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In North America Fletcher University of California at Los Angeles THE STRAWBERRY" IN NORTH AMERICA FLETCHER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE STRAWBERRY IN NORTH AMERICA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY HEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO - DALLAS ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Lmrrro LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. THE STRAWBERRY IN NORTH AMERICA HISTORY, ORIGIN, BOTANY, AND BREEDING BY S. W. FLETCHER PROFESSOR OF HOSTICtfLTtRE AT "THE PENNSYLVANIA Wefo THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917 Att righto reserved COFTKIOHT, 1917, BY THE MACM1J.LAN COMPANY. ' Set up and elecuo'-jyvei*. ?luJ>d <Jurte, .9-7- J. 8. Gushing Co. Berwick A Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. ass 1 <ft PREFACE 6^ <\J THIS book completes a survey of the strawberry as ^3 grown in North America. Modern cultural methods are presented in a companion volume, "Strawberry- O Growing," and all of the more than 1800 North Ameri- can varieties are described in Technical Bulletin 11, & Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, en Virginia, "North American Varieties of the Strawberry." u-j The present volume deals mainly with the origin and his- ^ tory of the North American type one of the most ^ interesting chapters in our pomology. The assistance of many pomologists and cultivators is gratefully acknowledged, more especially of Matthew C Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. A number of the illus- *} trations are borrowed, for which acknowledgment is M made in the List of Illustrations. Ai S. W. FLETCHER. V STATE COLLEGE, PENNSYLVANIA, *J May 3, 1917. 253079 CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAOES EARLY HISTORY 1-34 Strawberries in colonial days ..... 1-6 Wild strawberries of Virginia .... 12 Wild strawberries of New England . 2-3 Wild strawberries of the West .... 3-4 First steps in the domestication of the wild strawberry ...... 4-6 The beginning of garden culture .... 6-12 Varieties listed in early trade catalogs . 6-7 Cultural directions in early books . 7-12 "New England Farmer" .... 7-9 "American Gardener" .... 10-11 "American Gardeners' Calendar" . 11-12 The beginning of commercial culture . 12-21 Near Boston 13-14 Near New York 14-17 Yields and prices 17-18 The mystery of strawberry-growing . 18-19 Varieties increase 19-21 Introduction of the Hovey 21-27 Origin of the Hovey ..... 22-23 The first novelty 23-25 Unsatisfactory results with the Hovey . 25 A new interest in plant breeding . 26-27 Extension of commercial culture, 1838-1854 . 27-30 Near Cincinnati 27-28 Near New York 28-29 In the South 29-30 Condition of strawberry culture before the introduc- tion of the Wilson . ... 30-34 Yields and prices 30-31 viii CONTENTS PAOE8 Varieties 31-32 Stimulating effect of the pollination discussion . 32-34 CHAPTER II THE RISE OP COMMERCIAL STRAWBERRY-GROWING . 35-75 The sway of the Wilson 35-^13 Origin 34-36 Immediate popularity 36-39 Good points and objectionable features . 39-40 Competitors Crescent and Sharpless . 4041 Boom days 42-43 Contrasting methods of culture .... 43-50 Field culture at Cincinnati .... 43-45 Market garden culture at Pittsburgh . 45-48 Yields and prices about 1865 .... 48-49 Special cultural methods 49-50 Forcing in hot-beds and cold-frames . 49-50 Strawberry mounds 50 Improvement in transportation facilities . 50-60 Extension of railroads 50-52 Competition from the South .... 52-54 Ventilator cars and fruit-growers' express . 5455 Introduction of refrigerator cars . 55-60 Early experiments of Parker Earle . 55-58 The first pre-cooling plant .... 58 Beginning of the modern re-icing system . 58-60 Early history of certain of the older strawberry districts 60-75 New Jersey 60-62 Delaware-Maryland peninsula .... 62-63 Oswego County, New York .... 63-64 Michigan 64-65 Southern Illinois 65-66 Virginia 67-69 Charleston, South Carolina .... 69-70 ' Florida . 70-72 North Carolina 72-73 Gulf States and lower Mississippi Valley . 73-74 Pacific Coast 74-75 Canada 75 CONTENTS IX CHAPTER III HISTORY OF STRAWBERRY PACKAGES, METHODS OP TRAINING, AND POLLINATION . 76-108 Early packages ....... 76-81 Pottle 76 Punnet ........ 77-78 Tubs 78 Cincinnati stand of drawers .... 78-81 Evolution of the box and crate package 81-86 Early types of boxes and crates 81-82 Introduction of the return crate and box 82-83 Origin of the "Hallock" .... 83 The first gift packages 84 Slow adoption of gift packages in the East 84-86 History of methods of training .... 87-94 Hill training before the Wilson 87 The era of broadcast training .... 88-89 Evolution of the matted row .... 90-92 Early methods of renewing the bed . 92-94 History of the pollination discussion 94-109 Experiments of Duchesne and Keens 94-96 Early pollination troubles in North America . 96-98 The secret of Abergust ..... 98-99 The "Strawberry War" 99-102 Influence of culture on sex .... 102-104 Report of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society 105-107 Final vindication of "Longworth's Theory" . 107-109 CHAPTER IV ORIGIN AND BOTANY 109-156 Early history in Europe 109-113 References in early writings .... 109-111 Origin of the English name .... 111-113 Origin of the garden strawberry of Europe . 113-125 Experience with the Wood and Hautbois . 113 Introduction of the Scarlet .... 113-114 Introduction of the Chilean , 114-116 CONTENTS PAOE8 Possible origin of the Pine .... 116-123 As a pure seedling of F. chiloensis . 117-118 As a hybrid of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis 118-123 Keens' Seedling 123-125 Origin of the garden strawberry of North America . 125-138 Record of F. virginiana under cultivation . 125-128 Historical evidence 128-132 Origin of Hovey 128-130 Origin of Crescent and Sharpless . 130-131 Origin of Downer's Prolific .... 131-132 Botanical evidence 132-138 Reversion of seedlings .... 132-134 Anatomical characters .... 134-135 Hardiness 135-136 Record of F. chiloensis under cultivation . 136-138 Origin of the everbearers 138-147 The Alpines 138-141 European everbearers 141-142 Early failures in North America . 142-144 The Pan-American and its descendants . 144-147 Botany of the strawberry ...... 147-156 Diffusion of wild strawberries .... 147-148 F. virginiana 148-150 F. chiloensis 150-153 F. vesca 153-154 F. elatior . .'. 154-156 CHAPTER V DESIRABLE CHARACTERS IN A VARIETY . 157-187 Desirable characters in the plant .... 157-162 Health, vigor and productiveness . 157-158 Hardiness 158-159 Foliage 159-160 Runners 160-161 Fruit stalks and blossoms .... 161-162 Desirable characters in the fruit . .162-175 Season of ripening 162-163 Size 163-164 Records of "mammoth" berries . 164-167 CONTENTS XI PAGES Shape, calyx, color 167-171 Seeds, shipping value 171-172 Flavor, quality 172-175 Describing and scoring varieties .... 175-181 Form for describing varieties .... 176178 Score cards 178-181 Food value 181-187 Chemical analyses 181-183 Are wild strawberries sweeter than cultivated sorts 183-184 Supposed medicinal value .... 184-187 CHAPTER VI BREEDING 188-227 The four stem-varieties 189-192 Descendants of Hovey 189-190 Descendants of Wilson 190 Descendants of Sharpless .... 190-191 Descendants of Crescent 191-192 Breeding for a specific purpose .... 192-201 Changing ideals 192-193 Breeding for one thing at a time . 193-195 Selecting the parents 195-196 Botanical relationships and morphology . 196-198 When fruit buds are formed .... 198-200 Abnormal structural forms .... 200-201 Breeding methods 201-210 Methods of the early breeders .... 201-203 Hand-crossing 203-207 Sowing the seed 207-208 Fruiting the seedlings 208-210 Bud variation 210-215 Variation caused by environment . 210-211 Reported instances of bud variation . 211-212 "Pedigree" plants 212-214 Strawberry breeders . 215-220 Achievements of Boyden, Downer, Durand . 215-216 List of breeders, 1854-1900 .... 216-217 Breeders since 1900 . 217-218 xii CONTENTS FAOE8 The rewards of strawberry breeding . 218-219 Methods of introducing varieties . 21&-220 220-227 Naming and testing new varieties .... Form of name ....... 220-221 Synonyms What is a distinct variety .... 223-224 Value of variety tests 224-225 Why varieties run out 225-227 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Crimson Cone ; grown near New York about 1820 16 2. C. M. Hovey, originator of the Hovey strawberry . 22 3. The Hovey strawberry, the first variety of any fruit originated in North America by definite plant breeding. (From Mag. Hort., 1840, p. 286) . 24 4. Parker Earle, who developed the refrigerator car for strawberry transportation 60 5. Type of punnet used for the New York City market, 1815-1850 77 6. The Cincinnati stand of drawers, used in the Missis- sippi Valley, 1850-1890. (From The Cult, and Count. Gent., 1866, p. 222) 79 " 7. A male and female blossom of the Hudson," as drawn by Nicholas Longworth, in 1842. (From Mag. Hort., 1842, p. 258) 100 8. Nicholas Longworth, who directed attention to the pollination problem 107 " 9. Drawing of the strawberry in Parkinson's Para- disus Terrestris," published in 1629J . .110 10. Old Pine, or Pineapple, the progenitor of the garden strawberry. (From British Fruits, I, No. 47) . 116 11. Keens' Seedling, the first improved variety; intro- duced in 1821. (From Trans. Royal Hort. Soc., V, p. 261) 124 12. Large Early Scarlet, a form of F. virginiana and the dominant variety in North America, 1830-1860. (From Kept. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1853) . .127 13. Pan-American, the first North American everbearer. (From L. R. Johnson, Cape Girardeau, Mo.) . 145 " 14. F. virginiana. (From Evolution of Our Native Fruits" by L. H. Bailey, p. 428) . .149 15. F. chiloensis 151 16. The Alpine form of F. vesca 154 xiii XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS " " 17. A mammoth berry ; it weighed 4J ounces. (From catalog of A. T. Goldsborough, Washington, D.C.) 166 18. Banana, introduced in 1870 168 19. The long root stalk of a very old plant .
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