2 THE ' SEARCH FOR THE PAST Leonardo López L1fján

Everything made now is either a replica or a uariant of for the sta te: major architectural programmes something made a ütt/e time ago and so on back without embarked on by the government (temples, ditches, break to theftrst morning of human time. aqueducts and other public works), migrations George Kubler1 (movements of people, foundations, arrivals of foreigners) and extraordinary natural phenomena (astronomical, climatological and geological).2

THE AZTECS' PRAGMATIC VIEW OF THE PAST As well as being limited to these themes, Aztec he Aztec kings exploited history for historical records suffer from great conciseness, Tpropaganda purposes. They used it as a given the lack of a proper phonetic script. powerful tool to justify, in the eyes both of their Knowledge of the most important events in the own people and of foreigners, the hegemonic role lives of the Aztecs tended to be transmitted orally they had acquired after gaining independence from from generation to generation, a practice which in the lord s of Atzcapotzalco in 1430. By re-creating the long term distorted reality. Only some events history - reinterpreting the past from the were worthy of being set down using a mixed perspective of the present - they convinced form of writing, which combined pictograms their people that the role of the Aztec nation was and ideograms with phonetic symbols. This system to dominate all others and that their destiny was also included numerical and calendar symbols that, to engage in ambitious expansionist campaigns. among other things, allowed events to be fixed in At a time when great change,s were taking time. These messages passed into posterity either place in Tenochtitlan, the legitimacy of power in the form of manuscript books made of animal was derived from the relationship between the skins or tree bark, or as reliefs etched into hard Aztec people and their patron god Huitzilopochtli, rock. Unfortunately, as the centuries passed, via a sacred link: the ruler. The sovereign was almost all these historical records were damaged considered a semi-divine being who belonged or destroyed through the interaction of nature- to the lineage closest to the protective numen. in the form of catastrophes and weather - and This explains why Aztec historical records, human beings. The book-burning ordered by commissioned by the rulers themselves to leave Itzcoatl (1427-40) to eliminate these magic tools traces of their passage across the earth, detail that the old ca/pu/ü leaders had used to wield power long dynastic lists in chronological order (the main is one example of the latter." genealogies always begin in mythic times), as well As a direct result of the above, Aztec as coronation ceremonies and endless accounts of knowledge of the past was always limited in military triumphs. The official Aztec history also terms of time. As has been demonstrated by sets clown exceptional events of huge importance H.B.Nicholson, the annals of central Mexico THEAZTECS' SEARCH FORTHE PAST \ 23

can provide no certainty of events earlier than and the government had been in the hands of three or four centuries before the arrival of Hernán Quetzalcoatl, a wise and virtuous priest who Cortés.' Furthermore, this scholar warns, any instituted self-sacrifice." records of events prior to 1370 should be viewed (lig. 12), however, because of its with scepticism. Under these conditions, at the greater age, was devoid of historical context in the close of the Late Postclassic period (1250- Ij 21), eyes of the Aztecs. The various versions given of the remote past had become as malleable as the its inhabitants undoubtedly resulted from Aztec future, a game of mirrors which reflected both amazement at the majesty of the Pyramids of the historical accounts and mythical tales. Sun and the Moon. Depending on the version, This is clear in the Aztec image of Tula (fig. II), these Cyclopean buildings were considered to be Fig.II The carved stone atlantes in which vague recollections of a militaristic capital the work of powerful Toltecs, deformed giants of Pyramid B at Tuja. city, which achieved its greatest splendour between with long thin arms, or of the gods themselves. 950 and 115 o, are combined with the well- When the Spanish arrived, this archaeological Fig.I2 established myth ofTollan, the wonderful 'place metropolis, enveloped in a divine aura, was The Processional Way and Pyramids of the Sun and Moon of the Tules [reeds]', where fruit grew to gigantic considered to be the revered place of origin, the at Teotihuacan. proportions, the inhabitants were great craftsmen birthplace of the Fifth Sun and the place whence the primordial peoples set forth on their journey."

AZTEC ADDITIONS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES We know that Mesoamericans frequently visited ruined ceremonial sites, avidly exploring buildings and monuments whose shapes they could just make out under the cover of vegetation. There is no doubt that this activity was common among the Aztecs, particularly considering that Tenochtitlan was surrounded by perfect material testimonies of great civilisations. Within a radius of 70 km lay vestiges of real cities that had been populated by tens or even hundreds of thousands of people. The most important were Teotihuacan, to the north- east, the famous metropolis of the Classic period (AD 200-650); Xochicalco, to the south, one ofthe most cosmopolitan centres of the Epiclassic period (650-900); and Tula, to the north-west, a city which unquestionably dominated a major part of the Early Postclassic period (900- 12 50). At these archaeological sites, dominated by silence and desolation, the Aztecs performed a huge range of activities. Unfortunately, many of these have left no perceptible traces for modern archaeologists. We know that they took place because a few sixteenth-century historical records exist, particularly a report on the town of Tequizistlan ('Relación de Tequizistlan y su partido')." This document shows that societies living eight centuries after the turbulent collapse ofTeotihuacan, including the Aztecs, used the ancient Pyrarnids of the Sun and the Moon for worship, to consult oracles, to perform sacrifices and as a place to execute criminals.

There were other lesser idols [worshipped ry the A:¡fecs) in the town of San Juan [Teotibuacan], which was the [location of the} temple and oracle attended ry nearry towns. In this town they had a very tall temple [ . .J: at the summit of it was a stone idol called ry the name Tonacateuctli. [ ..J 241 THE AZTECS' SEARCH FOR THE PAST

1tfaced the uest and on a plain that stretched infront of different zones of the Basin of Mexico: this temple, tbere 1JJaSanother smaffer temple [. . .J on Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, Chalco and the far IJJhichu/as another ido! a lit/le smaffer than the first one, western end of the Ixtapalapan peninsula. We caffed Mictlanteuctli, lvhich means Lord of Hel!'. [' . .J can establish with accuracy, however, the type of A lit/le [urtber, totuard the north, tuas another temple additive activities which these groups engaged in. slight!y smaller than the first, wbicb IJJascalled 'tbe hiff of Large quantities of offerings are buried inside the the Moon', on top of »bicb lilas another idol [. . .J, IJJhich ruins of the main buildings of the Toltec golden u/as caffed the Moon. Aff around it uere ma"!Y temples, in age, including the Central Shrine, Buildings B one of nbicb (the /arg,estof them) tbere uere six other idols, and C, and the Burnt Palace. Fewer in number are IIlhouere called Brothers of the Moon, [and} the priests of the tornbs of individuals of all ages, almost always Montezuma, lord of Mexico, came lIlith this Montezuma, buried with very humble funerary offerings,

every Ilvenry doys to [offer] sacrifices to aff of them. 8 discovered in Building B, Building 4 and the Burnt Palace. It is also worth mentioning the Other Pre-Hispanic activities, however, did construction of religious buildings and sumptuous leave an indelible mark on archaeological sites. The residences over the ruin s of the ancient ceremonial first group of these we rnight define as additive, centre. Examples of this include the residential because they resulted in new elements being added complex erected over Building K, the shrine to the ruins. Such interventions were carried out attached to the north-west corner of Building by many different people at different times and C and the pyramidal plinth placed over the practically everywhere in . A clear Burnt Palace. example of this can be found in the Preclassic Another additive activity engaged in by settlement of Cerro Chalcatzingo, Morelos.? carriers of Aztec pottery, albeit of a different On the sides of this sacred mountain sufficient nature, relates to the creation of sculptures in evidence exists for us to state that the Olmec-like the immediate surroundings of the main plaza,

reliefs sculpted there berween 700 and 500 BC were specifically the reliefs of Cerro de la Malinche, venerated rwo thousand years later. In fact, around created at the end of the fifteenth century in the the thirteenth century AD, the Tlahuicas who lived purest Aztec style.'" This unique group, which in the immediate surroundings built a series of consists of the effigies of Ce Acatl Topiltzin wide stairways and platforms which led to a place Quetzalcoatl and Chalchiuhtlicue, has been of worship. These structures allowed people to interpreted both as an Aztec homage to the ascend 30 metres with ease and perform deities inherited from their Toltec forefathers " ceremonies in front of the relief known as and as a 'retrospective historical image' of Ce

Monument 2. Acatl- the most famous ruler of Tula - validating Other additions include offerings and corpses the Aztec tradition of sculpting portraits of their buried inside destroyed buildings, indicating the rulers on the rocks of Chapultepec hill." way in which ruins were regarded as sacred. The Dominican friar Diego Durán recounts Both practices were widespread during the one of the last recorded additive activities.!" He Postclassic periodo Examples are the Mayan states that in 1519, while still at the coast of the effigy censers that were buried as propitiatory Gulf ofMexico, Hernán Cortés sent Motecuhzoma gifts or as symbols of gratitude in the collapsed Xocoyotzin a gift of wine and biscuits. On temples of the Late Classic period in Dzibanché, receiving the gifts in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Quintana ROO;'O the sumptuous Mixtec funerary tlatoani (ruler) refused to consume them - whether offerings deposited in Tomb 7 at Monte Albán, because he found them strange or because of the Oaxaca;" and the mortal remains of rwo way they looked after having travelled across the individuals with Aztec and Tetzcocan pottery ocean we shall never know - and stated that they placed in Structure I-R of the Ciudadela in 'belonged to the gods'. He gave orders for rus Teotihuacan." priests to take them all to the ruin s ofTula 'with However, ir is the ruins of Tula which provide great solemnity and to bury them in the temple the most evidence. As a consequence of rwo of Quetzalcoatl, whose sons had arrived'. decades of excavations in the main square, the archaeologist Jorge R. Acosta recovered huge quantities of so-called Aztec pottery, AZTEC REMOVALS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES unquestionable proof of three hundred years of Archaeology and history also provide much human activity taking place directly over the ruin s evidence of activities we could define as of the city.'? Unfortunately it has been impossible subtractive. Naturally they include the excavation to determine exactly who brought this pottery here of buildings to extract architectural elements, because we know it was made in at least four sculptures, offerings and bones, all actions that THE AZTECS' SEARCH FORTHE PAST 125

many modern authors have defined pejoratively mountain is to be seen; and the Tolteeapyramids, tbe as sacking and pillage. Most of these operations, mounds, and the surfacing ojTolteea [temples)' And however, were clearly not carried out for profit Tolteea potsherds are tbere to be seen. And Tolteea bowls, but only to recover use fui construction materials Tolteea ollas are taken jrom the eartb. .And matry times or objects that were appreciated for their aesthetic Tolteeajewe/s - armbands, esteemedgreenstones, fine beauty, particularly because they were considered turquoise, emerald-greenjade - are taken from tbe eartb," to be the work of gods, giants or almost mythical people. Various people who lived at the same time In the case ofTeotihuacan, a simple bowl- as the Aztecs were also involved in taking Toltec a fragment of an Aztec container found at the antiquities. There is credible testimony that, after en trance to a large man-made cave over which the they had been exhumed, old sculptures were taken Pyramid of the Sun was built - could be a clue to to various destinations, one of which was the city planned excavations having taken place just before ofTlaxcala, capital of the Aztec empire's greatest the arrival of the Spanish. When archaeologists enemies. According to Friar Toribio de Benavente entered this sacred space in the early 1970s, they (Motolinia);" a mas k and a small image brought found that the walls that sealed access along the from Tula were venerated in the main pyramid of tunnel had been knocked down, and that in the this city, together with the sculpture of the fire god four-lobed chamber at the end there were no Camaxtli. Another destination was Tlatelolco, as ig.13 traces of offerings or burials. According to some described in a short passage of Historia de los ragmenr of a Teotihuacan mask, researchers, unless it was accidentally left there in mexicanos por sus pinturas (A History of tbe Mexieans D 150- 6 5o, found in Cham ber III, recent times, the fragment of pottery would Through Their Paintings): ver)' rich Azrec offering in me suggest that the people who broke in were the orth-western comer of Srage IV(a) f me Templo Mayor. Greenstone, Aztecs thernselves.!" In tbeyear 99 [AD 1422} the people ojTlatilu/co uent to overed by me Aztecs with a layer Historical sources from the sixteenth century Tula and sinee [the Toltees} had died and left theirgod frar, 16.7 X 7.7 X 5.7 cm. provide firmer evidence. For example, the tbere, wbose name was Tlaeahuepan, thry took bim and useo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City indigenous informants of Friar Bernardino de brought him baek to Tlatilu/co.22 Sahagún describe the procedures individuals had to perform to acquire precious stones: These activities, which had been carried out intensively since at least the thirteenth century, And those oj experience, the aduised, these look jor it [the had a devastating effect from an archaeological precious stone]. In this manner [thry see.] thry kn01v where point of view. In fact no record s exist whatsoever it is: thry ean see that it is breathing [smokiniJ, giving off of the massive, if not total, loss of sculptures and vapour. Ear(y, at ear(y dawn, when [the sun} eomes up. covering stones. ig.14 T hry ftnd Ivhere toplaee themsefves, Ivhere to stand,' thry Ilfering 82, found in me south- istern comer of the Templo jaee the sun [ . .J Wherever thry ean see that something like layor, conrained, among other a little smoke [eolumn} stands, that one oj them is giving off RECOVERY OF A GLORIOUS PAST: REUSE ungs, me skull of a decapitated vapour, this one is the precious stone [ . .J Tbey take it up; These additive and subtractive activities not only idividual, a Teotihuacan mask thry earry it awqy. And if thry are not successfal, if it is had a serious impact on archaeological sites but :at. 260), and an Aztec on(y barren where the little [eolumn oj] smoke stands, thus also affected the populations responsible for them. avertine mask. thry know that the precious stone is tbere in the earth. Relics recovered during planned excavations, as useo del Templo Mayor, México City Then thry digo Tbere thry see, tbere thry ftnd the precious well as those discovered accidentally and handed stone, perhaps alreat:(ywell'formed, perhaps alreat:(y down from generation to generation," were reused bumisbed. Perhaps thry see something buried tbere either as worthy relics of vanished worlds." The high in stone, or in a stone boiol; or in a stone ehest;perhaps quality of the raw materials and manufacture of it is filled with precious stones. This thry claim tbere.'? these objects certainly had an influence on their value, but the allegedly supernarural origin of these The same work contains a more explicit items, which were thought to have been created by mention, and talks not only about the profound powerful beings, convinced their owners to wear knowledge Aztecs had of the vestiges of Tula but them as amulets or to re-bury them inside temples also of the way they went exploring underground and palaces as part of dedicatory and funerary in search of antiquities: offerings. Furthermore, as is often the case with all kinds of relic, fragments were also venerated. Beeause veri(y thry [the Toltecs] there [in Tula-Xieoeotitlan} This would explain why these offerings indude resided together, thry tbere dweft, so also matry are their so many broken bits and pieces (fig. 13).25 traees Ivhieh thry produeed And thry left behind that whieh The Aztecs were not the first Mesoamerican todqy is tbere, Ivhieh is to be seen, Ivhieh thry did not ftnish people to reuse antiquities to establish a direct - the so-called serpent eolumn. [ . .J And the Tolteea connection with their ancestors and gods. 261 THE AZTECS' SEARCH FOR THE PAST

Evidence of this practice has been found in many Examples include the ritual spoon in the Museum other Mesoamerican regions. Examples include of San José, Costa Rica;" and the greenstone numerous anthropornorphic and zoornorphic pendants in the shape of ahuman face in the figurines, masks, pendants, ritual spoons, miniature Brooklyn Museum of Art,35 the British Museum "

canoes, celts and self-sacrifice instruments al! made and at Dumbarton Oaks." Around 50 BC, an effigy of greenstone and produced by both the Olmecs and an inscription in the early Mayan style were and their contemporaries of the Middle Precias sic engraved on the back of this Dumbarton Oaks

period (1200-400 BC) which have been found by piece which appeared to al!ude to the modern archaeologists in Protoclassic (100 BC-AD enthronement of a ruler cal!ed 'sky-moan bird'. Fig.15 200) and Classic (AD 200- 900) sites, The most Although these activities were commonplace An Early Posrclassic Toltec notable finds were made at Cerro de las Mesas, throughout the vast Mesoamerican territory, chacmool. Stone, 49 x 106 x 46 cm. Veracruz;" Dzibilchaltún and Chacsinkín, Tenochtitlan was the centre when it carne to Found in the colonial building known as the Casa del Marqués Yucatan;" Cozumel, Quintana ROO;28Laguna reusing antiquities. A century of archaeological del Apartado, located in front of Francesa, Chiapas;" and Uaxactún and Tikal, excavation in the Aztec capital has unearthed the ruins of the Templo Mayor.

Guatemala." Similar objects have also been hundreds of relics in the main religious buildings Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City found at Postclassic (900- 15 21) sites, including (fig. 14). ltems made of greenstone predomina te, Mayapán, Yucatan," and San Cristóbal Verapaz, although there are also beautiful ceramic and basalt Guatemala." To this list we could add the Olmec objects. Most notable are a mask, a pendant and pieces found in the sacred well at Chichén Itzá, various fragments of figurines made by the Olmecs Fig.16 which may have been thrown into the water by the and other Middle Precias sic societies;" hundreds Front and rear views of a mask Maya during the Classic and Postclassic periods." of masks, and anthropornorphic and zoornorphic made in the Mezcala region, Although we lack any contexrual archaeological figurines, in addition to a model of a temple, AD 150-650. Greenstone, 11 X 9.5 x 3.9 cm. From Chamber III of information, other Olmec works of art were clearly Mezcala-style objects, al! of them ranging from the Templo Mayor. The Aztecs reused as amulets by dignitaries of the Protoclassic the Middle Precias sic to the Epiclassic periods;" added the image of a person and Classic periods, as is demonstrated by the various pendants that may date back to the Classic playing a horizontal drum. presence of Mayan inscriptions on their surfaces. Mayan period; tens of masks, anthropornorphic Museo del Templo Mayor, Mexico City THE AZTECS' SEARCH FORTHE PAST I 27

RECOVERY OF A GLORIOUS PAST: IMITATIO Tenochtitlan was the main centre of imitation in Mesoamerica. Aztec exploration was sufficiently intensive for the island's artists to have the opportunity of copying ancient styles of sculpture, painting and architecture, as well as completing iconographic scenes. It is well known that Aztecs used alien artistic types in their capital, often without being particularly faithful to their original form and meaning." We might say that their imitations reinterpreted the past, eclectically

Fig.17 combining the ancient with the modernoTheir Line drawing of a stone cliscovered archaisms were therefore fragmentary evocations in front of the Pyramid of the of times gone by, rather than identical and integral Sun at Teotihuacan showing the copies of specific artistic creations. symbol of the xiuhmolpilli, or cycle of j 2 years. As examples of these, the Aztec sculptures based on the effigies fram Teotihuacan could be mentioned. One of them is the irnage of the old fire god, found near the orth Red Temple at Fig.18 Tenochtitlan (cf. cato 5).'5 The Aztec sculptor was La Chinola, c. 1 j oo. Volcanic stone, '07 X 40 X 10 cm. faithful to the Teotihuacan models in copying the Discovered at Cerro de la Chinola raund-shouldered posture of the deity as well as in the late nineteenth century. This the position of rus hands and feet, but he added Aztec-style slab seems to represent Chalchiuhtlicue, the water goddess, new iconographic attributes - connected with wearing an archaic headdress in the water and the underworld - such as the fangs, shape of the Teotihuacan symbol the rectangular plates over the eyes and mouth, a of the xiuhmolp¡II¡, or cycle of j 2 huge brazier and terrestrial figureheads. A different years. example is the famous stone of La Chinola, an Museo lacional de Antropología, Mexico Ciry Aztec-style slab discovered near the site of Castillo de Teayo, Veracruz (fig. 18). Everything seems to indicate that the front side of the monument figurines, nose-plugs in the shape of snake rattles represents Chalchiuhtlicue - the water goddess - and container s dating back to the Teotihuacan emerging from or descending into the jaws of Classic period;"? and ap/umbate vessel made in the a terrestrial monster. On the back, however, are eastern part of Soconusco during the Early four flying t/aloque (assistants of the rain god Postclassic period." Strangely, only one antiquity Tlaloc) making rain fall with their jugs of water. which is undeniably Toltec has been unearthed to Intriguingly, the main divinity wears an archaic date: a decapitated chacmoo/ which was discovered headdress'" in the shape of the Teotihuacan in the foundations of the colonial Casa del symbol of the xiuhmolpilli, a composite bundle Marqués del Apartado, opposite the ruins of the representing the cycle of 52 years (fig. 17).'7 It is Templo Mayor in Mexico City (fig. 15).42 The extremely likely that the Postclassic artist knew piece's typically Toltec features, in terms of raw the meaning of this ancient symbol and sculpted it material, size, praportions, style and iconography, to allude to one of the first four eras of humanity, make its origin unquestionable. which was ruled by Chalchiuhtlicue and ended Interestingly, the Aztecs did not bury all relics with a flood. just as they found them.? They altered quite a As regards Epiclassic art, we know of only number, adding paint or tar to accentuate their one Aztec greenstone plaque inspired by the original religious significance or to confer new Temple of the Plumed Serpents at Xochicalco, meaning upon them. Thus, for example, Tlaloc jars and a sculptural complex at Tenochtitlan, from Teotihuacan retained their pluvial symbolism consisting of three fire-serpent heads with calendar by being painted blue or with tar. Many Mezcala dates in the Xochicalcan srylc." It is also worth human masks and figurines, however, were mentioning the many evocations ofTula sculpture. transformed into divinities by having the faces of Contrary to what happened with the religious Xiuhtecuhtli or Tlaloc painted on them. As if that images ofTeotihuacan and Xochicalco, the Aztecs were not enough, the inside of tens of Mezcala copied practically every Toltec vestige that met masks were decorated with aquatic glyphs and their eyes, particularly braziers with the face of human figures (fig. 16). Tlaloc, telamons, standard-bearers, colossal 281 THEAZTECS' SEARCH FORTHE PAST

•

plumed serpents, as well as reliefs showing people (wind?; fig. 21). To these motifs they added the Fig.19 bearing arms, undulating serpents, birds of prey, red and white stripes and knots that distinguish E. L. Méhéclin, Derail of a temple in Teotihuacan excavated by felinesand the so-called rnan-bird serpents."? Xochipilli, the Aztec god of music and dance Longpérier in 1865. Watercolour, 20). Imitation extended, even more effectively, to (fig. These elements, and boxes found inside zo X 36 cm. The proporrions and religiousarchitecrure. At the end of the fifteenth the shrines, filled with musical instruments, paintings of this temple may cenrury,the sacred precincts ofTenochtitlan and demonstrate that the Red Temples were used have inspired the Aztecs when they Tlatelolco included several buildings which revived to worship Xochipilli.P built the North Red Temple at Tenochtitlan. the forgotten shapes ofTeotihuacan. Known as Finally, mention should be made of the House Collection Agence Régionale de the Red Temples, five small shrines harmoniously of Eagles, a fifteenth-century religious building l'Environnemenr de Haute-Norrnandie, combine the typical Teotihuacan talud-tablero located to the north of the Templo Mayor in Rocen (arectangular panel [tablero] sitting on a sloping Tenochtitlan. The design of this building is vaguely panel [taludJ), a structure that had not been built rerniniscent of the Toltec hypostyle halls, but its for several cenruries, with decorative Aztec iconographic and decorative programme revives elements fashionable at the time of construction." Tula in all its splendour. Braziers with the face Even though the builders of the Red Temples ofTlaloc, benches with undulating serpents and undoubtedly used local materials and applied their processions of armed men, and mural paintings own architectural techniques, they took special with rnulti-coloured friezes decorate interiors care to reproduce the ancient proportions and, to convey the living image of a glorious pasto in particular, to re-create the mural paintings Petrographic, chemical, technological, afthe Classic period (fig. 19).51 In so doing, iconographic and stylistic studies'" have shown theycopied various Teotihuacan symbols on that these decorative elements are local copies that red backgrounds following repetitive patterns: illustrate a kind of Neo-Toltequism in the art of

storm god masks, trilobes (water droplets), the Aztec capital. 54 There is, therefore, much elongated eyes (flowing water) and cut shells evidence to support the observation made by the THE AZTECS' SEARCH FORTHE PAST 12~

Mexican poet Octavio Paz, who commented that 'ifTula was a rustic version ofTeotihuacan, México-Tenochtitlan was an imperial version ofTula'.55

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST The reuse of relics, the imitation of ancient sculptures and the construction of archaic Fig.20 buildings in Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco coincided Building L of TlateloJco was with the period of maximum integration, excavated in 1963-64. Its mural paintings, with Xochipilli's stripes consolidation and expansion of the Aztec empire. and knots, are very similar to those The recovery and ennoblement of extinct of the South Red Temple at civilisations in this particular historical context Tenochtitlan. should perhaps be seen as one of the many strategies adopted by Aztec rulers to sustain a new,

Fig.21 dominant position in the eyes of both kindred and Certain decorative elements of the strangers. As the centuries passed, these North Red Temple, among them antiguities, making direct al1usion to a grandiose :ut shells and aquatic currents in the shape of an eye, are identica! past and genealogical1y legitimising the actions

[O those of the Teotihuacan temple of their belligerent users," no doubt became the excavated by Longpérier. ultimate sacred symbols. NOTES

---_ ...._ ...._ .._.... THEAZTECS'SEARCH 28 Rathje 1973. 5° Four of these buildings there, although their names 14 The fire-drill, or FORTHE PAST have been unearthed in the vary according ro who is fIlalllalhJla?jli, was an 29 Gussinyer and Marrinez ruins ofTenochtitlan and telling the story. instrument consisting of 1976-n· / sbould like to thank one more in Tlatelolco. rwo pieces of wood, one The supreme god was also Fernando Carrizosa, Alfredo Kidder 1947,P.48, ligs 37t, See Matos Moctezuma °5 'female' and softer, the 3° seen as a conjugal duality. López Anstin, Peter SanJbridge, 74; Proskouriakoff 1974, 1965; Gussinyer 1970B; other 'male' and in the Eric Taladoire and Cermán p.IO. Matos Moctezuma 1984, 06 Another conjugal duality, shape of a lance. The 'mal Ztíñiga for tbeir assistance. p. 19; López Luján 1989, split between proto-Sun piece rested in a groove 01 31 Smith and Ruppert '953, p. 37-42; Matos and proto-Moon. the 'female' part and was 01 Kubler 1963, p. 2. lig. 9C; Proskouriakoff Moctezuma and López rotated with an up-and- 1974, p. 10. Many different versions 02 Nicholson 1955, p. 596; Luján 1993, pp. 160-61. °7 down movement of the of the myth existo In some [icholson 1979, p. 195· 32 avarrete 1995. palms of the hands until 51 See Gerber and Taladoire there are not five, but four a Eirewas lit by friction. °3 López AusIin 1985, 33 Proskouriakoff '974, 1990, pp.6-8. suns (Moreno de los Arcos pp. 3I0, 32 5· pp.l0-I1, 36, plates 37a, 1967)' 52 Olmedo Vera 2002. 38a, 52C, 5P and colour 04 [ icholson 1979, p. 192-93. 08 This is according to plate III. López Luján, Torres Trejo 53 authors who agree that 05 Nicholson 2001. and Montúfar Z002; López The inscription apparently the Aztecs made the : 34 Luján forthcoming. 06 López Luján '989, refers to the 'lord of the corrections required to ECONOMY,TRIBUTE pp.43-49; Boone zooo. nocturnal place'. Graham 54 Fuente 1990; López Luján ensure that the common ANDWARFARE See also Alfredo López 1998, pp·46-48, forthcoming. year was equal to the tropic Austin's essay in this 5 -52,105. year. 01 Lockhart 1992, p. 14. ' 55 Paz 1989, vol. III, 1, volume, pp. 30- 37. 35 Piña Chan 1982, p. 232. pp. n-78. 09 The gods could be seen by 02 Berdan 1982, pp. 56-59. 07 Casrañeda 1986. humans only in drearns, in 6 McEwan 1994, p. 22. 56 López Luján 1989, Lockhart 1992, pp. 20-28 3 hierophanies or in altered °3 08 Ibid., pp. 235 - 36. pp·n-89· 37 Coe 1966. states of consciousness. °4 When distilled, this same 09 Arana 1987, p.395. 'maguey honey' yields 8 Mates Moctezuma 1979; 10 The One God was 3 tequila. The ptocess of 10 Nalda and López Carnacho López Luján 2001, known by various names, distillation was introduced 1995, pp.22-23· pp. 24-25. including Moyocoyani, by the Spanish. COSMOVISION, RELIGION Icelteotl,Ipalnemohuani, II Caso 1932. 39 González and Olmedo ANDTHE CALENDAR Tloque Nahuaque, Tlacatl, Smith 1996, p. ts- Vera 1990; Olmedo Vera °5 12 Romero 1982. OFTHEAZTECS Y ohualli Ehecatl, Ometeotl 2001, p. 304. 06 The size ofTenochtitlan and Moche. 13 Acosra 1956- 57, pp. was extraordinary. Other 4° Barres 1902, pp.61-90; 01 A generic name given to 75-76,92. A detailed study II Plural ofTlaloc and name cities rimming Lake Gussinyer 1969, p. 35; northern hunter-gatherer of Acosta's Postclassic of the four cardinal Terzcoco ranged from Gussinyer 1970, pp. 8- 10; nomads. finds is being prepared divisions, as well as of the fewer than 10,000 to López Luján 1989, (López Luján forthcoming). 02 The name Aztecs is derived huge army of minor rain- approximately 30,000 pp. 25- 36; López Luján, frorn Aztlan. During their gods. residents. 14 lavarrete and Crespo Neff and Sugiyama zooo. migration, the Aztecs 1971, p. 15; Nicholson 12 Tlatoani means 'the one °7 Calnek 1972. 41 Matos Moctezuma '983; changed their name, by 2001, p. 234- 36. who commands', and López Luján '994, pp.225, order of Huitzilopochtli, 08 Chia, a plant of the Salvia cihllacoatl, 'female serpent', 15 Fuente 1990, p. 39· 340-41. frorn Aztecs to Mexitin family, yields small seeds is one of the narnes of the or Mexicas. that were typically ground 16 Quiñones Keber 1993, 2 López Luján 2001, p. 25. goddess of the earth. Both 4 and eaten in the same p.153· This cbacmool measures 03 Pan of this argurnent appointments were for life manner as maize. High in 49 x 106 x 46 cm; appears in the journal and obtained by election 17 Durán 1967, vol. 2, p. 5I I. calcium, phosphorus and cf Acosta 1956. Historia Mexicana among the members of iron, chia was a nurritious 18 Heyden 1973, p. 5· (Florescano 1990; López the rnosr noble farnilies. 43 López Luján 1989, p.74. pan of the Aztec diet Austin 199°).1 suppon the 19 Sahagún 1950-82, vol. 11, 13 The highest-rank.ing priests (see Smith 1996, p.69)' López Luján 1989, p. 19. second theory. 1 should p.22I. 44 were the Quetzalcoatl underline the fact that the This seems to have López Luján '989, Toree tlamacacqui, who °9 20 Sahagún 1950-82, vol. 10, 45 Aztecs considered been the case even with PP·32-33·' was consecrated to p.165. themselves more civilised obsidian-workers, perhaps Huitzilopochtli, and 46 CE. Heyden 1979, and urban than the 'true' surprisingly, given that 21 Benavente 1971, p. 78. the Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc pp.62-65· chichimecas, defining these obsidian blades were such Ilamacai!1J1i, devoted ro 22 Historia de los mexicanos as a 'barbarie people who important components 47 Batres '906, p. 25, plates worshipping Tlaloc. The por sus pinruras '965, support themselves by of Aztec weaponry. 30- 31; Langley 1986, supreme generals were the p.60. hunIing and do not settle' PP·152-53, 245, 254, 332. tlacatecatl, who led the 10 Berdan 1982, p.42. (Sahagún 2000, vol. 1O, 23 López Luján 1989, CE. Caso '967, pp. 13°- 38. arrnies, and the tlacochcalcatl, P·978). II Anderson, Berdan and pp.61-65· who administered weapons 48 Caso 1967, pp. 14-16; Lockhart 1976, p. 2II. °4 The 'place of the seven and victuals. The managers 24 López Luján 1989, Nicholson '971, pp. caves' is the mythical place of public finance were the 12 Información sobre los pp. 17-19. 120-22; Umberger 1987, of origin of various btrei calpixqJli, chief tributos 1957; Sahagún PP·92-95· 25 López Luján 1989, p. 73. Mesoamerican peoples, but collector, and the '950-82, vol. 9, P·48. 49 Nicholson 197', pp. 118, the stories describe it as a pellacalcatl, who were 26 Drucker '955, pp. 29- 33, 13 Benavente 1971, p. 367. 131; Umberger 1987, pp. real place. Various creation responsible for the 47,56-60,66-67, 74-82; Fuente 1990, pp. rnyths state that seven collected goods. 14 Díaz del Castillo 1956, 27 Ptoskouriakoff 1974, p. 10; 48-52; Solis Olguin 1997; di fferent peoples emerged pp. 2I1- 14;Calnek 1976. Andrews 1987. López Luján forthcoming. , I

BIBLlOGRAPHY ACOSTA 1956 AMSTERDAM 2002 ARANA 1987 Jorge R. Acosra, 'El enigma A rt Treasuresfro»: Ancient Raúl Martin Arana, 'C1assic de los chacmooles de Tula', Mexico:Joumey to tbe Land of tbe and Posrclassic Chalcatzingo', in Estudios antropológicos Cods, Felipe Solís Olguin and in .Ancient Cha!cal::(jngo,D. C. publicados en homenaje al doctor Ted Leyenaar (eds), exh. cat., Grave (ed.), Austin, 1987, Manuel Camio, Mexico Ciry, Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam, pp. 386-89, 395 1956, pp.159-7° 2002; State Hermitage BANolNI 179) Museum, Sr Petersburg ACOSTA 1956-57 Angelus Maria Bandinius,

Jorge R. Acosta, ANAWAlT 1981 Bibliotbeca Leopoldina 'Interpretación de algunos Patricia R. Anawalt, laurentiana seu Calalogus de los datos obtenidos en India» Clolhing Before Cortés, »ranustriptoru»: qui nuper in Tula relativos a la época Norman, 1981 Laurentianam translati sunt sub tolteca', Revista Mexicana de auspiciis Ferdinandi /1/ ... , ANDERS 1970 Estudios Antropológicos, 14, vol. 3, Florence, 1793 Ferdinand Anders, 'Las artes 1956- 57, pp. 75- 110 menores', in Tesoros de Méxi»: BANKMANN ANO BAER 1990

ACOSTA 1961 Arte Ptnmario y de Mosaico, Ulf Bankrnann and Gerhard Jorge R. Acosta, 'La doceava Artes de México, 137, 1970, Baer, .Altmexieaniscbe temporada de exploraciones pp·4-45 5klllplllren der 5ammlllng en Tula, l-lidalgo',Anales Luéas Vischer, Muselllll fiir ANDERS 1978 del /nstituto Naaonal de ViJlkerktlllde Basel, Corpus Ferdinand Anders, Antropología e Historia, 6th ser., .Antiquitatu»: .Americanensiton, 'Der altmexikarusche vol. 13,1961, PP.29-58 Basle, 1990 Federrnosaikschild in Wien',

AGUILAR ET AL. 1989 Archiv fiir ViJlkerkunde, 32, BAQUEoANO 1984 P. Carlos AguiJar, Beatriz 1978, pp.67-88 Elizabeth Baquedano, Barba, Román Piña Chan, A:rjec 5culplure, London, 1984 ANDERS 1992 Luis Torres, Francisca Ferdinand Anders, BARCELONA 1992 Franco and GuiUermo Ahuja, 'Huitzilopochtli - Virzlipurzli El jllego depelota en el México Oifebreria prehispánica, - Fizlipuzli - Fitzebutz: precolombino y su perviientia en Mexico City, 1989 Das Schicksal eines la actualidad, Fernando jordi

AGUILERA 1985 mexikanischen Gottes in (ed.), exh. cat., Museu Carmen Aguilera, Flora y [auna Europa', in Nuremberg 1992, Etnológic, Barcelona, 1992 mexicana, Mexico Ciry, 1985 vol. 1, PP.423-46 BARJAU 1998

ALCINA FRANCH 1978 ANoERSON, BERoAN ANO LOCKHART Luis Barjau, El mito mexicano José Alcina Franch, L'Art 1976 de las edades, Mexico Ciry, precolombien, Paris, 1978 Arthur J. O. Anderson, 1998 Frances F. Berdan andJames AlCINA FRANCH 1983 BASLE 1985 Lockhart, Beyond tbe Codices: José Alcina Franch, Gerhard Baer, Ulf Tbe Nabua Vtew of Colonial Pre-Coiumbian Art, lew York, Bankrnann, Susanne Mexico, Berkeley, 1976 1983 Hammacher and Annemarie ANDREWS 1987 Seiler-Baldinger, DieA

AlVARADO DE TEZOZÓMOC 1998 van Schone Kunsten, (Motolinia), Memoriales, o Hernando Alvarado de Antwerp, 1997 Libro de las cosasde la Nueva Tezozómoc, Crónica España y de los naturales de ella, APENS 1941 IIIexicáyotl, Mexico Ciry, 1998 México Ciry, 1971 Ola Apens, Mapas antiguos del Valle de México, Mexico Ciry, BENSON 1972 1947 Tbe Cull oJtbe Feline, Elizabeth P. Benson (ed.), Washington DC,1972 BIBLlOGRAPHY I j

BERDAN 19B2 BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA BRISTOl 1989 BULLOCK 1991 CASO 1950 Frances F. Berdan, Tbe A'?lecs 1889-1902 Tbe A rt of Ruins: Adela Breton Will.iam Bullock, Catálogo de la , 'Una máscara of Central Mexico: An Imperial Biologia Centrali-Americana; or and tbe Temples of Mexico, Sue Primera Exposición deArte azteca femen.ina', México en el Society, Fort Worth, 198, ContributiollJ to tbe K/101vledgeof Giles and Jenn.ifer Stewart Prebispánico, prologue, .Arte, 9, 1950,PP,'-9 tbe Fauna and Flora of Mexico (eds), exh. cat., Bristol translation and notes by BERDAN ET AL. 1996 CASO 1952 and Central America, Frederick Museum and Art Gallery, Begoña Arteta, Mexico Ciry, Frances F. Berdan, Richard Alfonso Caso, Du Cane and Osbert Salvin 1989 199 E. Blanton, Elizabeth H. ' 'Un cuauhxicalli del Dios de (eds),London, 1889-19°' Boone, Mary G. Hodge, BRIZZI 1976 CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA 1843 los Muertos', Memoriasy Iichael E. Srnith and Ernily BOLOGNA 1667 11Museo Pigolini, B. Brizzi Marquesa de Calderón de la Revista de laAcademia Nacional lJmberger,A'?lec Imperial Breve descri'(jol/e del Museo (ed.), Rome, 1976 Barca, Life in Mexico, London, de Ciencias, 57, 1-2, 195', Strategies, Dumbarton Oaks, dell'lllllstriss. Sigo Cavo Commend 1843 PP·99-1I1 Washingron DC, 1996 dell'Ordine di S. Slefallo BRODA 1969 Johanna Broda, Tbe Mexican CALLEGARI 1924 CASO 1953 Ferdinando Cospi ... donato da/ BERGER 199B Calendar as Compared to Other Guido Valeriano Callegari, Alfonso Caso, El pueblo delSol, »redesimo ali'Illustriss. Senato, & Uta Berger, Mexican Painted Mesoamencan Systems, 'La raccolta d'oggetti Mexico City, 1953 ora annesso alfamoso Manuscripts in tbe United Vienna, 1969 precolombian.i del Museo Cimeliarchio del Celebre CASO 1956 /GngdollJ,London, 1998 d'Antichitá d.iTorino', .Aldrooandi, Bologna, 1667 BROOKLYN 1938-41 Alfonso Caso, 'Los barrios Efllpoliulll, 40, 355, 19'4, BERlIN 1992 Brooklyn Museum of Art antiguos de Tenochtitlan BOLOGNA 1677 Amerika 1492-1992: Neue Welten Archives, AAPA Records, PP-450-57 y Tlatelolco', Memorias de la Lorenzo Legati, Museo - Neue Wirklichkeiten, exh. Objects offered for CALNEK 1972 Academia Mexicana de la Cospiano annesso a que/lo del cat., Martin-Gropius-Bau, sale/ purchases by Museum Edward Calnek, 'Settlernent Historia, 15, 1956,pp. 7-63 famoso Ulisse Aldrouandi e donato Berlin, 199' [03] (file #33),1938-39, Pattern and Chinampa al/a sua patria dall'¡jIJlstrissimo CASO 1967 and [04] (lile # 33), 1940-41 Agriculture at Tenochtitlan', BERlO 1992 sigllor Ferdinando Cospi ... , Alfonso Caso, Los calendarios .Amencan AntiqJlity, 37, 197', Arl, ldeology, and the City of Bologna, 1677 BROOKLYN 1996 prebispánicos, México Ciry, pp.104-15 Teotibsacan, Janet Catherine Converging. CultJlres: Art and 1967 BOLZ-AUGENSTEIN 1975 Berlo (ed.), Washingron DC, ldentity in SpanishAmerica, CAlNEK 1976 Ingeborg Bolz-Augenstein, CASO AND MATEOS HIGUERA 1937 1992 Diana Fane (ed.), exh. cat., Edward Calnek, 'The Inrernal Sammbmg Ludwig: .Altameriea, Alfonso Caso and Salvador Brooklyn Museum, New Strucrure ofTenochtitlan', BERNAl 1967 Ethnologica, n.s., vol. 7, Mateos Higuera, Catálogo de York,1996 in Tbe Valley ofMexico: Studies Ignacio Bernal, Museo Recklinghausen, 1975 la Colección deMonolitos del in Pre-Hispanic Ecolog;¡ and Nacional deAntropología, BROOKLYN 1997 Museo Nacional deAntropología, BOLZ-AUGENSTEIN ANO DISSELHOFF Society, Eric R. Wolf (ed.), Arqueología, Mexico Ciry, 1967 Brookiyn Musetlm ofArl, México Ciry, 1937 1970 Albuquerque, 1976, New York, 1997 BERNAl 1979 lngeborg Bolz-Augenstein pp. 287- 302 CASTAÑ EDA 1986 Ignacio Bernal, Historia de la and H. D. Disselhoff, IIVerke BROTHERSTON 1979 Francisco de Castañeda, CANTARES MEXICANOS 1994 arqueología en México, priikolu!llbiallischer Kunst: Die Gordon Brothersron, llJlages 'Relación de Tequizistlan y Cantares 1I1exicanos, M.iguel Mexico Ciry, 1979 Sammltll/g Ludwig, .Aasben, of the Ne» IIVorld' The .American su partido', in Relaciones León-Portilla and José Monumel1ta .Amencana, vol. 6, Continent Portrayed in Natiie geográficas del sigloXVI, vol. 7, BERNAlAND SIMONI-ABBAT 1986 G. Moreno de Alba (eds), Berlin, 1970 Texts, London, 1979 René Acuña (ed.), México Ignacio Bernal and Mireille Mexico Ciry, 1994 Ciry,1986,pp.211-51 Simoni-Abbat, Le Mexique, BONIFAZ NUÑO 1981 BROTHERSTON 1992 CARMICHAEL 1970 Paris, 1986 Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, El arte Gordon Brothersron, CASTAÑEDA AND MENDOZA 19)) Elizabeth Carmichael, en el Templo Mayor, Mexico Mexican Painted Books, Daniel Castañeda and BEYER 19204 Turquoise Mosaics fro»r Mexico, Ciry, 1981 Colchester, 199' Vicente T. Mendoza, Hermann Beyer, 'El origen, London, 1970 Instrumental Precortesiano, desarrollo y significado de la BOONE 1989 BROTHERSTON 1995 CARRASCO 1979 vol. 1,Museo Nacional de greca escalonada', El México Elizabeth H. Boone, Gordon Brotherston, Painted Pedro Carrasco, 'Las Arqueología, Emografia e Antiguo, 2, 1924, PP.I-13 Incamations of Ihe A '?lec Books fro»: Mexico: Codices in bases sociales del politeísmo Historia, México City, 1933 SlIpematural.- Tbe Image of UK Coltecüons and tbe ~IVorld BEYER 1955 mexicano: los d.ioses Huit'(jlopochtli in Mexico and They Represent, London, 1995 CASTELl61TURBIDE 1993 Hermann Beyer, "'La tutelares', in Actes du XLIie Europe, Philadelphia, '989 Teresa Castelló Iturbide, procesión de los señores", BROTHERSTONAND GAllEGOS 1988 CongrCs International des El arte plJlmaria enMéxico, decoración del primer teocalli BOONE 1993 Gordon Brotherston and .Américanistes, /976, Paris, 1979, Mexico Ciry, 1993 de piedra en México- Collecting tbe Pre-Coüosbian Ana Gallegos, 'The Newly- pp.II-17 Tenochtitlán', El México Past: A Symposium at d.iscovered Tepotzotlan CASTillO FARRERAS 1971 CARRASCO 1990 Antiguo, 8,1955, pp.1-42 Dumbarton Oaes, 6-7 October Codex: A Firsr Account', Victor M. Castillo Farreras, , Religions 1990, Elizabeth H. Boone in Recent Studies in Pre- 'El bisiesto náhuatl', Estudios BEYER 1965 o/MesoollJen"co. Cosmooision (ed.), Wash.ingron DC, 1993 Columbian Archaeolog;¡, de Cultura Nábuatl, 9, 1971, Hermann Beyer, 'El llamado and Ceremonia! Centers, Nicholas J. Saunders and pp·75-104 Calendario Azteca. BOONE 2000 San Francisco, 1990 Olivier de Montmollin (eds), Descripción e interpretación Elizabeth H. Boone, CASTILlOTEJEROAND soLis OlGuíN Bruisb A rchaeological Reports: CARRASCO 1998 del cuauhxicalli de la Casa de 'Venerable Place of 1975 Intemational Series, vol. 4'1, David Carrasco, with SCOtt lasÁguilas', El México Antiguo, Beginn.ings: The Aztec Noerni Castillo Tejero and Oxford,1988,pp·205-'7 Sessions, Daily Ufe ofthe 10,1965, PP·IH-,60 Understanding of Felipe Solis Olguin, Ofrendas A'?lecs, People of tbe Sun and Teorihuacan', in Carrasca, BRUNDAGE 1979 mexicas en elMuseo Nacional BEYER 1965B Earth, Wesrport, Conn., and Jones and Sessions 2000, Burr Cartwright Brundage, deAntropología, in Corpus Hermann Beyer, A{),th and London, 1998 1 Tbe Fifth Ss»: A '?lecCods, Antiquitatum Americanensium: Symbol of.Anaent Mexico: E/ PP·37 -95 A'?lec World, Austin, 1979 CARRASCO 1999 México, vol. 8, Mexico City, México antiguo, México Ciry, BOSTON 1968 A '?lecCeremonial Landscapes, 1975 1965 The Cold cf Ancient America, BRUNNER 1970 David Carrasco (ed.), Niwot, Allen Wardwell (ed.), exh, Herbert Brunner, CELORIO 1962 BIERHORST 1990 cat., Museum of Fine Arrs, SchatzkamlJler der Residenz 1999 M.iguelCelorio, Presencia john Bicrhorst, Tbe Mylholog;¡ Bosron, 1968 Miinchen: Kota/og, Munich, CARRASCO,lONES AND SESSIONS delpasado, IV CongresoMundial ofMexico and Central Aorerica, 1970 2000 de Cardiología, Exposición de New York, 1990 BRAUN 1993 Mesoamerica 's Classic I-leritage: arqueología mexicana, México Barbara Braun, Pre-Columbian BULLOCK 1824 BIERHORST 1992 Fro»r Teotibuacan to theA'?lecs, Ciry, October 196 Arl and tbe Post-Colsmbian WiJliam Bullock, Six Montbs' John Bierhorst, Codex David Carrasco, Lindsay World,NewYork,1993 Residence and Traiel in Mexico, CHARNAY 1885 Chilllalpopoca: The Text in Jones and SCOttSessions Containing Remares on tbe Désiré Charnay, Les .Andennes Nahuatlwith a Clossary and BRAY 1968 (eds) , Boulder, '000 Present Siate of NeIV Spain, Villes d« nouiea« monde: voyages Crammatical Notes; Tbe Codex Warwick Bray, Everyday Life of London, 1824 CASO 1932 d'explorations au Mexique et dans Cbimalpopoca: History and tbe Aesecs, London and New Alfonso Caso, 'La Tumba 7 l'Amérique centrale, Paris, 1885 Mytholog;¡ of tbe A '?lecs,2 vols, York,1968 de Monte Albán es mixreca', Tucson and London, 199' Universidad de México, ,6, 19)2, pp. "7- 50 2 I BIBlIOGRAPHY

CHAVERO 1958 CODEX MAGLlASECHIANO 1970 CÓDICE BORBÓNICO 1994 CÓDICE TELLERIANO-REMENSIS 1964 CORTÉS 1963 A1fredoChavero, Codex Magliabechiano, CI xiii. Códice Borbónico. Ellibro del Códice Tetleriano-Remensis, Hernán Cortés, Cartas) México a través de los siglos, (B.R. 2)2), Biblioteca Nasionale Ciuacóatl.· homenaje para el año facsimile, in Antigüedades de documentos, introduction by México Ciry, 1958 Centrale di Firenze, facsimile, del Fuego Nuevo, facsimile, México 1964-67, vol. 1, Mario Hernández Sánchez- Ferrlinand Anders (intro. Ferrlinand Anders, Maarten PP·151-,,8 Barba, Mexico Ciry, 196, CHÁVEZ BALDERAS 2002 and summary), Graz, '970 j ansen and Luis Reyes Garcia Ximena Chávez Balderas, CODICE VATICANO )7l8 1900 CORTÉS 1986 (eds), Mexico Ciry, 1994 Los ritualesfunerarios del Templo CODEX MAGlIABECHIANO 1983 I1manoscritto messicano Vaticano Hernán Cortés, Letters from M'!}or de Tenotbtitlan, BA The Book of Life of the Ancient CÓDICE BOTURINI 1964 }7j8 del/o il codice Ríos, riprodol/o Mexico, Anchony Pagden (ed.), thesis, Escuela Nacional de Mexicans ... An Anonymous Códice Boturmi or Tira de la infotomicrograft a spese di sua ew Haven and London, Antropología e Historia, Hispano-Mexican Manuscript: Peregrinación, facsirnile, in eccel/enza il duca di Loubat per '986 Mexico Ciry, 2002 Introduction and Facsimile; Antigüedades de México cura del/a Biblioteca Vaticano, COVARRUBIAS 1957 Tbe Codex Magliabechiano and '964-67, vol. 2, pp. 7-29 Franz Ehrle (ed.), Rome, CHECA CREMAD ES 1997 ,1ndian the Lost Prototype of the 00 Fernando Checa Cremades, CÓDICE CHIMALPOPOCA 1945 '9 Art of Mexico and Central Magliabechiano Group: Notes Las maravillas de Felipe 11, Códice Chimalpopoca: anales de CÓDICE VATICANO A 1996 .America, ew York, '957 and C01l1mentary, Elizabech H. Madrid, 1997 Cuauhtitlan y leyenda de los soles, Códice Vaticano A. Religión, Boone (ed.), 2 vols, Berkeley, COVARRUBIAS 1961 facsimile, Primo Feliciano costumbres e historia de los CHEFS-D'CEUVRE 19-47 Miguel Covarrubias, '98, Velázquez (ed.), Mexico Ciry, antiguos mexicanos, facsimile, Chejs-d'oiUvrede l'Amérique Arte 1ndigena de México y COOEX MATRITENSE 1907 Ferrlinand Anders and précolombienne, Paris, '947 1945 Centroaménca, Mexico City, Codex Matritense of tbe Academy Maarten ]ansen (eds), CODICE COSPI 1992 1961 CHEFS-D'CEUVRE 1965 of History: Texts of the Nabua Mexico Ciry, 1996 Calendario e rituale precolombiani: Chejs-d'l11uvred« Musée de Informants of Frior Bernardino de CUESTA DOMINGO 1983-84 Codice Cospi, L. Laurencich CÓDICE VATICANO LATINO 1964-67 l'Homme, Paris, 1965 Sahagún, facsimile, Francisco Mariano Cuesta Domingo, Minelli (ed.), Milan, 1992 Códice Vaticano Latino (J7j8) del Paso y Troncoso (ed.), Alonzo de San/a CmZ} su obra CHICAGO 1993 or Códice Vaticano Rios or , vols, Madrid, '907 CÓDICE COSPI 1994 cartográftca, 2 vols, Madrid, México: la visión del cosmos, Códice Rios, facsimiJe, José Códice Cospi. Calendario de '98,- 84 Donald McVicker and CODEX MENDOZA 1992 Corona úñez (ed.), in pronósticas y ofrendas. Ferdinand Laurene Lambertino-Urquizo Tbe Codex Mendoza, facsimile, Antigüedades de México DAHLGREN 1889 Anders, Maanen j ansen and (eds), exh. cat., Mexican Fine Frances F. Berdan and 6 Erik Wilhelm Dahlgren, Peter van der Loo, Graz and '9 4-67, vol. " pp. 7- 3'4 ArtSCenter Museum, Patricia Rieff Anawalt (eds), Nog%m det'fama ocb nuvarande Mexico Ciry, '994 COE 1966 Chicago, 199, 4 vols, Berkeley, 1992 Mexiko, Srockholm, 1889, Michael D. Coe,An Early CÓDICE FEJÉRVÁRY-MAYER 1994 pp. CLOSS 1976 CODEX MENDOZA 1997 Stone Pectoral 'fro»: Sou/h-eastern ,-,o Códice Fejérváry-Mqyer. Ellibro Michael Closs, 'New The Essential Codex Mendoza, Mexico, Washington DC, 1966 DAHLGREN 1892 de Tezca/lipoca, señor del tiempo, lnformation on the European Frances F. Berdan and Erik Wilhelm Dahlgren, Map facsimile, Ferrlinand Anders, COE 1992 Discovery ofYucatan', Patricia Rieff Anawalt (eds), of tbe World bAlon'?P deSan/a Maanen j ansen and Gabina Michael D. Coe, Museo de American Antiquity, 4', '976, Berkeley, 1997 Cm" IJ42, Stockholm, 1892 Aurora Pérez jiménez (eds), Antropología de Xalapa, PP·192-95 CODEX TELLERIANO·REMENSIS 1995 Graz and Mexico Ciry, '994 Gobierno del Estado de Veracru'Z) DAHLGREN ET AL. 1982 CODEX AZCATITLAN 1949 Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Veracruz, '992 Barbara Dahlgten, Ernma Codex Azcatitlan, facsimile, Ritual, Diuination and History CÓDICE IXTLlLXOCHITL 1996 Perez- Rocha, Lourdes Suárez Códice Ixtlilxochitl. Papeles y COE 1994 Robert H. Barlow (ed.), in a Piaorial Asfec Manuscript, Diez and Perla Valle de pinturas de un historiador, Geert Michael D. Coe, Mexico, [ourna! de la Société des facsimile, Eloise Quiñones Revueltas, Corazón de Cópil, Bastiaan van Doesburg (ed.), London and New York, '994 Américanistes, vol. ,8, Keber (commenrary), Austin, Mexico Ciry, '982 Graz and Mexico Ciry, 1996 Paris, '949 COLCHESTER 1992 '995 DEPARTAMENTO DEL DISTRITO CÓDICE LAUD 1994 Pauline Antrobus, Gordon CODEX AZCATITLAN 1995 CODEX TRO-CORTESIANUS 1967 FEDERAL 1975 Códice Laud. Pintura de la muerte Brotherston, Valerie Fraser, Codex Azcatitlan:facsimilé, Codex Tro-Cortesiantrs (Codex Departamento del Distrito y los destinos, facsimile, Peter Hulme and ] eremy Michel Graulich (intro.), Madrid), Museo deAmérica Federal, Memorias de las obras Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Theopolis, Mapping tbe Robert H. Barlow Madrid, facsimile, del Sistema de Drenaje Profundo J ansen and Alejandra Cruz .Americas, exh. cat., University (comrnentary), 2 vols, inrroduction and summary del Distrito Federal: Alias, vol. Ortiz (eds), Graz and ofEssex, Colchester, '992 Paris, '995 by Ferrlinand Anders, 4, Secretaria de Obras y Mexico Ciry, '994 Graz, '967 COLECCiÓN DE DOCUMENTOS Servicios del DDF, CODEX BORBONICUS 1974 CÓDICE MAGLlABECHI 1996 INÉDITOS 1864 Mexico Ciry, 1975 Codex Borbonicus, facsimile, CODEXVATICANUS 3718 1979 Códice Magliabechi. Libro de la Colección de documentos inéditos with a commentary by Karl Codex 'Vaticanus }7j8 ('Cod DíAZ DEL CASTILLO 1956 vida, Ferrlinand Anders and relativos al descubrimiento, Anton [owotny, Graz, '974 Vat. A; 'Cod Rios) des Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Maarten jansen (eds), Graz conquista) organización de las Biblioteca Apos/olica Vaticano: The Discovery and Conquest of COOEX CHIMALPAHIN 1997 and Mexico Ciry, '996 posesiones españolas en Farbereproduktion des Codex in New Spain, Arthur Percival Codex Cbimalpabin, Volume 1: América ... , 42 vols, Madrid, verkleinertem Format, facsimile, CÓDICE MAGLlABECHIANO 1979 íaudslay (trans.), New York, Societyand Politics in Mexico and 1864 ff. commenrary by Ferrlinand Códice Magliabechiano. CI xiii. Tenotbtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, '956 Anders, Graz, '979 (B.R. 2)2) Biblioteca Na

DUMBARTON OAKS 1963 EGAN 1993 FEEST 1986 FUENTE 2000 GARIBAY KINTANA 1964 Handbook of the Robert Woods Martha J. Egan, Relicarios: Christian F. Feest, 'Koloniale Beatriz de la Fuente, 'Rostros: Ángel María Garibay Bliss Collection of Pre-Columbian Devotional Miniatures from the Federkunst aus Mexiko', in Expresión de vida en la Kintana, Flory canto del arte Art, Dumbarton Oaks, Americas, Santa Fe, 1993 Cold und Macht: Spanien in der plástica prehispánica', prehispánico de México, Washington DC, 1963 Neuen Welt, Vienna, 1986, Arqueología Mexicana, 6, 2000, Mexico City, 1964 EISLEB 1973 pp. 173-78 pp.6-11 DUPAIX 1978 Dieter Eisleb, 'Hundert J ahre GARIBAY KINTANA 1965 Guillermo Dupaix, Atlas de las Museum für Vólkerkunde FEEST 1990 FUENTE,TREJOAND Teogonía e historia de los

antigüedadesmexicanas halladas Berlin: Abteilung Chrisrian F. Feest, 'Vienna's GUTIÉRREZ SOLANA 1988 mexicanos. Tres opúsculosdel siglo en el cursode los tres viajes de la Amerikanische Archaologic', Mexican Treasures: Aztec, Beatriz de la Fuente, Silvia XI/l, Ángel María Garibay Real Expedición deAntigüedades Baessler-Archiv, n.s., z t , 1973, Mixtec and Tarascan Works Trejo and Nelly Gutiérrez Kintana (ed.), Mexico City, de la Nueva España, with an pp.175-'17 from Sixteenth-century Solana, Escultura enpiedra de 1965 introduction and notes by Austrian Collections',Archiv Tula, catálogo, UNAM, Mexico EKHOLM 1970 GENDROP 1979 Roberto Villaseñor Espinosa, für ViJlkerkunde, 44,199° City,1988 Gordon Ekholm,Ancient Paul Gendrop,Arte Mexico City, 1978 Mexico and CentralAmerica, FERNÁNDEZ 1987 FUENTES 1964 prehispánico en Mesoamérica, DURÁN 1867,1880 Companion Book to the Hall Miguel Ángel Fernández, Patricia Fuentes, Mexico City, 1979 Diego Durán, Historia de las of Mexico and Central Historia de los museos de México, The Conquistadors, GENOROP 1981 Indias de Nueva España e Islas América, American Museum Mexico City, 1987 London, 1964 Paul Gendrop, 'Mesoamérica de TierraFirme, z vols, ofNatural History, FERNÁNDEZ DE OVIEDO 1959 FUMAGALLI 1932 en imágenes', Boletin delMuseo Mexico City, 1867, 1880 NewYork,1970 Gonzalo Fernández de Savina FumagaJJi, 'Amuleti e Universitario deAntropología, DURÁN 1951 EKHOLM ANO BERNAL 1971 Oviedo, Historia generaly oggetti d' oro della collezione México, 1981 Diego Durán, Historia de las Archaeology of Nortbem natural de las Indias, Juan precolombiana cli Torino', GENOROP ANO OíAZ BALERDI 1994 Indias de Nueva España e Islas Mesoamerica Part 1, Gordon Pérez de Tudela Buseso (ed.), Atti della Societá Piemontese di Paul Gendrop and Iñaki Diaz de Tierra Firme, 3 vols, Ekholrn and Ignacio Bernal 5 vols, Madrid, 1959; 199' Archeologia e Belle .Arti; 13, Balercli, Escultura a'í!eca:una Mexico Ciry, 1951 (eds), Handbook of Middle 1932, PP·165-95 FLORENCE 1997 aproximación a su estética, American lndians, vol. 10, DURÁN 1964 Chrisrina Aciclini Luchinat, GALARZA 1992 Mexico City, 1994 Robert Wauchope (series Diego Durán, The A'ífecs: Mina Gregori, Detlef J oaquin Galarza, Códices ed.), Austin, 197' GENOA 1992 TheHistory of the Indies of New Heikamp and Antonio testerianos: catecismosindígenas) el Due 'Mondi' a confronto:isegni Spain (lfSI), Doris Heyden EL ESCORIAL 1998 Paolucci, Magniftcenza alla corte pater noster, Mexico City, 199' del/a storia, exh. cat., Aurelio and Fernando Horcasitas Felipe IL un monarca y su época - dei Medici. Arte a Firenze al/a GALlNOOYVILLA 1897 Rigoli (ed.), Palazzo Ducale, (trans. and eds), Ignacio la monarquía hispánica, exh. fine del Cinquecento, exh. cat., Jesús Galindo y Villa, Catálogo Genoa, 199' Bernal (intro.), New York, cat., Real Monasterio de San Museo degli Argenti, del Departamento deArqueología Lorenzo de El Escorial, 1998 Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 1997 GERBERANDTALADOIRE 1990 1964 del Museo Nacional. Primera Frédéric Gerber and DURÁN 1967 ENCISO 1947 FLORESCANO 1990 parte: Calería de monolitos, znd Eric Taladoire, '1865: Diego Durán, Historia de las Jorge Enciso, Sellos del México Enrique Florescano, 'Mi tos eclition, Mexico City, 1897 Identification of "Newlv' Indias deNueva España e Islas antiguo, Mexico City, 1947 e his toria en la memoria GALlNOOYVILLA 1903 Discovered from de TierraFirme, Ángel María nahua', Historia Mexicana, ESPINOSA PINEDA 1996 Jesús Galindo y Villa, Teotihuacan', Mexicon, Garibay Kintana (ed.), z vols, 155,199°,PP·607-6, Gabriel Espinosa Pineda, 'La escultura nahua', 1',199°, pp.6-9 Mexico City, 1967; 1975 El embrujo del lago: el sistema FORT WORTH 1986 Anales del Museo Nacional, GHENT 1999 DURÁN 1971 lacustre de la cuenca de México en Linda Schele and Mary Ellen znd series, 1, 1903, Carolus: Keizer Karel V Diego Durán, Book of the la cosmovisión mexica, Miller, The Blood of Kings, PP·195-'34 IfOo-IffS, exh. cat., Cods and Rites and the Mexico City, 1996 exh. cat., Kimbell Art GARCíA COOK ANO ARANA 1978 Kunsthal de Sint-Pietersabdij, Ancient Calendar, Fernando Museum, Fort Worth, 1986 ESPINOSA PINEDA 2001 Ángel García Cook and Ghent, 1999 Horcasitas and Doris Heyden Gabriel Espinosa Pineda, FRANCK 1829 Raúl Martin Arana, Rescate (trans. and eds), Norman, GLASS ANO ROBERTSON 1975 'La fauna de Ehécatl: W. Franck, Catalogue of arqueológico del monolito 1971 John B. Glass and Donald propuesta de una taxonomía Drm/JÍngs of Mexican Coyolxauhqui: informe preliminar, Robertson, 'A Census of DURÁN 1990-91 a partir de las deidades, o la Antiquitiesl Description fiuil/e Mexico City, 1978 Native Middle American Diego Durán, Historia de las función de la fauna en el par fiuille de la col/ection de dessins GARCíA GRANADOS 1946 Pictorial Manuscripts', in Indias de Nueva España e Islas orden cósmico', in González d'antiquités mexicaines, original Rafael García Granados, H andbook ofMiddle American de Tierra Firme, José Rubén Torres 2001,PP,'55-303 manuscript, British Museum, 'El arte plumario', in México Indians, vol. 14, Austin and Moreno and Rosa Camelo London, 18'9 ESTERAS MARTíN 1989 prehispánico, Mexico City, London, 1975, pp.81-'52 (intro.), z vols, Madrid, Cristina Esteras Martin, FRANKS 1868 1946, pp. 576-8, 199°-91 GLASS ANO ROBERTSON 1975B 'Platería virreinal Augustus Wollaston Franks, GARCíA ICAZBALCETA 1980 J ohn B. Glass and Donald DURÁN 1995 novohispana: siglos Cuide to the Christy Collection of Joaquín García Icazbalceta, Robertson, 'A Census of Diego Durán, Historia de las XVI-XIX', in El arte de la Prebistoric Antiquities and Colección de documentos para la Middle American Testerian Indias de Nueva España e Islas platería mexicana: JOO años, Ethnograpby Temporarily historia de México, Mexico City, Manuscripts', in Handbook de Tierra Firme, Mexico City, Lucía García-Noriega y Nieto Placed at lO} Victoria Street, 1980 ofMiddle American Indians, 1991 (ed.), Mexico City, '989, Westminster, London, 1868 vol. 14, Austin and London, pp.IF-55 , GARCíA MOLL ET AL. N.O. DUYVIS 1935 FRANKS 1870 1975, pp. ,81-96 Roberto García Moll, G. E. G. Duyvis, ESTRAOA 1937 Augustus Wollaston Franks, Roberto Gallegos, Daniel G6MEZ-HARO DESDIER 1994 'Mexicaansche Mozaiken', Genaro Estrada, 'El arte Catalogue of tbe Christy Collection J uárez, Alfredo Barrera, Germaine Gómez-Haro Maandblad uoor Beeldenden mexicano en España', in of Prehistoria Antiquities and Felipe Solís Olguin and Desclier, 'Estudio del Lienzo Kunsten, 1', 1935,PP. 355-66 Enciclopedia ilustrada mexicana, Ethnograpby Formed by the Late Olivié y Flores, Herencia de Quetzpalan', unpublished vol. 5, Mexico City, 1937 Henry Christy and Presented by DYCKERHOFF 1999 recuperada, Mexico City, n.d. thesis, Secretaría de the Trustees Under His W;II to Ursula Dyckerhoff, in EZQUERRA 1970 Educación Pública, the British Museum, GARcíA PAVÓN 1979 Cologoe 1999 Ramón Ezquerra, 'El viaje Mexico City, 1994 London, 1870 José García Payón, La de Pinzón y Solis al Yucatán', EDINBURGH 1971 zona arqueológica de Tecaxic- GONC;:ALVES DE LIMA 1956 Revista de Indias, 30, 1970, FUENTE 1990 Dale Idiens, Ancient American Calixt/ahuaca y los matlat:;jncas, Oswaldo Goncalves de Lima, pp. '17- 38 Beatriz de la Fuente, Art, exh. cat., Royal Scortish Mexico City, 1936; 1979 El magueyy elpulqu México 'Escultura en el tiempo: Museum, Edinburgh, 1971 FALOINI 1978 City and Buenos Aires, 1956 retorno al pasado tolteca', GARIBAY KINTANA 1953-54 Luisa Faldini, 'America', EOMONSON 1988 Artes de México (nueva época), Ángel María Garibay GONZÁLEZANO OLMEOOVERA 1990 in .Africa, .America, Oceania: le Munro S. Edmonson, Kintana, Historia de la literatura Carlos Javier González and colle:;joni etnologiche del Museo 9, 199°, pp. 36- 53 lbe Book of the Year: Middle náhuatl, z vols, Mexico City, Bertina Olmedo Vera, Ciuico, Turin, '978, American Calendrical Systems, 1953-54 Esculturas Mezcala en el Templo pp. 53-125 Salt Lake City, 1988 Mayor, Mexico City, 1990 I B'BLlOGRAPHY

GONZÁLEZ RUL 1988 GUSSINYER 1970 HERNÁNOEZ PQN5 1996 HONOUR 1954 KING 18]1-48 Francisco González Rul, Jordi Gussinyer, 'Un EIsa Hernández Pons, Hugh Honour, 'Curiositíes Edward Kíng, Lord La cerámicaen Tla/eloleo, adoratorio dedicado a Tláloc', 'Xiuhtecuhrli, deidad mexica of the Egyptian Hall', COUl/try Kíngsborough, TheAntiquilies Mexico City, '988 Boletín delINAH, 39, '970, del fuego', Arqueología Lije, "5, 2973, '954, of Mexico, COflprising Facsilllilts pp·7-12 Mexicana, 4, 20, '996, pp. 38- 39 of.Ancient Me:xican Painting and GONZÁlEZ RUL 1997 pp.68-70 Hieroglyphs, 9 vals, London, Francisco González Rul, GUSSINYER 1970B ICAZA y GONoRA 1817 183 -48 Matériales liticosy cerámicos Jordi Gussinyer, 'Un HERNÁNDEZ PONS 1997 Isidro Icaza y Gondra, ' encontradosen las cercanias del adoratorio azteca decorado EIsa Hernández Pons, Colección de las antigüedades KING 1996 monolito Coyolxauhqt«; INAH, con pinturas', Boletín del 'La plataforma mexica, las mexicanas que existen en el Museo Jonathan Kíng, 'William

Serie Arqueología, Mexico INAH,40, '970, pp. 30- 35 excavaciones de '9°' y los Nacional, Mexico City, 1827 Bullock: Showman', City, '997 nuevos descubrimientos', in in Mexico City '996, GUSSINYER ANO MARTíNEZ 1976-77 INAH 1956 La antiglla Casa del Marqllés del PP·1l9-21 GONZÁlEZ TORRES 1985 Jordi Gussinyer and Instituto Nacional de Apartado: arqueología e historia, Yólot! González Torres, Alejandro Martínez, 'Una Antropología e Historia, Cllía KINZHALOV 1960 Mexico City, '997, pp.45-7' El sacrificiohumano mire los figurilla olmeca en un entierro oficial del Mllseo Naaonal de R. V. Kinzhalov, 'Atstekskoe mexicas, Mexico City, '985 del horizonte clásico', Estudios HERTZ 1851 AI/tropología, Mexico City, zolotoe nagrudnoe de Cultura Maya, 10, '976-77, Bram Herrz, Calalogue of tbe ukrashenie', Sbomik Mtlzeia GONZÁlEZ TORRES 1991 '956 pp.69-80 Colleaion ofAssyrian, AI/tropologii I Etllografii, '9, Yólot! GonzáJez Torres, INFORMACiÓN SOBRE lOS TRIBUTOS Babylonian, Egyptiall, Creek, '960, pp. 206-20 Diccionario de mil%gia y religiólI GUTIÉRREZ SOLANA 1981 1957 Etruscan, Roman, lndian, de Mesoamérico, Mexico City, Nelly Gutiérrez Solana, informaciól/ sobre los tributos qtle KLOR DE ALVA 1981 Pennnan and Mexican Objetos ceremoniales enPiedra de los indios pagaban a Moclezllma- Jorge KJor de Alva, 'Martín '99' .Antiquities Formed by B. Herts, la cultura mexica, Mexico Ciry, año de /554, France V. Scholes Ocelotl, Clandestine Cult GONZÁlEZ TORRES 200 I London, I 8 5 I and Eleanor B. Adams (eds), Leader', in Stmggle and Suroival Yólot! González Torres, '983 HEYDEN 1973 Mexico City, '957 in Colonial America, D. G. Animales y plantes m la GUZMAN 1939 Doris Heyden, Sweet and Gary B. Nash cosnJovisión mesoamericana; Eulalia Guzman, TheArtof jlHENEZ MORENO 1971 '¿Un Chicomostoc en (eds), Berkeley, '98, Mexico Ciry, 2001 Map-makingAlllong the .Anaent Wigberro J iménez Moreno, Teorihuacan? La cueva bajo Mexicans, London, '939, '¿ Religíón o religíones KRICKEBERG 1960 GONZÁLEZTORRES 200 I B la pirámide del Sol', Boletín del PP·1-7 mesoamericanas?', in Walter Krickeberg, Yólot! González Torres, INAH (segllnda época), 6, '973, Verhandlungen des XXXVIIi. 'Xochipilli und 'Huitzilopochtli', in Oxford HAMPE 1927 pp·3-18 Intemationalen Chalchiuhilicue: Zwei Enryclopaedia of Mesoamerican Theodor Hampe, Das HEYOEN 1979 Amerikanistenkongresses, vol. 3, aztekische Steinfiguren in Cultures, David Carrasco (ed.), Tracbtenbutb des Christoph Doris Heyden, 'El "Signo del Stuttgart and Munich, '97', der volkerkundlichen Oxford and New York, 2001, IWeidit'{, Berlin, '927 Año" en Tehuacán [si~, su pp. 201-06 Sammlung der Stadt vol. 2, pp. 21-23 HAMY 1897 supervivencia y el sentído Mannheim', Baessler-Ardm: jONES 1987 GRAHAM 1993 E.-T. Hamy, Calerie américaine sociopolitico del símbolo', in Beitriige zur Vo1kerkllnde, n.s., J u1ie J ones, The Metropolitan Jan Graham, 'Three Early du Mllsée d'Ethnographie d« Mesoaménca: Homenaje al doctor 8, '960, pp. 1- 30 Museulll ofArt: The PaciJic Collectors in Mesoamerica', Trocadéro: choix depiéces Paul KirchhoJ!, Barbara Islands, Africa, and tbe .Americas, KRICKEBERG 1985 in Boone '993, PP.49-80 archéologiques el ellJllographiql/es, Dalhgren (ed.), Mexico City, New York, '987 Walter Krickeberg, Milos 2 vals, Paris, 1897 '979, pp.61-86 GRAHAM 1998 y leyendas de los aztecas, incas, JONES ANO KING 2002 Mark Miller Graham, HAMY 1906 HILDESHEIM 1986 lIlayasy muiscas, Mexico Ciry, J ulie J ones and Heidi Kíng, 'Mesoamerican Jade and E.-T. Hamy, 'Note sur une Clanz und Ulllergang des .Alten Tbe Metropolilan Museulll ofArt: '985 Costa Rica', in Jade in .Anaent statuette méxicaine',jounlal de Mexiko: Die A zteketl nnd ibre Cold of tbe .Americas, Spring KUBlER 196] Costa Rica, exh. cat.,Julie la Société des .Américanistes, 3, 1) Vorliiujer, E va and Arne Bul/etill ofThe Melropolilan George Kubler, The Shape of Jones (ed.), The Metropolitan '906, pp. 1- 5 Eggebrecht (eds), exh. cat., Muse/ml ofArt, New York, Time: Remarks on the Hislory of Museum of Art, New York, 2 vals, Roemer- und HARWOOD 2002 2002 Things, New Haven and '998, pp. 38- 57,1°5 Pelizaeus-Museum, Joanne Harwood, 'Disguising London, z nd edition, '963 Hildesheim, 1986; I-laus der JOYCE 1912 GRAUlICH 1982 Ritual: A Reassessment of ('962) Kunst, Munich; Thomas AtholJoyce,A Shorl Michel Graulich, Mythes Part 3 of the Codex Obcrósterreichisches Cuide lo tbe American KUBLER 1985 et rituelsdn Mexique anden Mendoza', unpublished PhD Landesmuseum, Linz; .Antiquities in the British George Kubler, 'The Cycle préhispanique, Brussels, '982 thesis, Department of Art Louisiana Museum, Museum, London, 19 I 2 of Life and Death in History and Theory, GRAULlCH 1983 Humlebrek; Musées Metropolitan Azrec Universiry ofEssex, 2002 jOYCE 192] Michel Graulich, 'Myths Royaux d' Arr et d'Histoire, Sculpture', in Stlldies inAntient Thomas Athol Joyce, Cuide to of Paradise Lost in Pre- HASSIG 1988 Brussels American and European Art, Ihe Malldslay Col/ection of Maya Hispanic Central Mexico', Ross Hassig, Aztec lWaifare: Thomas F. Reese (ed.), HISTORIA DE lOS MEXICANOS POR Sculptllres (Casts and Originals) CumntAnthropology, 5, '983, Imperial Expansion and Political New Haven and London, SUS PINTURAS 1965 from CenfralAmerica, London, pp. 575-88 Control, lorman, '988 '985, pp. 219-24 Historia de los mexicanos por sus '923 GUAlDI 1841 HEIKAMP 1970 pinturas, in Garibay Kintana KUBlER 1986 JOYCE N.O. Pedro Gualdi, MonumCl1tos de Detlef Heikamp with '965, pp. 21-90 George Kubler,Artey Thomas A thol J oyce, México tomados del natural y Ferdinand Anders, arquitectura en la .Ammca HISTORIA DE MEXICO 1965 Catalogue of a Col/ection of litografiados, Mexico City, 1841 'Mexikanische A1terrümer precolonial, Madrid, '986 Historia de México (Histoire d« Mexican and Otber American aus süddeutschen GUARNOTTA 1980 Mechiqlle), in Garibay Kintana Antiqllities (il/cllIdil/g the Chavero KUBlER 1991 Kunstkammern', Pantbeon, 28, Antonio Guarnotta, 'Reporr', '965,PP'9 -'20 Col/ection) in the Possession of George Kubler, Esthelic '970, pp. 205 -20 ' in Palai:{o Veabio: committen'?f1 Viscount Coiudray, Recognition of.Anaent HISTORIATOlTECA-CHICHIHECA e col/ei/onismo Medicei, HEIKAMP 1972 London, n.d. .Amenndian Art, New Haven 1976 Florence, '980 Detlef Heikamp, Mexico and and London, '99' Historia Toheca-Chicbimeca, KElEMEN 194] tbe Medici, Florence, '972 GUllLlEM 1999 Paul Kírchhoff, Lina Odena Pál Kelemen, Medieval LANDA ET AL. 1988 Salvador Guilliem, Cfrendas a HERNÁNDEZ PON S 1982 Güemes and Luis Reyes .Amencan A rt:A SlIrvry in Tuo María Elena Landa et al., Ebécatl Quetzalcóat/ en México: Elsa Hernández Pons, 'Sobre GarcÍa (trans. and eds), 'Voiumes, 2 vals, New York, La Garrafa, Mexico Ciry, '988 Tlaleloleo,Mexico City, '999 un conjunto de esculturas Mexico City, '976 '943 LANGLEY 1986 asociadas a las escalinatas del GUSSINYER 1969 HOlMES 1897 KIDDER 1947 James C. Langley, Symbolic Templo Mayor', in El Templo Jordi Gussinyer, 'Hallazgos William H. Holmes, Alfred V. Kidder, TheArtifacls Notation of Teotibuacan: Mayor: excauaaones y estudios, en el Metro, conjunto de Archaeological SIl/dies a!!long o/ Uaxactnn, Guatema/a, Elements of l/7,iti/¡g in a Mexico City, '982, adoratorios superpuestos tbe .Anaent Cities of Mexico, Washington DC, '947 Mesoamencan Ctllttlre ofthe pp.221-32 en Pino Suárez', Boletín del Chicago, ,897 C/assic Period, Oxford, '986 INAH, 36, '969, pp. 33- 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY I j(

LANIECEAND MEEKS 2000 LEÓN Y GAMA 1792 LONDON 1920 LONDON 1991 lÓPEZ lUJÁN 1991 Susan La Nieee and Nigel Antonio León y Gama, Thomas Athol Joyee, Elizabeth Carmiehael and Leonardo López Luján, Meeks, 'Diversity of Descripción históricay cronológica Calalogue of an Exhibition of Chlóe Sayer, Tbe Ske!elon at tbe 'Peces y moluseos en el libro Goldsmithing Traditions in de las dospiedras que con ocasión Objecls of Indigeno«: American Feast: The Day of tbe Dead in undécimo del Códice me Amerieas and the Old del nuevo empedrado que se está Art, exh. cat., Burlingron Arts Mexico, exh. cat., Museurn Florentino', in Lo fauna en el \'(forld', in Pre-Columbian Gold: formando en laplaza principal de Club, London, 1920 ofMankind, London, 1991 Te//plo Mt!)'or, O. J. Polaco Technolog),Style and Iconograpq)" México, se hallaron en ella el año (ed.), Mexico City, 1991, LONDON 1941 LONCON 1992 Colin MeEwan (ed.), de 1790, 1st edi tion, Mexieo pp.21)-6) Art of .Anaent Ameríca, with The Art of.Anaent Mexico, London, 2000 City, 1792; znd edition, a foreword by lrwin Bulloek Marianne Ryan (ed.), lÓPEZ LUJÁN 1991 Carlos María de Bustamante LAS CASAS 1986 and G. H. S. Bushnell, exh. exh. cat., Hayward GaIlery, Leonardo López Luján, (ed.), Mexico Ciry, 18) 2 Bartolomé de las Casas, eat., Berkeley Galleries, London, 1992; Oriana Los ofrendas del Templo Mayor Historia de las Indias, Agusrin 'LEYENDA DE LOS SOLES' 1945 London,June-August '947 Baddeley, The Art of Ancienl de Tenocbtitlan, Mexico City, Millares Carlo (ed.), Mexico Anonymous, 'Leyenda de Mexico: Loans from tbe British 199) LONOON 1953 City,1986 los soles', in Códice Mustllm. Supplemenl lo the Exbibition of Mexican Art from lÓPEZ LUJÁN 1994 Chimalpopoea 1945, Catalogue, London, 1992 LAURENCICH MINELLI 1992 Pre-Columbian Times lo tbe Leonardo López Luján, pp. 119-64 Tora Ameriga. 1/ Mondo Nuoto Present Day O'l!,anised Under LON CON 19928 Tbe OJferingsof tbe Tenplo Mt!)'or ne/lecolle?ioniemiliano-romagnole, LINO 1994 tbe Auspices of Ihe M exican Gordon Brotherston, of Tenochtitlan, iwot, 1994 L. Laurencieh Minelli (ed.), Miehael D. Lind, 'Cholula Covemment, The Tale Gallery, Painled Books of Mexico, LÓPEZ LUJÁN 1995 Bologna,1992 and Mixteea Polyehromes: London, 4 March lo 26ApriI19J}, exh. eat., British Museum, Leonardo López Luján, Two Mixteea-Puebla exh, cat., Arts Couneil of London.Yo o z LAURENCICH MINELLI ANO FILlPETTI 'Guerra y muerte Regional Sub-sryles', in Great Britain, Tate GaIlery, 1983 LONCON 2000 en Tenoehtitlán: Mixteca-Puebla: Discoieries and London,195) L. Laureneieh Minelli and Gabriele Finaldi, The ¡mage of descubrimientos en el Research in Mesoamerican Art A. Filiperti, 'Per le collezioni LONDON 19538 Chrisl, exh. cat., National Recinto de los Guerreros and Archaeolog;¡, Henry B. americanistiche del Museo Mexican Art from 1fOO Be GaIlery, London, 2000 Águila', Arqueología Mexicana, ieholson and Eloise Cospiano e dell'lstiruto delle lo tbe Present Day. lllustrated 2,12,1995, PP·75-77 Quiñones Keber (eds), LÓPEZ AUSTIN 1985 Seienze. Aleuni oggetti Supplemenl lo tbe Calaloglle of an Culver Ciry, California, '994, Alfredo López Austin, lÓPEZ lUJÁN 1998 ritrovati a Bologna', Archivio Exbibition at tbe Tale Gallery, Pp·79-99 'El texto sahaguntino sobre Leonardo López Luján, per l'Antropologia e l'Etnologia, London, 4 March to 26Apri119JJ, los mexieas',Anales de 'Anthropologie religieuse du 11), pp. 2°7-25 LlNNÉ 1948 Arts Couneil of Great Britain, Antropología, 22, 1985, Templo Mayor, Mexieo: la Sigvald Linné, El Valle y la Tate GaIlery, London, 195) LAVACHERYAND MINNAERT 1931 pp. 287-))6 Maison des Aigles', PhD Ciudad de México en 1f to, Henri Lavaehery and Paul LONCO N 1958 thesis, Universiry of Paris-X, Stockholrn, 1948 LÓPEZAUSTIN 1990 Minnaert, 'La Colleetion An Exhibition of Pre-Columbian 1 anterre, 1998 Alfredo López Ausrin, d'antiquités mexieaines de LlVERPOOL 1973 Art, exh. eat., Gimpel Fils, 'Del origen de los mexieas: lÓPEZ LUJÁN 1001 M. Aug. Génin', Bulletin de la Charles Hunt, Met1 and Gods of London,1958 ¿nomadismo o migración?', Leonardo López Luján, SociétédesAméricanistes de .Anaent America: An Exhibition LONCON 1965 Historia Mexicana, 155, 1990, 'Arqueologia de la Belgique, 5, 1 9 ) 1 of Treasuresfrom Mexico and Henry Christy: A Pioneer of pp.66)-7j arqueologia: de la época Pero, exh. eat., Liverpool 'LEGEND OFTHE SUNS' 1992 .Antbropoiogy. An Exhibition prehispániea al siglo XVIII', Museum, '97) LÓPEZ AUSTIN 1993 Anonymous, 'Legend of in tbe King Edward VII Gallery, Arqueología Mexicana, 52, 2001, Alfredo López Austin, me Suns', in Bierhorsr '992 LOCKHART 1992 exh. eat., British Museum, pp.20-27 The Mylhs of tbe Opossio»: James Loekhart, The Nabuas London,1965 LEHHAN 1906 Pathways of 'Mesoamerican LÓPEZ LUJÁN FORTHCOMING after the Conquest: A Social and \'(falter Lehman, LONCON 1971 Mytholog;¡, Albuquerque, 199) Leonardo López Luján, Cultural History of tbe Indians of 'Die Mexikanischer Manuel Barbaehano Ponee, Lo Casa de lasAguilas: un Central Mexico, Sixteenth through LÓPEZ AUSTIN 1994-97 Grünsteinfigur des Musée Maya SCtllpture and Pottery from ejenplo de arquiteaura sacra Eighteenth Centaries, Stanford, Alfredo López Austin, Guimet in París', Globus, 90, Mexico: The Manuel Barbacbano mexica, Mexieo Ciry, in press 1992 'La religione della 1906, pp.60-61 Ponte Collection, exh. eat., Mesoameriea', in Storia delle LÓPEZ LUJÁN ANO MANZANILLA 1001 LONOON 1824 Museum of Mankind, LEÓN.PORTILLA 1959 religioni, Giovanni Filoramo Leonardo López Luján William Bulloek, Catalogue of London, 1971; Museum Miguel León-Portilla, (ed.), vol. 5, Rome, 1994-97, and Linda Manzanilla, tbe Exhibition, called Modero für V olkerkunde, F rankfurt; La filosofia náhuatl estudiada en pp·5-75 'Exeavaciones en un palacio Mexico; Containing a Panoramic Nationalmuseum, Stoekholm susfuentes, Mexieo City, 1959 de Teotihuaean: el Proyecto Vtew of tbe City, Jvith Specimet1s LÓPEZ AUSTIN 1996 LONOON 1973 XaIla', Arqueología Mexicana, LEÓN.PORTlLLA 1962 of the Natural History of New Alfredo López Austin, Elizabeth Carmiehael, 5°,2001, pp. 14-15 Miguel León-Portilla, Spain ... Noiu Openfor Public 'La cosmovisión The British and tbe Maya, Tbe Broken Spears: Tbe A'(fec Inspection at the Egyptian Hall, mesoamericana', in Temas lÓPEZ lUJÁN ANO MERCADO 199' exh. eat., Museum of Account of the Conquest of Piccadilly, exh. cat., London mesoamericanos, Soma Leonardo López Luján and Mankind, London, 197) Mexico, Boston, 1962 Museum of Natural History Lombardo and Enrique Vida Mercado, 'Dos

and Pantherion, London, LONCON 1982 a1da (eds), Mexieo City, esculturas de Mietlanteeuhtli LEÓN·PORTILLA 1963 182 The Otber .America: Natiue 1996, PP-471-507 encontradas en el Recinto Miguel León-Portilla, 4 Artefacts from tbeNou World, Sagrado de México- A'{fec Thought and Culture, LONDON 18248 LÓPEZAUSTIN 1997 Valerie Fraser and Gordon Tenoehtitlan', Estudios de Jaek Emory Davis (trans.), William Bulloek,A Description Alfredo López Austin, Brotherston (eds), exh. cat., CultJlra Nábuatl, 26, 1996, 1 orman,196) of tbe Unique Exbibition, called Tamoanchan, Tlalocan. Places Museum of Mankind, PP·41-68 Ancient Mexico: Collecled on tbe of su« Niwot, 1997 LEÓN·PORTILLA 2002 London, '982 Spol in lS2} ... and NOIv Openfor LÓPEZ LUJÁN, NEFF ANO SUGIYAHA Miguel León-Portilla, LÓPEZ AUSTIN ANC lÓPEZ LUJÁN Public Inspection at tbe Eg;¡ptian LONDON 1985 1000 'A Nahuatl Coneept of Art', 2001 Hall, Piccadilly, exh. eat., Eduardo Paolozzi, LosI Magic Leonardo López Luján, in Amsterdam 2002, Alfredo López Austin and London Museum of arural Kingdoms and Six Paper Moons Heetor eff and Saburo pp·46- 5) Leonardo López Luján, History and Pantherion, from Nabuatl: An Exhibition Sugiyama, 'The 9-Xi Vase: 'Los mexieas y el Chac-rnool', LEÓN.PORTILLAANO AGUILERA 1986 London,1824 al the Museum of Mankind, A Classie Thin Orange Vessel Arqueología Mexicana, 49, 200 1, Miguel León-Portilla and exh. cat., Museum of Found at Tenoehtitlan', in LONDON 1824C pp. 68-7J Carmen Aguilera, Mapa Mankind, London, 1985 Carrasco,Jones and Sessions William Bulloek, A Desaiptive deMéxico Tenochtitlany sus LÓPEZ LUJÁN 1989 2000, pp. 219-49 Calalogue of Ihe Exhibition, LONCON 1986 contornoshacia 1f to, Mexieo Leonardo López Luján, entitledAncienl and Modero LosI Magic Kingdoms and Six City,1986 La recuperacián mexica de!pasado Mexico ... Noiu Open ... at tbe Paper Moons from Nahllatl.- teotibuacano, Mexico City, 1989 Eg;;ptian Hall, etc., exh. cat., An Exhibition al tbe Museum London Museum of arural of Mankind Created Iry Eduardo History and Pantherion, Paoloz?i from 2S Noiember 19SJ, London.j saa London,1985 I BIBlIOGRAPHY

LÓPEZ LUJÁN, TORRES TREJO ANO MADRID 1994 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1965 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 2000 MEXICO CITY 1996

MONTÚFAR 2002 Jean Paul Barbier, Iris Barry, Eduardo Matos Moetezuma, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, European Traveller-artists in Leonardo López Luján,Jaime Miehel Butor, Conceicáo 'El adoratorio decorado 'Rostros de la muerte', Nineteenth-century Mexico, exh. Torres Trejo and Aurora G. Correa, Daniéle Lavallée, de las calles de Argentina', Arqueología Mexicana, 6, 2000, cat., Palacio de Iturbide, Montúfar, 'Los materiales Oetavio Paz and Henri Anales de! Instituto Nacional pp.12-17 Mexico Ciry, 1996 constructivos del Templo Stierlin,Arte precolombino en deAntropología e Historia, '7, MATOS MOCTEZUMA, BRODA ANO MEXICO CITY 1997 Mayor de Tenoehtitlan', la colecciónBarbier-Mueller; 1965,Pp·127-38 CARRASCO 1987 La cerámica de la Ciudad de Estudios de Cultura Nábuatl, 33, exh. cat., Casa de América, MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1979 Eduardo Matos Moetezuma, México (Ij2J-19IJ), Karina 2002, in press Madrid, 1994 Eduardo Matos Moctezurna, Johanna Broda and David Simpson (ed.), exh. eat.,

LOS ANGELES 1963 MANCHESTER 1992 'U na máscara olmeca en el Carraseo, The Great Temple Museo de la Ciudad de Fernando Gamboa, Master George Bankes and Elizabeth Templo Mayor de of Tenochtitian, London and México, Mexieo Ciry, 1997 Works of Mexican Art from Pre- Baquedano, Sañuq and Tenochtitlan',Anales de New York, 1987 MEXICO CITY 2001 Columbian Times lo tbe Present; ToltecatL· Pre-Columbian Arts of Antropología, 16, 1979, MATOS MOCTEZUMAAND Descubridores delpasado en "exh.eat., Los Angeles Counry Middle and South America, exh. pp.11-19 lÓPEZ lUjÁN 1993 Mesoamérica, exh. eat., Antiguo Museum of Art, 1963 cat., Manchester Museum, MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1980 Eduardo Matos Moctezuma Colegio de San I1defonso, 1992 LOS ANGELES 200 I Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, and Leonardo López Luján, Mexico Ciry, 2001 TheJourney toA'íflan: Art from MANRIQUE 1960 'El arte en el Templo Mayor', 'Teotihuacan and Its Mexica MEYER ANO SHERMAN 1979 a Mylhic Homeland, Virginia M. Jorge Manrique, 'Introducir in Mexico Ciry 1980, Legacy', in San Francisco Miehael C. Meyer and Fields and Vietor Zamudio- la divinidad en las cosas: pp·13-15 1993, pp. 156-65 William L. Sherman, Taylor (eds), exh. eat., Los finalidad del arte náhuatl', MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1981 MATRíCULA DE TRIBUTOS 1997 The Course of Mexican History: Angeles Counry Museum of in Estudios de Cultura Náhuat/, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, Matricula de Tributos o Códice New York, 1979 Art, 2001; Austin Museum of 2,1960, PP·197-207 'Los hallazgos de la Moctezuma, Ferdinand Anders, An; Albuquerque Museum MllAN 1990 MANRIQUE 1988 arqueología', in El Templo Maarten Jansen and Lnis L'America prima di Colombo: lOTHROP 1957 Leonardo Manrique and Mayor, Mexico Ciry, 1981 Reyes García (eds), Graz and arteprecolombino dal2000 S. K. Lothrop, Robert Woods Jimena Manrique, Flora y Mexico Ciry, 1997 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1983 a. e agli A'ífechi, exh. cat., Bliss Col/ection:Pre-Columbian fauna mexicana:panorama actual, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, MAUDSlAY 1899 Castello di Lerici, Milan, 1990 Art, London, 1957 Mexico Ciry, 1988 'Notas sobre algunas urnas Arthur Percival Maudslay MILlERANDTAUBE 1991 lOTHROP 1964 MANZANILLA ANO LÓPEZ LUjÁN 2001 funerarias del Templo and Anne Cary Maudslay, Mary Miller and Karl Taube, S. K. Lothrop, Treasures of Linda Manzanilla and Mayor',Jahrbuch für Geschichte A Glimpse at Guatemala, and The Gods and SymboLsoJ.Anaen: .Anaent America, New York, Leonardo López Luján, von Staat, Wirtschaft und Some Notes on the .Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An 'Exploraciones en un posible Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 20, Monuments of Central 1964 Illustrated Dictionary of, palacio de Teotihuacan: el 1983, pp.17-P America ... Ivith Maps, Plans, MACCURDY 1910 Mesoamerican Refigion, London, Proyecto Xalla (acoo= aoo r}', Photographs, etc., London, 1899 George Grant MaeCurdy, 'An MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1984 1993 Mexicon, 23, 2001, pp. 58-61 Azrec "Calendar Stone" in Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, MAYER 1844 MILNE 1984 the Yale Universiry Museum', MARQUINA 1951 'Los edificios aledaños al Brantz Mayer, Mexico as It Miehael George Milne, Diego AmericanAnlhropologisl, n.s., Ignacio Marquina, Templo Mayor', Estudios de Was and as It Is, N ew York, Duran: Historia de las indias de 12,4,1910, pp·481-96 Arquitectura prehispánica, Cultura Ndbuati, 17, 1984, 18 44 Nueva España, Ann Arbor, Mexico City, 1951 pp.15-21 MCEWAN 1994 MAZA 1971 1984 Colin MeEwan, MARQUINA 1960 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1986 Francisco de la Maza, MONGNE 1994 Ancienl Mexico in tbe British Ignacio Marquina, El Templo Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, 'La mitra mexicana de plumas Pascale Mongne, 'La Messe Museum, London, 1994 Mayor de México, Mexico Ciry, Vída y muerte en e! Templo de El Escorial', Artes de de Saint Grégoire du Musée 1960 MC!)'or,Mexieo Ciry, 1986 México, 137,1971, pp.71-72 MCVICKER 1989 d'Auch', Reuue dtl Louire, Mary Frech McVicker, MARQUINA 1964 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1988 MEDEllíN ZENll 1983 nos 5-6, 1994,PP.38-47 'Frorn Parlours to Pyramids', Ignacio Marquina, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, Alfonso Medellin Zenil, MONjARÁS-RUIZ 1987 in Bristo11989, pp. 12-23 Arquitectura prehispánica, The Great Temple of the A'(jecs, Obras maestras del Museo de Mitos cosmogónicosde!México znd edition, Mexico Ciry, London and New York, 1988 Xalapa, Veraeruz, 1983 MCVICKER ANO PALKA 200 I indigena, Jesús Monjarás-Ruiz 1964 Donald McVicker and MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1989 MEMORIAL DE lOS INDIOS DE (ed.), Mexico City, 1987 Joel W. Palka, 'A Maya MARTíNEZ DE lATORRE 1992 Eduardo Matas Moctezuma, TEPETlAOZTOC 1992 MONTERROSA 1967 Carved Shell Plaque from Cruz Martinez de la Torre, Las a'(jecas, Barcelona and Memorial de los indios de Mariano Monterrosa, 'Cruces Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico: 'Obras de arte americano Madrid, 1989 Tepetlaoetoc o Códice del siglo XVI', Boletin del Comparative Srudy', en el Patrimonio Nacional', Kingsborough, Perla Valle (ed.), MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1990 INAH, 30, 1967, PP.16-19 Anaent Mesoamenca, 12,2001, Reales Sitios, 1I 2, 1992, Mexico Ciry, 1992 Eduardo Mates Moctezuma, pp·175-97 PP·17-28 MOORE 1981 'El águila, el jaguar y la MENDIETA 1945 Henry Moore, Henry Moore MADRID 1986 MARTíNEZ DEL Río 1960 serpiente', Artes de México, 7, Gerónimo de Mendieta, at the British Museum, London, México antiguo, exh. eat., Marita Martinez del Rio, 1990, pp. 54-66 Historia eclesiásticaindiana, 1981 Museo de América, Madrid, 'Comentarios sobre el arte 4 vols, Mexico Ciry, 1945 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1991 1986 plumario durante la colonia', MORENO DE lOS ARCOS 1967 Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, MERlO 1995 Artes de México, '7, 137, 1960, Roberto Moreno de los MADRID 1990 'Las seis Coyolxauhqui: Eduardo Merlo, 'Maquetas pp.86-98 Arcos, 'Los cinco soles Arte precolombino de México, variaciones sobre un mismo prehispánicas de Calipan', cosmogónicos', Estudios Roberto García Moll, Beatriz MARTíNEZ MARíN 1963 tema', Estudios de Cultura Arqueología Mexicana, 3, 9, de Cultura Nábuatl, 7, 1967, de la Fuente, Sonia Carlos Martinez Marin, Náhuatl, 21,1991, pp. 15-29 1995, pp.60-62 PP·183-21O Lombardo and Felipe Solís 'La cultura de los mexicanos MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1993 MEXICO CITY 1980 Olguín (eds), exh. eat., durante su migración. Nuevas MÜlHlENPFORDT 1844 Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, El arte del Templo Mayor, exh. Palacio de Velázquez, ideas', Cuadernos Americanos, 4, D. T. Mülhlenpfordt, Intento 'Los mexieas yel rumbo sur eat., Museo del Palacio de Madrid, 1990 1963, pp. 175-83 de una descripción exacta dela del universo', in El arte de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, República de México, Hanover, MADRID 1992 MATEOS HIGUERA 1992-94 Mezcala, Mexico Ciry, 1993, 1980 1844 A'ífeca-Mexica: las culturas de! Salvador Mateos Higuera, pp. 120- 39 MEXICO CITY 1995 México antiguo, José Alcina Enciclopedia gráfica del México MÜlLER 1970 MATOS MOCTEZUMA 1994 Dioses del México antiguo, Franch, Miguel León-Portilla antiguo, 4 vols, Mexico Ciry, Florencia Muller, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, and Eduardo Matos 'La cerámica de Cholula', 1992-94 'Los mexiea y llegaron los Alfredo López Austin, Miguel Moctezuma (eds), exh. cat., in Proyecto Cholula, Ignacio españoles', in México en e! León-Portilla, Felipe Solís Sociedad Estatal Quinto Marquina (ed.), Mexico City, mundo de las coleccionesde arte, Olgnin, Miguel A. Fernández Centenario, Madrid, 1992 1970, pp. 129-42 vol. 2, Mesoamérica, Mexico andJosé Enrique Ortiz Lanz Ciry, 1994, pp. 179-243 (eds), exh. cat., Antiguo Colegio de San lIdefonso, Mexieo Ciry, 1995 BIBlIOGRAPHY 1,

HUNICH 1958 NEWYORK 1940 NICHOLSON 1988 OMAN 1968 PREM ANO DYCKERHOFF 1986 Priikolumbische KJJns/ aus Alfonso Caso, Antonio Henry B. icholson, Charles Oman, Tbe Golden Age Hanns J. Prem and rsula Mexiko und Mittelamerika, exh. Castro Leal, Miguel 'The lconography of the o/ Hispanic silver 1400-166¡, Dyckerhoff, El antiguo México, cat., Haus der Kunst, Munich, Covarrubias, Roberto Deiry Representations in London, 1968 Esplugues de Llobregat, 1986 1958 Montenegro and Manuel Fray Bernardino de Sahagún's PROSKOURIAKOFF /914 Toussaint, TllJenty Centuries Primeros Memoriales: PARIS 1928 HUNICH 1968 Les Arts anciens de l'Amérique: Tatiana Proskouriakoff,jades o/ Mexican Art, exh. cat., Huitzilopochdi and .Altamerieanische KJJns/: Mexico- exposition organisée 011 MI/sée des from tbe Cenote of Saaijice, Museum ofModern Art, Chalchiuhdicue', in The Work Peru, Andreas Lommel (ed.), Arts Décoratifs, exh. cat., Palais Chichén ¡tzá, Yucatan, New York, 1940; published o/ Bernardino de sahagún, Pioneer exh. cat., Staatliches Museum du Louvre, Paris, 1928 Cambridge, Mass., 1974 in conjunction with the Ethnographer o/ sixteenth-centllry für Volkerkunde, Munich, Instituto acional de A'?jec México, Jorge Klor de PARIS 1981 PURCHAS 1624 1968 Antropologia e Historia, Alva, Henry B. icholson Mexique d'bier et d'aujollrd'hlli.· Samuel Purchas, Haklvtvs HUNICH 2001 Mexico Ciry and Eloise Quiñones Keber découuerte du Templo Mayor de Postbumus; or Pvrr:hasbis Gold: Magie, Mythos, Macht- (eds), New York, 1988, Mexico; artistes contemporains, Pilgrimes. Contayning a Histol) NEWYORK 1970 Cold derAlten und Neuen IP'ell, pp. zz9-53 exh. cat., Ministére des of tbe lP'orld,in Seo V",ages & Before Cortés: sculp/ure o/ Middle Ludwig Wasnser and Rupert Relations Exrérieures, Paris, lande Trauells, by Englifhmen & .America, Elizabeth Kennedy NICHOLSON 1991 Gebhard (eds), exh. cat., 1981 otbers. lP'hereinCods Wonders in Easby and John F. Scott I-Ienry B. Nicholson, Archaologische Nature &Providence, Tbe Aaes, (eds), exh. cat., The 'The Octti Cult in Late PARIS 2000 Staatssammlung: Museum A rts, Varieties & Vanities of Metropoliran Museum Pre-Hispanic Central Esther Acevedo, Teresa del für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Men, l/I' o Ivorld of tbe I170rlds of Art, New York, 1970 México', in To Change Place: Conde, EloÍsa Uribe Munich, 2001 Rarities are by a IIJ0rldof A'?jec Ceremonial Landscape, Hernández,Jacques Lafaye, NEWYORK 1976 Eyewilnejse-Aulhors, Related lo HUÑOZ CAHARGO 1981 David Carrasco (ed.), Niwot, Carlos Monsiváis, EfraÍn A'?jec Stone sculpture, Esther tbe World. some left written by M r Diego Muñoz Camargo, 1991, pp. 158-87 Castro Morales and Salvador Pasztory (ed.), exh. cat., Hakluyt 01 his deatb &perfecled. Descripción de la ciudad y Rueda Smithers, soleils Center for Inter-American NICHOLSON 2001 AII examined, abmnated, provincia de Tlaxcala de las indias »iexicains, exh. cat., Petit Relations, New York, 1976 Henry B. Nicholson, Topillifn il/iftraled ni' Notes, Enlarged ni' J delMar Océano para el buen Palais, Musée des Beaux-Arrs Quetzalcoatl. Tbe Once and Dijcourses Adorned ni' piauns, gobiernoyennoblecimiento del/as, NEWYORK 1983 de la Ville de Paris, 2000 Future Lord o/ the Toltecs, and Exprefsed in Mopps. Info",~r René Acuña (ed.), Tbe Vatican Col/ections: Boulder, zoo 1 PARSONS 1980 Parts Each conlainingfive Mexico Ciry, 1981 Tbe Papacy andArt, exh. cat., Lee Parsons, Pre-Cotsmbion Bookes, London, 1624;l1nrhas The Metropolitan Museum NOGUERA 1954 HUÑOZ CAHARGO 1984 Art, New York, 1980 bis Pilgrimes in Fiie Booees. of Arr, ew York.uos j Eduardo Noguera, La cerámica Diego Muñoz Camargo, London, 1625 arqueologica de Cho/llla, Mexico PASZTORY 1983 Descripción de la ciudad y NEWYORK 1990 City, 1954 Esther Pasztory,A'?jecArt, QUIÑONES KEBER 1993 provincia de Tlaxcala, Relaciones Mexico: splendors o/ Thirty New York, 1983 Eloise Quiñones Keber, geográficasdel siglo XVI, Cmturies, John P. O'Neill NOWOTNY 1959 'Quetzalcoatl as Dynastic Tlaxcala, vol. 1, Mexico Ciry, and Kathleen Howard (eds), Karl Anton Nowotny, PAZ 1989 Patron: The "Acuecuexatl exh. cat., The Metropolitan Americana, Archiv für Octavio Paz, Los privilegios 1984 Srone" Reconsidered', in Museum of Art, New York, Volkerkunde, vol. 14,Vienna, de la visto. Arte de México, NALDA ANO lÓPEZ CAMACHO 1995 Tbe Symbolism in the Plastic 1990; San Antonio Museum Mexico Ciry, 1989 Enrique Nalda and 1959 and Pictorial Representations of of Art; Los Angeles Counry Javier López Casnacho, NOWOTNY 1960 PEÑA FIEL 1910 Ancient Mexico:A Symposium of Museum of Art 'Investigaciones Karl Anton Nowomy, Antonio Peña fiel, Descripción the 46th lntemational Congressof arqueológicas en el sur NICHOLSON 1955 Mexikanische Kostbarkeiten aus del Templo Mayor de México .Americanists, .Amsterdam, 1988, de Quintana Roo',Arqueología Henry B. icholson, Kunstleammenr der Renaissance, antigllo, Mexico Ciry, 1910 Jacqueline de Durand-Forest Mexicana, 14, 1995, pp. 12-27 'Native Historical Traditions Vienna, 1960 and Marc Eisinger (eds), PHILADELPHIA 1954 ofNuclear America and Bonn, 1993, pp. 149-55 NAVARRETE 1968 NOWOTNY 1961 George Kubler, The Louise and the Problem ofTheir Carlos Navarrete, 'Dos Karl Anton Nowotny, Wal/er Arensberg Collection o/ RAMiREZ 1844-46 Archaeological Correlation', deidades de las aguas, Americano, Archiv für Pre-Columbian sculpture, exh. José Fernando Ramirez, American Anthropologist, 57, modeladas en resina de árbol', Volkerkunde, vol. 16, Vienna, cat., Philadelphia Museum of 'Descripción de cuatro 1955, pp. 594-6IJ Boletín dellNAH, 33, 1968, 1961 Art, 1954 lápidas monumentales pp·39-42 NICHOLSON 1971 conservadas en e!Museo NUREMBERG 1992 PIJOÁN 1946 Henry B. icholson, 'Major Nacional de México, seguida NAVARRETE 1995 Focus Bebaim Globus, exh. cat., José Pijoán, Arte precolombino, Sculpture in Pre- Hispanic de un ensayo sobre su Carlos Navarrete, Germanisches mexicano y maya, slImma Artis: Central Mexico Ciry', in interpretación', in Histona de 'Anotaciones sobre el reuso Nationalmuseum, historia general del arte, vol. 10, Ekholm and Bernal 1971, la conquista de México de IYlilliam de piezas durante e! uremberg, 2 vols, 1992 Madrid, 1946 2 1 H. Prescott, Mexico Ciry, Postclásico rnesoamericano', PP·9 - H NUREMBERG 1993 PIÑA CHAN 1982 1844-46, pp. 106-24 Utz'ib, 3,1995, pp. zz-26 NICHOLSON 19718 LlIdwigs Lust: Die sammlung Román Piña Chan, Los olmecas Henry B. icholson, RAMíREZ 1864 NAVARRETE ANO CRESPO 1971 Irene und Peter LIIdllJig, Michael antiguos, Mexico Ciry, 1982 'Religion in Pre-Hispanic José Fernando Ramírez, Carlos Navarrete and Eissenhauer (ed.), exh. cat., Central Mexico', in Ekholm POHL 2002 'Antigüedades mexicanas Ana María Crespo, 'Un Germanisches and Bernal 1971, pp. 395-446 John M. D. Pohl, 'Narrative conservadas en e!Museo atlante mexica y algunas , Nationalmuseum, Art, Craft Production, and Nacional de México', in consideraciones sobre los NICHOLSON 1979 Nuremberg, 1993 Gift Economy in Postclassic México y sus Alrededores, znd relieves del Cerro de la Henry B. Nicholson, OLlVIER 1997 Oaxaca and Related Areas edition, Mexico, 1864, Malinche, Hidalgo', Estudios 'Correlating Mesoamerican Guilhem Olivier, Moqueries el ofMexico: \Vorkbook for pp.48-57 de Cultura Náhuatl, 9, 1971, Historical Traditions with métamorphose d'un dieu a'?jéqlle. the Advanced Mixtec Class, Pp·II-15 Archaeological Sequence: RAMSEY 1975 Tezcallipoca, le 'Seigneur au miroir Mixtec \Vorkshop ar the Some Methodological James Rarnsey, 'An Analysis NEBEL 1963 fi,manl', Paris, 1997 Maya Meetings, niversity Considerations', in Actes du of Mixtec Minar Are, with Carlos [ebel, Viaje pintoresco of Texas', Ausrin, 2002 XLiie Congris Intemational des OlMEDO VERA 2001 a Catalogue', 2 vols, PhD J arqueológicosobre la parte más .Américanísus, /976, Paris, 1979, Bertina Olmedo Vera, POLACO ANO GUZMÁN 2001 thesis, Tulane Universiry, interesante de la República 18 8 'Mezcala', in The Oxford Óscar Polaco and Ana New Orleans, 1975 Mexicana, en los años PP· 7-9 Encyclopaedia o/ Mesoamericall Fabiola Guzmán, Los peces transcurridos desde /829 hasta RATHJE 1973 Cu/tures, David Carrasco (ed.), arqueológicos de la ofrenda 2J 18J4,znd edition, William L. Rathje, Oxford and New York, ZOOI, del Templo Mayor, Mexico Ciry, Mexico City, 1963 'El descubrimiento de un jade vol. 2, pp. 303-05 2001 olmeca en la isla de Cozumel,

OlMEDO VERA 2002 PORTER 1948 Quintana Roo, México', Bertina Olmedo Vera, Los Muriel N. Porter, Estsdios de Cullura Maya, 9, templos rojos del recinto sagrado de 'Pipas precorresianas', Acta 1973, pp.85-91 Tenocbtitlan, Mexico Ciry, Z002 Antropológica, vol. 3/2, Mexico Ciry, 1948 I B'BlIOGRAPHY

REYERO 1978 SANDERS, PARSONS ANO SANTLEY SELER 1996 SOLís OLGuíN 1982 SOLís OLGuíN ANO MORALES GÓMEI

Manuel Reyero, Fundación 1979 , 'The Animal Felipe Solís Olguín, 1991 Cultural Televisa: Colección William T. Sanders, J effrey Pictures of the Mexican and 'The Formal Pattern of Felipe Solis Olguin and prebispánica, Mexico City, 1978 R. Parsons and Roben S. Maya Manuscripts', in Idem, Anthrapomorphic Sculpture David Morales Gómez, Santley, Tbe Basin of Mexico: Collected Works in Mesoamerican and the ldeology of the Aztec Rescate de un rescate:colecciónde RIGOLl 1992 Ecological Processes in the Linguistics andArchaeology, State', in The Arl and objetos arqueológicos de El A. Rigoli, DI/e 'Mondi' a Evolution of Civiliif1tion, New vol. 5, Lancaster, California, Iconography of Late Post-Classic Volador, Ciudad de México, confronto,Milan, 1992 York and San Francisco, 1979 pp.167-340 CentralMexico, Washington Mexico City, 1991 ROBERTSON 1959 DC, 1982, pp. 73-110 5ANDOVAL 1945 SERNA ET AL. 1953 SOTHEBY ANO WILKINSON 1859 Donald Robertson, Mexican Fernando B. Sandoval, 'La Jacinto de la Serna et al., SOLís OLGuíN 1991 S. Leigh Sotheby and John Manuscripts of tbe Early Colonial relación de la conquista de Tratado de las idolatrías, Felipe Solís Olguín, Gloria Wilkinson, Catalogue of tbe Period: Tbe Metropolitan Schools, México en la Historia de Fray supersticiones, dioses, ritos, y fama de México Tenochtitlan, Extensiue Colleaion ofAssyrian, New Haven, 1959 Diego Durán', in Estudios de hechiceriasy otras costumbres Mexico City, '991 Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, ROBERTSON 1968 Historiografia de la Nueva gentilicas de las razas aborigenes, Etruscan, Roman, lndian, SOLís OLGuíN 1991 B Donald Robertson, 'Paste- España, Mexico City, 1945, 1687: 2 vols, Mexico City, Peruiian, Mexican, and Cbinese Felipe Solís Olguín, Tesoros over Illusrration in the Durán Antiquities and Articles of pp. 51-90 1953 artisticos del Museo Nacional Codex ofMadrid', Tlalocan, 5, Vertu Formed by B. Hett:v SAN FRANCISCO 1993 SERRA PUCHE 1994 deAntropología, Mexico City, 1968, pp. 34°-48 Corresponding Member of tbe Teotihuacan: A rtfrom the City of Mari Carmen Serra Puche, 199' Archaeological Institute at R0111e, ROMANCES DE LOS SEÑORES 1964 the Gods, Kathleen Berrin and 'Objetos de Obsidiana y otros SOLís OLGuíN 1992 lVith the Prices and Puribasers' Romances de los Señores de Nueva Esther Pasztory (eds), exh. cristales en el México Felipe Solís Olguín, N ames; Preceded by the Espaiía, Ángel María Garibay cat., Fine Arts Museums of antiguo', in Cristalesy obsidiana 'El Centro de Vera cruz' , in Descriptive Analysis, Published in Kintana (rrans.), Mexico City, San Francisco, '993 prebispánicos, Mari Carmen Museo deAntropología deJalapa, tbe Berlin Archaeologische Zeitung 1964 Serra Puche and Felipe Solís SANTA BARBARA 1941 Mexico City, 1992, by E. Gerhard, London, 1859 Olguín (eds), Mexico City, ROME 1960 Maurice Ries, Ancient Pp·76-161 1994, pp. 73-216 SOUSTELLE 1940 Arte Precolombiana del Messico e American Art, JOOBe -AD lJOO, SOLís OLGuíN 1993 Jacques Sousrelle, La Pensée dell'Amenca Centrale, exh. cat., The Catalog of an Exhibition of SEVILLE 1997 Felipe Solís Olguín, cosmologique des anciens Cenrro di Azione Latina, the Art of the Pre-European Tesoros de México, Paulíno 'Aztekische Steinplastik', in mexicains. Représentations da Rome, 196o .Americas, exh. cat., Santa Castañeda, Antonio-Miguel Die Sammltll(g oorspaniscber monde et de l'espace, Paris, 1940 Barbara Museum of Art, 1942 Bernal, Felipe Solis Olguin, ROMERO 1982 Kuns! und !

Gallery, Swansea, 1988; TOUSSAINT, GÓMEZ DE OROZCO ANO URIARTE 1994 WALOECK 1866 YOUNG-SÁNCHEZ 1993

Birmingham City Art Gallery; FERNÁNDEZ 19)8 Teresa riarte, 'Teocihuacan: Jean Frédéric de Waldeck, Iargaret Young-Sánchez, Graves Art Gallery, Sheffield; Manuel Toussaint, Federico el legado de la ciudad de los MOlllllJ1enlsanaens du Mexique: 'Figurine of a Warrior', York City Art Gallery; Bolton Gómez de Orozco and dioses', in México en e/ Mundo Palenque et autres ruines de Bulletin of the Cleveland MI/Seum Museum and Art Gallery; J ustino Fernández, Planos de de las Colecaones deAl1e: l'ancienne civilisatioll dn Mexique; ofArt, 80,4,1993, pp. 144-47 Leeds City Art Gallery la Ciudad de México, Siglos XVI Mesoaménca 1, María Luisa Collecúon de uues, bas-reliefs, YOUNG-SÁNCHEZ 1996 yXVIl,lnstituto de Saban Garcia (ed.), Mexico morceaux d'arcbitecture, coupes, TALADOIRE 1981 Margaret Young-Sánchez, Investigaciones Estéticas, City, 1994, pp. 70-129 uases, terres cuites, caries elplan- Eric Taladoire, Les Terrains de 'An Aztec gold warrior Universidad Autónoma de Dessinés d'apris nature et relevés Jeu de Baile (Mésoanlérique et VAILLANT 1941 ligurine (from me C1eveland México, Mexico Ciry, 1938 par M. de [I7aldeck, Paris, 1866 Sed-oses: des Etats-Unis), in George Vaillant, The A 'l/ecs of Museum)', Res: Anthropolol!J Etudes Mesoaméricaines, 2, 4, TOVAR 1951 Mexico, New York, 1941 WASHINGTON 1947 and Aestbetics, 29-30,1996, Mission Archéologique et Juan de Tovar, Tbe Tovar Roberr Woods Bliss, pp. 102-26 VARGAS 1989 Ethnologique Francaise au Calendar: An IlIustrated Mexican Indigenol/s Art of tbe .Americas: Ernesto Vargas, Las máscaras ZANTWIJK 1985 Mexique, México Ciry, 1981 Manuscript, c. IJ3J, facsimiJe, Collection of Roben ~f,7oodrBliss, de la ateua de Santa Ana Rudolph van Zanrwijk, George Kubler and Charles exh. cat., National Gallery of TAUBE 1991 Teloxtoc, México City, 1989 TheA'l/ecAlTangellJenf: Tbe Gibson (eds), New Haven, Are, Washington DC, 1947 Karl A. Taube, 'The Bilimek Social History of Pre-Spallish 1951 VEGA SOSA 1975 Pulque Vessel: Starlore, WASHINGTON 1983 Mexico, Norman, 1985 Constanza Vega Sosa, Forma y Calendrics and Cosmology TOVAR 1972 Art ofA'l/ec Mexico: Treasures decoración en las vasijas de ZANTWIJK 1994 of Late Postclassic Central Juan de Tovar, Monuscrit cf Tenocbtitlan, Henry B. traditián a'l/eca, Mexico Ciry, Rudolf van Zanrwijk, México', Anden! Mesoamerica, Touar: origines et croyances des Nicholson and Eloise 1975 Zegevierend me: deZon: Dl/iZtlld 4,1,1993, pp. 1-15 lndiens d» Mexique, facsirnile, Quiñones Keber (eds), exh, jaar A'l/eekse gedichten en Jacques Lafaye (ed.), Graz, VELÁZQUEZ CASTRO 1999 cat., National Gallery of Arr, TENA 1987 gedachten, Amsterdam, 1994 1972 Adrián Velázquez Castro, Washington DC, 1983 Rafael Tena, El calendario TiPología de los objetos de concha ZANTWIJK, RIOOER ANO BRAAKHUIS IIIC>'7CO y la cronografta, Mexico TOWNSENO 1979 WASHINGTON 1991 del Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan, 1990 Ciry, 1987 Richard F. Townsend, State Circa 1492: Arl in the Age of México Ciry, 1999 Mesoamerican Dualism. and Cosmos in the Arl of Exploration,Jay A. Levenson THOHAS 1991 Dualismo mesoamencano, Rudolf Tenocbtitlan, Studies in VELÁZQUEZ CASTRO 2000 (ed.), exh. car., National Hugh Thomas, Tbe Conquest of van Zantwijk, Rob de Ridder Pre-Columbian Art and Adrián Velázquez Castro, Gallery of Art, Washington Mexico, London, 1993 and Edwin Braakhuis (eds), Archaeology, vol. 20, Simbolisll/o de los objetos de concha DC,I991 Utrecht, 1990 THOMAS 1000 Dumbarton Oaks, encontrados en las ofrendas del WASSON 1983 Hugh Thomas, [f,7ho's l/lbo of Washington DC, 1979 Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan, Gordon Wasson, El hongo Ibe Conqnistadors, London, INAH, Colección Científica, TOWNSENO 1982 maravilloso: Teonanácatl, 2000 Serie Arqueología, Mexico Richard F. Townsend, Mexico City, 1983 City,2000 TONAlAMATl DE lOS POCHTECAS 'Malinaleo and me Lords of WEIDITZ 2001 1985 Tenochtitlan,' in The Arl and VIENNA 1992 Christoph Weiditz, El Códice Tonalamatl de lospochtecas lconograpf?y ofLate Postdassic Das A Itertu»: der Neuen ~f,7elt: de los trajes/ Tracbtenbucb, (CódiceFejéroáry-Mayer), Miguel Centra! Mexico, Elizabeth H. 'Voreuropdiscbe Kultl/ren facsirnile, 2 vols, Valencia, León-Portilla (ed.), Mexico Boone (ed.), Dumbarron .Amerieas, exh. cat., Museum 2001 Cit)',1985 Oaks, Washington DC, 1982, für Vólkerkunde, Vienna, pp. 111-4° 1992 WESTHEIM 1962 TOORIANS 19941 Paul Wesmeim, La cerámica del Lauran Toorians, TOWNSENO 1987 VIENNA 1997 México alltiguo,jenólJ1eno artístico, 'The Earliest Inventory of Richard F. Townsend, Cold und Silber aus Mexiko: Mexico Ciry, 1962 Mexican Objects in Munich, 'Coronation at Tenochtitlan,' PrakoluII/bisches Cold und 1 572',Jollmal ofthe History of in The A'l/ec Templo Mayor, koloniales Silber aus dem WESTHEIM ET AL. 1969 Collections, 6, 1, 1994, Elizabeth H. Boone (ed.), anthropologischen Paul Westheim, Alberto Ruz, Pp·59-67 Durnbarton Oaks, Nationatmuseu»: ,/lid anderen Pedro Armillas, Ricardo de Washington DC, 1987, bedeutenden Sammll/ngen Robina and Alfonso Caso, TORRES MONTES ANO FRANCO pp·371-4IO Mexieos, Wilfried Seipel (ed.), Cuarenta siglos deplástica VELÁZQUEZ 1989 exh. cat., Kunsrhistorisches mexicana, arte prebispánico, Luis Torres Montes and TOWNSENO 1992 Museurn, Vienna, 1997 México Ciry, 1969 Francisca Franco Velázquez, Richard F. Townsend, 'La orfebrería prehispánica en Tbe Avtecs, London and VIENNA 2000 WETHERELL 1842 el Golfo de México y el NewYork,I992 Kaiser Karl V (IJoO--IJJ3): Macht John Wemerell, Catálogo de tesoro del pescador', in und Ohnmacht El/ropas, 'lila colección de antigüedades TOWNSENO 2000 Aguilar et al. 1989, Wilfried Seipel (ed.), exh. cat., ",~jicanascon varios idolos, Richard F. Townsend, pp.219-7° Kunsthistorisches Museum, adomos,y otros artefactos de los Tbe Asfecs, London and Vienna, 2000 indios, que ecsiste en poder de Don TOSCANO 1940 New York, revised edition, Juan Wetherel, Seville, 1842 Salvador Toscano,A/tey 2000 VIENNA 2001 arqlleologíaen México, halla'l'J!,os Die Elltdeckung der Welt, WINNING 1987 TOWNSENO 20QOB en 1940, 2,6, Anales del Instituto Die 117e1tder Entdeckungen: Hasso von Winning, Richard F. Townsend, 'The de Investigaciones Estéticas, Osterreicbische Forscber, Sammler, La iconografia de Teotibuacan: Renewal of Narure at the Unnersidad Aiaonoma de .Abenteuer, Wilfried Seipel los diosesy los signos, 2 vols, Temple ofTlaloc', in The México, Mexico City, 1940 (ed.), exh. car., México Ciry, 1987 .Anaent .Americas: Art jrom Kunsrhistorisches Museum, TOUSSAINT 1948 Sacred Landscapes, exh. cat., WOLF 1999 Vienna, 2001 Manuel Toussaint, Richard F. Townsend (ed.), Eric R. Wolf, Envisioning

Arle colonial C/I A1éxico, Mexico Arr Instirute of Chicago, VOLlMER 1981 PO/ver, Berkeley, 1999 Ciry, 1948 2000, pp. I7 1- 86 Günter Vollmer (ed.), WOOOWARO ANO LEWIS 1998 Ceschichte der A'l/eken: Der TOUSSAINT 1982 UMBERGER 1981 David Woodward and Codex .Aubin und uenuandte Manuel Toussainr, Pintura Emily Good Umberger, Maleolm G. Lewis, Doiuonente, Berlín, 1981 colonial C/I México, México City, A 'l/ec Sculptures, Hierog!yphics The History of Carlograpf?y, 1982 and History, Ann Arbor, 1981 Chicago, 1998, vol. 2, book 3, pp. 183-247 TOUSSAINT 1983 UMBERGER 1987

Manuel Toussaint, Paseos EmiJy Good Umberger, YOUNG 1855 coloniales,Mexico Ciry, 1983 'Anriques, Revivals, and Charles Bedford Young, References to me Past in Descriptive Catalogue of the Aztec Art', Res: Anthropology Collection ofMexican Antiquities and Aestbetics, 13, 1987, notu Exhibiting at No. fl, pp.63-106 Pall Mall, Learnington, 1855

Firsr published on the oeeasion EXHIBITION CURATORS, MEXICO CfTY Copyright © 2002 Roya! Aeademy of Arts, London of the exhibition 'Aztecs' Eduardo Matas Moctezuma Royal Aeademy of Arrs, London Felipe Solis Olguín Catalogue cntry 347 © Nacional Gallery of Art, Washington

16 November 2002 - 1 1 April 2003 Map reliefs (pp. 12.-13 and p. 74) courtesy of Mountain High Maps ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS, LONDON © Digital Wisdom Inc., 1995-Z001 Tom Phillips RA, ChaimJan of Exhibitions Committee The Royal Aeademy of Arts is grateful to Norman Rosenrha!, Exbibuions Secretal)! Any copy of this book issued by rhe publisher Her Majesty's Government for agreeing to indemnify Adrian Loeke,Aztec Exbibition Curator as a paperbaek is sold subjeet to the eonclition that this exhibition under rhe National Heritage Aet 1980, Isabel Carlisle, Curator it shall not by way of trade or orherwise be lent, and to Resource, The Council for Museums, Archives re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without and Libraries, for its help in arranging rhe indemnity. rhe publisher's prior consent in any form ofbincling EXHIBITION ORGANISATION or eover other than that in whieh it is published and Supported by Emeline Max, Head of Exbibitions Organisation without a similar condition including these words Luey Hunt, Exbibition Organiser being imposed on a subsequent purehaser. Hillary Taylor,Assistant Exhibition Organiser All Rights Reserved. No pan of this publieation PHOTOGRAPHIC ANO COPYRIGHT COQRDINATION may be reprodueed or transmitted in any form Andreja Brule or by any means, e1eetronie or meehanieal, inclurling Tounsm Board Roberta Stansfield photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retricval systern, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. CATALOGUE Roya/Academy Publications British Library Cata!oguing-in-Publieation Data David Breuer •• Harry Burden A catalogue record for this book is available PEMEX Carola Krueger from rhe British Library Fiona MeHardy

Peter Sawbridge ISBN 1--9°3973-22-8 (paperbaek)

Generous support has al so been received NiekTite ISBN 1--903973-13--9 (hardbaek) from Virginia and Simon Robertson. D. L.: M-46.614-Z00Z

CONSULTING EDITOR Warwiek Bray Distribured outside the United States and Canada by Thames & Hudson Ltd, London COPY-EDITING ANO PROOFREADING Distributed in rhe United States and Canada" Miehael Foster by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York

TRANSLATlON Translate-A-Book,Oxford EDITORIAL NOTE All measurements are given in centimetres, BOOK ANO MAP DES1GN height before widrh before deprh Isambard Thomas

PICTURE RESEARCH The Royal Aeademy of Arts acknowledges with Julia Harris-Voss wirh Celia Dearing graritude the assistance of CONACULTA-INAH in organising the loans from Mexico. $PECIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Miehel Zabé ü..CONACULTA • INAHc$

ILLUSTRATIQNS Russell Bell Roger Taylor

COLOUR ORIGINATION Roben Mareuson Publishing Serviees

Printed in Madrid by Turner at Artes Gráficas Palermo, S.L., and bound at Hermanos Ramos p. 6 Detail of eat. )40, page 7 pp. 10--11 Detail of eat. 130

pp. 12-13 Map of rhe extent of rhe Aztec empire, along modern politieal boundaries CONTENTS

Forewords Catalogue

ANTECEOENTS Esther Pas,-?!ory

93

11 THE HUMAN FORM Isabel Carlisle

119

Essays 111 THE NATURAL WORLO Alfredo LópezA1Istill INTRODUCTION 141 Eduardo Matos Moctezuma and Felipe S olís Olgtlín IV GOOS OF LlFE

14 Adrian Locke 171 2 THE AZTECS' SEARCH FOR THE PAST Leonardo López Luján V GODS OF DEATH 22 .Adrian Locke lOS 3 COSMOVISION, RELlGION ANO THE CALENDAR OF THE AZTECS VI RELlGION .Alfredo López .Austin Felipe S olís Olgllín

30 llS

4 AZTEC SOCIETY: VII GOLO ANO SYMBOLS OF STATUS ECONOMY, TRIBUTE ANO WARFARE Wanvick Bray Frances Berdan l4S

38 VIII THETEMPLO MAYOR 5 THE TEMPLO MAYOR, AT TENOCHTlTLAN THE GREATTEMPLE OFTHE AZTECS Eduardo Matos Mocte'llllla Eduardo Matos Mocte'llma l7S 48 IX TREASURES 6 ART ATTHETlME OFTHE AZTECS j effrey Q1Iilter Felipe S olís Olg1lín 323

56 X CONTACT: INDO-CHRISTlAN ART 7 AZTEC CODICES, LlTERATURE Eleanor Wake ANO PHILOSOPHY 343 Miguel León-Portilla

64 XI COOICES [oanne Haruood 8 , THE CONQUEST 359 Hugh Thomas 72

9 EXHIBITIONSAND COLLECTORS Catalogue Entries 400 OF PRE-HISPANIC MEXICAN ARTEFACTS IN BRITAIN .Adrian Locke Table of Rulers 496

80 Guide tO Glyphs 497

Glossary 498

Bibliography 500

List of Lenders 510

Photographic Credits 511

Acknowledgements Sil

lndex 513