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The Quest for Theseus THE QUEST FOR THESEUS The Plane Tree Of Gortyn: Here Zeus is said to have raped Europa Daedalus, Pasiphae and the Wooden Cow: A representation of the story from a Roman fresco in Pompeii “The Minos Family” -Erika Meriaux Ariadne gives her famous clew to Theseus to aid him in his quest Theseus defeats the Minotaur as Athena watches: A kylix from c. 420 BCE Theseus is summoned away from a sleeping Ariadne on Naxos: Details of a red-figure vase from Taranto The Francois Vase (c. 570 BCE): This scene was long interpreted as a representation of the original Crane Dance (Geranos) celebration on the island of Delos. Although the picture does depict the Theseus myth (the characters are labelled on the vase), it probably portrays the arrival of Theseus on Crete. King Aegeus, waiting at Cape Sounion, sees the black sail of the returning ship Frederick Leighton, “Daedalus and Icarus” (ca. 1869) Pieter Bruegel, “Landscape With The Fall Of Icarus” The reconstructed Palace at Knossos The Lions Gate at Mycenae The two sons of Theseus, Demophon and Acamas, are shown escorting their aged grandmothers from Troy. (Red-figured wine bowl c. 490 BCE) The small island of Dia just off the northeast coast of Crete: Here, says Homer, Artemis killed Ariadne The Sacrifice of Iphigenia as represented in a fresco from Pompeii The History Of The Minotaur by Cassone (16th century) 1) King Minos is assumed to sacrifice the white bull of Poseidon 2) Minos decides to sacrifice another bull 3) The ritual of sacrifice to the gods 4 & 5) Poseidon causes Pasiphae to fall in love with the bull of Poseidon Pasiphae And The Minotaur (a kylix, 340-320 BCE, Vulci) Theseus pursues Helen “Theseus And The Minotaur,” Antonio Canova Europa rides Zeus as bull outside the European Parliament in Strasbourg INTERPRETATIONS OF LABYRINTH MYTH 1) A civilizational parable: The forces of light and order triumphs over darkness and bestiality. 2) A symbolic representation of the historic movement of people and transfer of ideas, culture and civilization from the Near East to Crete and Europe 3) A symbolic representation of the fall of Minoan civilization and the rise of Mycenaean civilization. 3a) A founding myth for Athens. Julie Bell, “Bacchus and Ariadne” Antoine-Louis Barye, “Theseus” INTERPRETATIONS OF LABYRINTH MYTH 4) A myth in which a civilizational balance between male and female is replaced by a patriarchal hierarchy 5) A symbolic representation of journey within to explore one’s own psyche 6) A disguised Freudian wish-fulfilment in which the young man kills the symbol of his father (and perhaps also beds a symbol of his mother) 7) A contested Athenian story that is both promoted and changed with specific political reasons The Mare Nostrum: Our hotel in Vravrona The Deeds Of Theseus (An Attic red-figured kylix, ca. 440-430 BCE) Theseus with Aethra The stone of Troezen is lifted and Theseus’ destiny revealed Theseus triumphs over Periphetes Theseus dispatches Sinis Theseus and Perigune: The corpse of Sinis is in the background Theseus and Sinis the Pine- Bender: A kylix from c. 490-480 BCE Theseus and Phaia, the Crommyonian Sow The cliffs near the lair of the robber Sciron Theseus turns Sciron into soup for a turtle Theseus meets Procrustes “Do I have a bed for one extra North Island College student? . Why, yes I do.” Theseus cuts Procrustes down to size In the vicinity of Agios Savvas Church on the north side of the Sacred Way King Aegeus and Medea with Theseus in Athens Theseus captures the Bull of Marathon and drags it to the Acropolis Theseus greets the refugee Oedipus just north of Athens Theseus carries off the Amazonian queen Antiope (A sculpture from Eretria, c. 510 BCE) The meeting of Theseus and Pirithous The wedding of Pirithous and Hippodamia Apollo, Theseus and Centaur from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia Theseus abducts a young Helen from Sparta The Dioscuri: Helen’s twin brothers Castor and Pollux Theseus is chained in Tartarus while Cerberus tears at Pirithous Theseus rescued from Hades by Heracles According to myth, an elderly Theseus was thrown from the cliff of Skyros Town to his death. A Mycenaean tholos tomb The remains of the megaron at Mycenae BROAD PHASES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE THESEUS MYTH 1) ARCHAIC ERA • Before last part of sixth century BCE • Limited number of artistic and literary representations 2) CLASSICAL ERA • From late sixth century to fall of Athens in 404 BCE • Myth is fully attested • Theseus clearly has become national hero of Athens 3) 404 BCE - PRESENT • Continual study and reinterpretation of the myth by historians, writers, artists and others A 19th-century representation of the poet Homer “Hesiod And The Muse” Gustave Moreau (1891) The lyric poetess Sappho Band-cup by Archikles and Glaukytes (c. 540 BCE): Theseus kills The Minotaur. Athena, lyre in hand, is present to encourage Theseus. Ariadne holds her ball of thread with her nurse beside her. The Athenian youths are portrayed as observers. Francois Vase (c. 570 BCE) Proto-Corinthian arballos of the seventh century BCE showing the Abduction of Helen by Theseus and her rescue by her brothers. The face that launched a thousand ships? Remains of the Walls of Aphidna Theseus abducts Helen (an Attice red-figure amphora, c. 510 BCE) ATHENIAN TIME-LINE 560-338 BCE • 560-546 BCE: Pisistratus consolidates control as tyrant of Athens • 510 BCE: Overthrow of Hippias and the Pisastratids • 508-507: Reforms of Cleisthenes lays foundation for Athenian democracy • 493: Themistocles begins building harbor at Piraeus • 490: Persian invasion of Greece: Battle of Marathon • 480-79: Second Persian invasion: Thermopylae, Burning of Acropolis, Salamis • 477: Athens founds Delian League • 461-429: Pericles is such a preeminent politician that the period itself is commonly called the “Age of Pericles” • 431-404: Second Peloponnesian War – Athens vs. Sparta • 429: Death of Pericles from the plague • 404: Surrender of Athens • 399: Death of Socrates for corrupting the young • 338: Philip of Macedon crushes the Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea in Boeotia Pisistratus rides into Athens accompanied by a tall woman dressed as Athena An artist’s representation of the Panathenaia, the Athenian festival that Pisistratus both revised and expanded. Pnyx Hill: The Birth-place of Democracy A sculpture of Cimon from the island of Cyprus (510-450 BCE) The remains of a Mycenaean-era tholos tomb on Skyros The Hephaeisteion, long mis-identified as the Theseum, stands in the shadow of the Acropolis in an old photograph. Theseus carries off the Amazon Antiope with Pirithous. Detail from an Athenian red-figure vase now in the Louvre (c. 490 BCE) Evidence of Cimon’s success in his political struggle with Themistocles. An ostrakon vote against Themistocles. The reconstructed Stoa Poikile in Athens Theseus fights The Minotaur on the southern side of the Athenian Treasury Theseus fights with Skiron in an Athenian Treasury metope Theseus and Antiope in a representation of the Amazonomachy at Delphi Metopes of the AthenianTreasury at Delphi 1-8: Adventures of Theseus 9-14: Amazons fighting 15-22: Adventures of Heracles 23-27: Heracles and Geryon Phidias’ statue of Athena Parthenos (A re-creation on view at the Parthenon in . Nashville) A copy of the shield of Athena Parthenos with Theseus at its centre The view towards the Hephaeisteion from the Acropolis A portion of west frieze of the Hephaeisteion The drinking cup of Phidias The statue of Zeus at Olympia Heracles, driven mad by Hera, kills his own children TRAGEDIES THAT INCLUDE THESEUS AS A MAIN CHARACTER • Euripides, Hippolytus (428 BCE) • Euripides, Suppliant Women (423 BCE) • Euripides, Heracles Driven Mad (c. 422BCE) • Sophocles, Oedipus At Colonus (c. 406 BCE) CULT OF THESEUS SANCTUARIES • Theseion • Colonus • Piraeus • Western suburbs FESTIVALS • Oschophoria • Theseia It has recently been argued that this scene from the ruins of Herculaneum may represent not the Dionysian Festival but rather the Oschophoria. A mosaic portraying Theseus from Paphos, the sacred site of Aphrodite on Cyprus Theseus, Antiope and their son Hippolytus. It is an adult Hippolytus who is featured in the Euripides play. “Phaedra,” Alexandre Cabanel (1880): A late 19th-century representation of the former Minoan princess as suicidal. The death of Hippolytus – Another bull from the sea! Gaia presents Erechtheus to Athena Paris Bordone, “Athena Scorning the Advances of Hephaestus” (1555-1560) “Discovery of the Child Erechtheus,” Pieter Paul Rubens (c. 1615) The Erechtheum on the Acropolis The Ruins Of Troezen Today The Decree Of Themistocles Theseus is welcomed beneath the sea by his stepmother Amphitrite Oedipus goes into exile with his daughter Antigone .
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