor in Linguistics at the University of Hong Kong. He was formerly a senior researcher and lecturer with the Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication at the University of Amsterdam. He has also worked in Sweden and Singapore and conducted fieldwork in China, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, and Sri Lanka. He is the co-editor of the Creole Language Library Series and has co-edited various journals and books including Deconstructing Creole (2007). Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact General Editor Salikoko S. Mufwene, University of Chicago Editorial Board Robert Chaudenson, Université d’Aix-en-Provence Braj Kachru, University of Illinois at Urbana Raj Mesthrie, University of Cape Town Lesley Milroy, University of Michigan Shana Poplack, University of Ottawa Michael Silverstein, University of Chicago Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact is an interdisciplinary series bringing together work on language contact from a diverse range of research areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Census Codes of Administrative Units Western Province Sri Lanka
    Census Codes of Administrative Units Western Province Sri Lanka Province District DS Division GN Division Name Code Name Code Name Code Name No. Code Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Sammanthranapura 005 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Mattakkuliya 010 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Modara 015 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Madampitiya 020 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Mahawatta 025 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Aluthmawatha 030 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Lunupokuna 035 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Bloemendhal 040 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Kotahena East 045 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Kotahena West 050 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Kochchikade North 055 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Jinthupitiya 060 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Masangasweediya 065 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 New Bazaar 070 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Grandpass South 075 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Grandpass North 080 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Nawagampura 085 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Maligawatta East 090 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Khettarama 095 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Aluthkade East 100 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Aluthkade West 105 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Kochchikade South 110 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Pettah 115 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Fort 120 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Galle Face 125 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Slave Island 130 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Hunupitiya 135 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Suduwella 140 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo 03 Keselwatta 145 Western 1 Colombo 1 Colombo
    [Show full text]
  • Name List of Sworn Translators in Sri Lanka
    MINISTRY OF JUSTICE Sworn Translator Appointments Details 1/29/2021 Year / Month Full Name Address NIC NO District Court Tel No Languages November Rasheed.H.M. 76,1st Cross Jaffna Sinhala - Tamil Street,Ninthavur 12 Sinhala - English Sivagnanasundaram.S. 109,4/2,Collage Colombo Sinhala - Tamil Street,Kotahena,Colombo 13 Sinhala - English Dreyton senaratna 45,Old kalmunai Baticaloa Sinhala - Tamil Road,Kalladi,Batticaloa Sinhala - English 1977 November P.M. Thilakarathne Chilaw 0777892610 Sinhala - English P.M. Thilakarathne kirimathiyana East, Chilaw English - Sinhala Lunuwilla. S.D. Cyril Sadanayake 26, De silva Road, 331490350V Kalutara 0771926906 English - Sinhala Atabagoda, Panadura 1979 July D.A. vincent Colombo 0776738956 English - Sinhala 1 1/29/2021 Year / Month Full Name Address NIC NO District Court Tel No Languages 1992 July H.M.D.A. Herath 28, Kolawatta, veyangda 391842205V Gampaha 0332233032 Sinhala - English 2000 June W.A. Somaratna 12, sanasa Square, Gampaha 0332224351 English - Sinhala Gampaha 2004 July kalaichelvi Niranjan 465/1/2, Havelock Road, Colombo English - Tamil Colombo 06 2008 May saroja indrani weeratunga 1E9 ,Jayawardanagama, colombo English - battaramulla Sinhala - 2008 September Saroja Indrani Weeratunga 1/E/9, Jayawadanagama, Colombo Sinhala - English Battaramulla 2011 July P. Maheswaran 41/B, Ammankovil Road, Kalmunai English - Sinhala Kalmunai -2 Tamil - K.O. Nanda Karunanayake 65/2, Church Road, Gampaha 0718433122 Sinhala - English Gampaha 2011 November J.D. Gunarathna "Shantha", Kalutara 0771887585 Sinhala - English Kandawatta,Mulatiyana, Agalawatta. 2 1/29/2021 Year / Month Full Name Address NIC NO District Court Tel No Languages 2012 January B.P. Eranga Nadeshani Maheshika 35, Sri madhananda 855162954V Panadura 0773188790 English - French Mawatha, Panadura 0773188790 Sinhala - 2013 Khan.C.M.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiocarbon Age Dating of 1000-Year-Old Pearls From
    Feature Article Radiocarbon Age Dating of 1,000-Year-Old Pearls from the Cirebon Shipwreck (Java, Indonesia) Michael S. Krzemnicki, Laurent E. Cartier and Irka Hajdas The 10th-century Cirebon shipwreck was discovered in 2003 in Indone- sian waters. The excavation yielded an incredible array of archaeological finds, which included pearls and jewellery. Radiocarbon dating of the pearls agrees with the age of the shipwreck, which previously was inferred using recovered coins and ceramics. As such, these are some of the oldest pearls ever to be discovered. Based on this example, the present article shows how radiocarbon age dating can be adapted to the testing of historic pearls. The authors have further developed their sampling method so that radiocarbon age dating can be considered quasi-non-destructive, which is particularly important for future studies on pearls (and other biogenic gem materials) of significance to archaeology and cultural heritage. The Journal of Gemmology, 35(8), 2017, pp. 728–736, http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/JoG.2017.35.8.728 © 2017 The Gemmological Association of Great Britain Introduction Fishermen discovered the wreckage site acci- The discovery of the Cirebon (or Nan-Han) ship- dentally in 2003, at depths greater than 50 m (Lieb- wreck in the Java Sea in 2003 marks one of the ner, 2010) off the northern coast of Java, Indone- most important archaeological finds in Southeast sia, near the city of Cirebon (Figure 2). Excavation Asia in recent years (Hall, 2010; Liebner, 2014; efforts were complicated due to legal uncertainties Stargardt, 2014). Apart from ceramics, glassware as to which companies/entities should be permit- and Chinese coins dating from the 10th century ted to excavate the site, unfortunately leading to AD, the excavation of this ancient merchant ves- a period in which looting of the wreck occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Ministry of Railways and Transport Ministry of Highways Road Development Authority
    No. THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS AND TRANSPORT MINISTRY OF HIGHWAYS ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY THE STUDY ON THE URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION FINAL REPORT APPENDIX October 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY PADECO Co., Ltd. Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd. SLO JR 06-011 THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS AND TRANSPORT MINISTRY OF HIGHWAYS ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY THE STUDY ON THE URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLOMBO METROPOLITAN REGION FINAL REPORT APPENDIX October 2006 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY PADECO Co., Ltd. Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd. Urban Transport Development of the Colombo Metropolitan Region Appendix APPENDIX Appendix 1 Long List of Projects and Proposals from Previous Studies and Working Groups..................................................... A1-1 Appendix 2 Socio-Economic Activities of Western Province............................................... A2-1 Appendix 3 Land Use Data................................................................................................... A3-1 Appendix 4 Trip Demand Distribution in CMR ................................................................... A4-1 Appendix 5 Daily Traffic Distribution.................................................................................. A5-1 Appendix 6 Freight Traffic ................................................................................................... A6-1 Appendix 7 Road Design Standards ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch Coins for Asian Growth VOC-Duiten to Assess Java’S Deep Monetisation and Economic Growth, 1724-1800１
    Dutch Coins for Asian Growth VOC-duiten to Assess Java’s Deep Monetisation and Economic Growth, 1724-1800１ Alberto Feenstra TSEG １１ (３): １２３–１５４ DOI: １０.５１１７/TSEG２０１４.３.FEEN Abstract During the eighteenth century the VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) imported over a billion small copper coins (duiten) to Java, which is a remarkable operation for the world’s largest enterprise at that time, since these coins were unfit to pay for the company’s wholesale trade. This article argues that the VOC responded to Java’s specific need for small coins, because people increasingly relied on the market for daily necessities and became less dependent on subsistence farming. The alternative explanations of popula- tion growth, substitution and inflation do not satisfactory explain the increased demand for these copper duiten. Therefore, this article proposes that Java’s economy shifted away from subsistence farming and, particularly after 1750, probably grew. １ Introduction Between 1724 and 1795 the Dutch East India Company (henceforth: VOC) shipped more than 1.1 billion small copper coins of a type called doit (hen- 1 The present article is largely based on my research master thesis, H.A. Feenstra, Kisten met Koper. De opmars van de Nederlandse duit in het Javaanse geldverkeer, 1720-1850 (Amsterdam, unpublished M.Phil.-thesis, Vrije Universiteit, 2011), under the supervision of Jan Lucassen and Ulbe Bosma, whom I thank for their guidance and inspiration. Furthermore, I like to thank Joost Jonker, Pim de Zwart, Samuel Kruizinga, Lodewijk Petram and the anonymous referee for their comments on earlier drafts of this article.
    [Show full text]